V MT NH NGHA KHC CA KHNG GIAN SOBOLEV

V trng Lng
Khoa Ton
Abstract. Sobolev spaces take an important part in studying the model partial differential equations. Hence,
0 m

in this paper, I introduce other definition of distributional partial derivatives and Sobolev spaces
n

is an open and bounded domain in Eclidean R (in particular,

0 1

W 2 (),

0 2

W 2 (0,1), W 2 (0,1)).

Tm tt. Trong phng trnh o hm ring hin i, th vn tm nghim th ca cc bi ton, c hiu

l nghim suy rng trong khng gian Sobolev. Sau tm mt s iu kin lm trn n n tr thnh
nghim c in. Do vy vic nghin cu cc khng gian Sobolev ng vai tr v cng quan trng trong l thuyt
phng trnh o hm ring hin i.
Trong bi vit ny ti a ra mt cch nh ngha khc ca o hm ring suy rng nh mt cch thc
trin ng mt cch t nhin ca cc ton t vi phn (kh ng) v t a ra mt cch nh ngha khc ca
0

khng gian Sobolev W

0

1), W

2
2

1
2

( ), l mt min m, b chn trong R , (c bit l cc khng gian

n

W 12 (0,

(0, 1)).

1. Ton t ng - kh ng.
1-1 Ton t ng.
nh ngha 1. B1 , B2 l hai khng gian Banach, J l mt khng gian con ca B1 , ton t
tuyn tnh T : B1 B2 c gi l ton t ng trn J nu gi s
{u n }n =1 J, u n u B1
( n )

Tu n v B 2

th u J v

v = Tu.
Ch :
+) T ng tng ng th G = {(u, Tu ) : u J

} l ng trong

B1 B1 .

+) T - b chn trn J , J - ng trong B1 suy ra T - l ton t ng.

V d: Ton t ng nhng khng b chn
d
1
: C [0,1 ] C [0,1 ]
dx
ua

C[

0 ,1

du
dx

{ } C[

1
0 ,1

* Gi s T b chn, suy ra C > 0 :|| Tu || C [0,1 ] C || u || C [0,1 ] ly dy vn

xn
c xc nh nh sau v n ( x) =
trn [0,1
n

]
C
0(n )( v l).
n

Tv n ( x ) = x n 1 , n 1 || Tv n ||C [0,1 ] = 1 || v n || C [0,1 ] =

* T ng
1
un C10,1 ] : un u (n ) trong C0,1 ]
suuu / 0,1 ] (n )

un
u C0,1 ]

Tu

u
(
n

)
trong
C

Tu

u
/
0,1
(
n

)
]
n
n suu
0,1 ]
Tu = v

1-2 Ton t kh ng.

nh ngha 2. B1 , B2 l hai khng gian Banach, J l mt khng gian con ca B1 , ton

t tuyn tnh T : B1 B2 c gi l ton t kh ng trn J B1 nu tn ti B1 J J

v ton t T : B1 B2 sao cho T ng trn J v T | J = T .

Mnh 1. T kh ng khi v ch khi nu u n J , u n 0, Tu n v B2 (*) v = 0.
Chng minh. T

kh ng J J ' sao cho T : J ' B2 ng, T ' | J = T , gi s

u n J J ' , u n 0 B1 , T ' u n = Tu n v B2 , T ' ng, suy ra 0 J ' v v = T ' 0 = 0 .

Ngc li: Chng ta nh ngha Ts nh sau (v gi Ts l ci m rng ng nh

nht ca T ).
D(Ts ) = {u B1 : v B2 , { u n

} D(T )

sao cho u n u trong B1 v tn ti

Tu n v B2 }.
t Ts u = v.
Do iu kin (*) th v l xc nh duy nht. By gi ta chng minh Ts ng. Cho

n D(Ts ), n u B1 , T n v khi mi n N * , {x n
|| n x n ||<

} D(T )

sao cho

1
.
n
|| T n Ts n ||<

1
x n v LimT n = LimTs n = v = T , D(Ts ).
n

2. p dng i vi ton t vi phn

Ta gi L2 (), l mt min m v b chn trong R n , l khng gian cc hm kh

tch (Lebesgue) bnh phng trn ( | f ( x ) | 2 dx < +); C 0 () l khng gian nhng hm
kh vi v hn c gi compact trong , C () l khng gian cc hm kh vi v hn trn .
Xt ton t vi phn:

T : C 0 () L2 ()
u a Tu =

a D u

0| | m

trong = ( 1 , 2 ,..., n ) l tp m a ch s v
| |= 1 + 2 + ... + n , D =

| |
, t J = C 0 (), a C (), | | m.
n
1
x1 ...x n

Mnh 2. T l ton t kh ng.

Chng minh. Ta phi chng minh {u n

} C ( ) : u n

0 trong L2 () v

Tu n v trong L2 () v = 0.
Tht vy:

C 0 () : (Tu n , ) L2 ( ) =

0| | m

(1) u n D u ( x) ( x)dx

(1) (u

| |

0| | m

a D u ( x) ( x)dx

0| | m

0 | | m

( 1) | | u n ( x) D u ( x) ( x)dx

, D (a )) L2 ( ) 0(n ).

(Tu n , ) 0( n ), (v, ) = 0, C 0 () v = 0.

t ton t (lin hp hnh thc ca T )

T * : C 0 () L2 () L2 ()

v a T *v =

(1) D (a v)

| |

0| | m

Nhn xt 1. Theo cng thc tch phn tng phn ta c

(Tv, ) L2 ( ) = (v, T * ) L2 ( ) , , v C 0 ().
*Thc trin mnh Ts :

J s = {u L2 () : v L2 (), {u n

}n=1 C0 () = J sao cho nu u n u

L2 () v tn ti Tu n v trong L2 () }.

trong

Ts : J s L2 ()

u a Ts u = v
Theo mnh 1 th Ts l mt thc trin ng ca T .
*Thc trin yu T :
J = {u L2 () : v L2 () : (u , T * ) = (v, ), C 0 () }.

Khi t ( Tw = v)
Tw : J w L2 ( )
u a Tw u = v
( u , T * w) = (( Tw v, w ), w C 0 ( ) ).
Mnh 3. Tw cng l ton t ng trn Lw v l thc trin ng ca T.
Chng minh. Tht vy, gi s {v n } J w : v n u L2 () v Tw u n v L2 ()
u n J w f L2 : (v n , Tw ) = ( f , w), n cho qua gii hn v do tnh lin tc ca gii
hn ca tch v hng ta c (u , T * w) = ( f , w) (1) u J w .
Theo nh ngha ca Tw ta c:
( Tw v n , w)

( v n , T * w) =

(v, w), w C 0 () (v, w) = ( f , w), w C 0 v = f v t (1) do nh ngha ca Tw ta c

f = Tw u v theo nhn xt ca 1 th Tw

T .

Mnh 4. Ts l thc trin ng cc tiu ca T .

Chng minh. Gi s T l mt thc trin ng ca T
J J , T : J L2 ()

u a

Tu, T

=T

Gi s u J s {u n } C 0 () J : u n u L2 () v Tu n v = Ts u v T ng
T u = v

u J

J s J

T | J = Ts

 Ts l thc trin cc tiu ca T . Nh vy hoc T l thc trin ca Ts hoc T = Ts .

Nhn xt 2. Nu a l hng s th T = Ts .
Tht vy:
J = {u L2 () : v L2 (), (u , T * ) = (v, ), C 0 ()

= {u L2 () : v L2 (), (1) | | uD dx = vdx

| |1

a l hng.

u J , C () : (u, T * ) = (v, ) hay:

u( x) (1)

| | m

| |

D a ( x)dx = v( x) ( x)dx .

V C 0 () tr mt trong L2 () (theo chun ca L2 ()) u n C 0 () sao cho

|| u n u || 0(n ).
Mt khc:

(Tu n , ) =

a D u

| | m

(x) (x)dx = u n (x) (1)| | D (a )dx = (u n , T * ) (u, T * ) = (v, )

| | m

Hay

Lim(Tu n , ) = (u, T * ) = (v, ), C 0 () Lim(Tu n v, ) = 0, C 0 () Tu n v

n

trong L2 ().
Vy u J , T u = v = Ts u do T = Ts .
3. nh ngha o hm suy rng theo mt cch khc.
Xt ton t vi phn
T : C 0 () L2 ()

u a Tu =

0 || m

Du

a m = 1, a = 0, | |< m, u C 0 (), gi T(m ) l thc trin yu ca T v J (m ) l tp

xc nh tng ng ca n.
nh ngha 3. Nu tn ti v L2 () sao cho (u, T * ) L2 ( ) = (v, ) L2 ( ) , C 0 (), th
T( m ) u = Ts( m ) u c gi l o hm suy rng cp m ca u .

0 m

nh ngha 4. Ta gi W 2 () =

I J

( )

vi chun

| | m

= ( || T u ||
( )

|| u || 0 m

W 2 ()

L2 ( )

1
2

| | m

l khng gian cc hm c o hm suy rng n cp m v tt c cc o hm ny u thuc

L2 ().
T ( ) =

V d:

d
du

:
C
(
0
,
1
)

L
(
0
,
1
)
;
u
a
Tu
=
, = 1,2.
0
2
dx
dx

T ( ) kh ng trn J = C 0 (0,1) theo mnh 1.

Gi T

( )

l cc thc trin ng ca T ( ) v

} C 0 () u L2 ()

J ( ) = {u L2 (0,1) : v L2 (0,1), {u n

v Tu n v = T( ) u

} l tp

xc nh ca n.
0 2

Nh chng ta bit nh ngha khng gian: W 2 (0,1) bao y ca khng gian

C 0 () di chun:
0 2
du 2
2
|| u ||= ( | | dx) , u W 2 (0,1)
2 0 dx
1

(*)
0 2

(xem [1], [3]). Nh vy vi u W 2 (0,1) th tn ti mt dy Cauchy trong {u j

trong C (0,1) theo chun (*) hi t ti u . Khi {u j }, {

Cauchy trong L2 (0,1), L2 (0,1) y

du j
dx

du j
dx

}, {

d 2u j
dx 2

} l dy

hi t trong L2 (0,1), = 0,1,2 ta gi gii hn

ca chng tng ng l v , = 0,1,2(v0 = u ). C ngha l:

1
d u j ( x) 2
du

|| v || L2 ( 0,1) = | v( ) ( x)
| dx 0( j ).
dx
dx
0

Nh vy cc v , = 0,1,2, ging nh l cc o hm suy rng ca u m ta

nh ngha trn. Hay u L2 (0,1) v {u j
0 1

} C0 (0,1), u j

u | L2 ( 0,1) v

0 2

T( ) u = v ( ) L2 (0,1), = 1,2 v W 2 (0,1) = J (1) , W 2 (0,1) = J (1) J ( 2) .

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] R.A.Sobolev Spaces Acedemic Press 1975.
[2] Hille E Phillips R.S Funtion Analysis and Semi groups, colloq Pube.Amer,
Math Soc. 1975.
[3] Yosida. Funtion Analy Sis. Sping Verlag. Berlin Heidelberg New York 1980.