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Lecture 9

Relative Motion

Quiz, Thursday and Friday


The first quiz will be On Thursday in your discussion session, group quiz On Friday at 8.00am, individual quiz Last names beginning A-R in room 150 Last names beginning S-Z in room 166 The quiz will be on the lectures up to Tuesday and on Fishbane Chapters 1 to 3-4. There will be one long problem in the group quiz, two long problems and 5 multiple choice problems in the individual One question will be very similar in principle to one of the questions you have done for homework. You can bring into the quiz one side of normal sized paper with hand-written notes and formulae. You will be given a template as in the Competent Problem Solver. Try to use it.
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Ground

Vp,g

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Recap Vectors
Vectors have both a Magnitude and a Direction and are used to represent quantities in 2 or 3 dimensions Vector r has components (x,y) The magnitude (length) of r is found using the Pythagorean theorem: r x
1 The direction = tan

Vector addition using components:


Consider C = A + B. (a) A + B = (Ax i + Ay j) + (Bx i + By j) i j = (Ax + Bx)i + (Ay + By)j (b) C = Cx i + Cy j C B A Ay By

= r = 3D x
2

+ y

y
in r =
y x

+ y

+ z

Comparing components of (a) and (b): Cx = Ax + Bx Cy = Ay + By

Bx

Describe vectors in terms of their components (x,y,z) and the unit vectors [i,j,k] in the direction of the axes

Ax

r = xi + yj + zk
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Note that we often write a vector as its components without the unit vectors A = (Ax,Ay)
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Displacement and velocity vectors


On a sunny day, you hike 5.0 miles east, and then 3.0 miles north. The hike lasts two hours. How far from your start point do you finish and what is your average velocity?

ICQ Velocity and Speed


The next day you hike 4 kilometers East in 2 hours, then 3 kilometers North in1 hour and then straight back to your starting point in 3 hours. What is your average velocity (v) and average speed (s) over the day? (a) v=(4,3)km/h, s= 0km/h (b) v=(0,0)km/h, s=2.3km/h (c) v=(0,0)km/h, s=2km/h (d) v=(-4,-3)km/h,s=0.5km/h

Displacement r = (5m , 3m )
Magnitude r = x 2 + y 2 = 5.8 miles

Angle = tan 1 ( y / x ) = 31
Displacement r Ave. Velocity v = = time t

x=5

y=3

Note Velocity not 5.8 miles v= = 2.9 mph , = 31 N of E equal to Speed 2h


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ICQ Velocity and Speed


The next day you hike 4 kilometers East in 2 hours, then 3 kilometers North in1 hour and then straight back to your starting point in 3 hours. What is your average velocity (v) and average speed (s) over the day? (a) v=(4,3)km/h, s= 0km/h (b) v=(0,0)km/h, s=2.3km/h (c) v=(0,0)km/h, s=2km/h (d) v=(-4,-3)km/h,s=0.5km/h
5km

Mary and Robert rendezvous


Mary and Robert decide to rendezvous on Lake Superior. Mary departs in her boat from her home at 9:00 a.m. and travels due north at 8 mi/h. Robert leaves from his home, 26 miles, 30 west of north of Mary, at 10:00 a.m. and travels at a constant speed of 6 mi/h. In what direction should Robert be heading to intercept Mary, and where and when will they meet? Take the origin of coordinates at R(10am,6mi/h) Marys home t = 0 at 10:00 a.m. be the angle between the velocity vector of Roberts boat and 26mi 300 the easterly direction. They will meet when their position vectors are equal

3km

4km

N(y)

You come back to your starting point, therefore your average velocity is (0,0) You have hiked 12km in 6 hours, your speed is 2km/h

M(9am,8mi/h)
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E(x)

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Mary and Robert rendezvous


Roberts starting position

Mary and Robert rendezvous


Remember sin2+cos2=1

R(10am,6mi/h)
N(y)
300

t cos = 2.16 t sin = 1.33 t 2.41

rR 0 = (26 sin 30, 26 cos 30) = (13,22.5)


Starting at 10am (use r=r0+v0t) 26mi rM = (0,8) + (0,8)t Mary has already gone 8 mi

t cos = 4 .7
2 2

t 2 sin 2 = 5 .81 6 .41t + 1 .77 t 2


E(x)

rR = (13,22.5) + (6 cos ,6 sin )t


They meet when rM = rR

Robert

t 2 sin 2 + t 2 cos 2 = t 2 = 4.7 + 5 .81 6.41t + 1 .77 t 2 0 .77 t 2 6.41t + 10 .51 = 0


Solving for t, t=2.24hr

M(9am,8mi/h)
Meet in x coordinate

x M = 0 = x R = 13 + 6 t cos 13 t cos = = 2 .16 6 y M = 8 + 8t = y R = 22.5 + 6t sin

So Mary and Robert meet 2.24hours after 10am i.e. 12.14pm Roberts angle is

= cos 1 (

Meet in the y coordinate 6t sin = 8t 14.5 t sin = (8t 14.5) / 6 = 1.33t 2.41
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2.16 ) = 15 N of E t

They meet at x=0, y = 8+8t = 26 or r = (0,26 miles)


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Inertial Reference Frames:


A Reference Frame is the place you measure from. Its where you nail down your (x,y,z) axes! An Inertial Reference Frame is one that is not accelerating. We will consider only Inertial Reference Frames in this course. Valid Inertial Reference Frames can have fixed velocities with respect to each other. More about this later when we discuss forces. For now, just remember that we can make measurements from different vantage points.

Reference frames
Things may look different in different reference frames Consider tractor on paper track In frame fixed to the paper, tractor is moving In frame fixed to the bench, tractor is stationary Velocity in a frame is the vector sum of The velocity in the second frame plus The velocity of the second frame relative to the first In the bench frame the tractors velocity is Velocity of tractor in paper frame + velocity of paper in the bench frame Physics is the same in all inertial frames, it doesnt matter if one has a constant velocity relative to the other. Principle of special relativity discovered by Einstein

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Relative Motion
Consider a problem with two distinct Inertial Reference Frames: An airplane flying on a windy day. day. A pilot wants to fly 120 miles N. She takes off from the airport at noon. Her plane has a compass and an airspeed indicator to help her navigate. The compass allows her to keep the nose of the plane pointing north. The air-speed indicator tells her that she is traveling at 120 miles per hour with respect to the air. air BUT the air is moving relative to the ground Her velocity relative to the ground will not be north and not be 120mph.
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Relative Motion...
She thinks that the plane is moving north in the Reference Frame attached to the air: Vp, a is the velocity of the plane w.r.t. the air.
Air

Vp,a

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Relative Motion...
But suppose there is a wind and the air is moving east in the Inertial Reference Frame attached to the ground. Va,g is the velocity of the air w.r.t. the ground.
Air

Relative Motion...
Vp,g is the velocity of the plane w.r.t. the ground.
Ground

Vp,a Va,g

Vp,g

She will not be flying due north but east of north and a higher speed relative to the ground.

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Relative Motion...
Vp,g = Vp,a + Va,g Is a vector equation relating the airplanes velocity in different reference frames. Va,g Vp,a . Vp,a = 120 miles per hour N w.r.t. the air. Vp,g Va,g = 60 miles per hour E w.r.t. the ground. Vp,g = (0,120 mph) + (60 mph,0) = (60 , 120 ) mph

ICQ: Relative velocity


If she wants to fly due North at 120 mph in a wind of 60mph to the East, her velocity Vp,a relative to the air must be: a) (0,120)mph b) (-60, 120)mph c) (-60,104)mph d)(60,120)mph

y x

|Vpg| = 60 2 + 120 2 = 134 mph


= tan
1

60 120

= 27

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Relative velocity
If she wants to fly due North at 120 mph in a wind of 60mph to the East, her velocity Vp,a relative to the air must be: a) (0,120)mph b) (-60, 120)mph c) (-60,104)mph d)(60,120)mph Va,g Vp,a Vp,g If she wants to fly due north she will have to fly with velocity Vp,a at an angle West of North Vp,g = Vp,a + Va,g (0,120)mph = Vp,a + (60,0) mph

Velocity and Acceleration vectors


Velocity and acceleration are vector quantities Acceleration is change in velocity with time; a=dv/dt Any change in velocity results in an acceleration Can be just a change in direction though the magnitude stays constant |v1|=|v2| but direction has changed, v1 is not equal to v2 There is an acceleration given by

a=

dv (v1 v 2 ) = dt dt

v2

v1

y x

Vp,a = (-60,120)mph

Motion in a circle is a special case, the velocity around the circle is constant but there is a continual acceleration as the velocity vector changes direction A lot more in future lectures
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Average Acceleration
A car is travelling East at 60km/h. It rounds a curve and 5s later it is travelling north at 60km/h. Find the average acceleration of the car.

Homework
Leave section 3-5 in Fishbane, we will cover circular motion later after we have done forces. Read chapter 4, sections 1 and 2 Next week we start forces. Good luck in the quiz

Aav =

v t

v = v f v i
aav = (60km / h) j (60km / h) i = t 5s aav = (3.3m / s) i + (3.3m / s ) j v f vi

vi = vi i vf = vf j

Note that the car accelerates even though the speed does not change
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