NHAN XET CUA GIAO VIEN HNG

DAN
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NHAN XET CUA GIAO VIEN PHAN
BIEN
1
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LI CAM N
Em xin chan thanh cam n Bo mon
ieu khien t ong, thay Hoang Minh Tr
2
cung cac thay co khac a hng dan tan
tnh , cung cap cho em nhng kien thc quy
bau cho em trong thi gian thc hien luan
van. Em cung chan thanh cam n s ho tr,
ong gop y kien cua ban be. ay la lan
au em lam Luan Van , do o s thieu sot
hay khiem khuyet la ieu khong tranh khoi.
Em chan thanh cam n s ong gop cac y
kien chuyen mon e kha nang ky thuat
cua em c m rong.
Chan thanh cam n.
Sinh vien thc hien
Nguyen Ngoc Nhan
Thang 1 / 2002
MUC LUC
Phan 1. LY THUYET..................7
3
Chng 1. Cac khoi c ban trong ieu
khien nhiet o......................................8
Chng 2. Nhiet o Cac loai cam
bien nhiet o....................................11
1. Nhiet ova cac thang o nhiet o.....12
2. Cac loai cam biet nhiet o hien tai. . .13
2.1. Thermocouple.....................................................13
2.2. RTD....................................................................13
2.3. Thermistor..........................................................14
2.4. IC cam bien.....................................................14
3. Thermocouple va hieu ng Seebeck.........15
3.1. Hieu ng Seebeck...........................................15
3.2. Qua trnh dan ien trong Thermocouple.......15
3.3. Cach o hieu ien the...............................17
3.4. Bu nhiet cua moi trng ...........................19
3.5. Cac loai Thermocouple ...................................20
3.4. Mot so nhiet o chuan ..............................21
Chng 3. Cac phng phap bien oi AD
Card PCL-818 cua Advantech.22
1. S lc cac phng phap bien oi AD....22
1.1. Bien oi AD dung bo bien oi DA.............22
1.2. Bo bien oi Flash-AD.....................................26
1.3. Bo bien oi AD theo ham doc dang len
xuong......................................................................27
1.4. Bo bien oi AD dung chuyen oi ap sang
tan so....................................................................27
1.5. Bo bien oi AD theo tch phan 2 o doc. .28
2. Card AD - PCL818 cua hang Advantech.....29
2.1. Cac thanh ghi cua Card..................................29
2.2. Chuyen oi A/D , D/A , D/I , D/O .....................41
Chng 4. Cac phng phap ieu khien
Phng phap PID so ...........44
1. Cac phng phap ieu khien.................44
1.1 ieu khien On - Off........................................44
1.2. ieu khien bang khau ty le......................45
4
1.3. ieu khien bang khau vi phan ty le PD. .46
1.2. ieu khien bang khau vi tch phan ty le
PID ............................................................................47
2. Phng phap ieu khien PID so.............49
3. Thiet ke PID so ......................................51
4. ieu khien PID trong he thong ieu
khien nhiet o ...........................................52
Chng 5. Cac Loai Mach Kch Va Solid
State Relay ( SSR )
..............................................................56
1. ong ngat bang OpTo - Triac ..................56
2. Contactor Quang Solid State Relay.............58
Chng 6 . Cac loai IC khac...................60
1. IC Khac......................................................60
2. OP07...........................................................61
Phan 2. Phan Cng.................62
Khoi cam bien va mach gia cong.....63
Phan 3. Lu o giai thuat va
chng trnh................................67
1.Lu o giai thuat............................68
2.Chng trnh ieu khien bang ngon
ng Delphi.............................................71
Bieu o khao sat he thong nhiet....99
Tai lieu tham khao.............................102
5
LI NOI AU
Nh chung ta biet, nhiet o la mot trong
nhng thanh phan vat ly rat quan trong. Viec
thay oi nhiet o cua mot vat chat anh hng
rat nhieu en cau tao, tnh chat, va cac ai
lng vat ly khac cua vat chat. V du, s thay oi
nhiet o cua 1 chat kh se lam thay oi the tch,
ap suat cua chat kh trong bnh. V vay, trong
nghien cu khoa hoc, trong cong nghiep va trong
i song sinh hoat, thu thap cac thong so va
ieu khien nhiet o la ieu rat can thiet.
Trong cac lo nhiet, may ieu hoa, may lanh
hay ca trong lo viba, ieu khien nhiet o la tnh
chat quyet nh cho san pham ay. Trong nganh
luyen kim, can phai at en mot nhiet o nao
o e kim loai nong chay, va cung can at mot
nhiet o nao o e u kim loai nham at c
tot cac ac tnh c hoc nh o ben, o deo, o
chong g set, . Trong nganh thc pham, can duy
tr mot nhiet o nao o e nng banh, e
nau, e bao quan, . Viec thay oi that thng
nhiet o, khong ch gay h hai en chnh thiet b
ang hoat ong, con anh hng en qua trnh
san xuat, ngay ca tren chnh san pham ay.
Co nhieu phng phap e ieu khien lo
nhiet o. Moi phng phap eu mang en 1 ket
qua khac nhau thong qua nhng phng phap ieu
khien khac nhau o. Trong noi dung luan van nay,
se cho ta phng phap ieu khien On-Off , PI va
ieu khien PID thong qua Card AD giao tiep vi
may tnh PCL818. Moi d lieu trong qua trnh ieu
khien se c hien th len may tnh da tren
ngon ng lap trnh Delphi.
6
7
1
1
CAC KHOI C BAN TRONG
HE THONG IEU KHIEN NHIET
O
He thong ieu khien nhiet o thong dung
trong cong nghiep bao gom :
Nh vay mach cua chung ta co nhng khoi c
ban nh sau :
Khoi cam biet va gia cong : s dung cam
bien nhiet o la Thermocouple, lay tn
hieu thong qua Op-Amp OP-07, a nhiet o
can x ly ve ngo vao Analog cua bo
bien oi AD.
8
Cam bien
va mach
gia cong
Mach kch
va lo
nhiet
Man
hnh
hien th
May tnh va
Chng trnh ieu
khien
Card
AD/DA PCL-
818L
Bo bien oi AD : ay la mach lay tn hieu
AD e x ly thong qua Card AD PCL-818
cua hang Advantech. Thong qua o, Card AD
nay se a gia tr nhiet o va cac
thong so khac cho may tnh x ly. Ngoai
ra PCL-818 con la Card DA vi nhiem vu
ieu khien mach kch cho mach nhiet o.
Mach cong suat : mach nay se b tac
ong trc tiep bi PCL-818, vi nhiem vu
kch ngat lo trong qua trnh ieu khien. Linh
kien s dung trong mach nay la Solid State
Relay(SSR).
Khoi x ly chnh :co the xem may tnh la
khoi x ly chnh. Vi ngon ng lap trnh
Delphi, may tnh se ieu khien qua trnh
ong, ngat lo.
Man hnh hien th : la man hnh giao dien
cua Delphi. Cac gia tr, cung nhu cac
thong so, nhng tac ong ky thuat se
tac ong trc tiep tren man hnh nay.
Cac hang ky thuat ngay nay a tch hp cac
thanh phan tren thanh san pham chuyen
dung va ban tren th trng. Co nhng
chng trnh giao dien ( nh Visual Basic ) va co
nhng nut ieu khien, thuan li cho ngi s
dung. Co the chon khau khuech ai P, PI, PD hay
PID cua cac hang.
9


Contronautics, Incorporated
Simpson Electric Company
Tr lai mo hnh ieu khien nhiet, s o cac
khoi c ban tren a mo hnh hoa qua trnh ieu
khien lo nhiet. e tm hieu ro hn ve cac chi
tiet khac cung nh phng phap va cac thiet b
ky thuat c s dung, chung ta se xem xet
thong cac chng tiep theo.
10
2
2
NHIET O
CAC LOAI CAM BIEN NHIET
O THONG DUNG
Nhiet o la thanh phan chu yeu trong he
thong thu thap d lieu. Do vay, neu chon la
thiet b o lng nhiet o chnh xac ta co the
tiet kiem chi ph nang lng, tang o an toan va
giam thi gian kiem tra thiet b o lng nhiet
o thng dung la cam bien nhiet o. Cap
nhiet ien, ien tr nhiet, thermistors and infrared
thermometers la nhng loai cam bien nhiet o
thong thng. Viec chon la thiet b e hoat
ong chnh xac tuy thuoc vao nhiet o toi a,
toi thieu can o, o chnh xac va nhng ieu
kien ve moi trng. Trc het, chung ta tm hieu
cac khai niem ve nhiet o.
1. NHIET O VA CAC THANG O NHIET
O
Galileo c cho la ngi au tien phat minh
ra thiet b o nhiet o, vao khoang nam 1592.
Ong ta lam th nghiem nh sau : tren mot bon h
cha ay con, ong cho treo mot ong thuy tinh
dai co co hep, au tren cua no co bau hnh
cau cha ay khong kh. Khi gia tang nhiet, khong
kh trong bau n ra va soi sung suc trong con.
Con khi lanh th khong kh co lai va con dang len
11
trong long ong thuy tinh. Do o, s thay oi cua
nhiet trong bau co the biet c bang cach quan
sat v tr cua con trong long ong thuy tinh. Tuy
nhien, ngi ta ch biet s thay oi cua nhiet o
ch khong biet no la bao nhieu v cha co mot
tam o cho nhiet o.
au nhng nam 1700, Gabriel Fahrenheit, nha
che tao thiet b o ngi Ha Lan, a tao ra mot
thiet b o chnh xac va cho phep lap lai nhieu
lan. au di cua thiet b c gan la 0 o,
anh dau v tr nhiet cua nc a tron vi muoi
(hay ammonium chloride) v ay la nhiet o thap
nhat thi o. au tren cua thiet b c gan la
96 o, anh dau nhiet o cua mau ngi. Tai
sao la 96 o ma khong phai la 100 o?. Cau tra
li la bi v ngi ta chia ty le theo 12 phan nh
cac ty le khac thi o.
Khoang nam 1742, Anders Celsius e xuat y
kien lay iem tan cua nc a gan 0 o va
iem soi cua nc gan 100 o, chia lam 100
phan.
au nhng nam 1800, William Thomson (Lord
Kelvin) phat trien mot tam o pho quat da tren
he so gian n cua kh ly tng. Kelvin thiet lap
khai niem ve o 0 tuyet oi va tam o nay
c chon la tieu chuan cho o nhiet hien ai.
Thang Kelvin : n v la K. Trong thang Kelvin nay,
ngi ta gan cho nhiet o cho iem can bang
cua ba trang thai: nc nc a hi mp65t gia
tr so bang 273.15K
T thang nhiet o nhiet ong hoc tuyet
oi( Thang Kelvin), ngi ta a xac nh thang mi
la thang Celsius va thang Fahrenheit( bang cach dch
chuyen cac gia tr nhiet o)
Thang Celsius : Trong thang o nay, n v nhiet
o la (C ), mot o Celsius bang mot o Kelvin.
Quan he gia nhiet o Celsius va nhiet o Kelvin
c xac nh bang bieu thc :
T(C) = T(K) - 273,15
Thang Fahrenheit :
12
T(C) =5/9 {T(F) 32}
T(F) =9/5 T(C) + 32
2. CAC LOAI CAM BIEN HIEN TAI
Tuy theo lnh vc o va ieu kien thc te ma
co the chon mot trong bon loai cam bien :
thermocouple, RTD, thermistor, va IC ban dan. Moi
loai co u iem va khuyet iem rieng cua no.
2.1. Thermocouple
u iem
La thanh phan tch cc, t cung cap cong
suat.
n gian.
Re tien.
Tam thay oi rong.
Tam o nhiet rong.
Khuyet iem
Phi tuyen.
ien ap cung cap thap.
oi hoi ien ap tham chieu.
Kem on nh nhat.
Kem nhay nhat.
2.2. RTD (resistance temperature detector)
u iem
On nh nhat.
Chnh xac nhat.
Tuyen tnh hn thermocouple.
Khuyet iem
Mac tien.
Can phai cung cap nguon dong.
Lng thay oi R nho.
ien tr tuyet oi thap.
T gia tang nhiet.
13
2.3. Thermistor
u iem
Ngo ra co gia tr ln.
Nhanh.
o hai day.
Khuyet iem
Phi tuyen.
Gii han tam o nhiet.
De v.
Can phai cung cap nguon dong.
T gia tang nhiet.
2.4. IC cam bien
u iem
Tuyen tnh nhat.
Ngo ra co gia tr cao nhat.
Re tien.
Khuyet iem
Nhiet o o di 200C.
Can cung cap nguon cho cam bien.
Trong noi dung cua luan van nay, chung ta
s dung Thermocouple e o nhiet o.
3. THERMOCOUPLE VA HIEU NG
SEEBECK
3.1. Hieu ng Seebeck
Nam 1821, Thomas Seebeck a kham pha ra
rang neu noi hai day kim loai khac nhau hai
au va gia nhiet mot au noi th se co dong
ien chay trong mach o.
14
Kim loai B
Kim loai A Kim loai A
Neu mach b h mot au th th hieu ien
the mach h (hieu ien the Seebeck) la mot
ham cua nhiet o moi noi va thanh phan cau
thanh nen hai kim loai. Khi nhiet o thay oi mot
lng nho th hieu ien the Seebeck cung thay oi
tuyen tnh theo :
e
AB
= T vi la he so Seebeck
3.2 Qua trnh dan ien trong Thermocouple
Cap nhiet ien la thiet b chu yeu e o
nhiet o. No da tren c s ket qua tm kiem
cua Seebeck(1821), cho rang mot dong ien nho
se chay trong mach bao gom hai day dan khac
nhau khi moi noi cua chung c gi nhiet o
khac nhau khi moi noi cua chung c gi
nhiet o khac nhau. Suat ien ong Emf sinh ra
trong ieu kien nay c goi la suat ien ong
Seebeck. Cap nhiet ien sinh ra trong mach nhiet
ien nay c goi la Thermocouple.
Hnh 1 : Moi noi nhiet ien.
e hieu hieu qua dan ien cua cap
nhiet ien Seebeck, trc het ta nghien cu
cau truc vi mo cua kim loai va nhng
nguyen t trong thanh phan mang tinh the.
Theo cau truc nguyen t cua Bohn va hieu
chnh cua Schrodinger va Heisenberg, ien t
15
Kim loai B
Kim loai A
e
AB
+
-
xoay quanh hat nhan. Nguyen t nay can
bang bi lc ly tam cua cac nguyen t tren
quy ao cua chung vi s hap dan ien
tnh t hat nhan. S phan bo nang lng
ien tch am theo mc o tang dan khi cang
tien gan en hat nhan.
Trong hnh tren la bieu th nam mc nang
lng au tien cho mot nguyen t Natri vi
11 ien t vi cau truc quy ao. Nhng
ien t trong 3 mc dau tien, gan hat
nhan, co nang lng tnh ln, la ket qua
cua s hap dan ien tnh ln cua hat nhan.
in t n trong mc th t , cch xa hat nhan
va v the co t nang lng e gi chat, co
nang lng cao nhat va de dang tach ra
khoi nguyen t. ien t n nay trong mc
nang lng cao c xem nh ien t hoa tr.
Mt in t ha tr c th d dng li nguyn t
v tr thanh ien tch t do trong mang tinh the.
Cac nguyen t co cac ien tch am thoat
ra khoi nguyen t ay c goi la lo trong
dng. Co the cho rang mot ien t mc
nang lng thap chuyen len mc nang lng
cao hn nhng qua trnh nay yeu cau s hap
thu nang lng bang ien t tng ng e
16
co s khac nhau gia 2 mc nang lng. S
hap thu nang lng nay c lay t s kch
thch nhiet. ng dung nang lng nhiet co
the kch thch nhng ien t trong bang hoa
tr nhay ti bang ngoai ke tiep, lo trong
dng se tr thanh ien t dan ien trong
qua trnh truyen ien.
3.3. Cach o hieu ien the
Khong the o
trc tiep hieu ien
the Seebeck bi v
khi noi volt ke vi
thermocouple th vo
tnh chung ta lai tao
them mot mach
mi. V du nh ta noi
thermocouple loai T (ong-constantan).
Khi o , ta co mach tng ng nh sau :
Cai ma chung ta muon o la hieu ien the
v
1
nhng khi noi volt ke vao thermocouple th chung
ta lai tao ra hai moi noi kim loai na : J
2
va J
3
. Do J
3
la moi noi cua ong vi ong nen khong phat
sinh ra hieu ien the, con J
2
la moi noi gia
ong vi constantan nen tao ra hieu ien the v
2
. V
vay ket qua o c la hieu cua v
1
va v
2
. ieu
nay noi len rang chung ta khong the biet nhiet
o tai J
1
neu chung ta khong biet nhiet o tai J
2
,
tc la e biet c nhiet o tai au o th chung
ta cung can phai biet nhiet o moi trng na.
17
Constantan
Cu
v
1
+
-
Cu
Cu
+
-
v
Volt ke
J
3
J
1
J
2
Constant
an
Cu
v
1
+
- Cu
J
3
J
1
J
2
Cu
-
- +
+
v
3
v
2
Constant
an
Cu
v
1
+
- Cu
J
1
J
2
- +v
2
Mot trong nhng cach e xac nh nhiet o
tai J
2
la ta tao ra mot moi noi vat ly roi nhung
no vao nc a, tc la ep nhiet o cua no
ve 0C va thiet lap tai J
2
nh la mot moi noi tham
chieu.
Luc nay ca hai moi noi tai volt ke eu la
ong ong nen khong xuat hien hieu ien the
Seebeck. So oc v tren volt ke la hieu cua v
1
va
v
2
:
v = (v
1
v
2
) (t
J1
t
J2
)
neu ta dung ky hieu T
J1
e ch nhiet o theo o
Celsius th :
T
J1
(C) + 273,15 = t
J1
do o v tr thanh :
v = v
1
v
2
= [(T
J1
+ 273,15) (T
J2
+ 273,15)]
= (T
J1
T
J2
) = (T
J1
0)
v = T
J1
Bang cach them hieu ien the cua moi noi
tai 0C, gia tr hieu ien the oc c luc nay la
so vi moc 0C.
Phng phap nay rat chnh xac nen iem 0C
c xem nh iem tham chieu chuan trong rat
nhieu bang tra gia tr ien ap ra cua
thermocouple.
V du xet tren la mot trng hp ac biet,
khi ma mot day kim loai cua thermocouple trung
18
J
1
Constant
an
Cu
v
1
+
-
J
1
T
J
2
T = 0C
+
-
v
Constant
an
Cu
v
1
+
-
Cu
Cu
+
-
v
Volt ke
Cu
J
2
+ - v
2
+ - v
2
J
1
Constant
an
Fe
v
1
+
-
Cu
Cu
+
-
v
Volt ke
Fe
J
2
+ - v
2
J
3
J
4
vi kim loai lam nen volt ke (ong). Nhng neu ta
dung loai thermocouple khac khong co ong (nh
loai J : sat constantan) th sao? n gian la chung
ta them mot day kim loai bang sat na th khi o
ca hai au volt ke eu la ong sat nen hieu
ien the sinh ra triet tieu lan nhau.
Neu hai au noi cua volt ke khong cung
nhiet o th hai hieu ien the sinh ra khong triet
tieu lan nhau, va do o xuat hien sai lech. Trong
cac phep o lng can chnh xac, ngi ta gan
chung tren mot khoi ang nhiet. Khoi nay cach
ien nhng dan nhiet rat tot nen xem nh J
3
va J
4
co cung nhiet o (bang bao nhieu th khong quan
trong bi v hai hieu ien the sinh ra luon oi nhau
nen luon triet tieu nhau khong phu thuoc gia tr
cua nhiet o).
3.4 Bu nhiet cua moi trng
Nh tren a phan tch, khi dung thermocouple
th gia tr hieu ien the thu c b anh hng
bi hai loai nhiet o : nhiet o can o va nhiet
o tham chieu. Cach gan 0C cho nhiet o tham
chieu thng ch lam trong th nghiem e rut ra
cac gia tr cua thermocouple va a vao bang tra.
Thc te s dung th nhiet o tham chieu thng
la nhiet o cua moi trng tai ni mach hoat
ong nen khong the biet nhiet o nay la bao
nhieu va do o van e bu tr nhiet o c
at ra e sao cho ta thu c hieu ien the ch
phu thuoc vao nhiet o can o ma thoi.
Bu tr nhiet o khong co ngha la ta c
lng trc nhiet o moi trng roi khi oc gia
tr hieu ien the th tr i gia tr ma ta a c
lng. Cach lam nay hoan toan khong thu c
ket qua g bi hai ly do :
Nhiet o moi trng khong phai la ai lng
co nh ma thay oi theo thi gian theo mot
qui luat khong biet trc.
Nhiet o moi trng tai nhng ni khac nhau
co gia tr khac nhau.
19
Bu nhiet moi trng la mot van e thc te
va phai xet en mot cach nghiem tuc. Co
nhieu cach khac nhau, ve phan cng lan phan
mem, nhng nhn chung eu phai co mot thanh
phan cho phep xac nh nhiet o moi trng roi
t o tao ra mot gia tr e bu lai gia tr tao ra
bi thermocouple.
3.5 Cac loai thermocouple
Ve nguyen tac th ngi ta hoan toan co the
tao ra mot thermocouple cho gia tr ra bat ky bi v
co rat nhieu to hp cua hai trong so cac kim loai
va hp kim hien co.
Tuy nhien e co mot thermocouple dung c
cho o lng th ngi ta phai xet en cac van
e nh : o tuyen tnh, tam o, o nhay, va do
o ch co mot so loai dung trong thc te nh
sau :
Loai J : ket hp gia sat vi constantan, trong
o sat la cc dng va constantan la cc am.
He so Seebeck la 51V/C 20C.
Loai T : ket hp gia ong vi constantan, trong
o ong la cc dng va constantan la cc am.
He so Seebeck la 40V/C 20C.
Loai K : ket hp gia chromel vi alumel, trong
o chromel la cc dng va alumel la cc am.
He so Seebeck la 40V/C 20C.
Loai E : ket hp gia chromel vi constantan,
trong o chromel la cc dng va constantan la
cc am. He so Seebeck la 62V/C 20C.
Loai S, R, B : dung hp kim gia platinum va
rhodium, co 3 loai : S) cc dng dung day 90%
platinum va 10% rhodium, cc am la day thuan
platinum. R) cc dng dung day 87% platinum va
13% rhodium, cc am dung day thuan platinum.
B) cc dng dung day 70% platinum va 30%
rhodium, cc am dung day 94% platinum va 6%
rhodium. He so Seebeck la 7V/C 20C.
20
3.6 Mot so nhiet o chuan
Sau khi a thiet ke mach xong th ngi ta can
mot so nhiet o chuan dung cho can chnh.
Bang sau ay a ra mot so loai nhiet o chuan :
Loai Nhiet o
iem soi cua oxygen
-183,0 C -297,3F
iem thang hoa cua CO
2 - 78,5 C -109,2F
iem ong a
0 C 32 F
iem tan cua nc
0,01C 32 F
iem soi cua nc
100,0 C 212 F
iem tan cua axit benzoic
122,4 C 252,3F
iem soi cua naphthalene
218 C 424,4F
iem ong ac cua thiec
231,9 C 449,4F
iem soi cua benzophenone
305,9 C 582,6F
iem ong ac cua cadmium
321,1 C 610 F
iem ong ac cua ch
327,5 C 621,5F
iem ong ac cua kem
419,6 C 787,2F
iem soi cua sulfur
444,7 C 832,4F
iem ong ac cua antimony
630,7 C 1167,3F
iem ong ac cua nhom
660,4 C 1220,7F
iem ong ac cua bac
961,9 C 1763,5F
iem ong ac cua vang
1064,4 C 1948 F
iem ong ac cua ong
1084,5 C 1984,1F
iem ong ac cua palladium
1554 C 2829 F
iem ong ac cua platinum
1772 C 3222 F
3
3
CAC PHNG PHAP BIEN OI
AD
CARD AD PCL-818 CUA
ADVANTECH
21
1. S LC VE CAC PHNG PHAP
BIEN OI AD
Tn hieu trong the gii thc thng dang
tng t (analog), nen mach ieu khien thu thap d
lieu t oi tng ieu khien ve (thong qua cac
cam bien) cung dang tng t. Trong khi o, bo
ieu khien ngay nay thng la cac P, C x ly
d lieu dang so (digital). V vay, can phai
chuyen oi tn hieu dang tng t thanh tn hieu
dang so thong qua bo bien oi AD.
Co nhieu phng phap bien oi AD khac nhau,
ay ch gii thieu mot so phng phap ien hnh.
1.1. Bien oi AD dung bo bien oi DA
Trong phng phap nay, bo bien oi DA c
dung nh mot thanh phan trong mach.
Khoang thi gian bien oi c chia bi nguon
xung clock ben ngoai. n v ieu khien la mot
mach logic cho phep ap ng vi tn hieu Start e
bat au bien oi. Khi o, OPAMP so sanh hai tn
hieu vao angalog e tao ra tn hieu digital bien oi
trang thai cua n v ieu khien phu thuoc vao
tn hieu analog nao co gia tr ln hn. Bo bien
oi hoat ong theo cac bc :
22
+
-
v
A
au vao
analog
n v
ieu
khien
1
0
Thanh
ghi
Bo
bien
oi
DA
.

.

.
v
AX
Ket qua
digital
So
sanh
OPAMP
EOC
(ket thuc
chuyen oi)
Start
Clock
Tn hieu Start e bat au bien oi.
C moi xung clock, n v ieu khien sa oi
so nh phan au ra va a vao lu tr trong
thanh ghi.
So nh phan trong thanh ghi c chuyen oi
thanh ap analog v
AX
qua bo bien oi DA.
OPAMP so sanh v
AX
vi ap au vao v
A
. Neu v
AX
< v
A
th au ra mc cao, con ngc lai, neu
v
AX
vt qua v
A
mot lng v
T
(ap ngng) th
au ra mc thap va ket thuc qua trnh
bien oi. thi iem nay, v
AX
a xap x
bang v
A
va so nh phan cha trong thanh ghi
chnh la gia tr digital xap x cua v
A
(theo mot
o phan giai va chnh xac nhat nh cua
tng he thong).
n v ieu khien kch hoat tn hieu EOC, bao
rang a ket thuc qua trnh bien oi.
Da theo phng phap nay, co nhieu bo bien
oi nh sau :
1.1.1. Bo bien oi AD theo ham doc
ay la bo bien oi n gian nhat theo mo
hnh bo bien oi tong quat tren. No dung mot
23
+
-
v
A
au vao
analog
Counte
r
Bo
bien
oi
DA
.

.

.
v
AX
Ket qua
digital
So
sanh
OPAMP
EOC
S
t
a
r
t
Clock
Rese
t
Clock
v
AX
Start
v
A
EOC
t
C
Khi
chuyen
oi
hoan
tat,
counter
ngng
em
counter lam thanh ghi va c moi xung clock th gia
tang gia tr nh phan cho en khi v
AX
v
A
. Bo bien
oi nay c goi la bien oi theo ham doc v
dang song v
AX
co dang cua ham doc, hay noi
ung hn la dang bac thang. oi khi no con c
goi la bo bien oi AD loai counter.
Hnh tren cho thay s o mach cua bo bien
oi AD theo ham doc, bao gom mot counter, mot
bo bien oi DA, mot OPAMP so sanh, va mot
cong AND cho ieu khien . au ra cua OPAMP c
dung nh tn hieu tch cc mc thap cua tn hieu
EOC. Gia s v
A
dng, qua trnh bien oi xay ra
theo cac bc :
Xung Start c a vao e reset counter ve 0.
Mc cao cua xung Start cung ngan khong cho
xung clock en counter.
au vao cua bo bien oi DA eu la cac bit
0 nen ap ra v
AX
= 0v.
Khi v
A
> v
AX
th au ra cua OPAMP (EOC) mc
cao.
Khi Start xuong mc thap, cong AND c kch
hoat va xung clock c a vao counter.
Counter em theo xung clock va v vay au ra
cua bo bien oi DA, v
AX
, gia tang mot nac
trong mot xung clock
Qua trnh em cua counter c tiep tuc cho
en khi v
AX
bang hoac vt qua v
A
mot lng v
T
(khoang t 10 en 100v). Khi o, EOC xuong
thap va ngan khong cho xung clock en
counter. T o ket thuc qua trnh bien oi.
Counter van gi gia tr va bien oi xong cho
en khi co mot xung Start cho qua trnh bien
oi mi.
T o ta thay rang bo bien oi loai nay co
toc o rat cham (o phan giai cang cao th cang
cham) va co thi gian bien oi phu thuoc vao
o ln cua ien ap can bien oi.
1.1.2. Bo bien oi AD xap x lien tiep
24
ay la bo bien c dung rong rai nhat
trong cac bo bien oi AD. No co cau tao phc
tap hn bo bien oi AD theo ham doc nhng toc
o bien oi nhanh hn rat nhieu. Hn na, thi
gian bien oi la mot so co nh khong phu
thuoc gia tr ien ap au vao.
S o mach va giai thuat nh sau :
25
S o mach tng t nh bo bien oi AD theo
ham doc nhng khong dung counter cung cap gia
tr cho bo bien oi DA ma dung mot thanh ghi. n
v ieu khien sa oi tng bit cua thanh ghi nay
cho en khi co gia tr analog xap x ap vao theo
mot o phan giai cho trc.
1.2. Bo bien oi Flash AD
Bo bien oi loai nay co toc o nhanh nhat
va cung can nhieu linh kien cau thanh nhat.
Co the lam mot phep so sanh: flash AD 6-bit
can 63 OPAMP, 8-bit can 255 OPAMP, va 10-bit can
1023 OPAMP. V le o ma bo bien oi AD loai nay
b gii han bi so bit, thng la 2 en 8-bit.
V du mot flash AD 3-bit :
Mach tren co o phan giai la 1V, cau chia
ien ap thiet lap nen cac ien ap so sanh (7
mc tng ng 1V, 2V, ) vi ien ap can bien
oi. au ra cua cac OPAMP c noi en mot
priority encoder va au ra cua no chnh la gia tr
digital xap x cua ien ap au vao.
26
+
-
v
A
au vao
analog
n v
ieu
khien
Thanh ghi
MSB LSB
Bo bien
oi DA
. .
.
v
AX
So
sanh
OPAMP
EOC
Clock
. .
.
Start
START
Xoa tat ca cac
bit
Bat au MSB
Set bit = 1
V
AX
> V
A
?
Clear bit = 0
Xong het
bit ?
Qua trnh bien
oi ket thuc va
gia tr bien oi
nam trong thanh
ghi
END
un
g
Sai
en bit
thap
ke
Sai
un
g
+ 1 0 V
1 K
1 K
1 K
1 K
1 K
3 K
1 K
1 K
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
5 V
6 V
4 V
3 V
2 V
1 V
7 V
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4
C 5
C 6
C 7
I 7
I 6
I 5
I 4
I 3
I 2
I 1
P r i o r i t y
e n c o d e r
MSB
C
B
A
Ap analog
au vao
Cac bo bien oi co nhieu bit hn de dang
suy ra theo mach tren.
1.3. Bo bien oi AD theo ham doc dang
len xuong (tracking ADC)
Bo bien oi loai nay c cai tien t bo
bien oi AD theo ham doc. Ta thay rang toc o
cua bo bien oi AD theo ham doc kha cham bi
v counter c reset ve 0 moi khi bat au qua trnh
bien oi. Gia tr V
AX
la 0 luc bat au va tang
dan cho en khi vt qua V
A
. Ro rang la thi gian
nay la hoan toan lang ph bi v ien ap analog
thay oi mot cach lien tuc, gia tr sau nam trong
lan can gia tr trc.
Bo bien oi AD theo ham doc dang len
xuong dung mot counter em len/xuong thay cho
counter ch em len bo bien oi AD theo ham
doc va khong reset ve 0 khi bat au. Thay v vay,
no gi nguyen gia tr cua lan bien oi trc va
tang giam tuy thuoc vao gia tr ien ap mi so
vi gia tr ien ap cu.
1.4. Bo bien oi AD dung chuyen oi ap
sang tan so
Bo bien oi loai nay n gian hn bo bien
oi AD dung bien oi DA. Thay v vay no dung
mot bo dao ong tuyen tnh c ieu khien bi
ien ap e tao ra tan so tng ng vi ap vao.
Tan so nay c dan en mot counter em trong
mot thi khoang co nh va khi ket thuc khoang
thi gian co nh nay, gia tr em ty le vi
ien ap vao.
Phng phap nay n gian nhng kho at c
o chnh xac cao bi v kho co the thiet ke bo
bien oi ap sang tan so co o chnh xac hn
0,1%.
Mot trong nhng ng dung chnh cua loai nay
la dung trong moi trng cong nghiep co nhieu
cao. ien ap c chuyen t transducer ve may
tnh ieu khien thng rat nho, neu truyen trc
tiep ve th se b nhieu tac ong ang ke va
gia tr thu c hau nh khong con ung na. Do
27
o, ngi ta dung bo bien oi ap sang tan so
ngay tai transducer va truyen cac xung ve cho may
tnh ieu khien em nen t b anh hng bi
nhieu.
1.5. Bo bien oi AD theo tch phan hai o doc
Bo bien oi loai nay la mot trong nhng bo
co thi gian bien oi cham nhat (thng la t
10 en 100ms) nhng co li iem la gia ca tng
oi re khong dung cac thanh phan chnh xac nh
bo bien oi AD hoac bo bien oi ap sang tan
so.
Nguyen tac chnh la da vao qua trnh nap
va xa tuyen tnh cua tu vi dong hang. au
tien, tu c nap trong mot khoang thi gian xac
nh t dong hang rut ra t ien ap vao v
A
. V
vay, cuoi thi iem nap, tu se co mot ien
ap ty le vi ien ap vao. Cung vao luc nay,
tu c xa tuyen tnh vi mot dong hang rut ra
t ien ap tham chieu chnh xac v
ref
. Khi ien ap
tren tu giam ve 0 th qua trnh xa ket thuc. Trong
suot khoang thi gian xa nay, mot tan so tham
chieu c dan en mot counter va bat au
em. Do khoang thi gian xa ty le vi ien ap
tren tu luc trc khi xa nen cuoi thi iem
xa, counter se cha mot gia tr ty le vi ien
ap tren tu trc khi xa, tc la ty le vi ien
ap vao v
A
.
Ngoai gia thanh re th bo bien oi loai nay
con co u iem chong nhieu va s troi nhiet.
Tuy nhien thi gian bien oi cham nen t dung
trong cac ng dung thu thap d lieu oi hoi thi
gian ap ng nhanh. Nhng oi vi cac qua trnh
bien oi cham (co quan tnh ln) nh lo nhiet th
rat ang e xem xet en.
2. CARD AD PCL 818 CUA HANG
ADVANTECH
28
Mot vai hnh anh cua Card AD PCL-818
va cac phan cng ho tr(PCLD-8115) tren th
trng
PCL_818L la mot card gan vao ranh ISA cua
may tnh . PCL_818L co nhieu chc nang dung e
o lng va ieu khien , do tnh nang u viet cua
card , viec tm hieu hoat ong cua no rat can
thiet e tiep can thu thap so lieu bang may tnh
. Sau ay la cac chc nang chnh :
Chuyen oi A/D 16 kenh 12 bit toc o lay
mau 40khz
Chuyen oi D/A 1 kenh 12 bit
16 ngo vao digital TTL
29
16 ngo ra digital TTL
1 Timer / Counter 16 bit cho ngi dung
S o cac khoi chc nang trong PCL 818L
2.1 Cac thanh ghi cua card :
PCL818 co16 thanh ghi , a ch goc co the
chon bi cong tac SW1 gom 6 tiep iem chon
cac ng a ch A4 _ A9 , thng at a ch
goc la 300H.
A
CH
oc Viet
BASE+0 Byte thap A/D & so
kenh
Kch mem A/D
BASE+1 Byte cao A/D ieu khien tam A/D
BASE+2 Quet kenh MUX Quet kenh MUX &
ch tam ieu khien
BASE+3 Byte thap Digital
Input
Byte thap Digital
Output
BASE+4 N/A Byta thap Analog
30
Output
BASE+5 N/A Byte cao Analog Output
BASE+6 N/A N/A
BASE+7 N/A N/A
BASE+8 Trang thai Xoa yeu cau
interrup
BASE+9 ieu khien ieu khien
BASE+1
0
N/A Cho phep counter
BASE+1
1
Byte cao Digital Input Byte cao Digital Output
BASE+1
2
Counter 0 Counter 0
BASE+1
3
Counter 1 Counter 1
BASE+1
4
Counter 2 Counter 2
BASE+1
5
N/A ieu khien counter
2.1.1 Cac thanh ghi Base+0 va Base+1 :
A. Khi oc thanh ghi :
Chu thch :
A/D S Vao Analog ( n )
A/D H Vao Analog cao ( vi sai)
A/D L Vao Analog thap (vi sai)
A.GND Mass Analog
D/A Ra Analog
D/O Ra Digital
D/I Vao Digital
D.GND Mass Digital va nguon
CLK Clock cho 8254
GATE Vao ieu khien Gate 8254
OUT Tn hieu ra cua 8254
VREP Nguon chuan trong
VREFIN Nguon chuan ngoai
Hai thanh ghi BASE+0 va BASE+1 cha d lieu
A/D 12 bit
31

BASE+0 ( oc ) Cha Byte thap A/D va so
kenh
Bit D
7
D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
Valu
e
AD1
1
AD1
0
AD
9
AD
8
AD
7
AD
6
AD
5
AD4
BASE+1 ( oc ) Byte cao A/D .
Bit D
7
D
6
D
5
D4 D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
Valu
e
AD1
1
AD1
0
AD
9
AD
8
AD
7
AD
6
AD
5
AD4
Trong o : AD11 AD0 la d lieu Analog sang
Digital .
AD0 la LSB AD11 la MSB
C3 C0 la so cua ngo vao Analog
tng ng
C3la MSB C0 la LSB
B. Khi viet vao thanh ghi :
Kch mem bo A/D : ( BASE+0 )
Co the kch bo A/D bang phan mem ,
cac xung clock tren board ( pacer ) , hoac
bang xung ngoai . Cac bit 0 va 1 trong
BASE+9 se chon nguon kch . Neu chon
kch mem th ta ch viec viet vao BASE+0
bat c mot gia tr nao cho moi lan
kch .
ieu khien tam A/D : (BASE+1)
Moi kenh A/D eu co mot tam ien ap
ngo vao rieng cho no, c ieu khien
bi ma lu tr trong RAM cua PCL_818L va
c at bi cau noi JP7 . Neu chung ta
muon thay oi ma cho mot kenh , chon
kenh nh la kenh Start thanh ghi BASE+2
32
, roi viet ma vao bit 0 va bit 1 cua thanh
ghi BASE+1

BASE+1 ( Viet ) ieu khien tam A/D
Bit D
7
D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
Valu
e
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A G
1
D
0
Ma tam va JP7 :
Tam ngo vao Ma
tam JP7=5 JP7=10
t 5V
t 2.5V
t 1.25V
t 0.265V
t 10V
t 5V
t 2.5V
t 1.25V
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
2.1.2 Thanh ghi BASE+2 : (quet kenh A/D )
oc viet vao BASE+2 e ieu khien , oc so
kenh A/D c quet . Na byte cao ch kenh Stop
, na byte thap ch kenh Start . Viec quet phan
kenh (MUX) c khi ong t ong en kenh
start khi chung ta viet vao thanh ghi nay . Moi
Trigger A/D se chuye en kenh o tiep theo .
Khi kch chuye oi lien tuc , MUX se quet t
kenh Start en kenh Stop roi lap lai t au . V
du neu kenh Start la 4 va Stop la 7 th quet
tuan t 4, 5, 6, 7, 4, 5, 6, 7 . Neu cai at che o
8 au vao vi sai th c1c bit CH3 va CL3 phai la 0
Neu ch chon mot kenh e bien oi A/D th
nen cai at kenh ket thuc va bat au vi
cung mot tr so ( cung la tr so cua kenh can
thc hien bien oi A/D )

BASE+2 (Viet) Cac kenh quet au va cuoi
Bit D
7
D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
33
Valu
e
CH
3
CH
2
CH
1
CH
0
CL
3
CL
2
CL
1
CL
0
CH3 CH0 la kenh Stop CL3 CL0 la
kenh Start .
Na bit thap cua thanh ghi quet phan
kenh CL3 en CL0 cung co tac dung nh mot
pointer khi chung ta lap trnh tam ien ap A/D
input . Khi at kenh Star la N, th ma tam viet
vao thanh ghi BASE+1 la cho kenh N .
2.1.3. Cac thanh ghi xuat / nhap Digital :
(BASE+3/11)
PCL_818L co 16 ngo vao Digital va 16 ngo vao
Digital rieng biet . Cac kenh I/O nay dung chung
port co a ch BASE+3 va BASE+11.
oc Digital :
BASE+3 ( oc PORT ) Byte thap Digital Input
Bit D
7
D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
Valu
e
D1
7
D1
6
D1
5
D1
4
D1
3
D1
2
D1
1
D1
0
BASE=11 (oc port ) Byte cao Digital input
Bit D
7
D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
Valu
e
D11
5
D11
4
D11
3
D11
2
D11
1
D11
0
D1
9
D1
8

Xuat Digital :
BASE+3 ( Viet port ) Byte thap Digital Output
34
Bit D
7
D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
Valu
e
DO
7
DO
6
DO
5
DO
4
DO
3
DO
2
DO
1
DO
0
BASE+11 ( Viet port ) Byte cao Digital Output
Bit D
7
D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
Valu
e
DO1
5
DO1
4
DO1
3
O12 O11 DO1
0
DO
9
DO
8
2.1.4 . Thanh ghi xuat Analog D/A :
( BASE+4/5 )
ay la 2 thanh ghi ch viet e xuat d lieu
cho ngo ra D/A .
BASE+4 -Byte thap ngo ra D/A
Bit D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Valu
e
DA3 DA2 DA1 DA0 x x x x
BASE+5 - Byte cao ngo ra D/A
Bit D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1
D0
Valu
e
DA11 DA10 DA9 DA8 DA7 DA6 DA5
DA4
DA11 DA0 la d lieu Digital sang Analog .
DA0 la LSB , DA11 la MSB cua d lieu D/A .
Tam ien ap ra co the chon nh cau noi JP4
va JP5 . Neu JP4 at IN th JP5 chon nguon
chuan trong la
-5V hay 10V , ap ra cua DA se la 0 en +5V
hay 0 en +10V . Neu JP4 at v tr EXT th ien
ap ra DA la ket qua nhan so Digital trong vi
ien ap at vao chan 31 cua au noi CN3 chia
cho 4095 , ien ap ngoai trong khoang + -10V.
2.1.5. Thanh ghi trang thai BASE+8 :
35
oc BASE +8 e nhan thong tin ve cau
hnh va hoat ong A/D .
Viet vao BASE+8 mot gia tr bat ky th
no se xoa bit INT cua BASE+8 , con
nhng bit d lieu khac th khong oi .

BASE+8 -Trang thai A/D
Bit D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Valu
e
EOC N/A MUX INT CN3 CN2 CN1 CN0
EOC :End Of Conversion
EOC = 0 : Bo A/D san sang bien oi , ket
qua oi ky trc cha trong BASE+0 va
BASE+1.
EOC = 1 : Bo A/D ang bien oi .
MUX Chon 8 kenh vi sai hoac 16 kenh n
phan anh v tr cau noi JP6 .
MUX = 0 :8 kenh vi sai .
MUX = 1 : 16 kenh n .
INT tn hieu ngat
INT = 0 : D lieu khong co gia tr
( khong co 1 bien oi nao ke t khi bit
INT b xoa )
INT = 1 : A/D a bien oi xong , d lieu
co gia tr .
Neu bit INTE = 1 ( BASE+9 ) th khi oi xong 1
kenh tn hieu intterrupt se gi en PC qua ngo
IRQn
( IRQn c chon bi cac bit I2 I0 trong BASE+9
) . Du thanh ghi trang thai A/D la ch oc , nhng
khi viet vao no 1 gia tr bat ky se xoa bit INT ,
con cac bit khac khong oi .
CN3 CN0 : Khi EOC = 0 th cac bit nay cha
so kenh ke tiep se c bien oi .
Lu y : -Neu kch bo A/D bang xung clock tren
board (pacer) hoac xung ngoai th phan mem
cua ban phai kiem tra bit INTtrc khi oc d
lieu ( khong phai bit EOC ).
EOC co the bang 0 trong 2 trng hp :
36
+ Bien oi a hoan tat
+ Khong co 1 bien oi nao a c
bat au .
Do o phan mem cua ban phai i tn hieu
INT= 1 trc khi oc data chuyen oi . Roi can
phai xoa bit INTbang cach viet bat ky gia tr
nao vao thanh ghi trang thai BASE+8 .
2.1.6. Thanh ghi ieu khien BASE+9 :
- oc viet vao thanh ghi BASE+9 e nhan / cung
cap thong tin ve che o hoat ong cua
PCL_818L .

BASE+9 - ieu khien che o hoat ong
Bit D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1
D0
Valu
e
INTE 12 11 10 x DMAE ST1
ST0
INTE Cam / cho phep ngat .
INTE = 0 : Cam ngat ; INTE = 1 : Cho phep ngat .
Neu DMAE = 0 : PCL_818L se phat 1 tn hieu
ngat khi no hoan tat 1chuyen oi A/D .
Vay cau hnh INTE = 1 DMAE = 0 dung e
bao cho CPU biet , bang cach ngat la a
oi AD xong .
Neu DMAE = 1 : PCL_818L se phat 1 tn hieu
ngat khi no nhan 1 tn hieu em tran T/C
( Terminal count ) t bo ieu khien DMA
(direct memory access) cua may tn e ch
rang chuye oi truyen DMA a hoan tat .
Truyen DMA b dng bi nga71t gay ra bi
tn hieu T/C . Xm DMAE ben di .
I2 I0 : Chon so ngat cho data interrup hoac
truyen data DMA ( khong c trung vi so ngat
cua thiet b khac ).
37
So ngat I2 I1
I0
N/A 0 0
0
N/A 0 0
1
IRQ2 0 1
0
IRQ3 0 1
1
IRQ4 1 0
0
IRQ5 1 0
1
IRQ6 1 1
0
IRQ7 1 1
1
DMAE Cam/ cho phep PCL818L truyen DMA .
DMAE = 0 :Cam truyen DMA .
DMAE = 1 : Cho phep truyen DMA . Moi bien
oi A/D se khi ong hai tn hieu yeu cau
ngat lien tiep . Cac tn hieu nay cho phep
bo ieu khien DMA 8237 truyen 2 byte d
lieu chuyen oi AD t PCL_818L en bo
nh . Chon kenh truyen DMA 1 hay 3 nh
cau noi JP1
Lu y : Phai lap trnh bo ieu khien DMA va
thanh ghi trang DMA 8237 cua may tnh trc khi
at DMAE = 1 .
ST ST0 Chon nguon kch .
Nguon kch ST1
ST0
Kch mem 0
x
Kch ngoai 1
0
Kch Pacer 1
1
38
2.1.7. Thanh ghi cho phep Counter / Time :
( BASE+10 )
Card PCL818 co vi mach 8254 gom 3 bo
em 0 , 1 , 2 va s dung hai bo em 1, 2, con
bo em 0 ch ngi dung . Xung nhp cho bo
em 1 a vao ngo nhp cua bo em 2 , ngo ra
cua em 2 a vao k1ch AD ( kch pacer) , vay
tan so kch phu thuoc tan so xung nhp va so
viet vao 2 bo em 1 ,2 .
Tan so cua pacer la Fclk/(Div1*Div2) vi
Fclk=1Mhz hay 10Mhz , Div 1 va Div 2 la so at
trong bo em 1 va bo em 2 .
Xung nhp cho bo em 0 la chan 17
CN3 , chan ieu khien 36 CN3 , con ngo ra
chan 18 . Thong qua em 0 co the o tan so ,
o rong xung hay em xung
Viet vao BASE+10 e chophep hoa
cam bo Counter / Time cua PCL818L tao xung .
BASE+10 Cho phep Pacer.
Bit D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2
D1 D0
Value X x x x x x
TC1 TC0

TC0 :Cam / Cho phep pacer
TCO = 0 : Cho phep pacer
TCO = 1 : Pacer c ieu khien bi TRIG0
( chan 35 CN3 ). Tn hieu nay chan xung trigger
gi t pacer en bo A/D khi no bang 0 .
TC1 : Chon che o nguon xung nhp ngo vao
Counter 0
TC1 = 0 : Counter 0 nhan xung Clock ngoai
( chan 17 CN3 )
TC1 = 1 : Counter 0 nhan xung Clock 100Khz
ben trong
2.1.8 Cac thanh ghi ieu khien va oc /
ghi bo em :
39
Bo nh th 8254 s dung bon thanh ghi
a ch BASE+12 , BASE+13 , BASE+14 , BASE+15 .
Cac chc nang cua cac thanh ghi nay c liet
ke trong bang sau :
Thanh ghi Chc
nang
BASE+12 Counter0 oc /
viet
BASE+13 Counter1 oc /
viet
BASE+14 Counter2 oc /
viet
BASE+15 ieu khien
bo em
Do bo em 8254 co cau truc 16 bit , nen
moi d lieu oc / ghi c chia lam 2 byte : byte
thap (LSB) , byte cao (MSB) . e tranh pham loi
oc / ghi sai , can chu y thao tac oc ghi tng
oi ( tc la moi lan oc ghi 2 byte) va theo
ung th t byte. Di ay la phan liet ke
dang d lieu tren thanh ghi ieu khien .
BASE+15_8254 control ,
standard mode
Bit D
7
D6 D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
Valu
e
SC
1
SC
0
RW
1
RW
0
M
2
M
1
M
0
BC
D
SC1 & SC0 : Chon bo em .
Bo em SC1 SC0
0 0 0
1 0 1
2 1 0
Ralenh oc ngc 1 1
40
thanh ghi
RW1 & RW0 : Chon thao tac oc ghi .
Thao tac RW1 RW0
Chot bo em 0 0
oc /ghi byte LSB 0 1
oc /ghi byte MSB 1 0
oc /ghi byte LSB trc , MSB
sau
1 1
M2 , M1 & M0 :Chon che o hoat ong.
M2 M1 M0 Che o
0 0 0 0 Tao ngat khi em
tran
0 0 1 1 ahai i lap trnh
c
X 1 0 2 Bo chia ta so
X 1 1 3 Bo tao xung vuong
1 0 0 4 Tao xung cho phep
mem
1 0 1 5 Tao xung cho phep
cng
BCD :Chon cach nap so em :
BCD Dang d lieu nap
cho bo em
0 So em nh
phan 16 bit
1 So em BCD
Neu cai at so em nhi phan th co the nap
vao bo em cac gia tr bat ky t 0 en
65535 . Con cai at so em BCD th co the nap
vao bo em cac tr bat ky t 0 en 9999 .
Neu cac bit SC1 va SC0 eu c at len 1 th
thanh ghi ieu khien bo em se trang thai ra
lenh oc ngc thanh ghi . Dang d lieu tren
thanh ghi ieu khie luc nay se nh sau :
41
BASE+15 _ 8254 readback
mode
Bit D
7
D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D0
Valu
e
1 1 CN
T
ST
A
C
2
C
1
C
0
X
CNT = 0 :Chot so em cua bo em c chon .
STA = 0 : Chot trang thai cua bo em c chon
.
C2 , C1 & C0 :Chon bo em cho che o oc ngc
.
C2=1 Chon bo em 2 .
C1=1 Chon bo em 1 .
C0=1 Chon bo em 0 .
Neu cac bit SC1 va SC0 eu c at le 1 va
STA = 0 th thanh ghi c chon bi C2 ,C1 & C0
cha mot byte cho biet trang thai cua bo em
c chon .Dang d lieu cua cac thanh ghi oc/
ghi luc o c liet ke ben di.
BASE+12/13/14 _ status
readback mode
Bit D7 D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
Valu
e
OU
T
N
C
RW
1
RW
0
M
2
M
1
M
0
BC
D

OUT : trang thai hien tai cua ngo ra
NC : la 1 so em sau cung a c ghi len
thanh ghi cua bo em .
2.2 Chuyen oi A/D , D/A , DI & DO
2.2.1 Lap trnh trc tiep
A. Chuyen oi A/D
Viec chuyen oi A/D co the hnh thanh
bang cach viet trc tiep tat ca cac lenh cho
port I/O .
Co the kch oi A/D bang phan mem ,
bang xung ngoai hay bang pacer on board . Bit 1
42
va 0 cua thanh ghi BASE+9 se chon nguon
trigger tng ng .
Khi chon kch pacer tan so kch t 2.5 MHz
en 71 phut mot xung . Khi chon kch ngoai
nguon kch nh bi cau noi JP3 chon tnh hieu
kch la TRIGO ( chan 35 CN3 ) hay DI0 (chan 1
CN2 )
Viec truyen d lieu A/D co the thc hien
bang chng thnh ieu khien , bang ngat hay
DMA
Cac bc hnh thanh e chuyen oi A/D
vi trigger bang phan mem va truyen d
lieu A/D bang chng trnh ieu khien ;
at tam vao cho moi kenh A/D
at kenh vao bang cach ch ro cho
tam quet kenh
Kch oi A/D bang cach viet vao BASE+0
mot so bat ky nao o .
Kiem tra chuyen oi a ket thuc cha
bang cach oc bit EOC cua thanh ghi trang
thai .
oc ket qua chuyen oi thanh ghi
BASE+0 va BASE+1.
Chuyen d lieu t so nh phan thanh
so nguyen.
B. Chuyen oi D/A
Viet vao thanh ghi BASE+4 va BASE+5. Khi
viet d lieu cho kenh D/A phai vietbytethap
trc. Byte thap nay c gi tam thi trong 1
thanh ghi va khong c xuat ra. Sau khi viet byte
cao xong, th khi o, byte thap va byte cao c
cong lai e chuyen thanh D/A.
C. Digital Input va Output
Ta oc Digital t thanh ghi BASE+3(byte
thap) va thanh ghi BASE+11 (byte cao). Sau khi oc
d lieu se khong c chot, ng vao se
trang thai th ba. Ta co the xuat ra DO thong qua
2 thanh ghi BASE+3 va BASE+11 nay. Thanh ghi se
chot gia tr aviet (co the oc lai). e an toan
nen ghep cac ket noi cac ngo vao ra thong qua
OPTOCOUPLER.
43
2.2.2 Lap trnh theo Sofeware Driver
cuanhasan xuat
Moi PC_LABCARD co mot Sofeware Drivercho
phep chung ta co the dung ham va thu tuc viet
san e viet chng trnh ng dung cap cao nh:
BASIC, C, TURBO PASCAL, DELPHI, VISUAL BASIC ieu
nay cho phep chung ta viet chng trnh 1 cach n
gian hn viet trc tiep vao cac thanh ghi v tat ca
cac ham eu keo tat ca tham so t bang tham
so. Chung ta khong cannh lai bang tham so moi
khi ta goi no, ch khi nao bang tham so co gia tr
thay oi. Chng trnh cai at cha trong CDROM.
Trong chng trnh ng dung, can phai khai bao s
dung Driver. Driver cua hang ADVANTECH viet chung
cho nhieu loai CARD cua hang va viec oc, va tm
hieu cac ham viet san se mat nhieu thi gian.
Chung ta co the s dung phan UNIT co san bang
ngon ng Delphi cua thay Nguyen c Thanh.
44
4
4
CAC PHNG PHAP IEU
KHIEN
PHNG PHAP PID SO
1. CAC PHNG PHAP IEU KHIEN
He thong ieu khien lo nhiet co ng ac
tuyen nh hnh ve. Do ieu kien moi trng, yeu
cau he thong thiet ke, ta can ieu khien lo
nhiet thoa man theo yeu cau nh tnh on nh,
chat lng cua he thong. V vay hieu chnh lai
he thong la ieu tat yeu.
e he at c cac yeu cau ve tnh on nh,
o chnh xac, ap ng qua o, ta can phai them
vao he thong hoi tiep c ban vai loai thiet b c
ban nao o. Chung ta goi qua trnh bo sung phan
cng cung nh phan mem vao he c ban nham
thoa man yeu cau ve tnh on nh, o chnh xac,
tang o d tr pha va qua trnh qua o la qua
trnh thiet ke. Thuat ng on nh hoa thng
dung e ch qua trnh nham at yeu cau ve tnh
on nh. Khai niem bu hay hieu chnh e ch
qua trnh lam tang o chnh xac, o d tr pha
va toc o ap ng.
1.1 ieu khien On-Off.
ay la loai ieu khien tng oi n gian
nhat, c dung trong cac loai san pham phuc vu
45
cho gia nh nh may ieu hoa nhiet o, lo nhiet,
Khi lo nhiet co nhiet o nho hn nho hn gia
tr nhiet o at, bo nhiet sebat len vi cong
suat cc ai. Khi lo nhiet co nhiet o ln hn
nhiet o at, bo nhiet se tat lo. Qua trnh On-
Off lo nhiet dien ra vi gia tr sai so cho phep
nham ngan nga nhieu trong qua trnh bat tat lo
nhiet qua nhanh khi nhiet o lo gan vi nhiet o
at. Dao ong nhiet c bieu dien trong bieu o
nh sau :
1.2 ieu khien bang khau ty le
ay la hnh thc ieu khien tot hn ieu
khien On-Off bang cach cung cap nang lng cho
lo nhiet da vao s khac bietve nhiet o gia
la nhiet va nhiet o at, vi P c xem la o
khuech ai ty le cua bo ieu khien.
Khi P tang, s ap ng qua o nhanh hn
nhng ngc lai, he thong co nhiet o nam di
mc nhiet o ieu khien va khong on nh.
46
1.3 ieu khien bang khau vi phan ty le PD
Van e ve tnh on nh va qua tam trong
ieu khien ty le vi o khuech ai ln , co the
c giam i khi them vao o la khau vi phan cho
tn hieu sai so.
Ky thuat o c goi la ky thuat ieu khien
PD. Khau vi phan co the hieu chnh kha nang
ap ng s thay oi tai nhiet o at, o la
giam o vot lo , ap ng ra c(t) bt nhap nho
hn, c bieu dien hnh sau :
47
Bo hieu chnh PD khong the thc hien bang
cac linh kien mach thu ong, co the dung khech
ai thuat toan, ien tr va tu ien. Nhc iem
cua bo PD nay la rat nhay ve nhieu v ban than
bo PD la mach loc thong cao, vi o li ln hn 1
se lam tang s anh hng cua tn hieu nhieu.
Bo PI
Ham truyen at cua PI co dang
)) ( . ) .((
o s o s
T T
dt
d
D T T P W +
Hieu chnh PI tng ng them vao nghiem
zero = -Ki/Kp va nghiem cc s = 0 vao ham truyen
vong h. Hieu qua cua bac he thong tang len
1, them vao mot khau tch phan vao ham truyen
he cha hieu chnh va ieu quan trong la loai he
thong se tang len 1. Sai so xac lap cua he co
khau PI se bang ) oi vi tn hieu vao la ham
nac va bang hang so t le nghch vi gia tr Kp
neu tn hieu vao la ham RAMP.
1.4 ieu khien bang khau vi tch phan ty le
PID
Khau hieu chnh khuech ai t le (P) c a
vao he thong nham lam giam sai so xac lap,
vi au vao thay oi theo ham nac se gay ra vot
lo va trong vai trng hp la khong chap nhan
c oi vi mach ong lc. S co mat cua
khau vi phan t le (PD) lam giam o vot lo va
ap ng ra bt nhap nho hn va he thong se
ap ng nhanh hn. Khau tch phan t le(PI) co
mat trong he thong se dan en sai lech tnh triet
tieu( he vo sai). Muon tang o chnh xac ta phai
tang he so khuech ai, song vi moi he thong
thc eu b han che va s co mat cua khau PI
la bat buoc. Khau hieu chnh vi tch phan t
le( PID ) ket hp nhng u iem cua khau PI va
PD, co kha nang tang o d tr pha tan so
cat, kh cham pha. S co mat PID vong hoi
tiep co the dan en s dao ong trong he do
ap ng qua o b vot lo bi ham Dirac (t).Cac
bo hieu chnh PID c ng dung nhieu trong
cong nghiep di dang thiet b ieu khien hay
48
thuat toan phan mem. Ham truyen cua bo PID
co dang:
Gc(s)= K
P
+ K
D
s +
s
K
I
Vi cac gia tr K
P ,
K
D,
KI la cac hang so thc.
Phng trnh vi tch phan mo ta s tng quan
gia tn hieu ra u(t) vi tn hieu e(t) cua bo ieu
khien PID la :

+ + dt t e K
dt
t de
K t e K t u
I D P
). (
) (
. ) ( . ) (
.
Trong o, e(t) la sai lech trong he thong e(t) =
r(t) c(t). Vi r(t) va c(t) la tn hieu vao va ap
ng ra cua he thong.
Van e thiet ke la can xac nh gia tr Kp,
Ki, Kd sao cho thoa man cac yeu cau ve chat
lng. Ta hay xem xet s anh hng tng khau
trong qua 1trnh ieu khien chat lng he thong.
Hieu qua cua phng phap nay la ieu
khien c nang lng lo nhiet cho en khi sai so
trung bnh cua gia tr nhiet o la 0.
he thong so
Khi ta thu thap nhng thong so cua lo nhiet,
thong qua bo bien oi AD, DA dung PCL 818L a
len may tnh e x ly. Do vay, e ieu khien
chnh xac hn cho he thong, ngi ta s dung
phng phap hieu chnh PID so. Vay, PID so la g?
Hieu qua nh the nao ?
49
2. PHNG PHAP IEU KHIEN PID SO
Qua trnh phan tch tn hieu ri rac
Trc tien, tn hieu cua chung ta la loai mot
chuoi xung, khong phai la mot ham lien tuc theo
thi gian. V vay, ta thu nhan thong so cua tn
hieu bang phng phap lng t hoa. Phng
phap lng t hoa theo thi gian la phng phap
dung cho tn hieu co bien o lien tuc, thi gian
ri rac. He thong x ly tn hieu loai nay c goi
la he thong ri rac, v du nh mach tao xung, ieu
che xung Neu phep lng t hoa c tien
hanh theo ca bien o va thi gian th ket qua
nhan c la tn hieu so. Trong he thong so,
thong so ieu khien-bien o cua cac xung ch
xuat hien tai cac iem ri rac cach eu nhau
ung bang chu ky lay mau cua tn hieu. Viec on
nh he thong cang tr nen phc tap hn so vi
he thong lien tuc. Do o, oi hoi ky thuat phan
tch va thiet ke at biet.
He thong ieu khien so c dung ng dung
nhieu va a dang do a may tnh so vao trong he
thong ieu khien, s cai tien ve gia ca va o
tin cay vao may tnh so.
He thong ieu khien so
Trong phan nay, chung ta se phat trien
nhng khai niem ve phan tch va thiet ke he
thong lien tuc cho he thong ieu khien so.
Chung ta se tap trung vao he thong ieu khien
so, trong o may tnh so c noi en cac khau
dieu khien va cac he thong c ieu khien bi
cac bo bien oi A/D, D/A. He thong nay c
50
Digital
Computer
D/A
Khau
ieu
khien
A/D
Khau
ieu
khien
minh hoa hnh tren. Nh vay, he thong bao gom
2 tn hieu : tn hieu ri rac [r(nT), e(nT), b(nT)] va tn
hieu tng t [u(t), m(t), c(t)] va c nh ngha la
he thong d lieu c lay mau (Sampled-Data
System).
Co the mo ta hoat ong lay mau tot nhat
bang cach xet mot ham lien tuc e(t) nh hnh
(8.2a). Gia s ham nay co the lay mau tai cac
thi iem cach eu nhau mot khoang thi gian la
T, nh vay co the mo ta ham a c lay mau
bi mot chuoi cac so sau:
e(0), e(T), e(2T)e(nT)
Chuoi nay cho phep mo ta co gii han ham
e(t) nhat la gia tr cua e(t) tai cac thi iem 0, T,
2T, , nT. Gia tr cua e(t) tai cac thi iem khac
ch co the c lay gan ung bang phng phap
noi suy.
V du ve lay tn hieu ri rac bang phng
phap Fourier
Tren thc te, v khau ieu khien va he
thong ieu khien la tng t, nen d lieu ri rac
51
sau khi lay mau phai c xay dng lai thanh
dang lien tuc trong suot thi gian gia nhng lan
lay mau.
Trong phan sau, se cho chung ta khai niem c
ban va cac ac tnh cua he thong d lieu a
c lay mau, minh hoa ky thuat phan tch va
thiet ke he thong. Phan tch o on nh cua he
thong, khau ngoai suy d lieu cung c e cap.
e bieu dien bien so cua he thong ieu khien,
chung ta s dung phng phap bien oi mi :
phng phap bien oi z . Viec s dung phng
phap bien oi Laplace gap nhieu tr ngai v
chung ta ang dung phng trnh sai phan thay cho
viec thiet ke cac he thong ieu khien d lieu
a c lay mau.
3. THIET KE PID SO
muc nay, ta se phan tch ky thuat thiet
ke theo phng phap ap ng tan so, xem xet
bo ieu khien sm tre pha theo quan iem khac
trc. Bo ieu khien nay c goi la PID
(Proportional Integral Derivative), bo ieu khien vi tch
phan ty le.
Ham truyen cua bo ieu khien vi tch phan
ty le PID cho bi:
w K
w
K
K w D
D
I
p
. ) ( + +
Trong bieu thc nay, Kp la o li cua khau
ty le, Ki la o li cua khau tch phan con Kd la
o li khau vi phan.
au tien, xem xet en bo ieu khien PI (tnh
phan ty le). Ham truyen at la :
w
w w
K
w
K w K
w
K
K w D
wo
I
I P I
p
) / 1 ( .
) (
+

+
+
Vi wwo = Ki/Kp. Chu y rang ay la bo loc
tre pha co u iem nh mach ieu khien tre pha :
tang o d tr on nh va giam sai so xac lap
Tiep theo, ta xet bo ieu khien PD, ham
truyen at nh sau
52
) 1 ( . ) (
wo
D p
w
w
Kp w K K w D + +
Vi wwo = Kp/Kd. Muc ch cua bo ieu khien
PD nay la cai tien s on nh cua he thong,
tang bang thong he thong vong kn e tang toc
o ap ng. Tac dung cua bo ieu khien PD tai
tan so cao ngc vi tac dung cua bo PI tai tan
so thap.
4. PID TRONG HE THONG IEU KHIEN NHIET
O
Gom co bo ieu khien va lo ien co s o
sau :
Bo ieu khien nhiet o

Bo ieu khien gom mach o nhiet o s
dung cap nhiet ien (ThermoCouple co ien ap
ra thay oi theo nhiet o), mach ieu khien dung
khuech ai thuat toan va bo chap hanh (mach
ong lc) dung TRIAC ong ngat nguon ien li
cung cap cho lo khi ap qua zero(zero switching).
Vi bo ieu khien nay,trong o an chon
nguyen tac ieu rong xung, am bao cung cap
cong suat cho lo t le vi tn hieu ieu khien
tng ng vi ham truyen la he so khuech ai.
Lo nhiet co au vao la ien ap (hay cong
suat) cung cap cho day ien tr va ngo ra la
nhiet o ben trong lo . e thanh lap ham truyen
lo nhiet ta phai khao sat phng trnh vi phan mo
ta cac quan he nhiet o - nang lng. ay la
mot bai toan phc tap neu muon chnh xac . Mot
cach gan ung , ta co the xem moi trng nung
53
Phan hoi
at nhiet o
Mach ieu
khien
Mach o va ch th
Mach ong lc
1.1.1.1 ieu
khien
TC
1.1.1.2 Lo ien
Day ot
la ong chat , ang nhiet. T phng trnh can
ba ng nang lng: ien nang cung cap se c
dung e bu vao lng nhiet truyen ra ben ngoai
va tch nhiet vao moi trng nung, ta tnh c
ham truyen lo la bac nhat co dang nh sau :

]
]
]

+


1 Ts
K P
Trong o : P : cong suat cung cap
la o tang nhiet nhiet o ngo ra so
vi nhiet o moi trng
K la he so t le cho biet quan he
vao ra che o xac lap
T la thi hang, the hien quan tnh
nhiet cua he thong.
Mo hnh ham truyen nay cho thay qua trnh
qua o vi au vao ham nac co dang ham
mu. Thc te cho thay mo hnh tren ch la gan
ung , he thong co bac cao hn nhng qua trnh
qua o au vao ham nac van la khong vot lo ,
co dang nh hnh sau khi cho nhiet o au bang 0.
Theo Ziegler-Nichols th mot he thong nh vay
co the c bieu dien di dang ham truyen
sau :
H(s)=
]
]
]

1 Ts
Ke
Ls
bao gom Mot khau quan tnh he
so khuech ai K
Thi hang T, va khau tre
thi gian L
Cac thong so nay co the lay c khi ke
tiep tuyen iem uon cho o th qua o ham
nac nh hnh ben. He so khuech ai K c tnh
nh sau:
Khi nhiet o au khac khong, K c tnh t
o tang nhiet o ngo ra so vi moi trng.
e ap dung cho he tuyen tnh, ta lay khai
trien Talor cua
Ls
e

ham truyen tr nen:

54
) 1 Ts )( 1 Ls (
K
) s ( H
+ +

Trong lo nhiet s dung trong luan van nay,

cac so lieu c lay nh sau
K = 600;
L = 2;
T = 26;
Vay ham truyen cua lo nhiet c xac nh
da tren Ziegler-Nichols la:
H(s)=
) 1 s 26 )( 1 s 2 (
600
+ +
Qua trnh phng phap ieu khien nhiet o:
ieu khien On-Off
He thong ieu khien nhiet o tren tr thanh:

[ ]
]
]
]

+ +

) 1 Ls )( 1 Ts (
K P
HC
e
no
la nhiet o at
Chat lng he thong nh vay se phu thuoc
vao thong so cua s o hieu chnh.Mot trong
nhng nguyen ly thng dung la PID(vi tch phan
t le)
Phng phap ieu khien cong suat c dung
la ieu rong xung.Tai se nhan cong suat trong
khoang Ton cua chu ky T khong oi.Cong suat
tren tai co the ieu khien c bang cach thay
oi o rong xung tng oi a:
a=
T
Ton
va cong suat cung cap cho tai P=a*Pmax
Pmax:cong suat cc ai ng vi trng hp
a=1,khi phan t ieu khien cong suat la TRIAC
ong mach lien tuc
V TRIAC ch ngat mach khi dong qua no ve
zero,chu ky T phai u ln e cho TRIAC co the
55
dan ien trong nhieu chu ky ien ap li(tan so
li ien la 50Hz),trong o an chon T=1s
Thuat toan hieu chnh PID
Ham truyen lien tuc PID co dang: H(s)=
s * Kd
s
K
Kp
) s ( e
) s ( u
I
+ +
Trong o u:ngo ra,e ngo vao cua bo hieu
chnh
Thuat toan PID co the nhan c khi sai phan
ham truyen tren,tng ng phng trnh vi tch phan
sau:
Kp*e(t)+Ki

dt ) t ( e
+Kd*
dt
) t ( de
=u(t)*K
Gian oan hoa:
Khau vi phan(dung nh ngha sai phan):
Kd*
dt
) t ( de
=
T
Kd
*(e[n]-e[n-1])
Khau tch phan(theo nguyen tac hnh
thang):

dt ) t ( e
= )) 1 k ( e ) k ( e (
2
T
n
1 k
+

vi e(0)=0
suy ra
u[n]*K=Kp*e[n]+ + ]) 1 n [ e ] n [ e (
T
Kd
)) 1 k ( e ) k ( e (
2
T
n
1 k
+

vi
e(0)=0
thay[n] bang [n-1] va tr vao phng trnh tren
nhan c cong thc cho phep chung ta tnh u[n]
t u[n-1] va cac gia tr lien tiep cua e[n] nh sau:
u[n]-u[n-1]=( A
0
*e[n]+A
1
*e[n-1]+A
2
*e[n-2] )/K

u[n]=u[n-1]+( A
0
*e[n]+A
1
*e[n-1]+A
2
*e[n-2] )/K
vi A
0
=Kp+ T *
2
Ki
+
T
Kd
A
1
= T *
2
Ki
-Kp -
T
Kd * 2
A
2
=
T
Kd
Trong o T la chu ky lay mau
56
5
5
CAC LOAI MACH KCH
VA SOLID STATE RELAY( SSR )
Trong qua trnh ieu khien lo, can phai thiet
ke mach ieu khien cong suat sao cho thoa man
cac yeu cau sao
Cach ly mach ieu khien co cong suat be
va mach ong lc co cong suat ln.
Kha nang ap ng tan so ong ngat cao
( trong 1giay 1phut).
Tranh nhieu tot.
Co nhieu loai mach ong ngat co the ke
en nh Relay c kh, Triac, contactor quang Nhng
Relay c kh t c dung bi kha nang tao nhieu, tia
la ien trong qua trnh ong ngat cao, anh
hng en ap ng cua lo nhiet
I. ONG NGAT BANG OPTO _TRIAC
57
V C C
V C C
J P 1 8
H E A D E R 2
1
2
R 1 7
1 5 K
R 1 8
3 3 0
R 1 9
4 7 0
U 8
4 N 3 5
1 6
2
5
4
Q 5
L 4 0 1 E 3 / T O
Q 4
C 1 8 1 5
2
3
1
+ C 1 0
C A P A C I T O R P O L / S M
D 7
L L 4 1 5 4
I 2
0 A
R 2 1
R
am bao van e an toan cho lo nhiet (mach
cong suat) cung nh oi vi mach ieu khien,
ngi ta thng dung cach ly quang OP-TO.
Khi ngo ra cua Analog out tch cc mc 0, se
khong co dong cc B, kch cho BJT hoat ong.
Luc nay BJT se khong dan va se khong kch cho
OPTO hoat ong.
Khi ngo vao cc B tch cc mc 1, se co
dong chay vao cc B. Khi o, transistor co dong Ic
( collector current). Khi o, dong kch se kch cho OP-
TO hoat ong.
Khi o, BJT ben trong OPTO c kch, se tao
dong ien chay vao ngo kch cua Triac, va do o
lo c kch va hoat ong.
Nh vay, khi co tn hieu ieu khien vao cc
Base cua BJT , se co dong ien chay vao chan 1,2
cua OPTO. Lap tc, OPTO se dan ien, tao thanh
dong ien chay vao chan G cua Triac BTA-16.
Thoa man ieu kien dong cua Triac, Triac se
kch lo hoat d8ong ong ngat theo yeu cau cua
e bai.
Tuy nhien, s dung mach kch OPTO-Triac con
nhieu nhc iem, trong o can co s tng thch
gia cac linh kien vi nhau, viec tnh toan cac
trang thai qua ap, qua dong hay tnh linh hoat
58
trong qua trnh hoat ong cua mach kch. Trong cac
mach kch c s dung nhieu nhat hien nay la
Contactor quang Solid State Relay ( SSR ).
II. CONTACTOR QUANG _ SOLID STATE
RELAY
Cac SSR c ban tren th trng
Solid State Relay(SSR) la thiet b ien t, dung
e cach ly va ieu khien gia mach ieu khien
co cong suat be va mach ong lc co cong
suat tai ln. Co kha nang chu dong cao ( t 10A
75A danh cho ien ap ngo ra 300VAC va 50A
75A danh cho ien ap 600VAC). Do trong SSR , cac
phan t c cach ly, khong co ong ngat bang
tay nh cac cong tac c kh nen khong tao nen tia
la ien hay ho quang ien trong qua trnh ong
ngat. ong thi, thi gian delay cho qua trnh ong
ngat la 3ms, thi gian tre nay nham ngan nga
nhng xuang ien ot ngot trong qua trnh ong
ngat. Vi kha nang ap ng cao, mach kch n
gian, de ket noi, ieu khien lo nhiet se giam i
rat nhieu chi ph khong can thiet thay the dan
cac Contactor c kh
Sau ay la Data Sheet cua loai Solid State Relay
c s dung trong luan van.
59
Standard Footprint
Designed to replace and outperform existing DC Relays.
Product Specifications:

Input Specifications:
Minimum turn-on voltage (Vdc) 3.5
Minimum turn-off voltage (Vdc) 2.5
Control Voltage range (Vdc) 3.5 - 32
Control Current (mA) 8 - 15
Output Specifications:
Operating voltage range (Vdc) 0 - 25
Maximum load current without heatsink (Adc) 20
Maximum continues current (A) 100
Maximum surge current (Adc) 300
Thermal resistance junction (degC) -55...+175
Maximum on state Resistance (milliohms) 3.5
Maximum turn-on time (usec) 14
Turn on transition time (usec) 8
Maximum turn-off time (usec) 55
Turn off transition time (usec) 40
General Specifications:
Maximum capacitance input/output(pF) 12600/3500
Ambient operating temperature range(degC) 0-25
Ambient storage temperature range(degC) -85 - 150
Mechanical Specifications:
Weight (oz) 1.5
Encapsulation ResTech 10207/053
Terminals printed circuit

V iep ap ngo vao co gia tr 3.5 VDC ->
32VDC, nen ta s dung ngo ra Analog Out cua Card
PCL-818 lam ngo ieu khien. Khi can kch lo hoat
ong, ta a gia tr co mc ien ap > 3.2 VDC
vao Digital Input. Va qua trnh ieu khien lo c
hoat ong rat nhp nhang va linh hoat
60
6
6
CAC LOAI IC KHAC
1. IC ON AP
ay la IC dung cho bo nguon, cung cap ien
ap +-5V cho Op-Amp hay cac IC khac trong mach
hoat ong. IC nay tao nen bo nguon hoat ong
on nh.
Loai V0 I0 VI(min) VI(max)
LM78L05 5 0.1 7 20
LM7905 -5 0.1 -7 -20
2. OP07
ac iem :
Kieu chan :
Offset thap : 10V.
o troi offset thap : 0,2V/C.
61
o on nh oi vi thi gian cao :
0,2V/thang.
t b anh hng bi nhieu : 0,35V
p-p
.
Tam ien ap cung cap rong : t 3V t 18V.
Common Mode Input cao : t 14V.
Khong can linh kien rap them ben ngoai.
OP07 la mot IC OPAMP co o chnh xac cao, vi
offset thap (tieu chuan la 10V, max la 25V). o
troi offset khoang 0,2V/C va dong phan cc au
vao thap (0,7nA), cong them vi tr khang au
vao cao va o li vong h ln nen IC nay rat
thch hp vi cac ng dung o lng oi hoi chnh
xac.
62
KHOI CAM BIEN VA GIA CONG
63
V C C
V C C
V C C
V C C
V C C
- V C C
- V C C
- V C C
- V C C
V C C
R 3
V R 1 0 K
R 1
V R 1 0 K
1
3
2
+
-
U 4
O P - 0 7
3
2
6
7 1
4 8
+
-
U 3
O P - 0 7
3
2
6
7 1
4 8
+
-
U 2
O P - 0 7
3
2
6
7 1
4 8
+
-
U 1
O P - 0 7
3
2
6
7 1
4 8
R 1 0
2 2 K
R 9
1 0 0
R 8
2 . 2 K
R 7
2 2 K
R 5
3 M
R 4
V R 1 0 K
+ C 3
+ C 2
+ C 1
D 1
L M 3 3 5
1
3
2
J P 7
H E A D E R 2
1
2
J P 2
V - t u T h e r m o c o u p l e
1
2
J P 1
V + t u T h e r m o c o u p l e
1
2
R 6
1 0 0
R 2
V R 1 0 K
1
3
2
M a c h l a y g i a t r i n h i e t d o m o i t r u o n g
M a c h l a y g i a t r i n h i e t d o c u a l o n h i e t
Mach gia cong, lay nhiet o t moi trng
Thermocouple c s dung trong trng hp
nay la loai Thermocouple Loai K ( ket hp gia
chromel va alumel), trong o chromel la cc dng
va alumel la cc am. He so Seebeck la 40V/C
20C.
Mach gia cong can thc hien 3 chc nang sau :
bu nhiet cho au t do, khuech ai, va tao ien
ap ra la 0V khi o 0
0
C. Xet mach tren :
U1, U2, U3 (dung OP07 cho offset thap) ong vai
tro mot bo em ien ap ly tng : co tr
khang vao rat ln va tr khang ra rat nho,
khong e cac au vao anh hng lan nhau.
ien ap ra tren thermocouple :
64
V3 = S(T
d
T
a
) = S.T
d
S.T
a
Vi : T
d
la nhiet o can o.
T
a
la nhiet o moi trng.
S la o nhay cua thermocouple (40V/C).
Nh vay la gia tr ien ap ra tren cap nhiet
ien ngoai nhiem vu mang thong tin cua nhiet o
can o con b anh hng bi nhiet o moi
trng.
e loai tr anh hng tren, ta can phai co
mot khoi tao ra ien ap theo nhiet o moi
trng nhng co dau ngc lai dung IC cam
bien LM335A.
IC LM335A la loai cam bien nhiet o ban
dan, co o nhay la 10mV/K. Ap tao ra do
LM335A cam bien c la :
V2 = K.T
a
[K] = K(273 + T
a
) [C]
= K.273 + K.T
a
= C + KT
a
(C = K.273)
vi K = 10mV/K; C = 2,73V
co the triet tieu anh hng cua Ta, nhng
lai tao ra mot mc ien ap la 2,73V 0C nen
can phai co mot khoi e tr 2,73V nham tao
ien ap au ra la 0V 0C.
Bien tr R1 chnh la thanh phan bu tr ien
ap 2,73V nh a noi tren.
U4 (dung OP07) ong vai tro bo cong co
khuech ai, ien ap ra cuoi cung la :
( ) [ ] 1
6
4 7
9
3
3 10
2
9 // 3 10
6
4 7
1 V
R
R R
R
V
R R
V
R R R
R
R R
V
out
+

,
`

.
|
+
+
+

,
`

.
| +
+
( ) [ ]
,
`

.
|
+
+
+
+
+

,
`

.
| +
+
9
.
9
.
3 10
.
3 10
9 // 3 10
6
4 7
1
R
T S
R
T S
R R
T K
R R
C
R R R
R
R R
V
a d a
out
1
6
4 7
V
R
R R +

Khong b anh hng cua nhiet o moi trng :

250
40
10
9
3 10
0
9
.
3 10
.

+

+ V
mV
S
K
R
R R
R
T S
R R
T K
a a

65
chon R9 = 100 R10 + R3 = 25 K chon R10 = 22K
va R3 la bien tr 10K. Khi o can ieu chnh R3
e triet tieu T
a
.
Triet tieu ien ap tnh (2,73V) :
( ) [ ] 0 1
6
4 7
3 10
9 // 3 10
6
4 7
1
+

,
`

.
|
+
+

,
`

.
| +
+ V
R
R R
R R
C
R R R
R
R R
vi (R10+ R3)//R9 = (25K)//(100) = 99,6
251
73 , 2
251
73 , 2
1
6
4 7
:
1
6
4 7
25000
73 , 2
6 , 99
6
4 7
1

,
`

.
|

+
+

,
`

.
| +
+
V
R
R R
hay
xV
R
R R
x x
R
R R
khi o, ien ap ra la :
( ) [ ]
9
.
9 // 3 10
6
4 7
1
R
T S
R R R
R
R R
V
d
out
+

,
`

.
| +
+
ien ap nay c a trc tiep vao Card Ad
PCL-818 la loai Card AD 12-bit nen can phai co
mot s tng thch ve o phan giai :
ADC 12-bit co 4096 mc.
ien ap vao toi a = 4,096V
1LSB = 4,048V/4096 = 1mV
ieu khien en 256C :
1LSB = 256/4096 =0.0625C
tc moi khi tang 0.0625C th ien ap ra
tang 1mV :
( ) [ ]
6 . 400
6
4 7
6 . 401
6
4 7
1
25100
25000
9
9 // ) 3 10 (
:
1
9
. 0625 , 0
9 // 3 10
6
4 7
1

+

+
+

+
+
,
`

.
| +
+
R
R R
R
R R
R
R R R
do
mV
R
S
R R R
R
R R
chon R6 = 100 chon R7 = 33K; R4 la bien tr
10K.
Chnh R4 cho o phan giai.
66
(1)
Thay vao (1) :
mV V V x 9 . 10 1
251
73 , 2
251
73 , 2
1 6 . 400
,
`

.
|

V1 c tao ra t cau chia ien ap R5 = 3M

va R1 la bien tr 10K.
can chnh R1 e V1 at 10.9mV
Cac tu C14, C15, C16 chon gia tr 10F e
chong nhieu.
Lu y :
1. Cac bien tr nen dung loai bien tr tinh chnh
(hay bien tr o lng) co cau tao gom nhieu
vong day ien tr xoan ben trong (chnh nhieu
vong mi het gia tr), tranh dung bien tr
thong thng rat kho chnh va khong on nh
(khi va cham nhe b thay oi gia tr).
2. Cac OPAMP dung loai OP07 hoac tng ng, co
mc offset thap e phu hp vi cac ai lng o
co gia tr nho, cac chan 1 va 8 dung e chnh
offset khong dung trong thiet ke nay.
67
LU O GIAI THUAT
Lu o oc AD
68

N
Y
N
Do am bao qua trnh nay dien ra trong thoi
gian lay mau la 1s, v vay, ca chng trnh thu
nhan thong so cua lo c at trong bo Timer.
Khi thu nhan c cac gia tr nhiet o t lo
nhiet, thong qua 1 chng trnh xap x bnh phng
cc tieu, ta se thu c cac thong cua lo nh : o
khuech ai, thi gian tre, thi hang nhiet o
Nhiet o ngo vao co giatr t 0 -> 409.6 oC,
v vay, ien ap ngo ra tng ng t 0 -> 4.096V.
69
Begi
n
Kch OPTO e
lo nhiet hoat
ong
(EOC=0)&(INT
=1)?
oc AD
Y[i]:= gia tr
(AD)/8.192
Ve ac tuyen
lo nhiet
ess =(T(n)-T(n-
1))/T(n)
Thoat
oi vi Card AD PCL 818, ien ap chuan ben
trong la 5V ( Internal Reference Voltage = 5V) tng
ng vi gia tr toan tam 12bit = 4096. V vay, gia
tr nhiet o la :
Nhiet o hien tai =
192 . 8
_ Re AD ad
Lu o hieu chnh lo nhiet
70
Begi
n
Kch OPTO e
lo nhiet hoat
ong
N
Y
N
Y
CHNG TRNH OC NHIET O
VA TM CAC GIA TR THONG SO CUA LO
71
(EOC=0)&(INT
=1)?
oc AD va ve o
th
To[i]:= gia tr
ess =(Tat-
Tht)/Tat
Hieu chnh
PID
U0=A0*Ekt+
A1*Ekt1+A2*E
kt2
Hieu chnh On
Off
To[I]=Toat
unit Unitthongso;
interface
uses
Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Classes, Graphics,
Controls, Forms, Dialogs,
StdCtrls, ExtCtrls, Math, TeEngine, Series, TeeProcs,
Chart;
type
TFormthongso = class(TForm)
GroupBox1: TGroupBox;
Edit1: TEdit;
Edit2: TEdit;
Label1: TLabel;
Label2: TLabel;
GroupBox2: TGroupBox;
Label3: TLabel;
Label4: TLabel;
Label5: TLabel;
72
Edit6: TEdit;
Label6: TLabel;
GroupBox3: TGroupBox;
Label7: TLabel;
Label8: TLabel;
Edit8: TEdit;
Buttonhoatdong: TButton;
Buttondung: TButton;
Buttonketqua: TButton;
Timer1: TTimer;
Edit4: TEdit;
Edit5: TEdit;
Edit7: TEdit;
Edit9: TEdit;
Edit3: TEdit;
Edit10: TEdit;
Button1: TButton;
Timer2: TTimer;
Memo1: TMemo;
Button2: TButton;
procedure FormCreate(Sender: TObject);
procedure ButtonketquaClick(Sender: TObject);
procedure ButtonhoatdongClick(Sender: TObject);
procedure Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
procedure Timer1Timer(Sender: TObject);
procedure Timer2Timer(Sender: TObject);
procedure ButtondungClick(Sender: TObject);
procedure FormPaint(Sender: TObject);
procedure Button2Click(Sender: TObject);
private
{ Private declarations }
public
{ Public declarations }
end;
Const
base=$300;
reg0= base + 0;
reg1= base + 1;
reg2= base + 2;
73
reg3= base + 3;
reg4= base + 4;
reg5= base + 5;
reg6= base + 6;
reg7= base + 7;
reg8= base + 8;
reg9= base + 9;
reg10= base + 10;
reg11= base + 11;
reg12= base + 12;
reg13= base + 13;
reg14= base + 14;
reg15= base + 15;
sobac = 7;
sophantu = 100;
var
x: array[1..sophantu]of real;
y: array[1..sophantu]of real; { gia tri thuc cua y[i] }
z: array[1..sobac+1] of real;
w: array[1..sobac+1] of real;
a: array[1..sophantu,1..sophantu] of real;
b: array[1..sophantu] of real;
p: array[1..sophantu,1..sophantu] of real; { ma tran trung
gian b[i] trongpp btb=a}
pt : array[1..sophantu, 1..sophantu] of real;
yy:array[1..sophantu] of integer; { gia tri tuong doi de
ve hinh}
ythu:array[1..sophantu] of real;
n,i,j : integer;
Formthongso: TFormthongso;
st : string;
xu, yu, T2, T1, hsg, ymax : real;
{ xuon, yuon, gia tri K,T,L he so goc va gia tri y cuc dai}
nhietdohtai,nhietdodat:real;
Tmau:integer;
chao,dqc:string[200];
implementation
uses Unitdieukhien;
74
{$R *.DFM}
{------------------------------------------------------------------------ }
{1} Function inport(address:word):byte;
var data:byte;
begin
asm
mov dx,address
in ax,dx
mov data,al
end;
inport:=data;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{2} procedure outport(address:word;data:byte);
Begin
asm
mov dx,address
mov al,data
out dx,al
end;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{3} Procedure set_channelAD(start,stop:byte);
begin
outport(reg2,(stop shl 4) or start);
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{4} Procedure Trig_AD; { kich mem bo AD}
begin
outport(reg0,$FF);
end;
{--------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{5} Procedure set_rangeAD(range:byte); { dat tam dien
ap ngo ra }
var rang:byte;
begin
rang:=range and $03;
outport(reg1,rang);
end;
75
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{6} Function Read_AD:integer; { doc du lieu tu bo AD}
var dlow, dhigh:byte;
begin
set_channelAD(1,1);
set_rangeAD(0);
trig_AD;
Sleep(5);
dlow:=inport(reg0);
dhigh:=inport(reg1);
dlow:=(dlow and $F0) shr 4;
read_AD:=dlow+16*dhigh;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{7} Function dig_in:word;
begin
dig_in:=inport(reg3)+16*inport(reg11);
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{8} Procedure dig_out(data:word);
begin
outport(reg3,data and $00FF);
outport(reg11,(data and $FF00)shr 8);
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{9} Procedure analog_out(data:word);
begin
outport(reg4,(data and $000F)shl 4);
outport(reg5,(data and $0FF0)shr 4);
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{10} Function EOC:byte;
begin
EOC:=(inport(reg8)and $80)shr 7;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{11} Function MUX:byte;
begin
MUX:=(inport(reg8) and $20) shr 5;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
76
{12} Function INT:byte;
begin
INT:=(inport(reg8) and $10) shr 4;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{13} Function Next_channel:byte;
begin
next_channel:=(inport(reg8) and $0F) shr 5;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{14} Function trigsource:byte;
begin
trigsource:=(inport(reg9) and $03) shr 5;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{15} Procedure set_trigsource(trs:byte);
var i:byte;
begin
i:=inport(reg9) and $FC;
outport(reg9,i or trs);
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{16} Procedure xuat(add:word;data:byte);
begin
outport(add,data);
end;
{-------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{17} Function nhap(add:word):byte;
begin
nhap:=inport(add);
end;
{-------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{18} Procedure Clear_Int;
begin
outport(reg8,$ff);
end;
{ --------------------------------------------------------------------- }
{19} procedure taomatranA;
const sophantu=100;
var k,i,j,sobac,n : integer;
a: array[1..sophantu,1..sophantu] of real;
77
begin
for i:= 1 to sobac+1 do
for j:= i to sobac+1 do
begin
a[i, j]:= 0;
for k:= 1 to n do
a[i, j]:= a[i, j] + power(x[k], (sobac*2)-i-j+2);
a[j, i]:= a[i, j];
end;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{20} procedure taomatranB;
const sobac=7;
var b: array[1..sophantu]of real;
y: array[1..sophantu]of real;
k:integer;
begin
for i:= 1 to sobac+1 do
begin
b[i]:= 0;
for k:= 1 to n do
begin
b[i]:= b[i] + y[k]*power(x[k],sobac+1-i);
end;
end;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{21} procedure taomatranP;
var p: array[1..sophantu, 1..sophantu]of real;
k:integer;
begin
p[1, 1]:= sqrt(a[1, 1]);
for j:= 2 to sobac+1 do
p[1, j]:= a[1, j] / p[1, 1];
for i:= 2 to sobac+1 do
for j:= i to sobac+1 do
if i = j then
begin
p[i, i]:= a[i, i];
for k:= 1 to i-1 do
p[i, i]:= p[i, i] - power(p[k, i], 2);
p[i, i]:= sqrt(p[i, i]);
78
end
else begin
p[i, j]:= a[i, j];
for k:= 1 to i-1 do
p[i, j]:= p[i, j] - p[k, i]*p[k, j];
p[i, j]:= p[i, j] / p[i, i];
end;
for i:= 1 to sobac+1 do
for j:= 1 to sobac+1 do
pt[i, j]:= p[j, i];
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{22} procedure giaihe;
begin
taomatranA;
taomatranB;
taomatranP;
for i:= 1 to sobac+1 do
begin
z[i]:= b[i];
for j:= 1 to i-1 do
z[i]:= z[i] - pt[i, j]*z[j];
z[i]:= z[i] / pt[i, i];
end;
for i:= sobac+1 downto 1 do
begin
w[i]:= z[i];
for j:= sobac+1 downto i+1 do
w[i]:= w[i] - p[i, j]*w[j];
w[i]:= w[i] / p[i, i];
end;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{23} procedure diemuon;
var yu1,dyu:real;
ess:real;
begin
xu:=x[2];
repeat
yu1:= 42*w[1]*power(xu,
5)+30*w[2]*power(xu, 4)+20*w[3]*power(xu,3)+
79
12*w[4]*power(xu,2)+6*w[5]*power(xu,1)
+2;
dyu:= 210*w[1]*power(xu,
4)+120*w[2]*power(xu, 3)+60*w[3]*power(xu,2)+
24*w[4]*power(xu,1)+6;
ess:=yu1/dyu;
xu:=xu-ess;
until (ess<0.000000001);
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{24} procedure timLT;
var T1,T2:real;
begin
diemuon;
hsg:= 7*w[1]*power(xu, 6)+6*w[2]*power(xu,
5)+5*w[3]*power(xu,4)+
4*w[4]*power(xu,3)+3*w[5]*power(xu,2)+2*
w[6]*xu+w[7];
T1:= (y[1] - yu)/hsg + xu; { thoi giam tre }
T2:= (ymax - yu)/hsg + xu - T1; { thoi gian}
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{25} procedure delay(ms:longint);
var counterms:longint;
begin
counterms:=ms+gettickcount;
while counterms>=gettickcount do ;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{26} procedure TFormthongso.Timer2Timer(Sender:
TObject);
var a:integer;
q:string[1];
begin
a:=length(chao);
q:=chao[1];
delete(chao,1,1);
insert(q,chao,a);
dqc:=chao;
Formthongso.Edit10.Text:=dqc;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------------}
80
{27} procedure TFormthongso.Timer1Timer(Sender:
TObject);
var nhietdohtai:real;
y:array[1..5] of real;
jj:integer;
st:string;
begin
set_channelAD(1,1);
set_rangeAD(0);
set_trigsource(0);
trig_AD;
Sleep(5);
If (EOC=0) and (INT=1) then
if (Read_AD>=2048) then
nhietdohtai :=(Read_AD-
2048)*409.5/2047;
Edit8.Text:=FloattoStr(nhietdohtai);
Memo1.Lines.add(FloattoStr(nhietdohtai));
clear_int;
Canvas.Lineto(79+jj,430-trunc(nhietdohtai));
jj:=jj+1;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{28} procedure TFormthongso.Button1Click(Sender:
TObject);
begin
If messagedlg(' Nhan OK de sang Form Dieu Khien
lo nhiet. Cam on ban da su dung chuong trinh
',mtInformation,[mbOK,mbCancel],0)=MrOK then
begin
Analog_out($0000);
Formdieukhien.Show;
end;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{29} procedure
TFormthongso.FormCreate(sender:tobject);
var st1, st2: string;
jj:integer;
begin
81
chao:='*** CHUONG TRINH DIEU KHIEN LO NHIET
BANG CARD AD 818L - GVHD : HOANG MINH TRI - SVTH :
NGUYEN NGOC NHAN - DD97TD ***';
n:= 100;
jj:=1;
nhietdohtai:=0;
{ khoi dong Card
outport($303,$70);
if inport($303) <>$70 then
begin
messagedlg('PCL - 818L Error',mterror,
[mbOK],0);
application.terminate;
end; }
Canvas.MoveTo(80,430);
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{30} procedure TFormthongso.ButtonketquaClick(Sender:
TObject);
var st2:string;
k,ymax,kp,kd,ki:real;
begin
for i:= 1 to n do
x[i]:= i;
giaihe;
timLT;
K:=ymax;
Kp:=1.2*T2/K/T1;
Kd:=Kp*0.5*T1;
Ki:=Kp/2/T1;
Formthongso.Edit1.text:=FloattoStr(Kp);
Formthongso.Edit2.text:=FloattoStr(Ki);
Formthongso.Edit6.text:=FloattoStr(Kd);
Formthongso.Edit5.text:=FloattoStr(T1);
Formthongso.Edit7.text:=FloattoStr(T2);
Formthongso.Edit4.text:=FloattoStr(K);
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{31} procedure
TFormthongso.ButtonhoatdongClick(Sender: TObject);
var ess,essmau:real;
begin
82
analog_out($0FFF);
Tmau:=StrtoInt(Edit9.Text)*1000;
y[1]:=0;
i:=1;
essmau:=0.000001;
formthongso.Timer1.Interval := Tmau;
formthongso.Timer1.Enabled := True;
If (y[i]>y[i-1])then ymax:=y[i]
else ymax:=y[i-1];
If (Read_AD>=4095) then break;
messagedlg(' Chuong trinh da tim duoc thong so cua
lo- Hay nhan Button ket qua de xem thong
so',mtInformation,[mbOK],0);
end;
{-------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{32} procedure TFormthongso.ButtondungClick(Sender:
TObject);
begin
analog_out($0000);
messagedlg(' Thank you for using My
Program',mtInformation,[mbOK],0);
Application.Terminate ;
end;
{-------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{33}procedure TFormthongso.FormPaint(Sender:
TObject);
begin
Canvas.Pen.Style:=psInsideFrame;
Canvas.Brush.Color :=clwhite;
Canvas.FillRect(Rect(10,200,330,460));
Canvas.MoveTo(80,250); { ve truc tung}
Canvas.LineTo(80,430);
Canvas.MoveTo(80,430); { ve truc hoanh }
Canvas.LineTo(300,430);
Canvas.Pen.Style:=psDash;
Canvas.MoveTo(80,280);
Canvas.LineTo(280,280);
Canvas.MoveTo(80,330);
Canvas.LineTo(280,330);
Canvas.MoveTo(80,380);
83
Canvas.LineTo(280,380);
Canvas.MoveTo(130,280);
Canvas.LineTo(130,430);
Canvas.MoveTo(180,280);
Canvas.LineTo(180,430);
Canvas.MoveTo(230,280);
Canvas.LineTo(230,430);
Canvas.MoveTo(280,280);
Canvas.LineTo(280,430);
Canvas.Pen.Style:= psSolid;
Canvas.Textout(72,435,'0');
Canvas.Textout(122,435,'50');
Canvas.Textout(172,435,'100');
Canvas.Textout(222,435,'150');
Canvas.Textout(272,435,'200');
Canvas.Textout(58,377,'50');
Canvas.Textout(58,327,'100');
Canvas.Textout(58,277,'150');
Canvas.Textout(310,424,'i');
Canvas.Textout(60,240,'Nhiet do');
Canvas.Textout(80,210,'Qua trinh dieu khien nhiet do
cua lo nhiet');
end;
{-------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{34} procedure TFormthongso.Button2Click(Sender:
TObject);
begin
analog_out($0000);
end;
end.
84
CHNG TRNH OC HIEU CHNH NHIET O
THEO
PHNGPHAP ON-OFF , PI & PID
Phng phap On Off
Phng phap PID
85
unit Unitdieukhien;
interface
uses
Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Classes, Graphics,
Controls, Forms, Dialogs,
StdCtrls, ExtCtrls, TeEngine, Series, TeeProcs, Chart,
Buttons;
type
TFormdieukhien = class(TForm)
RadioGroup1: TRadioGroup;
Buttonhoatdong: TButton;
Timer1: TTimer;
GroupBox2: TGroupBox;
Label5: TLabel;
Label6: TLabel;
86
Label7: TLabel;
Edit4: TEdit;
Edit5: TEdit;
Edit6: TEdit;
GroupBox3: TGroupBox;
Label8: TLabel;
Label9: TLabel;
Edit7: TEdit;
Edit8: TEdit;
Buttondung: TButton;
GroupBox4: TGroupBox;
Editgtrisaisohtai: TEdit;
Editgtrinhietdohtai: TEdit;
Label10: TLabel;
Label11: TLabel;
Label12: TLabel;
Edit9: TEdit;
Label13: TLabel;
Edit10: TEdit;
Timer2: TTimer;
BitBtn1: TBitBtn;
BitBtn2: TBitBtn;
BitBtn3: TBitBtn;
OpenDialog1: TOpenDialog;
SaveDialog1: TSaveDialog;
Memo1: TMemo;
Timer3: TTimer;
Edit1: TEdit;
Timer4: TTimer;
procedure FormCreate(Sender: TObject);
procedure Timer1Timer(Sender: TObject);
procedure dkonoff;
procedure BitBtn1Click(Sender: TObject);
procedure BitBtn2Click(Sender: TObject);
procedure Timer2Timer(Sender: TObject);
procedure ButtondungClick(Sender: TObject);
procedure ButtonhoatdongClick(Sender: TObject);
procedure Timer3Timer(Sender: TObject);
procedure Timer4Timer(Sender: TObject);
procedure FormPaint(Sender: TObject);
procedure BitBtn3Click(Sender: TObject);
87
private
{ Private declarations }
public
{ Public declarations }
end;
Const
base=$300;
reg0= base + 0;
reg1= base + 1;
reg2= base + 2;
reg3= base + 3;
reg4= base + 4;
reg5= base + 5;
reg6= base + 6;
reg7= base + 7;
reg8= base + 8;
reg9= base + 9;
reg10= base + 10;
reg11= base + 11;
reg12= base + 12;
reg13= base + 13;
reg14= base + 14;
reg15= base + 15;
var
Formdieukhien: TFormdieukhien;
nhietdohtai,nhietdodat:real;
Udk, U0, Ukt:real;
Ekt, Ekt1,Ekt2:real;
nhietdomax:real;
sv,pv:real;
Tmau:integer;
dqc,chao:string[200];
ess:real;
i:integer;
pot:real;
Kp,Ki,Kd:real;
implementation
uses Unitthongso;
88
{$R *.DFM}
{1} Function inport(address:word):byte;
var data:byte;
begin
asm
mov dx,address
in al,dx
mov data,al
end;
inport:=data;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{2} procedure outport(address:word;data:byte);
Begin
asm
mov dx,address
mov al,data
out dx,al
end;
end;
{-----------------------------------------------------------------------}
{3} Function INT:byte;
begin
INT:=(inport(reg8) and $10) shr 4;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{4} Function EOC:byte;
begin
EOC:=(inport(reg8)and $80)shr 7;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{5} Procedure set_rangeAD(range:byte); { dat tam dien
ap ngo ra }
var rang:byte;
begin
rang:=range and $03;
outport(reg1,rang);
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{6} Procedure set_trigsource(trs:byte);
89
var i:byte;
begin
i:=inport(reg9) and $FC;
outport(reg9,i or trs);
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{7} Procedure analog_out(data:word);
begin
outport(reg4,(data and $000F)shl 4);
outport(reg5,(data and $0FF0)shr 4);
end;
{-----------------------------------------------------------------------}
{8} Procedure Trig_AD; { kich mem bo AD}
begin
outport(reg0,$FF);
end;
{-----------------------------------------------------------------------}
{9} Procedure set_channelAD(start,stop:byte);
begin
outport(reg2,(stop shl 4) or start);
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{10} procedure delay(ms:longint);
var counterms:longint;
begin
counterms:=ms+gettickcount;
while counterms>=gettickcount do;
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{11} procedure Clear_Int;
begin
outport(reg8,$ff);
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{12} Function Read_AD:integer; { doc du lieu tu bo AD}
var dlow, dhigh:byte;
begin
dlow:=inport(reg0);
dhigh:=inport(reg1);
dlow:=(dlow and $F0) shr 4;
read_AD:=dlow+16*dhigh;
end;
90
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{13} Function PID(data:real):real;
var Kp, Ki, Kd, K , T1, T2, T:real;
a0,a1,a2,Ukt,U0,Ekt,Ekt1,Ekt2:real;
begin
T:=Tmau/1000;
{ dat thoi gian lay mau la Tmau }
Kp:=strtofloat(Formdieukhien.Edit4.text);
Ki:=strtofloat(Formdieukhien.Edit5.text);
Kd:=strtofloat(Formdieukhien.Edit6.text);
{ dieu khien PI }
If Formdieukhien.RadioGroup1.ItemIndex= 1 then
begin
a0:= Kp + Ki*T;
a1:=-Kp + Ki*T;
a2:= Kd/T;
end;
{ dieu khien PID }
If Formdieukhien.RadioGroup1.ItemIndex= 2 then
begin
a0:= Kp + Kd/T + Ki*T;
a1:=-Kp + Ki*T -2*Kd/T;
a2:= Kd/T;
end;
Ukt:=a0*Ekt+a1*Ekt1+a2*Ekt2+U0;
PID:=Ukt;
end;
{-----------------------------------------------------------------------}
{14} procedure TFormdieukhien.dkonoff; { chuong trinh
dieu khien On-Off }
var kess:real;
begin
kess:=2;
if nhietdohtai>=nhietdodat+kess then
Analog_out($0000);
if nhietdohtai<=nhietdodat-kess then
Analog_out($0FFF);
end;
91
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{15} procedure dkPID; { chuong trinh dieu khien PID
}
begin
Ekt2:=Ekt1;
Ekt1:=Ekt;
Ekt:=nhietdodat-nhietdohtai;
U0:=PID(Ekt);
end;
{-------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{16} procedure TFormdieukhien.Timer1Timer(Sender:
TObject);
var pot:real;
begin
analog_out($0FFF);
end;
{------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{17} procedure
TFormdieukhien.FormCreate(Sender:TObject);
var Umax,Ekt1,Ekt2,U0:real;
t:longint;
nhietdohtai,pot:real;
jj:integer;
begin
chao:='*** CHUONG TRINH DIEU KHIEN LO NHIET
BANG CARD AD 818L - GVHD : HOANG MINH TRI - SVTH :
NGUYEN NGOC NHAN - DD97TD ***';
jj:=1;
Canvas.MoveTo(80,430);
{ khoi dong Card }
outport($303,$70);
if inport($303) <>$70 then
begin
messagedlg('PCL - 818L Error',mterror,
[mbOK],0);
application.terminate;
end;
Kp:=StrToFloat(Edit4.Text);
Ki:=StrToFloat(Edit5.Text);
Kd:=StrToFloat(Edit6.Text);
Tmau:=StrtoInt(Edit10.text)*1000;
Ekt1:=0;
92
Ekt2:=0;
U0:=0;
nhietdodat:=strtofloat(Edit8.Text);
Canvas.MoveTo(80,430-trunc(nhietdohtai));
nhietdohtai:=0;
i:=1;
end;
{-------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{18}procedure TFormdieukhien.BitBtn1Click(Sender:
TObject);
begin
If messagedlg(' Nhan OK de sang Form Thong so. Cam
on ban da su dung chuong trinh ',mtInformation,
[mbOK,mbCancel],0)=MrOK then
begin
Analog_out($0000);
Formthongso.Show;
end;
end;
{-------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{19} { procedure
TFormdieukhien.BitBtn3Click(Sender: TObject);
begin
If Opendialog1.Execute then
Image1.Picture.LoadFromFile(Opendialog1.Filen
ame);
end; }
{---------------------------------------------------------------------------}
{20} procedure TFormdieukhien.Timer2Timer(Sender:
TObject);
var pot:real;
i:integer;
begin
set_channelAD(1,1);
set_rangeAD(0);
set_trigsource(0);
trig_AD;
Sleep(5);
If (EOC=0) and (INT=1) then
if (Read_AD>=2048) then
nhietdohtai:=(Read_AD-
2048)*409.5/2047;
93
Editgtrinhietdohtai.Text:=FloattoStr(nhietdohtai);
Memo1.Lines.add(FloattoStr(nhietdohtai));
{ ve duong dac tuyen }
Canvas.MoveTo(80+i,430-trunc(nhietdohtai));
pot:=(nhietdohtai-nhietdodat)*100{/nhietdodat};
Edit9.Text:=floattostr(pot);
ess:=(nhietdodat-nhietdohtai)*100{/nhietdodat};
editgtrisaisohtai.text:=floattostr(ess);
i:=i+1;
dkonoff;
end;
{-----------------------------------------------------------------------}
{21} procedure
TFormdieukhien.ButtondungClick(Sender: TObject);
begin
analog_out($0000);
messagedlg(' Thank you for using My
Program',mtInformation,[mbOK],0);
Application.Terminate ;
end;
{-----------------------------------------------------------------------}
{22} procedure
TFormdieukhien.ButtonhoatdongClick(Sender: TObject);
var t:integer;
pot:real;
essmau:real;
begin
essmau:=strtofloat(Edit7.Text);
Canvas.MoveTo(80,430-trunc(nhietdodat));
{ repeat}
case radiogroup1.itemindex of
0:begin
Groupbox2.Enabled:=False;
Timer2.Interval:=1000*strtoint(Edit10.Tex
t);
Timer2.Enabled := true;
end;
1,2:begin
Timer3.Interval :=Tmau;
Timer3.Enabled :=True;
94
end;
{ editgtrisaisohtai.text:=floattostr(ess);
until (ess <= essmau); }
end;
end;
{-----------------------------------------------------------------------}
{23} procedure TFormdieukhien.Timer3Timer(Sender:
TObject);
var t:integer;
begin
set_channelAD(1,1);
set_rangeAD(0);
set_trigsource(0);
trig_AD;
Sleep(5);
If (EOC=0) and (INT=1) then
if (Read_AD>=2048) then
nhietdohtai :=(Read_AD-
2048)*409.5/2047;
Editgtrinhietdohtai.Text:=FloattoStr(nhietdohtai);
Canvas.MoveTo(80+i,430-trunc(nhietdohtai));
Memo1.Lines.add(FloattoStr(nhietdohtai));
{ ve duong dac tuyen }
pot:=(nhietdohtai-
nhietdodat)/nhietdodat*100;
Edit9.Text:=floattostr(pot);
ess:=(nhietdodat-
nhietdohtai)*100/nhietdodat;
editgtrisaisohtai.text:=floattostr(ess);
dkPID; {dieu khien pid }
t:=trunc(U0);
Timer1.Interval:=t;
Timer1.Enabled := true;
Memo1.Lines.add(FloattoStr(Kp));
i:=i+1;
end;
{-----------------------------------------------------------------------}
{24} procedure TFormdieukhien.Timer4Timer(Sender:
TObject);
var a:integer;
95
q:string[1];
begin
a:=length(chao);
q:=chao[1];
delete(chao,1,1);
insert(q,chao,a);
dqc:=chao;
Formdieukhien.Edit1.Text:=dqc;
end;
{-----------------------------------------------------------------------}
{25}procedure TFormdieukhien.FormPaint(Sender:
TObject);
begin
Canvas.Pen.Style:=psInsideFrame;
Canvas.Brush.Color :=clwhite;
Canvas.FillRect(Rect(10,210,340,460));
Canvas.MoveTo(80,250); { ve truc tung}
Canvas.LineTo(80,430);
Canvas.MoveTo(80,430); { ve truc hoanh }
Canvas.LineTo(300,430);
Canvas.Pen.Style:=psDash;
Canvas.MoveTo(80,280);
Canvas.LineTo(280,280);
Canvas.MoveTo(80,330);
Canvas.LineTo(280,330);
Canvas.MoveTo(80,380);
Canvas.LineTo(280,380);
Canvas.MoveTo(130,280);
Canvas.LineTo(130,430);
Canvas.MoveTo(180,280);
Canvas.LineTo(180,430);
Canvas.MoveTo(230,280);
Canvas.LineTo(230,430);
Canvas.MoveTo(280,280);
Canvas.LineTo(280,430);
Canvas.Pen.Style:= psSolid;
Canvas.Textout(72,435,'0');
Canvas.Textout(122,435,'50');
Canvas.Textout(172,435,'100');
Canvas.Textout(222,435,'150');
Canvas.Textout(272,435,'200');
96
Canvas.Textout(58,377,'50');
Canvas.Textout(58,327,'100');
Canvas.Textout(58,277,'150');
Canvas.Textout(310,424,'i');
Canvas.Textout(60,240,'Nhiet do');
Canvas.Textout(80,220,'Qua trinh dap ung cua lo
nhiet');
end;
end.
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