PREHISTORY

AFRICA
HOMINIDS Over 6 mil yrs. ago

ASIA
~600,000 300,000 yrs ago

EUROPE
~150,000-30,000 yrs ago NEANDERTHAL (homo neanderthalensis)

AFRICA & ASIA

~3000 BC EGYPT, PAKISTAN

PEKING MAN

1st civilisations In Mesopotamia (Sumerians)

AFRICA
6 mil yrs ago
First hominids in East Africa

WORLD
~500,000 yrs ago FIRE!!!

EUROPE
~40,000 yrs ago CROMAGNON MAN (homo sapiens sapiens)

WORLD
~3000 BC
Production & processing

of BRONZE

WORLD
~2,5 mil 10,000 yrs ago

Early Stone Age (Paleolitikum)

~1,7 mil 300,000 yrs ago JAVA MAN

ASIA

WORLD
~10,000 BC Later stone age (neolitikum) Agriculture & livestock

ASIA
~4500 BC LONG SHAN culture In China

WORLD
~2,3 - 1,6 mil yrs ago

WORLD
~1,8 1 mil yrs ago
Development of language for communication

NEAR EAST
~9000 BC Large settlement In JERICHO, Palestine

NEAR EAST
4000 - 5000 BC 'TELL' CULTURES In Mesopotamia

HOMO HABILIS Using tools, culture and hunting

AFRICA
~1,8 mil yrs ago
HOMO ERECTUS Spread from Africa

AFRICA
~1,8 mil yrs ago
Hominids spread North & East from Africa

NEAR EAST
~7000 BC Large settlement In ATAL HYK in Anatolia (Turkey)

NEAR EAST
~5000 BC Production & processing of metals, incl. copper

THE FIRST KINGDOMS

From 3000 BC Immigration of Semitic and Indo-European tribes to the Near East

NEAR EAST

NEAR EAST
~1630 BC
The Hettite Empire is established under Hattusilis I.

NEAR EAST
Indo-European hurrians establish Mitanni Kingdom in northern Mesopotamia.

NEAR EAST
~1200 BC The Phoenicians invent a writing system based on the consonants.

~1500 BC

NEAR EAST
From 1200 BC Urartu Empire in eastern Anatolia.

NEAR EAST
~3000 BC Canaanites creat city states in Palestine

NEAR EAST
~1792 1750 BC
Hammurabi reigns in Babylon

EGYPT
~1552 1070 BC
New Kingdom:
Akhenaten and Nefertiti

EGYPT
1305 1080 BC
Ramses period
19th and 20th Dynasties

NEAR EAST
1335 BC Suppiluliuma I defeats Egypt, assumes Mitannian royal title and expands the Hittites Empire.

NEAR EAST
3000 BC
Sumerians settle in south Mesopotamia. Uniform writing

NEAR EAST
~1824 1595 BC
The old Babylonian empire.

INDIA
The Aryans are advancing towards India.

~1500 BC

NEAR EAST
1375 1047 BC
The Middle Assyrian empire.

NEAR EAST
3000 BC
Byblos is the main trading center in the eastern Mediterranean.

NEAR EAST
~2112 2004 BC
Kings of the third dynasty of Ur rule the Sumerian city-states.

INDIA
~1500 500 BC
Vedic Period, after the Arab conquest of India.

EGYPT
1346 1336 BC Pharaoh Tutankhamun

NEAR EAST
1200 BC The fall of the Hittites Empire

NEAR EAST
~2700 2600 BC
The legendary king Gilgamesh of Uruk reigns

EGYPT
2040 1785 BC Middle Kingdom. Thebes is the new capital.

EGYPT
1504 1450 BC
Thotmes III; Egypt at its greatest extent.

EGYPT
1353 1335 BC
Pharaoh Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV), 18th dynasty. The start of the Amarna Period. Akhenatens introduces monotheistic worship centered on the Aten; polytheism is banned.

NEAR EAST
800s BC
The Phoenicians establish trade and sea navigation in the Mediterranean.

NEAR EAST
~2300 BC
The Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia.

NEAR EAST
~2334-2279 BC
King Sargon I of Akkad builds a kingdom

NEAR EAST
Indo-European Medes and Persians settle down in Iran.

~1400 BC

NEAR EAST
Philistines settle in Palestine, while the Israelites settle in the hinterland.

~1100 BC

ANCIENT HISTORY Pre-Roman Times

AFRICA 814 BC
Phoenicians establish a trading post in present Tunisia - Carthage.

EUROPE 753 or 650 BC Founding of Rome according myth and archeologists. EUROPE 750 BC Homer creates his epic Iliad and the Odyssey. EUROPE 750 500 BC Greeks conquer and settle on the shores of the Mediterranean. NEAR EAST 722 BC The Assyrians conquer the kingdom of Israel. EUROPE 735 BC Syracuse is founded in Sicily. EUROPE ~ 720 BC Sparta's power rises after its conquest of Lakonia and Messinia.

NEAR EAST 605 562 BC Nebuchadnezzar reigns in Babylon.

FAR EAST ~ 560 480 BC Gautama Buddha's life. NEAR EAST 539 BC
The Persians conquer Babylon + Israel's return to Palestine.

EUROPE 353 283 BC Rome conquers the Etruscan cities. EUROPE 371 BC Thebes defeats Sparta at Leuktra and wins control of Greece.

EGYPT 323 30 BC The Ptolemaic dynasty. EUROPE / ASIA 323 30 BC

Diadochis' time: the Ptolemies ruled Egypt and the Seleucids in Syria-Palestine.

NEAR EAST 883 612 BC New Assyrian Empire. NEAR EAST 971 926 BC
Solomon reigns. Diplomatic and cultural relations with neighboring peoples, especially the Phoenicians.

As archon in Athens, Solon reforms the administration of justice, which becomes the basis for the constitution and society. Athens colonies extend from the Tyrrhenian Sea to Barcelona.

EUROPE After 550 BC

Cyrus II the Great, establishes the great Persian Empire and conquers Babylon (539)

NEAR EAST 550 529 BC

AFRICA From 1040 BC

Libyan soldiers establish dynasties of Lower Egypt, Amun Priests "theocracy" in Upper Egypt.

EUROPE From ~650 BC Economic and political turmoil leads to the power of tyrants in various city-states. EUROPE From the 500s BC German Tribes spreading in Central Europe. EUROPE From ~700 BC Witness of the Etruscans in Italy.

NEAR EAST 522 486 BC King Darius I reigns GREECE 510 BC Tyranny is overthrown and democracy begins in Athens. CHINA 481 221 BC The Warring States period; highlight of philosophy and science.

EUROPE 431 404 BC Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, a fight for power in Greece, Athens is defeated.

FAR EAST 321 184 BC Maurya Empire in India. EUROPE 359 336 BC Philip II, king of Macedon, gains dominion over Greece. EUROPE / ASIA 336 323 BC

NEAR EAST 1004 - 971 BC

David's reign: Jerusalem becomes the capital and the country expands from the Euphrates to the Red Sea.

GREECE 443 429 BC the Athenian empire's peak under Pericles' reign. EUROPE 490 479 BC
War between the Greeks and Persians; Greeks claim their independence.

Alexander the Great reigns and leads wars of conquest all the way to India (subjugation of the Persian Empire)

the "Dorian invasions" Mycenae and Minoan cultures decline.

EUROPE 1200 750 BC

EUROPE 200s BC Roman expansion in the Mediterranean.

ROMAN TIMES
Third Punic War ends with the destruction of Carthage and its hinterland becomes a Roman province.

ITALY & NORTH AFRICA 149 146 BC

ITALY
161 180 Emperor Marcus Aurelius' reign.
96 192 Adoptive Emperors reign.

ITALY
192 193 The Year of the Five Emperors

CHINA 221 210 BC

Qin Shi Huangdi unites China and becomes its first emperor.

NORTH AFRICA
118 115 / 104 BC King Jugurtha of Numidia reigns.
CHINA
141 87 BC Wudi is the emperor of China, Confucianism becomes the state ideology.

ITALY

NEAR EAST 224 / 227 651 Sassanids rule Persia ITALY

ITALY & NORTH AFRICA 221 202 BC

The Carthaginian general Hannibal invades Italy and challenges Rome.

69 96 The Flavian emperors

ITALY

235 284 Soldier Emperor rules in Rome

SOUTH ASIA
272 / 268 232 BC Emperor Ashoka reigns in India. Buddhism spreads.

ITALY
44 BC
Caesar's lifetime dictatorship ends with his murder.

54 68 Emperor Nero's reign

ITALY

284 305 Diocletian is the emperor.

306 337 Constantine I, the Great, is the emperor of Rome.

ITALY

202 BC 220 AD Han Dynasty rules China.

CHINA

NEAR EAST
37 4 BC King Herod's reign in Judea.

NEAR EAST ~29 31 BC Jesus is put to death. ITALY

ITALY

238 BC 224 / 227 AD Parthians rule in Persia

NEAR EAST

27 BC - 14 AD Augustus (Octavian) establishes the Principate and becomes Rome's first emperor.

330 Constantinople is founded.

BYZANTIUM

EARLY MIDDLEAGES
WORLD 445 453
Huns King Attila raging in Europe.

AMERICA ~300 900

The classic Maya civilization in the Yucatn peninsula.

CHINA 618 907

Tang Dynasty

NEAR EAST

EUROPE
751 911 / 987 Carolingian rule in Germany (to 911) and France.

661 750
The first caliph dynasty, the Umayyads.

EUROPE 768 814

Charlemagne reigns; on 25th December 800 he was crowned emperor.

Christianity becomes the s tate religion of the Roman Empire.

ITALY 391

ITALY 476
German prince Odovakar puts an end to the Western Roman Empire.

BYZANTIUM

610 641
Emperor Heraclius of Byzantium reigns.

Emperor Theodosius' reign

ITALY 379 395

EUROPE
482 / 486 751 Merovingians govern France. Clovis baptized yr 498.

NEAR EAST

570 632
Prophet Muhammad's life

Muslims expand their empire to the Iberian Peninsula and in the east to Pakistan.

WORLD 711

EUROPE 756 1031

Umayyad Emirate of Crdoba, the socalled caliphate.

EUROPE 842 843

Division of the Frankish Kingdom.
NORTH AFRICA

William the Conqueror wins at Hastings, the beginning of the Norman rule in England.

EUROPE 1066

ASIA
Khmer Empire in Cambodia (Angkor Vat)

700s 1400s

Spread of Islam in North Africa.

~1000

EUROPE 1056 1105

Emperor Henry IV of Germany; Investiture Controversy.

WORLD 378
Battle of Adrianople. The great invasions begin.

EUROPE 493 526

Ostrogoth king, Theodoric the Great, reigns over Western Europe.

Lombards rule in Italy.

EUROPE 568 774

EUROPE 732
Charles Martel defeats the Arabs at the Battle of Poitiers.

NEAR EAST

750 1258
The second caliph dynasty, the Abbasids.

EUROPE 1016 35
Cnut the Great rules over England, Denmark and Norway.

The great schism between the eastern and western church.

WORLD 1054

MIDDLEAGES
EUROPE 1152 90
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa reigns.

EUROPE
Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen (reigned also over southern Italy)

1194 / 1212 50

EUROPE 1413 22
Henry V of England conquers large parts of France.

EUROPE 1414 18
The Council of Constance, Jan Hus is burned at the stake. BYZANTIUM 1453

Portugal had naval supremacy during Manuel I. Expeditions along the African coast.

EUROPE & AMERICA 1495 1521

NEAR EAST 1501 1722

Safavid dynasty rules in Persia.

EUROPE 1517
Martin Luther nails his 95 theses: the beginning of the Reformation.

EUROPE 1122
Concordat of Worms ends Investiture Controversy.

ASIA 1206 27
Genghis Khan reigns; Mongol conquests in the East and West.

EUROPE 1337 1453

Hundred Years' War between England and France.

The Turks conquer Constantinople and put an end to the Byzantine Empire.

EUROPE & AMERICA 1492

The Moors are driven out of Spain, Columbus discovers America.

ENGLAND 1509 47
Henry VIII, King of England, the Anglican Church is formed.

AMERICA 1519 21
Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec empire; Magellan's expedition makes the first worldwide sailing.

EUROPE
1000s 1400s
Venice, Genoa and Pisa's naval supremacy in the Mediterranean.

EUROPE 1215
Magna Carta (the English Constitution); Fourth Lateran Council issued rules on how Jews and Muslims must dress.

1250 / 60 1517 The Renaissance Mamluks rule is born in in Egypt and northern Italy Palestine. and Flanders.

NEAR EAST

EUROPE ~1450

1450 1535
The family Sforza rule in Milan.

ITALY

WORLD 1511
The Portuguese conquer Malacca.

WORLD 1096 1291

Crusade era. Western European states in Palestine.

From 1223
The Mongols conquered large parts of Russia and Eastern Europe.

ASIA

ITALY 1434 94
House of Medici rule in Florence.

WORLD 1497 98
Vasco da Gama searching for the sea route to India.

NEAR EAST

1512 20
The Ottoman Sultan Selim I conquers the Near East.

EUROPE 1516 / 19 56
Charles V, king of Spain and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

MODERN HISTORY
Ivan IV "the Terrible", the Czar of Russia.

RUSSIA 1533 84

EUROPE 1545 63

Council of Trent is planning the Thirty Years Catholic Counter- War in Europe. Reformation.

EUROPE 1618 48

NORTH AMERICA 1620

Mayflower sailed to North America, the Plymouth is established.

AMERICA 1681
William Penn founds Quaker State Pennsylvania.

EUROPE 1683
Caesar defeats the Turks at the gates of Vienna.

AMERICA 1531 34
Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire.

JAPAN ENGLAND 1558 1603 1603 1867

Elizabeth I is Queen of England.
The Tokugawa shogunate in Japan (Edo period).

EUROPE 1648
Peace of Westphalia, Europe has new borders.

RUSSIA
1676 / 89 1725
Peter the Great, the czar of Russia, comprehensive modernisation of the country.

SCANDINAVIA
Great Northern War, the end of Swedish domination.

1700 21

1740 80 / 86 Maria Theresa reigns in Austria and Frederick the Great in Prussia.

EUROPE

French Huguenots Gustav Vasa murdered during reigns in Sweden; Reformation reaches Bartolo Mein Scandinavia. Attendant.

SWEDEN 1523 60

EUROPE 1572

EUROPE 1589 1610

Henry IV is king of France, he issues the Edict of Nantes on April 13th 1598.

ENGLAND 1653 58
Oliver Cromwell is lord protector of England.

AFRICA 1665
Portugal conquers the Kingdom of Congo.

ENGLAND 1688 / 89
'The Glorious Revolution' and the Constitution, 'Bill of Rights'.

1740 45 / 56 63

EUROPE

War between Prussia and Austria in Silesia.

Augsburg Confession.

EUROPE 1531

NEAR EAST 1587 1629

Abbas I, "the Great", the Shah of Persia.

FAR EAST INDIA SPAIN 1658 1707 1661 Hsi 1722 1701 13 / 14 K'ang is the
Aurangzeb is Mughal Emperor.
emperor of China, who conquers Taiwan and Mongolia.

Spanish War of Succession, House of Bourbon is on the throne.

CHINA 1735 96
Hung-li is the emperor of China.

A GE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
SPAIN 1759 88
Charles III reigns with enlightened despotism.

1789 94 / 99 French Revolution

FRANCE

George Washington is the United States' first president.

NORTH AMERICA 1789 97

1799 1814 / 15

EUROPE

RUSSIA 1762 96
Catherine the Great is the empress of Russia.

WORLD 1784 / 85
Industrialization begins with the invention of the steam engine.

14 July 1789
Storming of the Bastille in Paris.

FRANCE

Napoleonic period. He was crowned emperor December 2Nd 1802 and Conquered large parts of Europe.

6th Aug. 1808

Emperor Francis II Abdicates, and the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation ceases.

EUROPE

EUROPE 1837 1901

Victoria is the Queen of Great Britain (1877 Empress of India)

ASIA 1840 64

Opium War in China: Taiping Rebellion.

NORTH AMERICA nd 2 Dec. 1823

Monroe Doctrine forbids American Intervention in Europe. SOUTH AMERICA 1819 30
Simn Bolivar is the president of dictator powers in "Gran Colombia."

The Boers found the Orange Free State and Transvaal in South Africa.

AFRICA 1842 / 53

James Cook's voyages of discovery.

WORLD 1768 79

NORTH AMERICA 4th July 1776

The American Declaration of Independence.

TURKEY 1789 1839

The country is governed by the reformist sultans Selim III and Mahmud II

EGYPT
1798 / 1811 1914

EUROPE
16 19 Oct. 1813 Napoleon is defeated in the Battle of Leipzig and evacuates Germany. SOUTH AMERICA 1810
Latin America's struggle for Independence begins in Venezuela.

Muhammad Ali Pasha dynasty governs Egypt as a khedive

EUROPE 1848 49
Revolutions break out across much of Europe but are mostly subdued.

EUROPE 1772 / 95
Partitions of Poland

NORTH AMERICA

1775 83
American Revolutionary War

Qajar dynasty reigns in Persia.

NEAR EAST 1796 1925

Jacobin reign of terror.

FRANCE 1793 94

EUROPE 1814 15
Vienna Congress establishes new guidelines for Europe.

EUROPE 1853 56
The Crimean War : Russians against the Turks, Englishmen and Frenchmen.

START OF THE MODERN PERIOD

NORTH AMERICA

1861 65
Abraham Lincoln is America's sixteenth president; civil war between north and south.
FRANCE 1852 70 Napoleon III, France's last monarch, reigns.
GREAT BRITAIN 1851

GREAT BRITAIN 1868 1902

The time of the three great Prime Ministers (Disraeli, Gladstone, Salisbury)

Meiji period, forced national specificity.

GERMANY 1871 1890
Bismarck's time after the proclamation of the German Empire on 18 January 1871.

JAPAN 1868 1912

("cordial agreement") between England and France, after Russia's accession "Triple Entente"

EUROPE 1904 07 Entente cordial

22 Jan. "Bloody Sunday" in St. Petersburg, June 17 - Aug. 13 Norway becomes independent.

EUROPE 1905

Persia's first parliament.

NEAR EAST 1906 TURKEY 1908 18

Japan wins the war against Russia

ASIA 1904 05

"Young Turks" govern the Ottoman Empire.

The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations - in London

MEXICO 1877 80, 1884 1911 Porfirio Diaz is president

AFRICA 1884 85

AFRICA 1899 1902

Boer War in South Africa. EUROPE 1878
Congress of Berlin is to resolve the crisis in the Balkans.

MEXICO 1910 19 / 24 Revolution in Mexico CHINA 1911 12

RUSSIA / ITALY 17th March 1861

The union of Italy is formed and persists until 1947, Russia abolishes serfdom.

Berlin Conference; Leopold II of Belgium establishes Congo Free State.

Empire overthrown by a revolution.

GREAT BRITAIN 1858 1947 UK has supremacy over India.

INDIA 1885
Indian National Congress (INC) is based.

"The Hundred Days' Reform"; Boxer Rebellion.

CHINA 1898 1900

EUROPE 1912 13 The Balkan Wars

WORLD WARS (PART 1)

WORLD 1917

WORLD 1916
Fatigue War at the battles of the Somme and Verdun.

WORLD 1914 18 World War I

WORLD WARS (PART 2)

PRESENT