11/8/2012

Special Lecture at IPB in Bogor, Nov. 7, 2012

Eco-road Construction for Low Carbon Society

Hiigo wetland, Okayama Kushiro, Hokkaido

Contents
1. Introduction 2. Procedure () 3. Projects on ecological restoration of slopes (Examples for 2-) 4. Creation and restoration of regional ecosystems (2-) 5. Summary

Nobukazu Nakagoshi, Prof. IDEC Hiroshima University

nobu@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

1. Introduction
The road construction gives damage to ecosystem structure and function.
Lost of vegetation

General view Step 1 Investigation and Plan

1 The natural environment of an area is grasped exactly. 2 Development is avoided and reduced as much as possible. 3 The statement of principles about preservation and conservation is clarified through EIA. (4) Planning for low carbon society

Collision

General view Step 2 Design and Construction

1 Implementation of investigation required
for examination 2 Planning of the measure against preservation and conservation of natural environments 3 Creation of the habitats for animals and plants is considered if it is needed. 4 Influence of the natural environments accompanying construction is made into the minimum. Contribution to low carbon society

General view Step 3 Monitoring and Improvement

1 Maintenance management which considered the ecosystem. 2 A follow-up survey of the effect of a measure is conducted, and suitable correspondence is considered. 3 It appeals for consideration of natural environments to a road user. Process to rich vegetation gives many ideas for low carbon society.

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2. Procedure
Main measures of eco-road Stages
Investigation and plan Design and construction

Avoiding, Reduction and Compensation

Original plan

Avoiding
A stop and evasion of development

Main measures
Avoiding, reduction and compensation through EIA Minimizing Preservation and conservation of animal populations Ecological restoration of slopes Creation and restoration of regional ecosystems Monitoring and improvement

Reduction
Rich forest Reduction of development area Reduction of influence

New forest
Compensation

Compensation
Keeping of original plan New ecosystem creation
Evasion Reduction

Maintenance

Minimizing

Minimizing

Digging

Tunnel

Banking

Bridge

Preservation and conservation of animal populations

Establishment of moving ways

Preservation and conservation of animal populations

Conservation of water way for aquatic species

The trails of small animals and agua-species The animal trails of large-sized animals

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Preservation and conservation of animal populations

Establishment of flying ways

Preservation and conservation of animal populations

Avoidance of animal invasion on road

The move course of birds

Preservation and conservation of animal populations

Inproved sewers for snakes and invertebrates

Preservation and conservation of animal populations

Light down and change of wave pattern
Mercury(Hg) light: Blue and ultra violet rich wave Sodium(Na) light Also economic

Ecological restoration of slopes

Creation and restoration of regional

ecosystems

Forest Scrub Cut slope Grassland

Road

Forest

Ecoroad: grennery Ecoroad: network Ecoroad: regional ecosystem (Funabiki , 2008)

Objective vegetation

Embankment slope

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Monitoring and improvement

1. Time elapsed until initial objective vegetation is reached. The difference in vegetation growth period is quite large from five months to 39 months. Methods permitting slow revegetation are crucial to revegetation aimed at achieving high biodiversity. 2. Initial objective vegetation and species diversity. To regenerate a plant community with high biodiversity, it is crucial to limit introducing plants that germinate and grow rapidly in favor of a combination of vegetation materials with bio-diverse characteristics, such as saplings, local indigenous plant seeds, and seed banks. 3. Seed bank use and revegetation techniques. Skillfully combining vegetation material and revegetation method is crucial for the success of this approach.

3. Projects on ecological restoration of slopes Example 1: Tokura

Background
This highway goes through Ozegahara, a largest bog and wetland. Oze area is a special protected area in Nikko National Park and is designated as a Special National Monument.

Particular issues Measures

Local indigenous plants A large amount of waste timber Nekkochip method

The topsoil was assumed to contain a generous seed bank and the work was performed with no other seeds introduced.

Tokura

Tokyo Nagoya

Initial objective vegetation

Herbaceous community (anticipated)

Nekkochip method
Nekkochip is a recycling planting method that uses timber waste (roots, trunks, leaves, etc.) and soil generated from construction (forest topsoil and etc.) as slope vegetation materials. Timber waste

Construction process
Cut trees are processed into needle-shaped chips and used in that state as fresh woodchips. Soil generated by construction is best when it is forest topsoil containing a rich seed bank.

Soil generated from construction

Recycling materials for LCS

Create a plant growth layer material

A slope is sprayed.

Construction process of vegetation

Construction process of vegetation

September 2003 October 2002

The project was carried out in October 2002 The state of vegetation in September 2003, one year after completion. The area was completely covered in herbaceous vegetation. Initial objective vegetation was determined to be complete at this stage.

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Construction process of vegetation

Example 2: Origawa Dam

Background
This work was done to cover a cut slope with vegetation where appeared from constructing of Origawa Dam.

Particular issues
The cut slope consists of solid granite with no jointing and is a very steep 45 63 inclination.

Measures
Geofiber method

Origawa Dam

Tokyo

July 2006
The state of vegetation later on, in July 2006, 3 years and 9 months after completion. The site has sustained 100% vegetation coverage. Compared to September 2003, conditions show remarkable tree growth and a dense plant community.

Initial objective vegetation

Pioneer woody community

Nagoya

Geofiber method
From a scenic and environmental perspective, concrete spraying, crib work, and other cut slope protection methods that use a lot of concrete components pose numerous problems. Geofiber method was developed as a solution to these problems.

Initial stage of no vegetation

Conceptual view of the Geofiber method

Concrete Grid Slope Protection Type

Retaining Wall

Retaining Wall Type

Conventional method

Geofiber method

September 1995

Construction process of vegetation

July 1997

Construction process of vegetation

The state of vegetation in July 1997. Vegetation coverage is 100% by alien grasses. The saplings are still quite young and not prominent.

November 1997

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Construction process of vegetation

Example 3: Kushiro
Background
The road is a scenic route through the Kushiro Wet-land of NP.

Particular issues

Cold winters with little snow accumulation require anti-erosion measures against freezing and thawing. Cut timber and forest topsoil that needed to be recycled.

Measures

Nekkochip method
The topsoil was assumed to contain

Hokkido

a generous seed bank and the work was performed with no other seeds introduced.

Initial objective vegetation

Kushiro

August 2006

Pioneer woody community (anticipated)

Initial stage: usage of seed bank only

Vegetation recovery from seed bank

June 2005

June 2004

The state of vegetation in June 2005, one year and 7 months after completion. Vegetation coverage was ca. 70%. Dominant species were native Artemisia princeps , Calamagrostis arundinacea , and other native herbs.

Vegetation recovery from seed bank

Example 4: Takarazuka, a prototype case

Background
This work was performed to restore collapsed slopes as a result of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, January 17, 1995.

Particular issues

Risk of easily eroding Improve the view

Takarazuka Osaka

Measures
Geofiber method

Initial objective vegetation

Pioneer woody community

July 2006

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Initial stage of no vegetation

Before the start of work. (1997)

Stagnancy of vegetation process

August 2006

The collapsed slope immediately before the start of work. Work was completed in March 1998.

After 8 years completing work, ailien Indigofera pseudotinctoria continues to be the dominant species.

5. Creation and restoration of regional ecosystems: an natural ecosystem

Maintenance and restoration of a wet-land

Creation and restoration of regional ecosystems: urban ecosystems

Creation of roadside greenery

Hiigo wetland, Okayama

It followed on highway construction, and the wetland was improved and restored.

Tokyo

Singapore

5. Summary

Source: Arifin & Nakagoshi (2011)

Roads are necessary for development in urban areas and regions. Eco-road is an important idea for conservation of human environments and biodiversity. Human society must develop science and technology. We are tackling to construct eco-road, and getting good performance. There are possibilities on eco-road construction in developing Indonesia.

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Thank you very much! Terima kasih

Chuo Forest Park, Hiroshima 2010

Contact: nobu@hiroshima-u.ac.jp