EXPERIMENT

AIMTo find the refractive indexes of (a) water (b) oil (transparent) using a plane mirror, a equiconvex lens, (made from a glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable object needle.

MATERIAL

A convex lens, a plane mirror, water, kerosene oil, clamp, stand, an optical needle, plumb line, knitting needle, half meter scale, glass slab a spherometer.

REQUIRED-

THEORYDEFINATION- Two or more thin lenses, placed in contact together to

have a common principal axis, form a lens combination. Focal Length- If f1,f2.............fn be the focal length of individual lens and F be the focal length of the combination. Then 1/f= 1/f1 + 1/f2 + . + 1/fn The lenses forming the combination must be thin to have their optical centres coinciding at one point to represent optical centre of the combination. (i) If f1 and f2 be the focal length of the glass convex lens and liquid lens and f be the focal length of their combination then 1/f = 1/f1 + 1/f2

(ii) Liquid lens formed a planoconcave lens with R1-R and R2=------then by using lens makers formula 1/f2 = (n-1) (1/R1 1/R2) = (n-1) (1/R 1/) = (n-1) (1/R 0) 1/f2 = (n-1) / R n = R/f2 +1 where n = Refractive index of the liquid and R is the radius of curvature of the lower surface of the convex lens. (iii) The radius of the lower surface of the convex lens is given by R = l2/6h + h/2

Here, l is the average distance between the legs of spherometer and h is the difference in the reading of the spherometer when placed first on convex lens and then on plane mirror.

DIAGRAM-

PROCEDURE(a)

For focal length of convex lens. 1. Find rough focal length of convex lens. 2. Place a plane mirror on the horizontal base of the iron stand then a convex lens on the plane mirror. 3. Hold the needle in the clamp stand and adjust its position on the stand such that there is no parallax between tip of the needle and its image. [ the tip of needle appears touching the tip of its image] 4. Measure distance between tip and upper surface of the lens

by using a plumb line and half meter scale. Also measure the distance between tip of needle and upper surface of the mirror. Take the mean of these two reading. This mean distance will be equal to the focal length of the convex lens (f1). (b) For focal length of the combination. 5. Put a few drops of the water on the plane mirror and put the convex lens over it with its same face above as before. The water spreads in a form of layer and acts like a plano-concave lens as shown in Fig1. 6. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 to determine the equivalents focal length of combination. 7. Record the observation as given below in table 1.

8.

Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for other transparent liquid (kerosene oil).

(c)

For radius of curvature of convex lens surface. 9. Determine the pitch and the least count of the spherometer. 10. Remove the convex lens and dry it completely. Put the spherometer on this lens surface. 11. All the three legs of spherometer should placed symmetrically on the lens and adjust the central screw tip just to touch the surface of the lens. 12. Remove the spherometer from surface of lens and place on the plane mirror and turn the central screw so that its tip touch the plane mirror surface and record the readings as shown in table 2.

13. Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three time. 14. Obtain the impressions of three legs of spherometer on paper and marks them and their average distance l= (l1+l2+l3)/3

OBSERVATION1. Rough focal length of convex lens=cm. 2. Table 1, for the focal length of lens and combination.
Arrangement Distance of needle tip From lens From plane Mean surface x1 mirror x2 x=(x1 + (cm) (cm) x2)/2 Focal length x(cm) f1 = ..

Without liquid

With water With other Transparent Liquid (kerosene)

fw = .. f1 = ..

3. Table 2, for finding h.

S.No. Initial C.S.R. on convex lens (a) No. of complete rotations (n) Final C.S.R. on plane mirror surface (b) m= (a-b) h=n if a>b pitch = +m (100+aL.C. b) If a<b

1. 2. 3. Mean value of h = ..cm

CALCULATION(i) l=(l1+l2+l3)/3 = cm (ii) R= l2/6h + h2/2 = cm (iii) f2 = ff1/(f-f1) = cm (iv) n = 1 + R/f2 = .

RESULTS(i) The refractive index of water nw = ..

(ii) The refractive index of other liquid (kerosene oil) nl = ..

PRECAUTIONS1. The plane mirror should be clean and fully shining surface. 2. The liquid taken should be transparent. 3. The parallax should be removed tip to tip. 4. The eye should be at a distance about 30 cm from the needle while removing the parallax.