Trang 1 PECTIN

Phn tch thc phm

1. Gii thiu chung v pectin 1.1. nh ngha: Pectin l hp cht cao phn t polygalactoronic c n phn t l galactoronic v ru metylic. Trng lng phn t t 20.000 - 200.000 vC. 1.2. Ngun gc: Pectin c nhiu qu, c hoc thn cy. 1.3. Cu to: Pectin l mt polysaccharide, mch thng, cu to t s lin kt gia cc mch ca phn t acid D- galactoronic C6H10O7 , lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt 1,4-glicozide v trong mt s gc acid c cha nhm th metoxyl ( OCH 3 ).

1.4. Phn loi: - Theo % nhm metoxyl c trong phn t: + Pectin methoxyl ha cao (High Methoxyl Pectin HMP): DE >50 % hay MI > 7%. Cht ny c th lm tng nht cho sn phm. Mun to ng cn phi c iu kin pH = 3,1 3,4 v nng ng trn 60 %.

+ Pectin methoxyl ha thp (Low Methoxyl Pectin LMP): DE < 50 % hay MI < 7%. c sn xut bng cch gim nhm methoxyl trong phn t pectin. Pectin methoxy thp c th to ng trong mi trng khng c ng. Chng thng c dng lm mng bao bc cc sn phm.

- Theo kh nng ha tan trong nc:

Trang 2

Phn tch thc phm

+ Pectin ha tan: l polysaccharide cu to bi cc gc acid galacturonic trong mt s gc c cha nhm th metoxyl. + Pectin khng ha tan: l dng kt hp ca pectin vi polysaccharide thnh t bo. 1.5. Tnh cht: - Pectin tinh ch c dng cht bt trng mu xm nht. - L cht keo ht nc v d tan trong nc, khng tan trong etanol. - c tnh quan trng ca pectin l khi c mt ca acid v ng n c kh nng to ng, kh nng to gel ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: ngun pectin, mc metonxin ha v khi lng phn t pectin. - Dung dch pectin c nht cao. - Pectin ha tan khi bi tc dng ca cht kim long hoc enzyme pectinase s gii phng nhm metoxyl v polysaccharide cn li l acid pectic t do. Nhng di dng acid pectic t do th n mt kh nng to ng. - Pectin cng b thy phn, xy ra rt mnh trong iu kin t nhin. - Pectin c c trng bi hai ch s: ch s metoxyl (MI), ch s ester ha (DE). 1.6 C ch to gel: ph thuc vo chiu di chui pectin v mc methyl ha. - Chiu di chui pectin quyt nh cng ca pectin: + Nu pectin qu ngn th n s khng to c gel d s dng liu lng cao. + Nu phn t pectin qu di th gel to thnh rt cng. - Mc methoxyl ho quy nh c ch to gel: + HMP: to gel bng lin kt hydro iu kin to gel: ng >60%, pH=3-3,5, pectin=0,5-1%. ng c kh nng ht m c kh nng lm gim mc hydrat ha pectin trong dung dch. pH gip trung ha acid, lm gim bt in tch trong phn t. Cc phn t pectin c th tin li gn nhau lin kt hidro ni phn t v to gel. Lin kt hidro c th l: hydroxyl-hydroxyl, cacbonyl-cacbonyl, hydroxyl-cacbonyl, lin kt ny km bn nn gel to ra s c tnh mm do v ph thuc vo hm lng ng, pH, pectin. + To gel bng lin kt Ca2+: iu kin: khi c mt ca Ca2+ nng <0,1% khng cn ng v acid. LHP t l nhm COO- cao do cc lin kt gia cc phn t pectin s c to thnh qua cu ni l cc ion ha tr II, c bit l Ca2+. c im gel l c tnh n hi. Ph thuc vo nng Ca2+. 1.7. Vai tr cc cu t trong vic to gel pectin a. Pectin - Nng ca pectin trong dung dch cng ln th s lin kt gia cc phn t xy ra cng nhanh v s ng t c to ra cng bn. -Nhng khng phi tt c lng pectin u tham gia vo vic to ng t .v vy bn gel khng phi xc nh theo s lng nhiu t m xc nh theo chiu di mch phn t v mc metoxyl ha.

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Phn tch thc phm

- Pectin cht lng tt s to ra si ch di v chc trong qu trnh ng t lm cho keo n hi do keo long cng kh bn. -Nu pectin to ng t yu do cc si ch c to ra ngn hn, mng li gi pha lng ca keo km hn do s ng t s yu v c kh nng a n s ra nt ( v nh nc ). b. Nc - m ca khi keo tng th qu trnh to keo t cng nhanh ( v tng tc nh hng ca cc phn t pectin do nht ca dung dch phn tn gim). - Thi gian to ng ca khi ko ph thuc vo m, m cng cao thi gian to ng cng gim. c. ng -Vai tr ca ng trong vic to ng l kh nc, gim solvat ha ca cc phn t pectin, ph thuc vo s lng v cht lng pectin m dng lng ng khc nhau. - Hm lng pectin cng cao, cht lng ca n cng tt th i hi hm lng ng trong s tao ng cng nhiu nhng nu ly lng ng khng tng ng vi pectin. + Cao qu so vi pectin th bn ng t gim v gim tc to ng. + Qu t ng th gel to ra s qu cng. - Khi dng pectin c cht lng tt, nng ca nso trong dung dch l 0,6 1% th hm lng ng cn t ti 65%. d. Acid - Yu cu ca acid trong vic to gel pectin : + Acid cho vo phi c mc phn ly cao hn acid pectit nh vy n s ngn cn s phn ly ca acid pectit do o cc mixen pectit mt in tch cng du, chng c ni li thnh si di. + Khi cho acid vo th ion hydro thay th ion kim loi trong nhm cacboxyl ca phn t pectin sau khi ty c acid pectit ra khi mui ca n. V mui ca acid khng tham gia vo qu trnh to ng m ch c acid pectit to ra ng t do khi thm acid vo s lm tng tc to ng t. +Acid tactric c tnh hot ng ln nht v acid citric hot ng yu nht trong nhng acid dng sn xut ko. Nng ti thiu ca ion hydro to ra ng t l 3,46. + Nng ca ion hydro cng cao th kh nng to ng t ca dung dch cng cao, khi ca mui ca acid pectit c thay th hon ton bng ion hydro mt cch nhanh chng v chuyn chng v acid pectit. Sau tip tc tng nng ion hydro th s khng c hiu qu na. + Hm lng ca acid dng to ng khng nhng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca acid m cn ph thuc vo s lng v cht lng ca pectin, hm lng ng. + Hm lng ion hydro cng cao th hm lng pectin dng cng t trong vic to ra ng t. + Nu pectin c kh nng ng t yu th nng ca acid nn tng nhng ch trong mt gii hn nht nh. + Hm lng acid cao lm tng hm lng ng chuyn ha do tng tnh ho nc ca sn phm.

Trang 4 3,2.

Phn tch thc phm

+ Pectin c cht lng tt th pH thch hp cho mi trng ng t l 3 + Hm lng ng t l nghch vi hm lng acid a vo. 2. Quy trnh sn xut pectin 2.1. Nguyn liu: Qu to, c ci ng, i hoa hng dng, v qu chanh, v bi, Hm lng pectin: B to 10-15% C ci ng 10-20% i hoa hng dng 15-25% V citrus 20-35% 2.2. Quy trnh sn xut:
Ci, b

Tch ht

Ht

X l ng

Xay nh

Dung dch long HCl Dung dch Na2CO3

Trch ly pectin

Trung ha

p, lc, c c chn khng

Rt bao b

Thanh trng

Ch phm pectin c c

Trang 5 Sn xut pectin dng bt kh t pectin c c:

Phn tch thc phm

Pectin c c

ng t

Cn 950

Lc ly b

Ra b

Cn 900

Sy chn khng

Nghin nh

Bt pectin

3. Phng php xc nh pectin 3.1. nh tnh: - nh tnh pectin da vo phn ng to thnh pectin hydroxamic acid ri cho tc dng vi FeCl3 to thnh phc c mu . - nh tnh da vo s to da vo s c mt ca acid galacturonic: ly mt t pectin ha tan vo 3-4ml nc, thm vi git ch acetate 10% v un trn ni cch thy u tin c kt ta trng ri dn dn c mu cam hi . - nh tnh da trn vi phu: lm mt nc v mt hot tnh cc enzym bng cch ngm vi phu trong aceton. Ra aceton vi 3-4 ln metanol. Cho vi phu vo mt hn hp gm 1ml thuc th hydroxyamin v mt 1ml natri hydroxit, quy 5 pht. Thm 1ml HCl etanol v quy 5 pht. Chuyn vi phu vo 2ml thuc th st ba, sau 10 pht vt ra v quan st di knh hin vi. - nh tnh da vo s to thnh cht ng: ly 5g pectin, thm 50ml nc, yn pectin trng ra, thm 25g ng ma tn thnh bt v un si 10-15 pht. Thm 1ml dung acid citric 40%. Sau 2-3 gi to thnh cht ng. 3.2. nh lng: - Xc nh hm lng pectin bng phng php pectat: x phng ha Trang 6 pectin thnh acid pectic sau cho kt ta vi CaCl2, ra vPhnkt ta. Tphm cn tch thc tnh c hm lng pectin. - Xc nh hm lng bng phng php so mu: mu kim nghim sau khi loi ng (chit bng etanol) c tc dng vi dung dch 0,5% EDTA

loi cc cation ha tr 2. Tip theo dng NaOH 1N x phng ha cc ester 2030 pht, acid ha n pH=5-5,5 bng acid acetic. Cho enzym depolymer ha tc dng trong 1 gi, lc. Cho dch lc tc dng vi acid H2SO4 m c ri vi dung dch 0,15% cabarzol trong cn. o mu bc sng 520nm i chiu vi ng cong mu nahydrouronic acid i t acid glacturonic. - Ngoi ra c th xc nh hm lng bng phng php o quay cc, o nht. 4. ng dng ca pectin trong cng ngh thc phm 4.1. Trong sn xut rau, qu Pectin l cht to ng c s dng to ra cu trc gel cho thc phm, t bit l rau, qu. N c kh nng gi mi t nhin trong ko ng hay cc sn phm khc, khng gy mi l. 4.2. Trong sn xut bnh ko Pectin lm tng tnh hp dn, to cu trc n hi, tng mi v tri cy t nhin v to b mt bng lng cho sn phm, n cng l cht to gel tt, tan nhanh v n nh. V vy n c ng nhiu trong cng nghip bnh ko nh: ko do, mc qu, 4.3. Trong ch bin sa - Pectin b sung hng v tri cy cho sn phm sa chua, pectin c cu trc mn trong yaourt gip phn b u mu tri cy nh trong sa. C tc dng n nh v gi tri cy khng b tch khi yaourt. - Trong yaourt ung, pectin bo v protein khng b bin tnh, ngn cn protein kt ta v s kt bng, gip sn phm n nh v t tnh cm quan tt nht, bo qun trong thi gian di. - Pectin phn ng vi canxi trong yaourt nhm ci thin cu trc ca yaourt. 4.4. Trong ch bin nc gii kht Vic s dng pectin trong cc sn phm ung rt ph hp v c cacbohydrat nng lng t nhin thp v n nh tnh c ca sn phm. 4.5. Mt s ng dng khc - Dng pectin hay pectat ch to bao b (mng) n c. - Dng nhiu trong sn xut thc n kin cho ngi mc bnh tiu ng. 5. Mt s lu khi s dng pectin trong cng ngh thc phm 5.1. Phi m bo v tinh sch khi s dng pectin Tiu chun Cht d bay hi Tro khng tan trong acid Sulfur dioxide Sodium methyl sulfate Trang 7 Methanol, ethanol v isopropanol Hm lng Nitrogen Galacturonic acid FAO max. 12% max. 1% max. 50 mg/kg max. 1% max. 2.5% FCC max. 12% max. 1% EEC max. 12% max. 1%

Rt bao b

max. 50 mg/kg max. 50 mg/kg max. 0,1% Phn tch thc phm max. 1% max. 1% max. 0.5% min. 65%

min. 65%

Tng Anhydrogalacturonides Mc amin ha Arsenic (ppm) Ch (ppm) ng (ppm) Zn (ppm)

min. 65% max. 25% max. 3 max.5 max.50 max. 25% max. 3 max.5 max. 25% max. 3 max. 10 max.25

5.2. Khi dng pectin cn lu : + Pectin c phn tn cn thn ha tan hon ton theo 2 cch: Cho pectin vo nc ri dng my trn. Trn pentin vi 5 ln hn hp sachcarose ri phn tn hn hp ny trong nc. + Pectin tan chm trong nc lnh nn dung dch ny c un nng ln. + Thi gian nu di s mt bn to gel. + trnh s ti c li, sn phm phi c thc hin trn nhit gel. 6. Ti liu tham kho 6.1.http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/cong-nghe-san-xuat-pectin.170186.html

6.2.http://giaoan.violet.vn/present/show?entry_id=4338583 6.3.http://www.hoahocngaynay.com/vi/nghien-cuu-giang-day/bainghien-cuu/86-pectin-va-ung-dung.html 6.4.http://www.slideshare.net/an_danh2002/xc-nh-hm-lng-pectin-vaacid-hu-c-tng-s-71210 6.5. http://www.duoclieu.org/2012/01/pectin.html 6.6.http://www.slideshare.net/an_danh2002/xc-nh-hm-lng-pectin-vaacid-hu-c-tng-s-71210 6.7.https://docs.google.com/viewer? a=v&q=cache:xKrai2iBkYoJ:www.nsl.hcmus.edu.vn/greenstone/collect/th esiskh/index/assoc/HASH015f/f2933786.dir/5.PDF+do+do+nhot+xac+din h+pectin&hl=vi&gl=vn&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiXiqMHK9Wlm0V4UO CrOQmvzTcv_rjv5858riAIoggsmhVcf9wPKjC9o57bXRh3oBKYmTHTB zQL6N8b7fbeH2ICaEuQWiHXJMxXwzSruwO0qCYfx8DJ3EbDG4QrqP OlrKuly0z&sig=AHIEtbSaXnic4hif_o56pYlmgIXMXkg0Ew