Analysis of Bearing Capacity Shallow Foundation

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CHAPTER
05
5.1
follows :
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY SHALLOW FOUNDATION
INTRODUCTION
Bearing capacity is the maximum soil capacity to resist the load. There are two major type of failure, as
Shear Failure, the shear stress is exceed the soil shear strength. Terzaghi call this failure stability problem. Settlement Failure, the normal stress induced the soil to settle excessively. Terzaghi call this failure elasticity problem.
Due to the type of failure as above the geotechnical engineer must investigate both the shear resistance and settlement of the soil material. This investigation is called bearing capacity analysis.
The allowable bearing capacity used in the design must consider the minimum of : Limiting the foundation settlement. Limiting bearing capacity.
This chapter describes the basic concept of bearing capacity analysis based on the several method proposed by several geotechnical engineer. The bearing capacity is can be calculated based on the soil properties and also based on the in situ test result.
5.2
BEARING PRESSURE
5.2.1 GENERAL Bearing pressure is defined as the pressure at the interface between soil and the foundation. The pressure is the force per unit area along the bottom of the foundation. The type of bearing pressure beneath the foundation is depended to the rigidity of the foundation. The flexible foundation produce uniform bearing pressure and rigid foundation produce non-uniform pressure.
5.2.2
CENTRIC LOAD
The bearing pressure beneath the foundation due to centric load is :
q=
P A
[5.1]
where : q = bearing pressure
5-1
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P A
= centric load = contact area
5.2.3
ECCENTRIC LOAD
The bearing pressure beneath the foundation due to eccentric load is :
q=
P My A I
[5.2]
where : q P M A y I = bearing pressure = centric load = bending moment = contact area = distance from center of foundation to the measured point = moment inertia of the foundation about axis of bending
5.3
BEARING CAPACITY
5.3.1 GENERAL
There are two types of bearing capacity, as follows :

Ultimate Bearing Capacity, maximum bearing capacity based on the geotechnical analysis result. Allowable Bearing Capacity, design bearing capacity based on the several factors such type of soil,
type of foundation, risk etc.
5.3.2
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
Ultimate bearing capacity is computed by geotechnical analysis based on the soil properties or based on the in situ test.
The ultimate bearing capacity is defines, as follows :
qult
[5.3]
where : qult
5.3.3
= ultimate bearing capacity
ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY
Allowable bearing capacity is design bearing capacity permitted used in the design.
The allowable bearing capacity is defines, as follows :
qa =
qult FS
[5.4]
5-2
where : qa qult FS = allowable bearing capacity = ultimate bearing capacity = factor of safety
5.4
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY CENTRIC LOAD

5.4.1 GENERAL
Several geotechnical engineers already proposed the bearing capacity formula suh as Terzaghi, Meyerhof, Brinch Hansen and Vesic and each formula has different assumption. During the usage of the bearing capacity formula we must know the basic assumption used when the formula is derived.
5.4.2 A.
TERZAGHIS METHOD General
The followings are the basic assumption used in the Terzaghi theory of bearing capacity, as follows : Depth of foundation Df B, B = width of foundation.
No sliding between foundation and the soil.
The soil material is homogeneous. The failure is govern by general shear failure.
No soil consolidation. Foundation is rigid compared to the soil.
B.
General Shear Failure
The bearing capacity of continuous footing when the general shear failure governs is :
qult = (cNc sc ) + q Nq + 0.5 BN s
) (
[5.5]
where : qult c
= ultimate bearing capacity = cohesion of soil = unit weight of soil = equivalent surcharge = shape factor = bearing capacity factor
sc, s Nc, Nq, N
The equivalent surcharge is defined as follows : q = Df
[5.6]
where : Df = depth of foundation
5-3
The bearing capacity factor is defined as :

TABLE 5.1 BEARING CAPACITY FACTOR TERZAGHI Nq Nc N
a2 Nq = a cos2 45 + 2
Nc = Nq 1 cot
N =
tan K p 1 2 cos2
N =
a = e
0.75 tan 2
1 + 0.4 sin(4 )
2 Nq + 1 tan
Terzaghi never give clearly explanation how to obtain the passive pressure coefficient so the bottom formula can be used to calculate N.
The following table shows some value of bearing capacity factor from Terzaghi method.
TABLE 5.2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 34 35 40 45 48 50 Nq 5.7 7.3 9.6 12.9 17.7 25.1 37.2 52.6 57.8 95.7 172.3 258.3 347.5 BEARING CAPACITY FACTOR TERZAGHI Nc 1.0 1.6 2.7 4.4 7.4 12.7 22.5 36.5 41.4 81.3 173.3 287.9 415.1 N 0.0 0.5 1.2 2.5 5.0 9.7 19.7 36.0 42.4 100.4 297.5 780.1 1153.2
The shape factor is defined as :

TABLE 5.3 SHAPE FACTOR TERZAGHI FOUNDATION TYPE STRIP sc S 1.0 1.0 ROUND 1.3 0.6 SQUARE 1.3 0.8
SHAPE FACTOR
5-4
C.
Local Shear Failure
The bearing capacity of continuous footing when the local shear failure governs is :
qult = (cN'c s'c ) + q N'q + 0.5 BN' s'
) (
[5.6]
where : qult c
q
= ultimate bearing capacity = cohesion of soil = unit weight of soil = equivalent surcharge = shape factor = bearing capacity factor
sc, s Nc, Nq, N
The shape factor is defined as :

TABLE 5.4 SHAPE FACTOR TERZAGHI FOUNDATION TYPE STRIP sc s 0.667 1.0 ROUND 0.867 0.6 SQUARE 0.867 0.8
SHAPE FACTOR
The bearing capacity factor with prime term is calculated using the following variable, as follows :
2 ' = tan1 tan 3
[5.7]
5.4.3 A.
MEYERHOFS METHOD General
Meyerhof propose the bearing capacity formula similar to the Terzaghi formula but with modification of
shape factor, depth factor and inclination factor.
qult = (cNc sc dcic ) + q Nqsqdqiq + 0.5 BN s di
) (
[5.8]
where : qult c
q
= ultimate bearing capacity = cohesion of soil = unit weight of soil = equivalent surcharge = bearing capacity factor = shape factor = depth factor = inclination factor
Nc, Nq, N sc, sq, s dc, dq, d ic, iq, i
5-5
B.
Bearing Capacity Factor
The bearing capacity factor proposed by Meyerhof is :

TABLE 5.5 BEARING CAPACITY FACTOR MEYERHOF Nq Nc N
Nq = e tan tan2 45 + 2
Nc = Nq 1 cot
N = Nq 1 tan(1.4 )
C.
Shape Factor
The shape factor proposed by Meyerhof is :

TABLE 5.6 SHAPE FACTOR MEYERHOF sc sq =0 > 10 =0 s > 10
B sc = 1 + 0.2K p L
s q = 1 .0
B sq = 1 + 0.1K p L
s = 1 .0
B s = 1 + 0.1K p L
D.
Depth Factor
The depth factor proposed by Meyerhof is :

TABLE 5.7 DEPTH FACTOR MEYERHOF dc dq =0 > 10 =0 d > 10
D dc = 1 + 0.2 K p B
dq = 1.0
D dq = 1 + 0.1 K p B
d = 1 .0
D d = 1 + 0 .1 K p B
E.
Inclination Factor
The inclination factor proposed by Meyerhof is :

TABLE 5.7 ic INCLINATION FACTOR MEYERHOF iq i =0 > 10
o ic = 1 o 90
o iq = 1 o 90
i = 0 .0
( > 0)
o i = 1 o
5.4.4
GROUND WATER TABLE EFFECT
The location of ground water table will influence the bearing capacity of the soil.
There are three typical cases of the ground water table location, as follows : The location of water table is less than depth of foundation.
5-6
The location of water table is in the range of depth of foundation and depth of foundation +
foundation width.
The location of water table is more than depth of foundation + foundation width.
If the water table is less than foundation depth the design unit weight for bearing capacity analysis is : Dw D ' = sat w
[5.9]
If the water table is in the range of foundation depth and foundation depth + foundation width the design unit weight for bearing capacity analysis is : D < Dw < D + B D D ' = w 1 w B
[5.10]
If the water table is more than foundation depth + foundation width the design unit weight for bearing capacity analysis is : Dw D + B
' =
[5.11]
5.5
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY ECCENTRIC LOAD

5.5.1 GENERAL
The load acts in foundation is not just the vertical load, because of the eccentricity super structure load there will be moment act at the base of the foundation. Due to eccentric load we must modify some
variables to obtain the bearing pressure and bearing capacity beneath the foundation.
The most commonly method used is the effective area method. This method is firstly proposed by Meyerhof.
5.5.2
SINGLE ECCENTRIC
Single eccentric load is when the applied vertical load is eccentric in one direction.
The eccentricity of the loading is calculated as follows :
ex =
My P
[5.12]
5-7
where : ex My P = eccentricity in X axis = moment about Y axis = vertical load
The effective width of the foundation due to single eccentric load is : B' = B 2e x
L' = L
[5.13]
where : B L B L = effective foundation width = effective foundation length = actual foundation width = actual foundation length
The following figure shows the determination of the effective area.
FIGURE 5.1
EFFECTIVE AREA SINGLE ECCENTRIC
If the moment acts at X axis Mx then effective width is calculated with the same method as above but with different direction.
The bearing pressure due to single eccentric load will assumed as uniform stress beneath the
effective area.
The bearing pressure beneath the effective area is :
5-8
q=
P P = A ' B' L'
[5.14]
where : q P = bearing pressure = applied vertical load
This bearing pressure then compared to the allowable bearing capacity that is calculated also using the effective width of the foundation.
5.5.3
DOUBLE ECCENTRIC
Double eccentric load is when the applied vertical load is eccentric in two directions.
The eccentricity of the loading is calculated as follows :
ex =
ey =
My P
Mx P
[5.15]
where : ex ey Mx My P = eccentricity in X axis = eccentricity in Y axis = moment about X axis = moment about Y axis = vertical load
The effective width of the foundation due to single eccentric load is : B' = B 2e x L' = L 2e y where : B L B L = effective foundation width = effective foundation length = actual foundation width = actual foundation length
[5.16]
The following figure shows the determination of the effective area.
5-9
FIGURE 5.2
EFFECTIVE AREA DOUBLE ECCENTRIC
The bearing pressure due to single eccentric load will assumed as uniform stress beneath the
effective area.
The bearing pressure beneath the effective area is :
q=
P P = A ' B' L'
[5.17]
where : q P = bearing pressure = applied vertical load
5.6
ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY IN SITU TEST

5.6.1 GENERAL
The most practical of bearing capacity analysis is using the in situ test result. Based on the in situ test we can directly obtain the ultimate bearing capacity using a simple conversion formula rather than using complex formula as explained before.
5.6.2 A.
STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT) General
The SPT is commonly used to obtain the in situ ultimate bearing capacity.
B.
Meyerhofs Method
The allowable bearing capacity based on the SPT test according to Meyerhof is :
5 - 10
TABLE 5.8 B F4
SPT BEARING CAPACITY MEYERHOF B > F4
qa =
N Kd F1
qa =
N B + F3 K d F2 B
The variable above is as follows : D K d = 1 + 0.33 1.33 B
[5.18]
And the F factor is as follows :

TABLE 5.9 F F1 F2 F3 F4 F FACTOR MEYERHOF
SI UNIT 0.05 0.08 0.30 1.20
C.
Parrys Method
The allowable bearing capacity based on the SPT test according to Parry for cohesionless soil is : qa = 30N55
[5.19]
where : qa N55 = allowable bearing capacity = N SPT with 55% efficiency (kPa)
5.6.3 A.
CONE PENETRATION TEST (CPT) General
The conversion of CPT test also available to obtains the allowable bearing capacity.
B.
Cohesionless Soil
The ultimate bearing capacity for cohesionless soil based on CPT test is :
TABLE 5.10 CPT BEARING CAPACITY COHESIONLESS SOIL STRIP SQUARE
qult = 28 0.0052(300 qc )1.5
qult = 48 0.0090(300 qc )1.5
where : qult qc = ultimate bearing capacity = cone resistance (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2)
5 - 11
C.
Clay Soil
The ultimate bearing capacity for cohesionless soil based on CPT test is :
TABLE 5.11 CPT BEARING CAPACITY CLAY SOIL SQUARE
STRIP
qult = 2 + (0.28qc )
qult = 5 + (0.34qc )
where : qult qc = ultimate bearing capacity = cone resistance (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2)
5 - 12

Analysis of Bearing Capacity Shallow Foundation

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http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.

ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY SHALLOW FOUNDATION

The bearing pressure beneath the foundation due to centric load is :

where : q = bearing pressure

= centric load = contact area

The bearing pressure beneath the foundation due to eccentric load is :

There are two types of bearing capacity, as follows :

type of foundation, risk etc.

ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY

The ultimate bearing capacity is defines, as follows :

= ultimate bearing capacity

ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY

The allowable bearing capacity is defines, as follows :

ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY CENTRIC LOAD

TERZAGHIS METHOD General

General Shear Failure

qult = (cNc sc ) + q Nq + 0.5 BN s

sc, s Nc, Nq, N

The equivalent surcharge is defined as follows : q = Df

where : Df = depth of foundation

The bearing capacity factor is defined as :

The shape factor is defined as :

Local Shear Failure

qult = (cN'c s'c ) + q N'q + 0.5 BN' s'

sc, s Nc, Nq, N

The shape factor is defined as :

MEYERHOFS METHOD General

qult = (cNc sc dcic ) + q Nqsqdqiq + 0.5 BN s di

Nc, Nq, N sc, sq, s dc, dq, d ic, iq, i

Bearing Capacity Factor

The bearing capacity factor proposed by Meyerhof is :

The shape factor proposed by Meyerhof is :

The depth factor proposed by Meyerhof is :

The inclination factor proposed by Meyerhof is :

GROUND WATER TABLE EFFECT

ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY ECCENTRIC LOAD

The eccentricity of the loading is calculated as follows :

where : ex My P = eccentricity in X axis = moment about Y axis = vertical load

The following figure shows the determination of the effective area.

EFFECTIVE AREA SINGLE ECCENTRIC

The bearing pressure beneath the effective area is :

P P = A ' B' L'

where : q P = bearing pressure = applied vertical load

The eccentricity of the loading is calculated as follows :

The following figure shows the determination of the effective area.

EFFECTIVE AREA DOUBLE ECCENTRIC

The bearing pressure beneath the effective area is :

P P = A ' B' L'

where : q P = bearing pressure = applied vertical load

ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY IN SITU TEST

STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT) General

SPT BEARING CAPACITY MEYERHOF B > F4

The variable above is as follows : D K d = 1 + 0.33 1.33 B

And the F factor is as follows :

SI UNIT 0.05 0.08 0.30 1.20

CONE PENETRATION TEST (CPT) General

qult = 28 0.0052(300 qc )1.5

qult = 48 0.0090(300 qc )1.5

where : qult qc = ultimate bearing capacity = cone resistance (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2)

where : qult qc = ultimate bearing capacity = cone resistance (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2)

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