ĐỒ ÁN MÔN HỌC1

N MN HC
Sinh vin : Nguyn Hoi Nam. Page 1

N MN HC
ti : Thit k phn xng sn xut VC (vinyl clorua) t HCl v C
2
H
2
vi
xc tc HgCl
2
mang trn than hot tnh pha hi nng sut 91000 tn/nm.

M U

Cng ngh tng hp vt liu polyme ra i t kh lu v khng ngng
pht trin cho n ngy nay. Cng vi s pht trin l hng lot cc vt liu
polyme ra i v nhanh chng cho thy c nhng tnh nng u vit ca n.
N thay th c nhiu vt liu t tin c vn s dng ng thi b sung
thm cho ngun vt liu cn s dng trong nhng mi trng khc nghit.
Chnh v nhng c tnh m vt liu polyme v ang c s dng mt
cch rng ri trong cng nghip v trong dn dng.
ngnh cng nghip v vt liu polyme tn ti v khng ngng pht
trin p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca con ngi th vn quan trng t
ra l ngun nguyn liu cung cp cho n phi lin tc pht trin c v cht
lng ln chng loi.
Vinyl clorua gi tt l VC c cng thc ho hc l CH
2
= CH- Cl, l mt
trong nhng monome c pht hin t rt sm. Tuy nhin cho n tn nm
1912 ngi ta mi tm ra phng php iu ch. T n nay ngnh cng
nghip sn sut VC phat trin rt nhanh chng. Ngay ti thi im theo
thng k sn lng hng thng Nht ln ti 1500 tn. nhiu nc cng
nghip khc cng ngh sn xut VC cng lin tc pht trin.
VC l mt monome kh quan trng trong tng hp nhiu loi vt liu
polyme c nhiu tnh nng qu. Trong phi k n poly vinylclorua(PVC).
PVC l mt loi cht do c nhiu tnh cht tt nh : c n nh ho hc
cao, t b n mn v ph hu bi axt sulfuric (H
2
SO
4
), axt clohydric (HCl) v
N MN HC

mt s dung mi hu c khc, kh nng co gin v bn tng i ln, c
tnh cch in. Ngoi ra nha PVC cn c tnh khng thm nc, khng b ph
hy khi gp nc, nhng li l vt liu d nhum mu. Do cc tnh cht tt nh
vy nn PVC c s dng ch to cc loi ng dn cc cht ho hc, lm
vt liu lt bn trong cc thit b ho hc lm vic trong mi trng n mn,
nhit thp thay th cc loi thp khng r v hp kim. Nha PVC cn
c s dng trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc nh : cng nghip in (sn
xut cc loi dy bc), trong xy dng, trong ngnh sn xut da nhn to Do
mang nhiu c tnh tt nh vy nn nhu cu s dng nha PVC ca nhiu
ngnh cng nghip tng ln mt cch nhanh chng ko theo l s pht trin
v cng ngh tng hp PVC.
Cng ngh sn xut VC cng c nhiu pht trin. Hin nay c nhiu
phng php cng ngh sn xut VC t nhng ngun nguyn liu khc nhau
hoc t mt ngun nguyn liu c th c nhiu cng ngh khc nhau. Vn
quan trng t ra l phi tm xem cng ngh no l ph hp nht m bo
xy dng c mt phn xng sn xut VC t c c v cht lng cng
nh v s lng sn phm. C nh th mi thu c hiu qu kinh t cao nht.

N MN HC

PHN I:TNG QUAN L THUYT
CHNG I:GII THIU V NGUYN LIU V SN PHM

I.AXETYLEN :
I.1.Tnh cht vt l :
nhit thng Axetylen l cht kh khng mu, dng tinh khit c mi
ete yu, cc hng s vt l c trng ca axetylen :
- Nhit ngng t l - 83,8
o
C ( 0,102 MPa), nhit ti hn l 35,5
o
C
- p sut ti hn l 6,04 MPa
- Trng lng ring ( 0
0
C v 760 mmHg) l: 1,171 kg/m
3

- Trng lng phn t : 26,02 kg/kmol
- Nhit dung ring
20
p
C : 0,402 kcal/kg.
- Nhit chy H A : 13,378 Kcal/m
3

Nhit chy ca Axetylen to ra kh ln, chnh v vy m ngi ta dng n
lm nhin liu ct, hn kim loi.
- Gii hn n ca C
2
H
2
xy ra trong gii hn nhit v p sut nht nh.
V d :
nhit 0
0
C v 1at : C
2
H
2
to vi khng kh mt hn hp n trong gii
hn t 2,53 78 % th tch C
2
H
2
.
p sut 5 at th gii hn n thay i trong khong rng hn 2,53 100%
th tch C
2
H
2
.
nguy him v chy n ca axetylen cng gia tng do s phn r n
thnh nhng cht n gin v km theo to nhiu nhit :
C
2
H
2
2C + H
2
( H A = -54,2 Kcal/mol )
S phn r ny xy ra khi khng c oxi nhng c nhng cht kch hot
tng ng (tia la, t chy do ma st). Khi p sut 0,2 Mpa, s phn r c
N MN HC

c im cc b v khng nguy him. p sut cao hn, s phn r c c tnh
n vi sng kch n c lan truyn vi vn tc ln hn 1000 m/s. S d n
ca axetylen s gim khi n c thm vo kh tr hoc hi tr, chng s tch
nhit ca s phn r u tin v ngn cn s phn ho n ca axetylen. Khi
p sut chng nguy him cao nht ca hn hp ph thuc vo nng ca
axetylen. Tnh d n ca axetylen cng tng khi c mt cc kim loi c kh
nng to thnh axetilua (hoc cacbua) (v d : Cu
2
C
2
), chnh v th nhng kim
loi ny cn c ch khi la chn nguyn liu thit k.
phng trnh chy n, ngi ta thng gii hn p sut khi sn xut
axetylen v trong tng hp khc, hoc pha long axetylen bng kh tr ( v d
N
2
). Khi nn kh axetylen ngi ta dng my nn kh c bit, n c vn tc
dch chuyn thp, mc nn nh v nhit thay i sau mi bc nn kh
100
o
C.
Ngoi ra Axetylen cn d dng to thnh hn hp n vi : Flo; Clo nht l
khi c tc dng ca nh sng. gim bt kh nng n ca C
2
H
2
khi vn
chuyn ngi ta thng pha thm kh tr nh : Hydro, amoniac vo thng cha
C
2
H
2
.
Tnh cht quan trng khc ca axtylen l kh nng ho tan ca n ln hn
nhiu so vi nhng hydrocacbon khc. C th trong 1 th tch nc 20
0
C c
th ho tan c 1 th tch axetylen, cn 60
0
C ho tan c 0,37 th tch.
Axetylen c kh nng tan tt trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh: metanol,
axeton, imetylfornami ho tan ca axetylen c ngha rt quan trng
iu ch v tch n ra khi hn hp vi kh khc.
I.2. Tnh cht ho hoc :
Axetylen c cng thc phn t C
2
H
2
v c cng thc cu to l : CH CH
C
2
H
2
l hydro cacbon khng no c cha lin kt ba trong phn t do vy c kh
nng hot ng ho hc cao.
N MN HC

Lin kt ba phn t C
2
H
2
c to thnh do lin kt o v hai lin kt t
chnh v vy m khi tham gia phn ng ho hc lin kt ba trong phn t C
2
H
2

d b ph v to lin kt i hoc hp cht bo ho.
Cc phn ng c trng cho tnh cht ho hc ca axetylen:
I.2.1. Phn ng th:
Khi tc dng C
2
H
2
vi kim loi kim, Cu, Ag,Ni, Hg, Co, Zn to thnh
axetylenit kim loi rt d n.
2 CH CH Cu Cu C C Cu +
I.2.2. Phn ng cng :
- Phn ng cng hydro vi xc tc kim loi(Ni, Pd) :

2 2 2
CH CH H CH CH + =

CH
2
= CH
2
+ H
2
CH
3
- CH
3

Axetylen tc dng vi hydro cho ta etylen. Phn ng tin hnh trn xc tc
Paladi trn CaCO
3
1 at v 250 300
0
C.

0
1 ,250 300
2 2 2
at C
CH CH H CH CH
+ =

y l phn ng iu ch Etylen c s dng trc y mt s nc
thiu Etylen.
- Vi xc tc l Hg
++
C
2
H
2
s tc dng vi nc to thnh axetalyt
CHCH + H
2
O
C
o
100 75
CH
3
CHO
Khi c oxyt Km v xyt st lm xc tc th C
2
H
2
s tc dng vi hi to
thnh axeton.

ZnO
CH CH + 3H
2
O CH
3
C CH
3
+ CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
360 450
0
C
O

N MN HC

- Di tc dng ca KOH nhit 150 160
0
C p sut 4- 20 at axetylen tc
dng vi ru to thnh ete :
0
2
150 160
KOH
C
CH CH ROH CH CHOR
+

- Tc dng vi Hydrsulfua 120
0
C to thnh mt s hp cht c lu hunh :

Ngoi ra axetylen cn kt hp vi mercaptan :
CH CH + RSH CH
2
= CHSR
- Axetylen tham gia phn ng cng vi cc halozen : clo, brom
Cc phn ng tin hnh theo hai giai on :
CHCH
2
Cl
CHCl= CHCl
2
Cl
CHCl
2
- CHCl
2

CHCH
2
Br
CHBr= CHBr
2
Br
CHBr
2
- CHBr
2

i vi clo, iu kin thng phn ng xy ra qu mnh lit, to nhiu
nhit nn gy ra phn hu. Trong iu kin k thut, ngi ta thc hin c
phn ng cng clo trc tip vo axetylen trong nhng khi xp.
- Cng axit :
+ Axetylen c th tham gia phn ng vi cc axit v c nh HCl, H
2
SO
4
,
HCN: v d: CHCH + HCl CH
2
= CHCl
Qu trnh trn tin hnh trong pha lng vi xc tc Cu
2
Cl
2
hoc trong pha kh
vi xc tc HgCl
2.

CHCH + H
2
SO
4
CH
2
= CH - OSO
3
- H
CH CH
+ H
2
S
CH
2
CHSH
`
+ H
2
S
- S
C
2
H
5
SH

H
2
C CH
2
S
S
C
2
H S CH CH
2

+C
2
H
2
Polyme thiokol
+C
2
H
5
SH
C
2
H
5
S (CH
2
)
2
S C
2
H
5

N MN HC

CH CH + HCN
2
80 ;
o
C CuCl
CH
2
CH CN
Cc sn phm ca cc phn ng trn u l nhng monome quan trng
trong tng hp cht do.
+ Axetylen c th tham gia phn ng vi cc axit hu c vi xc tc ph hp :
CH CH + ROOH
xt
o
t ;
CH
2
CH-OCOR
V d :
Axetylen tc dng vi axit axetic,sn phm ca phn ng l VA mt
monome kh quan trng trong cng nghip tng hp cht do (poly
vinylaxetat).
I.2.3. Phn ng trng hp :
Do trong phn t Axtylen c cha lin kt ba ( lin kt khng no ) .V
vy n c th tham gia phn ng trng hp . Tuy nhin vi xc tc v iu kin
phn ng khc nhau s cho nhng sn phm trng hp khc nhau .
- Vi xc tc l bt ng (Cu) :
2n CH CH
0
200 300 , C Cu
(CH)
2n

Kypren
Ngi ta s dng kypren ( (CH)
2n
) lm cht cch in.
- Mt khc khi thi axetylen qua dung dch bo ho Cu
2
Cl
2
:
2 CH CH
0
2
80 , C CuCl
CH
2
= CH - C CH
Vinyl axetylen
Vinyl axetylen l bn sn phm sn xut cao su tng hp clopren.
I.3. Sn xut Axetylen :
Axetylen c th c iu ch t nhiu phng php khc nhau vi
nguyn liu ban u khc nhau . Tuy nhin qu trnh sn xut axetylen trong
cng nghip ch yu l t hai ngun nguyn liu chnh l :
-T kh t nhin v kh du m.
-T than v vi.

N MN HC

I.3.1. T kh t nhin v kh du m :
y l phng php ph bin i vi cc nc c ngun du m v kh t
nhin. Nguyn liu dng iu ch axetylen c th l hydro cacbon lng hoc
kh, hn hp kh hoc ring tng loi kh. Tuy nhin thnh phn nguyn liu l
yu t quan trng nh hng ti hiu sut sn phm. Cc parafin cu to thng
khi nhit phn cho ta hiu sut axetylen cao nht.
Cc phn ng c th xy ra trong qu trnh sn xut axetylen t kh t nhin
v kh du m :
2CH
4
C
2
H
2
+ 3H
2
C
2
H
6
C
2
H
2
+ 2H
2

2C
3
H
8
3C
2
H
2
+ 5H
2
C
4
H
10
2C
2
H
2
+ 3H
2

C 3 phng php phn hu hydro cacbon c axetylen:
- Cracking nhit
- Cracking in
- Cracking nhit oxy ho
Tu thuc vo nguyn liu ban u khc nhau m ngi ta c nhng cng
ngh, iu kin cng ngh t c hiu sut chuyn ho axetylen cao nht
V d : Bng phng php cracking nhit metan, butan v propan :
Bng 1 : Thnh phn sn phm kh ca qu trnh nhit phn
Kh
Thnh phn kh ( % th tch )
Cracking metan Cracking propan Cracking butan
C
2
H
2
9,8 10,0 12,3
C
2
H
4
0,3 3,8 17,6
CH
4
15,7 15,0 26,4
H
2
70,7 55,7 38,0
N
2
3,5 5,2 1,4
Cc kh khc - 10,3 4,3
N MN HC

I.3.2. T cancicacbua :
Qu trnh sn xut axetylen bng phng php ny bao gm hai giai on :
- Giai on 1 : sn xut canxicacbua ( CaC
2
).
Trong giai on ny ngi ta cho vi tc dng vi than (cc v antraxit )
trong l in nhit cao e thu c canxicacbua. Qu trnh thc hin theo
phn ng :
CaO + 3C CaC
2
+ CO
phn ng ny xy ra cn tiu tn mt nng lng rt ln v nhit ca
phn ng rt cao. Tuy nhin ch c 70-80% vi tham giai phn ng.
- Giai on 2 : cho canxicacbua thu c tc dng vi nc s thu c
axetylen.
CaC
2
+ 3H
2
O C
2
H
2
+ Ca(OH)
2

Qu trnh hp nc ca CaC
2
trong cc thit b cn c gi l qu trnh ti
sinh axetylen. Theo nguyn tc ca s thot nhit, n chia ra lm hai loi:
+ Thit b ti sinh loi t: l loi thit b m nhit ca phn ng c gii
phng bng nc d un nng ln 50- 60
O
C. Trong c 1kg CaC
2
th cn
10 kg H
2
O, nh th Ca(OH)
2
thu c dng huyn ph trong nc, t c li
cho vic tn dng tip theo.
+ Thit b ti sinh loi kh: l loi thit b trong nhit phn ng c ly
ra do mt khi lng nc d nh s ho hi ca n. Ca(OH)
2
thu c dng
kh (vi ti) v n c s dng ch bin vt liu xy dng.
II. Axt clohydrit ( HCl ) :
II.1. Tnh cht vt l :
HCl dng nguyn cht l mt cht kh khng mu c mi hc. Tan mnh
trong nc, trong iu kin khng kh m s to hin tng khi. y l mt
kh kh bn vi nhit .
T trng d =1,35 g/cm
3

Trng lng phn t : 35,5 kg/kmol
N MN HC

Nng ln nht ca dung dch HCl l : 35%
II.2. Tnh cht ho hc :
HCl l mt axt v c in hnh. Khi ho tan trong nc n in ly hon
ton:
HCl + H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ Cl
-

- Tc dng vi kim v kim loi :
V d :
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O
2HCl + Zn ZnCl
2
+ H
2

- Tc dng vi mui :
V d :
CaCO
3
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2

- Ngoi ra axt clohydrit cn phn ng c vi nhiu hp cht hu c.
V d :
HCl + CH CH CH
2
= CH - Cl
Vinyl clorua
HCl + CH
2
= CH
2
CH
3
- CH
2
- Cl
Clo etan
II.3. iu ch HCl :
- Trong phng th nghim :
T NaCl rn v dung dch H
2
SO
4
c
NaCl + H
2
SO
4 (c)

0
200 t C s
NaHSO
4
+ HCl
2NaCl + H
2
SO
4 (c)

0
200 t C >
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2HCl
- Trong cng nghip :
Ngi ta tin hnh tng hp HCl t nguyn liu ban u l H
2
v Cl
2

H
2
+ Cl
2
0
nh sng
t C

2HCl
III. Vinyl clorua (VC) :
III.1. Tnh cht vt l :
N MN HC

Vinyl clorua gi tt l VC, iu kin tiu chun n l cht kh khng
mu, c mi ete nh, rt d chy ( to vi khng kh hn hp chy n trong gii
hn 4 22% th tch ). y l cht kh kh c vi con ngi c bit khi ht
phi khng kh c nng VC ln.
- Nhit si : -13,4
o

C
- Nhit nng chy : -153,8
o
C
- T trng d
20
4
: 0,9834
- Nhit ho hi : 85,7 Kcal/kg
- Nhit ti hn : 142
o
C
- Khi lng ring : 0,969 g/cm
3

VC rt t tan trong nc ( 25
o
C 100 gam nc ch ho tan c 0,11 gam
VC ). Ngc li n li tan tt trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh: axeton; etanol;
hydrocacbon thm
III.2. Tnh cht ho hc :
Vinyl clorua (VC) c cng thc phn t l C
2
H
3
Cl, cng thc cu to :
CH
2
= CH- Cl
Trong phn t c cha lin kt i v mt nguyn t clo. Chnh v vy tnh cht
ho hc c bn ca n l :
- Tnh cht ca lin kt i (lin kt khng no).
- Tnh cht ca nguyn t clo linh ng.
a. Tnh cht ca hp cht khng no :
- Phn ng cng :
Do trong phn t VC c cha nhm vinyl, v vy VC mang tnh cht ho
hc ca mt olefin l tham gia phn ng cng.
V d :
Cng halozen :
CH
2
- CHCl + Cl
2
ClCH
2
- CH(Cl
2
)
Cng axt :
CH
2
- CHCl + HCl CH
3
- CH(Cl)
2

N MN HC

-Phn ng oxy ho :
Khi c clo, oxy:
CH
2
= CHCl + O
2

2
Cl 150 50 ;
o
ClCH
2
- CHO
- Phn ng trng hp:
Do trong phn t c cha lin kt i, v vy VC c th tham gia phn ng :
+ Trng hp to polymer.
+ Tham gia phn ng ng trng hp vi cc monome khc nh: viny axetat
(C
2
H
3
COOCH
3
); vinylyden clorit (C
2
H
2
Cl
2
) To polyme
b.Tnh cht ca nguyn t Clo linh ng :
+ Phn ca VC vi kim lm tch ra phn t HCl khi phn t VC v cho ta
C
2
H
2
.
CH
2
= CHCl + NaOH CH CH + NaCl + H
2
O
+ Tc dng vi alcolat hoc phnolat to ete vinylic :
CH
2
= CHCl + RONa CH
2
= CH
2
OR + NaCl
+ Tc dng vi kim loi :
CH
2
= CHCl + Mg CH
2
= CH - Mg- Cl
III.3. ng dng ca VC :
ng dng quan trng nht ca VC l lm nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh
trng hp v ng trng hp to ra cc polyme c c tnh tt s dng lm vt
liu trong cng nghip v dn dng.
III.3.1. Trng hp ca vinylclorua ( VC ) to poly vinylclorua (PVC ) :
Phng trnh phn ng :

t
0
, p, xt
nCH
2
CH Cl CH
2
CH
Cl n
Poly vinylclorua (PVC)
N MN HC

Poly vinylclorua (PVC) l mt cht do mang nhiu tnh cht tt nh : c
n nh ho hc cao, t b n mn bi axit (H
2
SO
4
, HCl, ), c kh nng
co gin, bn tng i ln, c tnh cch in, khng thm nc v khng b
ph hu khi gp nc nhng li d nhum.Do c nhiu c tnh tt nn PVC
c s dng sn xut cc loi ng dn, bn cha cc cht ho hc. Lm vt
liu lt trong cc thit b ho hc lm vic nhit thp, trong mi trng n
mn thay th thp khng g v hp kim.
Trong cng nghip in nha PVC c s dng lm v bc cch in,
cc dng c cho v tuyn in. Trong xy dng nha PVC cn c s dng
ch to tm lp nh, lt sn tng cch m, cc dng c gia nh, ng dn
nc sinh hot v cc loi bao ti ng , o ma
III.3.2. ng trng hp vi cc monome khc :
VC cn c kh nng tham gia ng trng hp mt s monome khc nh :
vinyl axetat (VA), vinylyden clorit, acryl nitril to thnh cc polyme c gi tr
cao. Ngoi ra VC cn dng sn xut mt s loi si tng hp c tnh cht tt
nh si clorin v sn xut mt s loi sn chu n mn.

N MN HC

CHNG II
CC CNG NGH SN XUT VINYL CLORUA
Cc qu trnh chnh trong cng nghip sn xut VC bao gm:
- Sn xut VC t EDC.
- Sn xut VC bng cc qu trnh lin hp.
- Cng HCl vo axetylen.
A. SN XUT VC T EDC :
Nguyn liu cho qu trnh iu ch VC y l diclo etan :
Cl-CH
2
-CH
2
-Cl
thu c sn phm l VC th ngi ta c th tin hnh qu trnh trong pha
lng hoc pha kh.
I. TIN HNH QU TRNH TRONG PHA LNG :
I.1. Cch thc tin hnh :
C s ho hc ca qu trnh da trn phn ng:

2
CH Cl
2 2 2
CH Cl NaOH CH CHCl NaCl H O + = + +

Trong phng php ny ngi ta s dng dung dch ru kim kh HCl
ca diclo etan. Qu trnh thc hin c trong pha ng th l nh ru
metanol ho tan c diclo etan v kim.
thc hin qu trnh ngi ta tin hnh trn nguyn liu u theo t l :
c 1 lt diclo etan cn 1,1 lt dung dch kim ( NaOH 42% ) v 0,26 lt metanol.
Nhit ca qu trnh phn ng l khong 60 70
o
C, thi gian phn ng
l 4 5 gi. Qu trnh c th xy ra nhng phn ng ph khi :
- Lng kim cho d dn n diclo etan b kim kh to thnh axetylen :

2
CH
2
2 2 2 CHCl NaOH CH CH NaCl H O + + +

Thc cht l qu trnh bao gm hai giai on :

2
CH Cl
2 2
NaOH NaOH
CH Cl CH CHCl CH CH
+ +
=

N MN HC

EDC b kh to thnh VC sau v kim d nn VC tip tc b kh to
thnh axetylen.
- Khi trong qu trnh c d nc diclo etan s b thu phn to thnh etylen
glycol trong mi trng kim theo phn ng :

2
CH
2 2
OH
CHCl H O CH OH
+
2
CH OH HCl +

Qu trnh tin hnh trong thit b gin on, c v bc ngoi v c my
khuy. Ngi ta tin hnh qu trnh theo tun t : u tin cho dung dch
NaOH vo, sau cho ru metanol v cui cng rt t t diclo etan. Sn
phm thu c ca qu trnh c em ngng t sau em tinh luyn tch
sn phm ph s thu c VC sn phm. Hiu sut ca qu trnh ( hiu sut thu
sn phm VC ) tnh theo diclo etan l 75 85%.
I.2. u nhc im ca phng php :
y l qu trnh tin hnh n gin d tin hnh, phn ng tin hnh
nhit thp ( 60 70
o
C ). Tuy nhin qu trnh tin hnh trong thit b gin
on, yu cu cn nhiu thit b. Chnh v vy kh t ng ho cho qu trnh v
mt nhc im quan trng na l qu trnh hao tn nguyn liu.
khc phc nhc im trn ngi ta tin hnh qu trnh iu ch VC t
EDC trong pha kh.
II. TIN HNH QU TRNH TRONG PHA KH :
II.1. C s ca phng php :
Qu trnh c tin hnh da trn phn ng phn hu nhit ca EDC :

2
CH Cl
298
2 2
70 /
o
t
H kJ mol
CH Cl CH CHCl HCl
=
= +

Phn ng bt u xy ra nhit 300
o
C, p sut kh quyn nhng qu
trnh t c tc cao 400 500
o
C .
Qu trnh nhit phn l qu trnh phn ng xy ra theo c ch chui gc
gm 3 giai on : khi mo, pht trin mch v t mch.
(1) Khi mo
ClCH
2
- CH
2
Cl
o
t
ClCH
2
- CH
2
*
+ Cl
*

N MN HC

(2). Pht trin mch:
Cl
*
+ ClCH
2
- CH
2
Cl ClCH
2
- C
*
HCl + HCl
ClCH
2
- C
*
HCl CH
2
= CHCl + Cl
*

(3). t mch:
Cl
*
+ ClCH
2

- C
*
HCl CH
2
= CHCl + HCl
Qu trnh to nhiu sn phm ph l sn phm ca qu trnh polyclo ho,
sn phm ca qu trnh phn hu, qu trnh to cc V vy cn s dng cc
cht xc tc tin nh : clo, brom, iot, tetraclo cacbon hoc oxi to thun li
cho qu trnh phn ng chnh.
Cc qu trnh trong cng nghip c tin hnh 500 550
o
C, p sut 2,5
3Mpa, khng s dng xc tc. Mt s h xc tc ( than hot tnh, mui clo
kim loi ) c th c s dng gim nhit phn ng, tuy nhin thi
gian sng ca xc tc thp v kh khn v mt cng ngh lm cho qu trnh
cracking EDC c xc tc khng c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip .
II.2. S cng ngh sn xut VC t EDC :
Thuyt minh s dy chuyn :
1: thit b phn ng 7: thp tch phn on nh
2: thp ti 8: thp tch phn on nng
3: thit b lc 9: thp thu hi EDC
4: thp tch HCl 10: thit b gia nhit bc hi
5: thp lm sch VC th 11: thit b ngng t
6: thp tinh ch VC 12: thit b lng tch

N MN HC

Hnh 1: S dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut VC t EDC

S
y

c
h
u
y
n

c
n
g

n
g
h
n

x
u
t

v
c

t

e
d
c

2
1
3
4
5
v
c
n
a
o
h
6
n
a
o
h
7
8
9
S
n

p
h
m

n
h
n

p
h
m

n
n
g
E
D
C
e
d
c

t
u
n

h
o
n
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
4
1
4
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
3
1
3
1
3
N MN HC

EDC nguyn liu v EDC hi lu c a qua thit b gia nhit v bc hi
ti nhit cn thit (khong 215
o
C) sau c a vo thit b phn ng
dng l ng. Qu trnh y c lm vic theo nguyn tc tng t qu trnh
steam cracking. Ti vng i lu, nguyn liu c gia nhit ti nhit phn
ng, phn ng thc s xy ra trong vng bc x. Sn phm kh thu c u
ra ca thit b phn ng l ng c nhit 500
o
C c ti trnh cc phn
ng ph xy ra ni tip bng cch a qua thp ti tip xc vi dng sn phm
c lm lnh xung 50
o
C chy ngc chiu. Kh sn phm s c lm
lnh xung 200
o
C. Qu trnh lm lnh b xung tip theo s lm ngng t hu
ht nguyn liu EDC cha phn ng, mt phn s c dng lm cht ti nhit
trong thp ti. Phn cn li cng vi kh khng ngng s c a qua thp
chng ct tch sn phm ph HCl. Ti y HCl s c tch khi hn dng
kh khng ngng phn nh thp. Phn y ca thp tch HCl c a sang
thp chng ct lm sch VC th. Ti thp ny sn phm VC s nm trong phn
nh nh thp v tip tc c a sang thp tinh ch lm sch VC. Ti thp
tinh ch lm sch VC hm lng HCl c gim t 500 xung 10ppm v phn
sn phm ly ra t y thp c trung ho vi NaOH. Phn nh thp s c
cho hi lu tr li thp tch HCl
Phn y thp lm sch VC th c a qua h thng thu hi EDC v tun
hon li thit b phn ng gm 3 thp chng ct :
- Tch phn on nh lm nhim v tch phn sn phm nh (1 thp)
- Tch phn on nng : gm 2 thp. Thp th nht lm vic p sut kh
quyn. Ti thp ny phn ln EDC c tch ra. Thp th hai lm vic trong
chn khng s tch phn EDC cn li.
II.3. u nhc im ca phng php :
u im ca phng php ny l tn dng c phn EDC khng phn ng
v tun hon n tr li thit b phn ng. ng thi tn dng c phn HCl
sinh ra.
N MN HC

Tuy nhin phng php ny li c nhc im l c hiu sut chuyn ho thp.
B. SN XUT VC BNG CC QU TRNH LIN HP :
I. Lin hp clo ho etylen, tch HCl v hydro ho C
2
H
2
:
Qu trnh da trn cc phn ng sau :
CH
2
=

CH
2
+ HCl ClCH
2
-

CH
2
Cl (1)
ClCH
2
- CH
2
Cl CH
2
= CHCl + HCl (2)
HCl t phn ng (2) c th c dng cho phn ng hydroclo ho axetylen.
CH CH + HCl CH
2
= CHCl
Phn ng tng cng:
C
2
H
2
+ C
2
H
4
+ Cl
2
2 CH
2
= CHCl
S qu trnh:
-Vi ngun nguyn liu u l hn hp ca axetylen v etylen vi t l mol 1:1

Hnh 2: S qu trnh sn xut VC bng phng php lin hp clo ho
etylen, tch HCl v hydro ho C
2
H
2
(axetylen v etylen dng hn hp).
-Vi ngun nguyn liu u l hn hp ca axetylen va etylen vi t l mol 1:1

Hnh 3: S qu trnh sn xut VC bng phng php lin hp clo ho
etylen, tch HCl v hydro ho C
2
H
2
(axetylen v etylen dng ring bit)
Tch VC
Hydroclo ho
Clo ho Crackink
g
EDC
HCl
Clo
Hn hp
axetylen v
etylen vi
t l 1/1
Clo ho Cracking
Tch VC
Hydroclo
ho
ED
C
Axetylen
Etylen
HCl
N MN HC

II. Lin hp clo ho, oxy clo ho etylen v cracking EDC :
- Qu trnh da trn cc phn ng :
C
2
H
4
+ Cl
2
ClCH
2
- CH
2
Cl
ClCH
2
- CH
2
Cl 2CH
2
= CHCl + HCl
C
2
H
4
+ 2HCl +1/2O
2
ClCH
2
- CH
2
Cl + H
2
O
Phn ng tng cng :
2C
2
H
4
+ Cl
2
+ 1/2O
2
2CH
2
= CHCl + H
2
O
u im ca qu trnh: tiu tn t nng lng do tn dng c nhit ca phn
ng to nhit, s dng c HCl to thnh v khng dng C
2
H
2
do vy chi ph
r hn.
- S qu trnh :

Hnh 4: S qu trnh sn xut VC bng phng php lin hp clo ho, oxy
clo ho etylen v cracking EDC
C. SN XUT VC T AXETYLEN V HCl :
Nguyn liu iu ch VC theo phng php ny l C
2
H
2
v HCl.
Qu trnh thc hin da trn phn ng :
CHCH + HCl CH
2
= CHCl
p sut thng v khng c xc tc phn ng trn khng xy ra. Khi
khng dng xc tc phi tin hnh phn ng iu kin p sut cao. Tuy nhin
p sut cao th li to ra nhiu sn phm ph nh : diclo etan; phn ng trng
hp ca VC to thnh V vy trnh to sn phm ph v gim khc
nghit ca phn ng ngi ta phi dng xc tc.
Clo ha
EDC
EDC
HCl
Oxiclo ho
Crackink
Tch VC
Clo
Etylen
Oxy VC
N MN HC

sn xut VC theo phng php ny ngi ta c th tin hnh qu trnh
trong pha lng hay pha kh.
I. TIN HNH QU TRNH TRONG PHA LNG :
I.1. C s ca phng php :
Khi tin hnh qu trnh ny trong pha lng ngi ta tin hnh thi C
2
H
2
v
HCl qua dung dch xc tc c thnh phn : Cu
2
Cl
2
23% khi lng, NH
4
Cl 16
%, c thm CaCl
2
ho tan trong axt HCl 12 15 % nhit 50 60
o
C. Cng
c th dng xc tc HgCl
2
trong axt HCl v duy tr nhit 90
o
C. Tuy nhin
xc tc ng c xu hng lm tng phn ng ph : trng hp axetylen thnh
vinyl axetylen.
2CHCH CH C - CH = CH
2

y l phn ng khng mong mun, v vy ngn nga phn ng ph
ngi ta phi dng HCl ho tan mui ng.
C nhiu quan im v vai tr ca xc tc mui ng v mui thu ngn.
Mt s quan im cho rng mui thu ngn, mui ng tc dng vi axetylen
to thnh hp cht trung gian. Hp cht trung gian ny b phn hu di tc
ng ca HCl hon nguyn xc tc v cho ta sn phm Vinyl clorua.
Qu trnh c m t :
CH CH + HgCl
2
ClCH = CH-HgCl
ClCH = CH-HgCl + HCl CH
2
= CHCl + HgCl
2

Quan im khc li cho rng mui ng, mui thu ngn tc dng vi
axetylen to phc cht. Trong cc nguyn t cc bon c in tch dng c
kh nng tc dng vi anion clo v kt qu l kim loi b thay th bi proton
to sn phm l VC.
Qu trnh :

+HCl
-
H
+
CH CH + HCl CH CH Cl CH
2
= CHCl + Hg
2+

Hg
2+
Hg
2+

N MN HC

I.2. u nhc im ca phng php :
u im ca phng php ny l qu trnh tin hnh iu kin nhit
thp, t tn nng lng chnh v vy m thit b phn ng ch to n gin hn.
tuy nhin n c nhc im l : hiu sut chuyn ho VC thp, trong qu trnh
to ra nhiu sn phm ph chnh v vy m s gy kh khn cho vic phn tch
sn phm trong qu trnh tinh ch thu VC tinh khit. ng thi HCl dng
lng gy n mn thit b.
II. TIN HNH QU TRNH TRONG PHA KH :
II.1. C s ca phng php :
Khc vi phng php trong pha lng, phng php ny xc tc s dng
cho phn ng l xc tc rn v thng l HgCl
2
/C* (hoc grapht, silicat ).
Trong mui thu ngn HgCl
2
c mang trn cht mang l than hot tnh
(C*). Tuy nhin do mui thu ngn c nn ngi ta thng c xu hng thay
th mui thu ngn bng cc mui ca cc kim loi khc ( BaCl
2
, CdCl
2
).
Qu trnh c m t bng phn ng:

2
/ *
2
HgCl C
CH CH HCl CH CHCl + =

II.2. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut chuyn ho ca qu trnh:
a. nh hng ca xc tc: Khi nng HgCl
2
trn than hot tnh tng th
hiu sut chuyn ho axetylen thnh VC tng:
Bng 2 : nh hng ca nng xc tc ti hiu sut chuyn ho
HgCl
2
/C* ( % ) Hiu sut chuyn ho ( % )
5 69,6
10 86,7
20 92,3
40 95,4
60 96,8
Theo nh bng trn th ta s thy c chuyn ho tng khi nng
HgCl
2
tng. Qu trnh c chuyn ho tng nhanh khi nng HgCl
2
tng t
N MN HC

5 n 10% v sau tng chm. Khi nng HgCl
2
ln hn 20% th
chuyn ho vn tng chm nhng ng thi khi qu trnh to rt nhiu nhit
( nhit ca phn ng ). Lm cho xc tc b t nng cc b dn n HgCl
2
b
thng hoa, ng thi Axetylen trng hp bao ph trn b mt lm cho xc tc
mt hot tnh nhanh chng. V vy trn thc t, trong cng nghip ngi ta
dng xc tc HgCl
2
10% ngm trn than hot tnh.
b. nh hng ca nguyn liu :
Nguyn liu trc khi a vo phn ng c th cha nhng tp cht c hi
cho qu trnh nh:
- Lm ng c xc tc:
Khi trong thnh phn ca nguyn liu c cha cc tp cht nh : H
2
S,
H
3
P Th nhng cht ny s tc dng vi xc tc lm gim hot tnh ca xc
tc
H
2
S + HgCl
2
HgS + 2HCl
2H
3
P + 3HgCl
2
Hg
3
P
2
+ 6HCl
loi b nhng tp cht gy ng c xc tc ny hi axetylen trc khi
i vo thit b phn ng c cho i qua thp cha dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
( ti y
xy ra phn ng oxy ho kh nhm loi b H
2
S v H
3
P )
H
2
S + K
2
Cr
2
O
7
K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
Cr
2
O
3

H
3
P + K
2
Cr
2
O
7
K
3
PO
4
+ H
2
Cr
2
O
3

- Lm tng phn ng ph :
Nu trong thnh phn kh nguyn liu c cha clo s xy ra phn ng ca
Axtylen vi clo to sn phm ph l tetraclo etan.
CHCH + 2Cl
2
(Cl)
2
CH- CH(Cl)
2

Tetraclo etan
Do HgCl
2
cng chnh l xc tc cho phn ng ca axetylen vi nc, v
vy nu trong nguyn liu ban u c cha nhiu hi nc th s lm cho phn
ng ph ny xy ra. Kt qu sinh ra sn phm ph l axetan dehit.

2
2 3
HgCl
CH CH H O CH CHO +

N MN HC

Chnh v nhng yu t nguyn liu trn s lm gim hiu sut chuyn ho
ca qu trnh ng thi sn phm thu c c cha nhiu sn phm ph, dn
n tn km trong vic phn tch thu c VC tinh khit. Yu cu t ra i
vi kh nguyn liu trc khi a vo thit b phn ng phi c qua cng
on x l t nhng tiu chun cho php. C th i vi nguyn liu kh
HCl v C
2
H
2
y phi t tiu chun :
- Kh C
2
H
2
phi c nng phn trm > 99%; H
2
O < 0,03%; khng c cht
gy ng c xc tc nh : H
2
S; H
3
P
- Kh HCl phi c nng > 99%; H
2
O < 0,03%; khng c oxy, clo
c. nh hng ca thnh phn nguyn liu :
m bo cho C
2
H
2
phn ng ht phi cho d HCl. Trong thc t ngi
ta thng khng ch t s C
2
H
2
/HCl = 1/1,1 (mol). T s C
2
H
2
/HCl c nh
hng trc tip ti hiu sut chuyn ho th hin :
Bng 3 : nh hng ca thnh phn nguyn liu ti hiu sut chuyn ho
T l C
2
H
2
/HCl Hiu sut chuyn ho (%)
1/1,09 91,05
1/1,1 96,95
1/1,2 97,75

Qua bng trn ta thy khi HCl d cng nhiu th hiu sut chuyn ho
C
2
H
2
thnh VC cng cao. Tuy nhin khi li xy ra nhng phn ng ph
khng mong mun.
V d : CHCH + 2HCl CH
3
CHCl
2

Chnh v vy m ngi ta ngi thng khng ch t l C
2
H
2
/HCl = 1/1,1 v
kh tun hon.
d. nh hng ca vn tc th tch :
Vn tc th tch cng nh hng nhiu ti hiu sut chuyn ho ca qu
trnh.
N MN HC

Bng 4: nh hng ca vn tc th tch ti hiu sut chuyn ho
Vn tc th tch ( m
3
/m
3
xc tc gi ) Hiu sut chuyn ho ( % )
125 93,66
100 94,55
75 96,06
50 97,40
25 97,46

Nh vy hiu sut chuyn ho s t l nghch vi vn tc th tch. Tc l
hiu sut chuyn ho s cng cao khi vn tc nguyn liu ( HCl v C
2
H
2
) cng
thp. iu ny c th gii thch bi s mi quan h gia thi gian lu ca
nguyn liu v hiu sut chuyn ho ca qu trnh: khi thi gian tip xc ca
nguyn liu phn ng vi xc tc cng lu th phn ng cng xy ra trit .
Trong khi vn tc th tch li t l vi thi gian lu. Chnh v th c c
hiu sut chuyn ho cng cao th phi cho nguyn liu vo vi vn tc cng
nh. Tuy nhin khi a nguyn liu vo vi vn tc qu b th li nh hng
ti cng sut ca dy chuyn sn xut ( lm gim cng sut ). V vy m vic
khng ch v iu chnh vn tc th tch mt gii hn thch hp c
chuyn ho cao ng thi li m bo cng sut ca dy chuyn l rt quan
trng.
e. nh hng ca nhit , p sut :
Nhit thch hp ca phn ng duy tr 160 180
O
C. Khi xc tc gim
hot tnh th c th tng nhit ln n 200
O
C. Tuy nhin cn phi ch n
hai nhit quan trng l: 275
O
C HgCl
2
b phn hu v 300
o
C n b thng
hoa lm xc tc b mt hot tnh ng thi gy ra hin tng hao ht xc tc.
Lm gim hiu sut chuyn ho. Chnh v vy m phi khng ch nhit ca
phn ng mt cch hp l s gp phn tng hiu qu lm vic ca dy chuyn.
p sut ca qu trnh thng l 0,3.10
6
pa.
II.3. Cng ngh sn xut VC trong pha kh :
N MN HC

II.3.1. Thit b phn ng :
Trong qu trnh ny ta s dng xc tc l cht rn ( HgCl
2
/C* ). y l qu
trnh d th gia hai pha rn v pha kh. Mt vn t ra y l xc tc
HgCl
2
b gim hot tnh khi nhit tng ng thi c th dn n hao ht xc
tc do HgCl
2
b phn hu v b thng hoa nhit cao. Mt khc y l qu
trnh m trong c cc phn ng to nhit mnh: phn ng chnh to VC c
nhit lng to ra l 23700 kcal/kmol, phn ng ph to diclo etan c nhit
lng to ra l 40200 kcal/mol. Do nhit ca thit b phn ng khng
tng qu cao cn thit k thit b phn ng ph hp. Trong dy chuyn sn xut
ny ta dng thit b phn ng loi ng chm t song song v c s dng cht
ti nhit nhm duy tr nhit ca phn ng nhit thch hp.
Cu to ca thit b l hnh tr gm nhiu ng nh. Trong xc tc c
t trong ng v cht ti nhit t ngoi ng. Kh nguyn liu s c bm qua
lp xc tc t c nh trong ng v ti phn ng s xy ra. Nhit ca phn
ng s c a ra ngoi nh cht ti nhit.
C th s dng nc lm cht ti nhit vi u im l khng nhim mi
trng, khng c hi v c bit l chi ph thp. Mt khc do nc c nhit
dung ln nn c th d dng iu khin c nhit ca qu trnh. Tuy nhin
vn t ra khi s dng nc lm cht ti nhit l thit b s c kch thc
ln, cng knh dn n tn km trong khu ch to, lp rp v sa cha. cng
c th dng cht ti nhit l du vi u im l c kh nng ti nhit rt tt
ng thi khng cn lng ln nh nc nn thit b s c kch thc nh hn
rt nhiu. Trong dy chuyn ny ta s dng cht ti nhit l du.
II.3.2. S dy chuyn cng ngh qu trnh sn xut VC trong pha kh :
Thuyt minh s dy chuyn:
- X l nguyn liu :
Nguyn liu Axetylen sau khi qua h thng my nn ti p sut cao c
cho i qua h thng thp sy gm hai thp (1) v (2), nhm tch ti a lng
hi nc ln trong kh. Tc nhn sy c dng trong qu trnh l dung dch
N MN HC

H
2
SO
4
c. Kh axetylen c bm t di ln i qualp dung dch H
2
SO
4
c
c bm t trn xung, do c tnh ho nc ca H
2
SO
4
c nn kh C
2
H
2
s
c sy ti yu cu cn thit. Kh axetylen sau khi c sy i ra t nh
thp (2) c kt hp vi dng axetylen tun hon cng dng kh HCl i vo
thit b trn (4) . Trong qu trnh ny s dng lng HCl d 10%.
- Phn ng :
Hn hp kh t thit b trn (4) c a qua thit b gia nhit n 110
O
C.
Sau c a vo nh ca thit b phn ng ng chm (5). Ti thit b phn
ng (5) cc phn ng ca qu xy ra, ng thi nhit ca phn ng c tch
bi dng cht ti nhit i bn ngoi ng phn ng v qua thit b trao i nhit
t bn ngoi.
- X l kh sn phm :
Hn hp kh i ra khi thit b phn ng c a qua h thng tch HCl
d gm hai thp (6) v (7). Ti thp (6) hn hp sn phm c ra bi nc.
Do axit HCl tan tt trong nc nn ti y phn ln HCl c tch ra y
thp di dng dung dch. Phn kh khng b hp th qua nh thp (6) c
a qua thp (7), ti y phn HCl cn li s c loi b ht bi dung dch
NaOH. Phn kh khng b hp th t nh thp (7) c nn ti 0,7 Mpa v lm
lnh, phn ln s ngng t. Nc s c tch ra hon ton t thit b lng (8).
Phn kh nh khng ngng ti thit b lng (8) c thnh phn ch yu l
axetylen d c a qua h thng thu hi axetylen gm hai thp (10) v (11).
Thp (10) l thp hp th axetylen vi vai tr tch sn phm nh khng b hp
th. Thp (11) l thp nh hp th axetylen tun hon li thit b phn ng.
Phn sn phm y ca thp chng ct nh c cha phn ln l VC c a
sang thp tinh ch VC. y l mt thp chng ct nhit thp 0,4 0,5
Mpa. Sn phm VC s thu c nh thp v phn sn phm nng ( sn phm
ph ) thu c y thp chng ct.
II.4. u nhc im ca phng php :
N MN HC

y l phng php c x dng kh ph bin tng hp VC trong
cng nghip bi n c hiu sut chuyn ho cao, axt HCl trong qu trnh tn
ti pha lm gim n mn thit b, lm gim chi ph trong vic ch to
thit b phn ng. Mt khc trong qu trnh ny lng sn phm ph sinh ra l
nh, do s gim c chi ph cho cc qu trnh tinh ch sn phm, tng cht
lng sn phm thu c.

N MN HC

Hnh 5: S dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut VC t C
2
H
2
v HCl trong pha
kh.

s
y

c
h
u
y
n

c
n
g

n
g
h
n

x
u
t

V
C

t

a
x
e
t
y
l
e
n
A
x
e
t
y
l
e
n
h
2
s
o
4
(
7
5
%
)
1
H
C
l
2
h
2
s
o
4 3
D
u
5
4
T
h
i
t

b

p
h
n
g
1
1
t
h
p
n
h
p
t
h
a
x
e
t
y
l
e
0
1
7
t
h
p
r
a
k
h
b
n
g
n
a
O
H
0
1
6
t
h
p
r
a
k
h
b
n
g
n
c
0
1
s
t
t
t
n
c
h
i t
i
t
s
n
g
g
h
i c
h
1
2
t
h
p
c
h
u
n
g
c
t
n
h
0
1
1
0
t
h
p
h
p
t
h
a
x
e
t
y
l
e
n
0
1
3
t
h
i
t
b
l
c
0
2
4
t
h
i
t
b
t
r
n
0
1
5
t
h
i
t
b
p
h
n

n
g
0
1
9
t
h
p
c
h
u
n
g
c
t
n
h
0
1
8
t
h
i
t
b
l
n
g
0
1
1
t
h
p
s
y
a
x
e
t
y
l
e
n
0
1
2
t
h
p
s
y
a
x
e
t
y
l
e
0
1
n
a
o
h
D
u N
c
6
h
c
l
(
1
0
%
)
n
a
o
h

t
h
i
7
S
n

p
h
m

n
n
g

8
1
2
1
1
9
1
0
S
n

p
h
m

n
h
v
c
N
c
1
3
1
3
m
y
n
n
k
h
0
2
1
4
1
4
1
4
t
h
n
g
c
h
a
s
n
p
h
m
0
3
1
5
t
h
i
t
b

u
n
n
n
g
0
3
1
6
1
6
1
6
t
h
i
t
b
l
m
l
n
h
0
4
1
7
1
7
b
m

1
4
h
u
n
g
d
n

o
n
t
n
h
o
t h
i t k
ph
m
v
i t d
n
g
t
h
i
t
k
p
h
n
x
u
n
g

s
n
x
u
t
V
C

t
r
u
n
g

h
b
k
H
i
k
h
o
a
c
n
h
o
c
1
6
1
8
1
8
t
h
i
t
b
g
i a
n
h
i
t
0
1
s
y
c
h
u
y
n

c
n
g
n
g
h

3
1
5
1
5
1
6
1
5
N MN HC

PHN II : TNH TON CNG NGH
Cc s liu ban u :
- Nng sut : 91000 tn/nm
- Thnh phn kh C
2
H
2
( nng th tch ) :
C
2
H
2
: 99%
H
2
O : 0,03%
O
2
: 0,02%
N
2
: 0,95%
- Thnh phn kh HCl ( nng th tch ) :
HCl : 97,3%
H
2
: 0,15%
N
2
: 2,48%
H
2
O : 0,07%
- Mc chuyn ho :
Gi thit chuyn ho VC ca qu trnh l 99,05%
chuyn ho diclo etan l 0,5 %
Coi lng sn phm b mt mt trong cc qu trnh l khng ng k. ng
thi trong qu trnh sn xut lng VC thu c nh ca thit b chng ct
tch sn phm VC l 93% (hay hiu sut phn tch VC t 93%).
A. XC NH THI GIAN LM VIC CA PHN XNG.
Gi thit qu trnh sn xut l lin tc v ch dng li bo dng, ti sinh
(thay th) xc tc nh k. Nh vy thi gian sn xut ca phn xng c
tnh nh sau :
T
tt
= T
lt
T
ng

Trong :
T
tt
l thi gian lm vic ca phn xng ( gi/nm )
N MN HC

T
lt
l thi gian ca mt nm ( gi/nm )
T
ng
l thi gian ngh ca mt nm ( gi/nm )
Thi gian ngh (T
ng
) l thi gian dy chuyn ngng hot ng v l do k
thut, bao gm : thi gian ngh thay i xc tc, thi gian bo dng sa
cha nh k v thi gian sa cha do hng hc t xut.
Gi thit thi gian ngh l 30 ngy
Nh vy thi gian lm vic ca phn xng l:
T
tt
= 365 30 = 335 (ngy/nm)
Mt ngy lm vic c chia lm 3 ca, mi ca lm vic l 8 ting. Vy thi
gian lm vic trong mt nm ca phn xng l :
T = 335 24 = 8040 (gi/nm)
B. CN BNG VT CHT.
I. TIU HAO NGUYN LIU CHO PHN NG CHNH:
1. Tiu hao nguyn liu Axetylen:
Nng sut ca dy chuyn l 91000 tn/nm. Vy nng sut tnh theo
kg/gi ca dy chuyn l :
91000 1000
11318, 41( / )
8040
kg h
=

Theo nh gi thit lng VC ra khi thp chng ct tch sn phm l 99,05%
so vi lng VC vo thp nn lng VC c to ra ti thit b phn ng l:

11426, 97( / )
11318, 41 100
99, 05
kg h =

Phng trnh ca phn ng to :
C
2
H
2
+ HCl CH
2
= CHCl (1)
26 36,5 62,5
Theo phn ng (1) th lng axetylen tinh khit tiu hao (khi hiu sut chuyn
ho t 100%) l :

11426, 97 26
4753, 62( / )
62, 5
kg h
=

N MN HC

Do hiu sut chuyn ho ca axetylen l 99,05% v vy lng axetylen tinh
khit tiu hao thc t l :

4753, 62 100
4799, 2( / )
99, 05
kg h
=

Lng axetylen cn d l:
4799,2-4753,62= 45,6 (kg/h)
Khi lng mol trung bnh ca nguyn liu axetylen ( c thnh phn v th
tch: 99% C
2
H
2
; 0,03% H
2
O; 0,02% O
2
; 0,95% N
2
) l :
0,9926 + 0,000232 + 0,000318 + 0,009528 = 26,0178 (kg/kmol)
tinh khit ca axetylen nguyn liu l 99% th tch nn tiu hao nguyn
liu axetylen th l :

4799, 2 100 26, 0178
4851( / )
99 26
kg h

=

Trong thnh phn nguyn liu axetylen th nc chim 0,03% th tch, do
lng nc l :

4851 18
0, 0003 1( / )
26, 0178
kg h
=
Lng O
2
trong thnh phn nguyn liu axetylen th chim 0,02% th tch, do
lng O
2
l :

4851 32
0, 0002 1,19( / )
26, 0178
kg h
=
Lng N
2
trong thnh phn nguyn liu axetylen th chim 0,96% th tch, do
lng N
2
l :

4851 28
0, 0095 49, 6( / )
26, 0178
kg h
=
2. Tiu hao nguyn liu HCl:
Theo phn ng (1) tiu hao HCl tinh khit l :

11426, 97 36, 5
6673, 35( / )
62, 5
kg h
=

N MN HC

Mt khc nh ni phn trc, qu trnh lm vic t hiu qu cao ta
chn t l C
2
H
2
/HCl = 1/1,1. Nh vy lng tiu hao HCl tinh khit l :
4799, 2 36, 5
1,1 7411,1( / )
26
kg h
=

Vy lng HCl cn d l :
7411,1-6673,35=737,75 (kg/h)
Trong thnh phn nguyn liu HCl th bao gm : 97,3% HCl; 0,15% H
2
;
2,48% N
2
; 0,07% H
2
O. Hay ni cch khc tinh khit ca nguyn liu HCl
th l 97,3%.Khi lng mol trung bnh ca nguyn liu HCl l :
0, 973 36, 5 0, 0015 2 0, 0248 28 0, 0007 18 36, 22( / ) kg kmol + + + =

Tiu hao nguyn liu HCl th l:

7411,1 100
36, 22 7559, 26( / )
36, 5 97, 3
kg h

Lng nc c cha trong thnh phn nguyn liu HCl th l :

7411,1 0, 07
18 2, 63( / )
36, 5 97, 3
kg h

Lng N
2
c trong thnh phn nguyn liu HCl th l :

7411,1 2, 48
28 144, 9( / )
36, 5 97, 3
kg h

Lng H
2
c trong thnh phn nguyn liu HCl th l :

7411,1 0,15
2 0, 62( / )
36, 5 97, 3
kg h

II. TIU HAO NGUYN LIU CHO PHN NG PH.
Trong tng hp hu c ni ring v tng hp ho hc ni chung ta thng
gp nhng phn ng ph khng mong mun. N khng nhng lm gim cht
lng ca sn phm, tiu tn nguyn liu, gy kh khn cho vic phn tch,
tinh ch sn phm m cn c th gy tc hi trc tip cho phn ng chnh ca
qu trnh. Tuy nhin vic loi b hon ton cc phn ng ph l rt kh khn,
N MN HC

thm ch khng th thc hin c. Gii php t ra l gim thiu n mc
thp nht cc phn ng ph .
Trong qu trnh sn xut VC ny c cc phn ng ph sau :
CH CH + 2HCl CH
3
CH(Cl)
2
(2)
26 73 99
CH CH + H
2
O CH
3
CHO (3)
26 18 44
Ngoi ra cn nhiu phn ng ph khc nh: cc phn ng trng hp ca
axetylen, phn ng trng hp ca VC Tuy nhin trong qu trnh sn xut ny
ta coi lng sn phm to thnh ca cc phn ng l khng ng k so vi
hai phn ng ph trn. V vy trong qu trnh tnh ton ta khng tnh n lng
sn phm ca ca cc phn ng m ch tnh ton lng sn phm to thnh
ca hai phn ng (2) v (3).
Theo nh hai phn ng ph trn th sn phm ph to ra s l diclo etan v
axetal dehit. Ta s tin hnh tnh ton lng tiu hao nguyn liu cho hai phn
ng ph ny v lng sn phm ph to ra.
Do hiu sut chuyn ho 1,1 dicloetan tnh theo axetylen l 0,2% suy ra lng
axetylen tham gia vo phn ng (2) l :

4799, 2 0, 5
24( / )
100
kg h
=

Lng HCl tham gia phn ng (2) l :

24 73
67, 34( / )
26
kg h
=

Lng sn phm 1,1 dicloetan :

24 99
91, 38( / )
26
kg h
=

Xt phn ng (3) (phn ng ph ca axetylen vi nc to axetan dehit. Gi
thit kh nguyn liu axetylen th khi qua h thng sy kh loi b c
hon ton lng hi nc. Nh vy lng nc tham gia vo phn ng (3) l
N MN HC

nc do kh nguyn liu HCl th mang vo thit b phn ng. Do lng hi
nc l rt t so vi lng axetylen nn ta coi nh hi nc phn ng ht.
Theo phn ng (3) th lng axetylen tham gia phn ng l :

2, 63 26
3,8( / )
18
kg h
= = 1,81 kg/ gi)

Khi theo phn ng (3) lng axetandehit to thnh l :

2, 63 44
6, 43( / )
18
kg h
= = 3,06 (kg/ gi)

Lng axetylen cn d (trong hn hp kh sn phm u ra ca thit b phn
ng) l:
45,6-24-1,81=19,79(kg/h)
Lng HCl cn d (trong hn hp kh sn phm u ra ca thit b phn ng)
l:
737,75-67,34=670,41(kg/h)
III. CN BNG VT CHT.
1. Cn bng vt cht i vi thit b phn ng:
Tnh ton i vi lng vt cht i vo thit b :
- Lng O
2
l : 1,19(kg/h)
- Lng N
2
l : 49,6+144,9=194,5(kg/h)
- Lng H
2
l : 0,62(kg/h)
Do O
2
, N
2
v H
2
khng tham gia phn ng nn lng vo cng chnh l lng
ra khi thit b phn ng
Cn bng vt cht i vi thit b phn ng c th hin bng 5
Bng 5 : Cn bng vt cht i vi thit b phn ng chnh.
Cu t Lng vo (kg/gi) Lng ra (kg/gi)
C
2
H
2
4799,2 19,79
HCl 7411,1 670,41
O
2
1,19 1,19
N
2
194,5 194,5
H
2
0,62 0,62
N MN HC

H
2
O 2,63 0
VC 0 11426,97
CH
3
CHCl
2
0 91,38
CH
3
CHO 0 6,43
Tng cng 12409,24 12411,29
2. Cn bng vt cht ti h thng tch HCl :
Hn hp kh sn phm ra khi thit b phn ng c a qua h thng tch
HCl d gm 2 thp : thp th nht dng nc ra, thp th hai dng dung
dch NaOH. Kh sn phm sau khi i qua h thng ny s khng cn HCl ng
thi trong qu trnh ny cng loi b c sn phm ph l axetaldehit do sn
phm ph ny tan trong nc. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh ny khng c phn
ng ho hc no xy ra.
Cn bng vt cht ti h thng tch HCl :
Bng 6 : Cn bng vt cht ti h thng tch HCl.
C
2
H
2
19,79 19,79
HCl 670,41 670,41
O
2
1,19 1,19
N
2
194,5 194,5
H
2
0,62 0,62
VC 11426,97 11426,97
CH
3
CHCl
2
91,38 91,38
CH
3
CHO 6,43 6,43
Tng cng 12411,29 12411,29
3. Cn bng vt cht ti thp chng ct sn phm VC:
Hn hp i vo thp chng ct tch VC c thnh phn gm : VC v diclo
etan v cc sn phm ph khc. Tuy nhin nh theo phn trc trnh by
lng sn phm ph ca cc phn ng ph (tr hai phn ng (2) v (3)) khng
N MN HC

ng k so vi lng sn phm ph do hai phn ng (2) v (3) to thnh. V
vy ta s coi hn hp i vo thp chng ct VC gm VC v dicloetan. Hn hp
ny c a vo thp chng ct nhit thp s phn tch ring tng cu t.
C th VC s c tch ra nh thp v diclo etan c ly ra y thp.
Cn bng vt cht thp tinh ch sn phm VC.
Do theo gi thit lng VC c phn tch ti y t 99,05% tng lng
VC. Nh vy thnh phn sn phm ti nh thp ch c VC. Thnh phn y
thp bao gm ton b lng diclo etan v 0,95% lng VC.
- Lng VC c tch ra ti nh thp theo tnh ton l:11318,41 (kg/gi)
- Thnh phn sn phm y ca thp bao gm :
+ Lng VC l: 11426,97-11318,41=108,41 (kg/gi)
+ Lng dicloetan l : 91,38 (kg/gi)
Bng 7 : Cn bng vt cht ti thp chng ct sn phm VC.
VC 11426,97 11426,97
CH
3
CHCl
2
91,38 91,38
Tng cng

11518,35 11518,35
C. CN BNG NHIT LNG I VI THIT B PHN NG.
Hn hp kh khi i vo thit b c gia nhit ti nhit cn thit.
y ta chn nhit ti u vo thit b phn ng ca hn hp kh l 110
O
C.
- Nhit u ra ca hn hp sn phm : 160
O
C
- Cht lm mt (cht ti nhit) chn dy l du c :
- Nhit u vo l : 30
o
C
- Nhit u ra l : 100
o
C
- Nhit dung ring ca cht ti nhit du Cp = 0,43 kcal/kg.
-
Khi lng ring ca du = 900 kg/m
3
Hn hp kh i vo thit b phn ng gm cc kh : C
2
H
2
, HCl, O
2
, N
2
, H
2
,
H
2
O
N MN HC

Hn hp kh i ra khi thit b phn ng gm cc kh: VC, C
2
H
2
d, HCl d,
O
2
, N
2
, H
2
, CH
3
CHO, CH
3
CHCl
2

Nhit dung ring ca cc kh : tra s tay ho cng 1
Bng 8 : Nhit dung ring ca cc kh iu kin u vo v u ra ca
thit b phn ng.
Nhit ti u vo ( t = 25
o
C ) Nhit ti u ra ( t = 160
o
C )
Cu t Cp (kcal/kg.) Cu t Cp (kcal/kg.)
C
2
H
2
0,41 C
2
H
2
0,46
HCl 0,19 HCl 0,19
O
2
0,24 O
2
0,24
H
2
3,5 H
2
3,5
H
2
O 0,44 H
2
O 0,22
N
2
0,25 N
2
0,255
VC 0,22
CH
3
CHO 0,38
CH
3
CHCl
2
0,24
1. Tnh nhit lng do hn hp kh mang vo:
Nhit lng do hn hp kh mang vo thit b phn ng l :
Q
hhvo
= Q
1
+ Q
2
+ Q
3
+ Q
4
+ Q
5
+ Q
6

Trong :
Q
1
: nhit lng do kh axetylen mang vo (kcal/h)
Q
2
: nhit lng do kh HCl mang vo (kcal/h)
Q
3
: nhit lng do kh O
2
mang vo (kcal/h)
Q
4
: nhit lng do kh N
2
mang vo (kcal/h)
Q
5
: nhit lng do hi nc mang vo (kcal/h)
Q
6
: nhit lng do H
2
mang vo (kcal/h)
Nhit lng ca cc cu t c tnh ton theo cng thc :
Q = m Cp t (kcal/h)
Trong :
m : l lu lng kh (kg/h)
N MN HC

Cp : l nhit dung ring ca cu t (kcal/kg.)
t : l nhit ca cu t (
o
C)
Nh vy nhit lng ca cc cu t mang vo l :
Q
1
= 4799,2 0,41110 = 216443,92 (kcal/h)
Q
2
= 7411,1 0,19110 = 154891,99 (kcal/h)
Q
3
= 1,19 0,24110 = 31,416 (kcal/h)
Q
4
= 194,5 0,25110 = 5348,75 (kcal/h)
Q
5
= 2,63 0,44110 = 127,29 (kcal/h)
Q
6
= 0,623,5110 = 238,7 (kcal/h)
Tng nhit lng do hn hp kh nguyn liu mang vo l :
Q
hhvo
= Q
1
+ Q
2
+ Q
3
+ Q
4
+ Q
5
+ Q
6

= 216443,92+154891,99+31,416+5348,75+127,29+238,7
= 377082,07(kcal/h)
2. Nhit lng do cc phn ng to ra:
a. Nhit lng lng do phn ng chnh to ra:
C
2
H
2
+ HCl CH
2
= CHCl + 23700 kcal/kmol
Vy nhit lng do phn ng chnh to ra l :
Q
9
=
11426, 97
23700 4333107( / )
62, 5
kcal h =

b. Nhit lng do phn ng ph to ra :
- Nhit lng do phn ng to thnh 1,1- diclo etan
C
2
H
2
+ 2HCl CH
3
CHCl
2
+ 40200 (kcal/kmol)
Nhit lng to ra l :
Q
7

=
91, 38
40200 37105,8( / )
99
kcal h =

- Nhit lng do phn ng to thnh axetan dehit :
C
2
H
2
+ H
2
O CH
3
CHO + 36130 (kcal/kmol)
Nhit lng to ra l:
N MN HC

Q
8
=
6, 43
36130 5279, 9( / )
44
kcal h =

Tng nhit lng do cc phn ng ca qu trnh sinh ra l :
Q
p
= Q
7
+ Q
8
+ Q
9

= 37105,8+5279,9+4333107
= 4375492,7(kcal/h)
3. Nhit lng do hn hp sn phm mang ra khi thit b :
Nhit lng do hn hp kh sn phm mang ra khi thit b phn ng :
Q
hhra
= Q
1
+ Q
2

+ Q
3
+ Q
4
+ Q
5
+ Q
6
+ Q
7
+ Q
8

Trong :
Q
1
: nhit lng do kh C
2
H
2
d mang ra (kcal/h)
Q
2
: nhit lng do kh HCl d mang ra (kcal/h)
Q
3
: nhit lng do kh O
2
mang ra (kcal/h)
Q
4
: nhit lng do kh N
2
mang ra (kcal/h)
Q
5
: nhit lng do kh H
2
mang ra (kcal/h)
Q
6
: nhit lng do kh VC mang ra (kcal/h)
Q
7
: nhit lng do kh CH
3
CHO mang ra (kcal/h)
Q
8
: nhit lng do kh CH
3
CHCl
2
mang ra (kcal/h)
Tnh ton cc gi tr nhit lng :
Q
1
= 19,790,46160 = 1456,544 (kcal/h)
Q
2
= 670,410,19160 = 20380,46 (kcal/h)
Q
3
= 1,190,24160 = 45,7 (kcal/h)
Q
4
= 194,50,255160 = 7935,6 (kcal/h)
Q
5
= 0,623,5160 = 347,2 (kcal/h)
Q
6
= 11426,970,22160 = 402229,34 (kcal/h)
Q
7
= 6,430,38160 = 390,94 (kcal/h)
Q
8
= 91,380,24160 = 3508,99 (kcal/h)
Tng nhit lng do hn hp kh sn phm mang ra l :
Q
hhra
= Q
1
+ Q
2

+ Q
3
+ Q
4
+ Q
5
+ Q
6
+ Q
7
+ Q
8

N MN HC

= 1456,544 + 20380,46 + 45,7 + 7935,6 + 347,2 + 402229,34 +
+ 390,94 + 3508,99
= 436294,774 (kcal/h)
4. Tnh ton lng cht ti nhit du cn dng :
Ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit lng i vi thit b phn ng :
Q
hhvo
+ Q
dv
+ Q
p
= Q
dr
+ Q
hhra
+ Q
m

Trong :
Q
dv
: l nhit lng do cht ti nhit mang vo thit b phn ng

(kcal/h)

Q
dr
: l nhit lng do cht ti nhit mang ra khi thit b phn ng (kcal/h)
Q
m
: nhit lng mt mt trong qu trnh (kcal/h)
- Nhit lng do cht ti nhit mang vo thit b phn ng l :
Q
dv
= m
d
Cp
d
t
dv
(kcal/h)
Trong :
m
d
: l khi lng ca cht ti nhit du (kg/h)
t
dv
: nhit ca du ti u vo (chn l 30
o
C)
- Nhit lng do cht ti nhit mang ra:
Tnh ton tng t nh i vi u vo
Q
dr
= m
d
Cp
d
t
dr
(kcal/h)
Nhit u ra chn l 100
o
C
- Nhit lng mt mt (chn bng 5% tng lng nhit vo thit b phn ng)
Suy ra : Q
m
= 0,05( Q
hhvo
+ Q
dv
+ Q
p
) (kcal/h)
T phng trnh cn bng nhit lng i vi thit b phn ng thay s vo ta
c:
377082,07+ 4375492,7+ m
d
0,4330 =

436294,774 + m
d
0,43100 +
+ 0,05(377082,07+ 4375492,7+ m
d
0,4330) (*)
Gii phng trnh (*) ta c :
m
d
= 132660,64 (kg/h)
Nhit lng do du mang vo l :
Q
dv
= 132660,640,4330 = 1711322,2 (kcal/h)
N MN HC

Nhit lng do du mang ra l :
Q
dr
= 132660,640,43100 = 5704407,52 (kcal/h)
Nhit lng mt mt l :
Q
m
= 0,05(377082,07+ 4375492,7+ 132660,64 0,4330)
= 323194,85 (kcal/h)
Bng 9: Cn bng nhit lng ti thit b phn ng chnh.
Lng nhit vo Lng nhit ra
Nhit lng Kcal/h Nhit lng Kcal/h
Q
hhvo
377082,07 Q
hhra
436294,774
Q
dv
1711322,2 Q
dr
5704407,52
Q
p
4375492,7 Q
m
323194,85
Tng cng 6463896,97 Tng cng 6463897,144

D. TNH TON THIT B CHNH:
Nh gii thiu phn trc, cc phn ng trong qu trnh sn xut VC
u l nhng phn ng to nhit mnh v vy thit b phn ng la chn y
l thit b loi ng chm. Trong xc tc c t bn trong ng v qu trnh
phn ng xy ra bn trong ng. Cht ti nhit i bn ngoi ng s c nhim v
dn nhit ca phn ng ra bn ngoi. Nh vy vn t ra y l ta phi
tnh ton xem thit b phn ng y c ch to nh th no ph hp vi
qu trnh sn xut nht.
Vt liu ch to thit b chnh l thp khng g X18H10T. v thit b c
cu to hnh tr ng.
1. Tnh th tch cp xc tc:
Gi thit iu kin lm vic ca thit b l ti 160
o
C v 1at. Nh vy th tch
cp xc tc c tnh :
V
xt
=
v
u t ( m
3
)
Trong :

v
u : l lu lng hn hp kh qua thit b phn ng (m
3
/s)
N MN HC

t : l thi gian lu ca hn hp kh trong thit b
i vi qu trnh ny ta chn thi gian lu l 1 (s) ( thch hp cho qu trnh
sn xut l va m bo v chuyn ho va m bo v nng sut).
Th tch hn hp kh qua thit b phn ng (hay vn tc th tch) c tnh
theo cng thc :
u =
G
(m
3
/h)
Trong :
G : l lng kh i qua thit b trong thi gian 1 gi (kg/h)
: l khi lng ring ca kh (kg/m
3
)
=
Po T
P M

4 , 22
273
(kg/m
3
)
Vi :
M : l khi lng mol ca kh (kg/kmol)
T : l nhit tuyt i ca kh (
o
K)
P, P
o
: l p sut kh trong thit b phn ng v iu kin tiu chun.
Hn hp kh i trong thit b phn ng bao gm: C
2
H
2
, HCl, N
2
, O
2
, H
2
, H
2
O
- Th tch kh C
2
H
2
i qua thit b phn ng :

2 2
H C
G

= 4799,2 (kg/h)
2 2
H C
M = 26 (kg/kmol)
Nhit T = 273 + 160 = 433 (
o
K)
p sut P = 1 at
Suy ra:
2 2
H C
=
1 433 4 , 22
1 273 26

= 0,7318 (kg/kmol)
Vn tc th tch ca C
2
H
2
i qua thit b phn ng l:
2 2
H C
u =
3
4799, 2
6558, 07( / )
0, 7318
m h =

- Vn tc th tch ca HCl i qua thit b phn ng:
HCl
G = 7411,1 (kg/h)
N MN HC

HCl
M = 36,5 (kg/kmol)
HCl
=
1 433 4 , 22
1 273 5 , 36

= 1,0273 (kg/m
3
)
Vn tc th tch ca HCl i qua thit b phn ng :

HCl
u =
3
7411,1
7214,15( / )
1, 0273
m h =

- Vn tc th tch ca N
2
i qua thit b phn ng :

2
N
G = 194,5 (kg/h)
2
N
M = 28 (kg/kmol)

2
N
=
1 433 4 , 22
1 273 28

= 0,7881 (kg/m
3
)
Suy ra vn tc th tch ca N
2
qua thit b phn ng :
2
N
u =
3
194, 5
246, 79( / )
0, 7881
m h =

- Vn tc th tch ca O
2
i qua thit b phn ng:
2
O
G = 0,62 (kg/h)

2
O
M = 32 (kg/kmol)

2
O
=
1 433 4 , 22
1 273 32

= 0,9006 (kg/m
3
)
Suy ra vn tc th tch ca O
2
qua thit b phn ng :

2
O
u =
3
1,19
1, 32( / )
0, 9006
m h =

- Vn tc th tch ca H
2
qua thit b phn ng :
2
H
G = 0,62 (kg/h)
2
H
M = 2 (kg/kmol)
2
H
=
1 433 4 , 22
1 273 2

= 0,0562 (kg/m
3
)
Vn tc th tch ca H
2
:
N MN HC

2
H
u =
3
0, 62
1, 224( / )
0, 5066
m h =

- Vn tc th tch ca H
2
O qua thit b phn ng :
O H
G
2
= 2,63(kg/h)
O H
M
2
= 18 (kg/kmol)
O H
2
=
1 433 4 , 22
1 273 18

= 0,5066 (kg/m
3
)
Suy ra vn tc th tch ca H
2
O qua thit b phn ng l :
O H
2
u =
3
2, 63
5,191( / )
0, 5066
m h =

Nh vy tng lu lng hn hp kh qua thit b phn ng l :
hh
u =
2 2
H C
u +
HCl
u +
2
N
u +
O H
2
u +
2
H
u +
2
O
u
= 6558,07 + 7214,15 + 246,79 + 5,191+ 1,224 + 1,32
= 14026,745 ( m
3
/h)
= 3,896 (m
3
/s)
Do y l hn hp kh cng iu kin nhit p sut v vy lu lng th
tch ca hn hp kh i qua lp xc tc
v
u l :

v
u =
hh
u = 3,896 (m
3
/s)
Th tch ca xc tc l :
V
xt
=
v
u t = 3,8961 = 3,896 (m
3
)
2. Kch thc ca thit b phn ng:
Lu lng ca hn hp kh qua thit b phn ng nh tnh trn l :

v
u = 3,896 (m
3
/s)
Tng tit din ngang ca cc ng trong thit b phn ng l:
S =
e
v
u
(m
2
)
Trong :

v
u : l lu lng hn hp kh i qua thit b phn ng (m
3
/s)
N MN HC

e : l tc hi i trong thit b (m/s)
Chn tc hi i trong thit b phn ng l e = 3 (m/s) suy ra tng din tch
ca cc ng trong thit b phn ng l :
S =
e
v
u
=
2
3,896
1, 299( )
3
m =

Chiu cao lp xc tc
H
xt
=
S
V
xt
=
3, 896
3( )
1, 299
m = = 3 (m)
Chn chiu cao ng phn ng l H = 3,2 (m).
Chn ng c kch thc l d = 503,5 (mm)
Suy ra s ng trong thit b phn ng l:
n =
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
d
S
t
=
2
1, 299
662
0, 05
3,14
2
=
| |
|
\ .

Theo s tay ho cng 2 | | 48 II ta quy chun tng s ng trong thit b phn
ng l: n = 721 ng
Cc ng trong thit b phn ng y c b tr sp xp theo hnh su cnh
(hnh lc gic u). Trong s ng trn ng cho xuyn tm ca hnh su
cnh l 29 ng,tng s ng khng k trong cc hnh vin phn l 631 ng. S
hnh su cnh l 14 hnh. Tng s ng trong tt c cc hnh vin phn l 48 ng.
Tnh ton ng knh thit b:
ng knh thit b c tnh theo cng thc :
D = t(b 1) + 4d.
Trong :
d : l ng knh ngoi ca ng phn ng trong thit b phn ng ng chm
d = 50 + 3,52 = 57 (mm)
t : l bc ng
t = (1,2 1,5) d
Chn t = 1,3d = 1,357 = 74,1 (mm)
b : l s ng trn ng cho xuyn tm ca hnh su cnh
N MN HC

b = 25
ng knh ca thit b l:
D = 74,1(25 1) + 457 = 2006,4 (mm)
Quy chun theo s tay ho cng 2 trang 359 ta chn ng knh thit b l:
D = 2000 (mm) = 2 (m)
Kch thc thit b phn ng :
ng knh D = 2 (m)
Chiu cao thn hnh tr H = 3,2 m
S ng trong thit b phn ng n = 721ng. Trong kch thc ng l :
ds = 503,5 (mm), chiu di ng l 3,2 (m), bc ng l t = 74,1 (mm).
Do p lc ca kh nguyn liu khi qua ng phn ng l kh mnh nn ta thit
k hai u ca cc ng phn ng tha ra 10 (cm) nhm mc ch nhi thm
m tr vo gi khng lp xc tc khng b y ra ngoi. ng thi hai
u ca ng phn ng c bt bi nhng tm li c mt li nh.
3. Tnh chiu dy thn thit b phn ng :
Thn thit b phn ng y l hnh tr, lm vic p sut kh quyn v vy
chiu dy ca n c tnh theo cng thc :
S =
| | P
P
t
D

o 2
+ C (m) | | 360 II
Trong
D
t
: ng knh trong ca thit b (m)
D
t
= 2 (m)
P : p sut trong ca thit b. Do thit b lm vic p sut kh quyn nn
P = 1.10
5
N/m
2

: l h s bn hn ca hnh tr theo phng dc, do hn gip mi nn h s
chn bng 0,95
C : l i lng b xung do n mn v dung sai v chiu dy (m)
C = C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3
| | 363 II
Vi :
N MN HC

C
1
: l s b xung n mn, xut pht t iu kin n mn vt liu ca mi
trng v thi gian lm vic ca thit b. Do thit b y c ch to bng
thp khng g nn ta chn C
1
= 1 (mm) ( tnh theo thi gian lm vic l t 10
20 nm).
C
2
: i lng b xung do hao mn. Do thit b phn ng y khng c
nhng ht rn chuyn ng, v vy c th b qua i lng C
2

C
3
: l i lng b xung dung sai chiu dy (ph thuc vo chiu dy tm
vt liu (chn C
3
= 1 mm)
o : ng sut ca thit b (N/m
2
)
Gi
k
o : l ng sut cho php gii hn bn ko ca vt liu thp X8H10T,
gii hn bn ko xc nh theo cng thc :
| |
k
o = q
o
k
n
k
N/m
2
| | 355 II
Trong :

k
o : l ng sut gii hn bn ko ca thp X18H10T

k
o = 550.10
6
N/m
2
| | 357 II
q: l h s hiu chnh theo s tay ho cng | | 355 II ta c
q= 1,0 do y l thit b loi II | | 356 II

k
n : l h s an ton theo gii hn bn ko,
k
n = 2,6
Khi : | |
k
o = 1
6 , 2
10 550
6
= 211,510
6
(N/m
2
)
Gi
c
o l ng sut cho php gii hn bn chy ca vt liu thp X18H10T,
gii hn bn chy xc nh theo cng thc:
| |
c
o = q
o
c
c
n
(N/m
2
) | | 356 II
Trong :

c
o : l ng sut gii hn bn chy ca thp X18H10T
c
o = 22010
6
(N/m
2
)
N MN HC

q: h s hiu chnh tng t trn q= 1

c
n : l h s an ton theo gii hn bn chy,
c
n =1,5
Khi :
| |
c
o = 1
5 , 1
10 220
6
= 146,710
6
(N/m
2
)
m bo v bn ta ly gi tr nh hn trong hai gi tr tnh c trn.
Nh vy gi tr ng sut | | o = | |
c
o = 146,710
6
(N/m
2
)
Xt t s :
| |
h
P

o
= 95 , 0
10 7 , 146
5
6
10

= 1393,65 >> 50
Vy c th b qua i lng P mu s trong biu thc tnh chiu dy ca thn
thit b chnh. Suy ra chiu dy ca thn thit b chnh l :
S =
| | o

2
P D
t
+ C =
3
10 2
95 , 0 10 7 , 146 2
10 1 2
6
5

+
= 2,710
-3
(m)
Quy chun ly S = 6 (mm)
Kim tra ng sut ca thnh theo p sut th bng nc theo cng thc :
o =
( ) | |

+
) ( 2 C S
P C S
t
D
O
2 , 1
c
o
s (N/m
2
)
Trong
P
o
: l p sut th tnh ton c xc nh theo cng thc :
P
o
= P
th
+ P
1
(N/m
2
)
Vi :
P
th
: l p sut thy lc ( P
th
= 1,5P)
P
1
: l p sut thy tnh ca nc
P
1
= H
1
g (N/m
2
)
Trong :
H: l chiu cao ct cht lng (H= 3 m)

1
: l khi lng ring ca cht lng (
1
= 1000kg/m
3
)
g : l gia tc trng trng (g = 9,81 m/s
2
)
N MN HC

Suy ra : P
1
= 10009,813 = 29,4310
3
(N/m
2
)
P
o
= 1,510
5
+ 29,4310
3

= 1,794310
5
(N/m
2
)
Thay vo ta c:
o =
( ) | |
95 , 0 ) 002 , 0 006 , 0 ( 2
179430 002 , 0 006 , 0 2

+
= 47,31
10
6
(N/m
2
)

2 , 1
c
o
=
2 , 1
10 220
6
= 183,3310
6
(N/m
2
)
Nhn thy: o
2 , 1
c
o
s
Nh vy gi tr chiu dy thn ca thit b phn ng l tho mn iu kin v
an ton thit k (chp nhn c).
Vy chiu dy thn thit b phn ng l :
S = 6 mm
4. Tnh ton ng knh cc ng dn:
a. Tnh ng knh ng dn nguyn liu vo thit b phn ng:
ng knh ng dn nguyn liu c tnh theo cng thc :
d =
e 785 , 0
V
(m) | | 369 I
Trong :
e: l tc trung bnh ca kh (hi) i trong ng (m/s)
V: lu lng th tch (m
3
/s)
Nh tnh ton phn trc lu lng th tch ca kh nguyn liu i vo
thit b phn ng l: V = 3,896 (m
3
/s)
Chn vn tc trung bnh ca kh nguyn liu i vo thit b phn ng l :
e = 20 (m/s).
ng knh ng dn nguyn liu vo thit b phn ng l:
d =
3,896
0, 498( )
0, 785 20
m =

Quy chun ly d = 0,5 (m)
N MN HC

b. Tnh ng knh ng dn sn phm :
Cng theo cng thc :
d =
e 785 , 0
V
(m)
e : tc ca kh sn phm i trong ng (m/s)
Chn e = 20 (m/s)
V : Lu lng ca kh nguyn liu ca hn hp kh ra (m
3
/s)
Nh ta tnh ton, hn hp kh ra c thnh phn gm cc kh : VC, EDC,
CH
3
CHO, C
2
H
2
d, HCl d, N
2
, O
2
, H
2
. Nhit ti u ra ca hn hp kh l
160
o
C v coi nh p sut ca hn hp kh ra l 1at. Ta s i tnh ton lu lng
ca hn hp kh ra.
- Tnh lu lng kh C
2
H
2
d:
Ta c lng kh C
2
H
2
d theo tnh ton trn l :
2 2
H C
G = 19,79 (kg/gi)
Khi lng ring ca kh C
2
H
2
d l :

2 2
H C
=
o
H C
P T
P T M
o

4 , 22
2 2
=
1 433 4 , 22
1 273 26

= 0,7318 (kg/m
3
)
-Lu lng th tch ca kh C
2
H
2
d l:

2 2
H C
V =
2 2
2 2
H C
H C
G
=
3
19, 79
27, 04( / )
0, 7318
m h =

-Lu lng th tch ca kh HCl d :
HCl
G = 670,41 (kg/h)

HCl
=
1 433 4 , 22
1 273 5 , 36

=1,0274 (kg/m
3
)
-Lu lng th tch kh HCl d l :

HCl
V =
3
670, 41
652, 53( / )
1, 0274
m h =

-Lu lng th tch kh N
2
l:

2
N
V = 246,79(m
3
/h)
N MN HC

-Lu lng th tch kh O
2
:

2
O
V = 1,32 (m
3
/h)
-Lu lng th tch kh H
2
l:

2
H
V =1,224 (m
3
/h)
- Lu lng th tch kh VC :

VC
G = 11426,97 (kg/h)

VC
=
1 433 4 , 22
1 273 5 , 62

= 1,7592 (kg/m
3
)
-Lu lng th tch kh VC l:

VC
V =
3
11426, 97
6495, 55( / )
1, 7592
m h =

-Lu lng th tch kh EDC:

EDC
G = 91,38 (kg/h)

EDC
=
1 433 4 , 22
1 273 99

= 2,7865 (kg/m
3
)

EDC
V =
3
91, 38
32, 79( / )
2, 7865
m h =

-Lu lng th tch kh CH
3
CHO:

CHO CH
3
G = 6,43 (kg/h)

CHO CH
3
=
1 433 4 , 22
1 273 44

= 1,2385 (kg/m
3
)

CHO CH
3
V =
6, 43
5,19
1, 2385
=

Vy lu lng hn hp kh sn phm l:
V
hh
=
2 2
H C
V +
HCl
V +
2
N
V +
2
O
V +
2
H
V +
VC
V +
EDC
V +
CHO CH
3
V
= 27,04+ 652,53 + 246,79 + 1,32 + 1,224 + 6495,55 +
+ 32,79 + 5,19
= 7462,434 (m
3
/h)
= 2,07 (m
3
/s)
N MN HC

ng knh ng dn kh sn phm:
d =
e 785 , 0
V
=
2, 07
0, 363( )
0, 785 20
m =

Quy chun ly d = 0,4 (m)
c. Tnh ng knh ng dn cht ti nhit:
Ta c lng du cn dng l : m
d
= 132660,64 (kg/h)
Khi lng ring ca du l 900 (kg/m
3
). Suy ra lu lng du qua thit b
phn ng l: V
d
=
3
132660, 64
147, 4( / )
900
m h =

= 0,041 (m
3
/s)
Du ti nhit c a vo thit b nh h thng bm (chy trong ng y ca
bm). Theo s tay ho cng 1 trang 369
Chn vn tc ca du l : e = 1,5 (m/s)
ng knh ng dn cht ti nhit:
d =
e 785 , 0
V
=
0, 041
0,187( )
0, 785 1, 5
m =

Quy chun d = 0,2 (m)
5. Tnh y v np thit b:
y v np thp cng c ch to bng vt liu l thp khng g X18H10T.
y ta chn np v y l loi hnh elp c g.
Chiu dy ca y thp lm vic chi p sut trong c tnh theo cng thc:
S = C
h
D
P
o
k
k
P D
b
t t
+
(

2
8 , 3 o
(m)
Trong :
h
b
: l chiu cao phn li ca y, np
chn h
b
= 0,5 (m)

o
: l h s bn ca mi hn hng tm
Chn
o
= 0,95
N MN HC

k : h s khng th nguyn, c xc nh theo:
k = 1 -
t
D
d

y d l ng knh ln nht (hay kch thc ln nht ca l khng phi
hnh trn) ca l khng tng cng, d = 0,15. Np hn t hai pha bng tay, hn
t hai na tm. Vi | |
k
o = 211,5 10
6
N/m
2
v | |
c
o = 22010
6
N/m
2
.
Ta c k = 1-
2
0,15
= 0,925
V :
o
k
o

P
k
= 95 , 0 925 , 0
10
10 5 , 211
5
6

= 1858,56 >> 30
V vy i lng P mu s trong cng thc tnh chiu dy c th b qua.
Vy chiu dy ca y v np c tnh :
S = C
h
D
P
o
k
k
P D
b
t t
+
(

2
8 , 3 o

= C +

5 , 0 2
2
95 , 0 925 , 0 10 5 , 211 8 , 3
10 2
6
5

= 0,00056 + C
Gi tr b xung chiu dy C trong trng hp ny ly bng 4 mm
Nh vy chiu dy ca y v np thit b chnh l : S = 4,5610
-3
(m)
Quy chun ly S = 6 (mm)
Chiu cao ca g chn bng 0,04(m)

N MN HC

6. Tnh ton chn ca thit b phn ng:
- Khi lng ca thn hnh tr
Ta c khi lng thn hnh tr c tnh:
m
t
= ( )
t
H D D
t n
2 2
4

Trong :

t
D : l ng knh trong ca thp (m)

t
D = 2 m

n
D : l ng knh ngoi ca thp (m)

n
D = 2,012 m
H : l chiu cao thn hnh tr (m)
H = 3,2 m
: l khi lng ring ca vt liu ch to thp (kg/m
3
)
= 7,8510
3
(kg/m
3
)
Suy ra khi lng ca thn hnh tr l:
m
t
= ( ) 7850 2 , 3 2 012 , 2
4
2 2

t

= 949,36 (kg)
- Khi lng y v np thp
Nh tnh ton trn y thp v np thp c ch to bng vt liu ging
nh vt liu ch to thn thp. y l loi hnh elip c g. Chiu dy ca y
v np thp l 6 mm. Tra s tay ho cng | | 384 5 ta c khi lng ca y v
np thp l:
m

+ m
n
= 500+500 = 1000 (kg)
- Khi lng ng phn ng
Tnh ton tng t nh i vi thn thp ta c khi lng ca 1 ng l :
M
ng
= ( ) 7850 2 , 3 05 , 0 057 , 0
4
2 2

t

= 14,77 (kg)
Tng khi lng ca cc ng phn ng l:
N MN HC

M = 51714,77 = 7636,09(kg)
- Khi lng ca cc thit b khc b tr trn thp
Coi khi lng phn ny l 600 kg
- Khi lng nguyn liu v khi lng ca cht ti nhit
Khi thp hot ng th khi lng tng ca thp s tng do thp c cha cht
ti nhit, cha nguyn liu phn ng v cht xc tc
Gi thit du ti nhit lp y phn th tch thit bi cn d trong thn thp, khi
khi lng cht ti nhit s l:
m
tn
= ( )
t
H d D
t
2 2
517
4

Trong :

t
D : l ng knh trong ca thn thp (m)

t
D = 2 (m)
d : l ng knh ngoi ca ng chm (m)
d = 0,057 (m)
: l khi lng ring ca du ti nhit (kg/m
3
)
= 900 (kg/m
3
)
Suy ra khi lng ca cht ti nhit l:
m
tn
= ( ) 900 2 , 3 05 , 0 517 2
4
2 2

t

= 6121,12 (kg)
Khi lng nguyn liu v khi lng xc tc ly gi tr l 500 (kg)
Suy ra khi lng ton thp l :
m
thp
= 949,36 + 1000 + 7636,09+ 6121,12 + 500+ 600
= 15906,57 (kg)
Trng lng ton thp l:
N
thp
= m
thp
g (N)
= 15906,579,81 = 156044 (N)
Chn h thng gi gm 4 chn, ti trng mi chn phi chu l:
N MN HC

N
thp
/4 =
4
156044
= 39011 (N)
Tra s tay ho cng | | 437 5 ta c s liu ca chn l:
Bng 10: S liu chn thp phn ng sn xut VC
B mt
F10
-4

(m
2
)
Ti trng cho php
trn b mt
q10
-6
(N/m
2
)
L B B
1
B
2
H h s l d
mm
6,0 0,84 300 240 260 370 950 650 18 110 34

7. Chn mt bch:
- Bch ni thn thp : Chn loi bch lin bng thp. Tra s tay ho cng
| | 422 5 ta c s ph thuc ca thng s bch vo ng knh :
Bng 11: S liu bch ni thn thp
D
t
(mm)
D
(mm)
D
b
(mm)
D
1
(mm)
D
0
(mm)
d
b
(mm)
Z
(ci)
h
(mm)
2000 2141 2090 2060 2015 M20 44 32
- Bch ni cc ng dn: Chn loi bch lin bng thp. Tra s tay ho cng
| | 409 5 ta c s ph thuc ca thng s ca bch vo ng knh ng dn.
Bng 12: S liu bch ni cc ng dn
D
y

(mm)
D
t
(mm)
D
1

(mm)
D
(mm)
d
b

(mm)
Z
(ci)
h
(mm)
150 225 202 260 M16 8 16
300 395 365 435 M20 12 22
400 495 465 535 M20 16 22

8. Chn bm:
N MN HC

Trong dy chuyn sn xut VC, phi s dng bm vn chuyn cht lng
vi p sut thp v lu lng trung bnh nn ta chn bm ly tm v c nhng
u im :
- Cung cp lin tc, p ng yu cu ca nhiu ngnh sn xut i hi lu
lng ca cht lng phi tht u.
- C s vng quay ln, c th chuyn ng trc tip t ng c in.
- C cu to n gin, chim din tch xy dng nh v khng i hi kt cu
nn mng vng chc mt cch c bit. Do lm gim gi thnh lp rp v
chi ph vn hnh.
- C th bm c cht lng bn, khng c van
- C nng sut ln v p sut tng i nh nn ph hp vi yu cu ca phn
ln cc qu trnh sn xut ho hc.
Cng sut ca bm ly tm :
N =
q

1000
g H Q
T T

Trong :

T
Q : l nng sut thc t ca bm (m
3
/s)

T
H : l p sut thc t ton phn ca bm (m)
: l khi lng ring ca cht lng (kg/m
3
)
g : l gia tc trng trng (g = 9,81 m/s
2
)
q : l hiu sut ton phn ca bm (q = 0,6 0,8)
Chn cng sut bm l 0,4kW bm cht lng
N MN HC

Hnh 6: S cu to thit b phn ng

t
h
i
t
k
p
h
n
x
u
n
g

s
n
x
u
t
V
C

h
u
n
g
d
n

o
n
t
n
h
o
t
h
i
t
b
p
h
n

n
g

t
r
u
n
g

h
b
k
H
i
k
h
o
a
c
n
h
o
c
3
5
8
9 a
a
8
b
c
h
n
i t
h
n
t
h
p
v
y
0
1
t
h
p
9

n
g
d
n
d
u
l
n
h
v
o
0
1
t
h
p
1
0

n
g
d
n
d
u
n
n
g
r
a
0
1
x
1
8
h
1
0
t
1
1
n
h
i
t

i
n
k
0
1
3

y
t
h
p
0
1
x
1
8
h
1
0
t
s
t
t
t
n
c
h
i t
i
t
s
n
g
v
t
l
i
u
1
t
h
n
t
h
p
0
1
x
1
8
h
1
0
t
2
n
p
t
h
p
0
1
x
1
8
h
1
0
t
4

n
g
d
n
n
g
u
y
n
l
i
u
0
1
x
1
8
h
1
0
t
6

n
g
p
h
n

n
g
2
4
1
x
1
8
h
1
0
t
5

n
g
d
n
s
n
p
h
m
0
1
x
1
8
h
1
0
t
7
b
c
h
n
i t
h
n
t
h
p
v
i n
p
0
1
t
h
p
t h
i t k
ph
m
v
i t d
n
g

i
i

T

1
:
2

s
u

t
o

t
h
i
t

b

p
h
n
g

c
h
n
h

s
n

x
u
t

v
c
1
2
7
6
I

t
h
p

p
h
n
g

T

1
:
1
0
m
t

c
t

a

-

a

T

1
:
1
0

i

T

1
:
1
m
2
0
I
i
2
1
4
1
2
0
9
0
2
0
6
0
1
1
4
1
2
c
h
0
4
c
t
3
1
3
v
n
g
b
n
h
i
t
0
1
t
h
p
1
4
m
n
g
h
n
g
c
h
t
t
i n
h
i
t
0
4
x
1
8
h
1
0
t
1
3
1
4
1
0 1
2
B
n
s 2
T
l 1:10

ĐỒ ÁN MÔN HỌC1

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ĐỒ ÁN MÔN HỌC1

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N MN HC

Sinh vin : Nguyn Hoi Nam. Page 1

= = 1,81 kg/ gi)

= = 3,06 (kg/ gi)

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