B nng nghip v pht trin nng thn

H tr thc thi chin l-c quc gia

Cp n-c v v sinh nng thn

ti liu thng tin gip la chn

cc loi hnh cp n-c
v v sinh nng thn

H Ni, nm 2003

Ti liu thng tin gip la chn cc loi hnh cp n-c v v sinh nng thn

mc lc

Ni dung

Trang

Gii thiu chung ................................................................................................................................. 5

Ch-ng i: Cc cng trnh cp n-c nng thn .................................................................... 7

I. Nh th no c gi l nc sch?................................................................................ 7
II. Cc cng trnh cp nc nh l.......................................................................................... 7
1. B, lu cha nc ma................................................................................................... 7
2. Ging o.................................................................................................................... 9
3. Ging khoan h gia nh............................................................................................. 11
III. Cc cng trnh cp nc tp trung................................................................................... 12
1. H thng cp nc tp trung bm dn s dng ngun nc mt............................. 12
2. H thng cp nc tp trung bm dn s dng ngun nc ngm.......................... 14
3. H thng cp nc t chy.........................................................................................16
Ch-ng ii: Cc cng trnh v sinh nng thn........................................................................ 18

1. Nh th no l nh tiu hp v sinh?......................................................................... 18
2. Nh tiu o ci tin....................................................................................................18
3. Nh tiu thm, di....................................................................................................... 20
4. Nh tiu t hoi........................................................................................................... 22
5. Nh tiu sinh thi........................................................................................................ 24
6. Chung tri hp v sinh.............................................................................................. 26
7. Hm Biogas............................................................................................................. 28
Ti liu tham kho.............................................................................................................................. 31

Ti liu thng tin gip la chn cc loi hnh cp n-c v v sinh nng thn

Gii thiu chung

Chin lc Quc gia v cp nc sch v v sinh nng thn n 2020 v ang c trin
khai trn phm vi ton quc thng qua cng tc ca cc tuyn truyn vin cp thn, xm,
bn. Ti liu ny l cng c gip cc tuyn truyn vin trong vic hng dn ngi dn la
chn cc loi hnh cp nc v v sinh nng thn. ng thi ti liu cn cung cp cho cc h
gia nh nhng thng tin v gii php cho cc loi hnh cp nc v v sinh nng thn c
la chn.
i tng s dng: l cc tuyn truyn vin, cc h gia nh nng thn.

Ti liu thng tin gip la chn cc loi hnh cp n-c v v sinh nng thn

Ch-ng I: Cc cng trnh

cp n-c nng thn.
I. Nh- th no -c gi l n-c sch?
Nc c coi l sch khi n:
- Khng mu, khng mi, khng v,
- Trong, khng c vn c,
- Khng c vi trng v cc cht gy bnh.
Ngoi ra, cn phi t tiu chun v cht lng nc do B Y t ban hnh.

ii. Cc cng trnh cp n-c nh l

II.1. B, lu cha nc ma.
l

B, lu cha n-c m-a l g?

Mt b, lu cha nc ma hon chnh phi bao gm: mi hng, mng thu, ng dn v
b, lu cha.
+ Mi hng: Tt nht l mi ngi, mi tn hoc mi bng b tng. Ngoi ra ngi ta
cn c th hng nc bng bt, cy...
+ Mng thu: Lm bng tn hoc c th lm bng ng tre, na, thn cau b i... Mng
ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic thu hng, cn c treo cn thn c th
hng c nhiu nc nht trong mi ln ma.
+ B cha: C th xy bng gch hoc , tu thuc vo iu kin c th ca tng ni
chn loi vt liu ph hp. Dung tch b thng t 4m3 n 10m3.
+ Lu cha: C th lm bng t nung hoc lm bng xi mng, ct vng v dm bt
3

theo cng ngh Thi Lan. Dung tch lu thng t vi trm lt n 2m .

l

u im:
- Cht lng nc ma tt, k thut thu hng nc n gin.

- Lu cha nc 2m3 theo cng ngh Thi Lan c u im d lm, d vn chuyn, bn, t
tn vt t v gi thnh thp hn b xy.
- L gii php hin nay cho mt s vng khan him nc.
l

Nh-c im:
- Do c im kh hu ca nc ta ma kh thng t ma v b/lu thng c dung tch
nh, d tr c t nc nn phi hn ch nc dng hng ngy cho nhu cu ti thiu
nh: n, ung hoc ra mt, nh rng...

L-u :
- Nc u mi cn ma thng c nhiu cht bn, do cn phi loi b.
- Nn lc nc trc khi cho chy vo b cha
- Mng thu nc nn c lt p li sau cn ma trnh ng l cy v bi. Thng
xuyn kim tra v b sung ct lc vo b lc th.
- Khi cn nc trong b nn thau ra v sinh b cha.
- B, lu cha nc nu khng c che y cn thn s l ni sinh sn ca mui, ngun
gc ca nhiu cn bnh nguy him.
- Nu mi hng, mng thu khng thch hp th hn ch hiu qu s dng ngun nc ma.

-c s dng trong iu kin nh- th no?

p dng cho cc vng dn c tha tht v cc vng khan him nc.

V lu (XM + dm)
Lp cp pha g
Lp o bn t
Khun b tng

Ct f20

Ghi ch:

Rnh gim trng

ca b tng

30

Mi kt dnh khun
bng t st
Lng y gia cng

y lu (XM + bt)
cp phi 1:4

S b cu trc lu cha 2m3

- B khun b tng c 48
ming bao gm 8 lp, mi
lp 6 ming
- Lp cp pha g gm 5-7
ming, mi lp 4 ming
- V lu xy va xi mngbt dy 80mm

Ti liu thng tin gip la chn cc loi hnh cp n-c v v sinh nng thn

Mt ct 1-1

Mt bng

Ging G

H Thu Cn
Ca b

Mt ct 2-2

ng x cn
ng x trn

Np b bng tn 1mm

Vi ra f20

Lt chng
xi mn nn b

I=%
ng x trn

Sn ra

Vi ra f20
Rnh thot nc L> 2m

H thu cn

S b cu trc b cha n-c m-a

II.2. Ging o
l

Ging o l g?
Ging thu nc ngm tng nng thng c gi l ging o hay ging khi. y l
loi hnh cp nc ph bin nc ta

Cu to:
+ Thnh ging: Xy gch hoc bng ng b tng c sn (ng bi), c tc dng nh
hnh, ging khng b st l v nng cao cht lng nc trong ging.
+ Np ging: Lm bng b tng c sn hoc bng g, tn..., hnh trn khp vi ming
ging, np ging c tc dng trnh bi t, l cy ri rng lm bn nc trong ging.
+ Nn ging: Bng b tng, gch, , m bo thun tin khi s dng ng thi ngn
chn dng nc bn chy trc tip xung di ging. Nn ging phi c rnh dn nc
thi ra xa v tr ging.
+ Dng c ly nc: bng gu mc, bm tay hoc bm in nh
+ Vt liu lc: gm si, ct ri y ging lc cho nc trong v khi bm khng b
vn c.

u im:
- Thun tin, d s dng;

- C th s dng vt liu v sc lao ng a phng nn tit kim c chi ph

xy dng.
- Ph hp vi iu kin kinh t, t nhin nhiu vng nng thn nc ta trong giai on
hin nay.
l

Nh-c im:
- Khng ph hp vi vng l lt;
- Ngun nc ging o thng d b nhim do phn thi t nh tiu, chung gia sc,
... ngm xung ngun nc.

L-u :
- Lu lng v cht lng nc tu thuc vo tng vng t khc nhau;
- Ging o phi cch xa cc ngun gy nhim (nh tiu, chung gia sc, ...) ti thiu
l 15m.

-c s dng trong iu kin nh- th no?

p dng rng ri vng ng bng, trung du, ni thp ni c nc ngm mch nng.

II.3. Ging khoan h gia nh

l

Ging khoan h gia nh l g?

L ging thu nc ngm tng nng hoc tng su thng c khoan bng tay
hoc bng my.

Cu to:
+ ng lng ct: di 1m, lm bng ng nha PVC f48 - f60, dy 2,5mm
+ ng lc rb: chiu di tu thuc vo b dy tng cha, bng nha PVC f48 - f60.
+ ng chng: bng nha PVC f48 - f60, dy 2,5mm, chiu di tu thuc vo su
ca tng cha nc.
+ C ging: Lm bng ng st trng km, di 0,5m, gn vi ng chng bng mt mng
xng nha mt u ren, mt u trn.
+ Bm tay: c gn vo u c ging, dng bm nc vi mc nc ng cch
mt t khng qu 7m. Nu mc nc ng trn 7m (hoc c iu kin kinh t) c th
s dng bm in.
+ Nn ging: Lng xi mng rng 4m2, c rnh thot nc thi.

10

Ti liu thng tin gip la chn cc loi hnh cp n-c v v sinh nng thn

S cu trc ging ci to
Ging o kiu 1

Mt ct
Tr bm

Ca ln xung

ng km

Ca thng hi

Sn ra I=2%
Tr bm

st chn

Ct nha
Khu ging
BTCT
ng nha PVC L=3-11m
I=0,2%
AXB=4m2

on ng un cong
Ct lc
Lp si

u im:
- D s dng, nc sch, hp v sinh.
- Gi thnh thp, mt ging khoan c th cp nc cho nhiu h gia nh.
- n nh nc c vo ma kh.
- Cng trnh gn chim t din tch.

Nh-c im:
- Khi xy dng i hi phi c chuyn mn.

L-u :
- ng lc phi lp ng a tng ca tng cha nc.
- Nu nc c st > 0,5mg/l cn x l theo ng qui trnh trc khi s dng.
- Ging cch xa nh tiu, chung gia sc, hoc cc ngun gy nhim khc t nht l 15m.
- Ngi s dng phi nm c qui trnh s dng v bo dng bm tay.

-c s dng trong iu kin nh- th no?

p dng nhng vng c tng nc ngm c cht lng nc m bo cho n
ung v sinh hot.

11

Ging khoan lp bm tay

Bm tay

ng km
Tr ging

Sn ging lt gch

St chn
t trng trt

Tng cch nc
(st, ct)

ng PVC

St

ng lc PVC

ng lng PVC
Tng ly nc
si, cui ,ln ct ht th

iii. Cc cng trnh cp n-c tp trung

III.1. H thng cp nc tp trung bm dn s dng ngun nc mt.
l

H thng cp n-c tp trung bm dn s dng ngun n-c mt l g?

L h thng cp nc cho nhiu h gia nh; nc c bm t sng, sui, h qua khu
x l ri a n cc h s dng nc

Cu to
H thng cp nc tp trung bm dn s dng ngun nc mt gm c:
- Cng trnh thu nc (c th l sng, sui, h)

L-u :
- Nhn dn cn phi tham gia ng gp xy dng cng trnh;
- Cn thu tin s dng nc ph hp vi iu kin kinh t ca a phng bo dng,
vn hnh nhm duy tr v m rng hot ng ca h thng;

12

Ti liu thng tin gip la chn cc loi hnh cp n-c v v sinh nng thn

- B cha nc sch
- Cng trnh x l cht lng nc
- Trm bm cp 2 hoc thp nc
- H thng ng ng phn phi
- Nguyn tc hot ng: nc c bm t sng, sui, h qua khu x l cht lng nc
v c cha trong b c dung tch ln. Sau nc c bm ln thp cao hoc trc
tip y thng vo h thng ng ng dn n cc h s dng (trng hp khng cn
thp cha).
l

u im:
- Qun l cng trnh c tp trung;
- Cht lng nc v khi lng nc m bo n nh, tho mn nhu cu ca ngi s
dng;
- L cch khai thc, s dng v bo v ngun ti nguyn nc hp l nht.

Nh-c im:
- Cng tc vn hnh v bo dng cng trnh i hi phi c chuyn mn, k thut;
- Chi ph cho x l nc cao, c bit khi ngun nc c s thay i (ma kh sang ma
ma hm lng ph sa trong nc tng).
- Chi ph qun l, vn hnh, bo dng cao.

S dy chuyn cng ngh h thng cp n-c tp trung s dng ngun n-c mt

Nh ha cht

Thng phn Thng Clojaven

Thit b tip xc phn ng

ng dn phn
ng dn Clojaven

Trm bm cp 1

Cm b lc ni - lc ct

B cha nc sch

Trm bm tng p

ng dn nc th
ng dn nc th

ng x ra lc
VL
lc ni

MN.Max

Bm ra lc Bm nc sch

Ct
lc

ng ht bm
tng p ra lc

MN.Min

ng cp nc ra mng li

ng cp nc ra lc
Hng thu nc

My bm chm

13

- thc v s quan tm ng gp ca mi ngi lun gi vai tr quan trng trong vic

m bo duy tr s hot ng lu di ca h thng;
- Phi bo v khu vc ngun nc tht tt.
l

-c s dng trong iu kin nh- th no?

Thng c p dng vng dn c tp trung v c ngun nc ngm hn ch hoc
khng s dng c cho mc ch n ung v sinh hot.

III.2. H thng cp nc tp trung bm dn s dng ngun nc ngm.

l

H thng cp n-c tp trung bm dn s dng ngun n-c ngm l g?

L h thng cp nc cho nhiu h gia nh; nc c bm t ging khoan qua khu
x l ri a n cc h s dng nc.

Cu to

H thng cp nc tp trung bm dn s dng ngun nc ngm gm c:

- Ging khoan su ng knh ln.
- Cng trnh x l cht lng nc
- B cha nc sch
- Trm bm cp 2 hoc thp nc
- H thng ng ng phn phi
- Nguyn tc hot ng: nc c bm t ging khoan qua khu x l cht lng nc ri
c cha trong b c dung tch ln. Sau nc c bm ln thp cao hoc trc tip y
thng vo h thng ng ng dn n cc h s dng (trng hp khng cn thp cha).
l

u im:
- Qun l cng trnh c tp trung;
- Cht lng nc m bo n nh, tho mn nhu cu ca ngi s dng;
- L cch khai thc, s dng v bo v ngun ti nguyn nc hp l nht.

Nh-c im:
- Cng tc vn hnh v bo dng cng trnh i hi phi c chuyn mn, k thut;
- Chi ph qun l, vn hnh, bo dng cao.

14

Ti liu thng tin gip la chn cc loi hnh cp n-c v v sinh nng thn

L-u :
- Ngi s dng phi tham gia ng gp xy dng cng trnh;
- Cn thu tin s dng nc ph hp vi iu kin kinh t ca a phng bo dng,
vn hnh nhm duy tr v m rng hot ng ca cng trnh.
- thc v s quan tm ng gp ca mi ngi lun gi vai tr quan trng trong vic
m bo duy tr s hot ng lu di ca cng trnh.
- C nhng vng nc t ging khoan c cht lng tt, do vy c th khng cn phi
qua x l.
- Phi bo v khu vc ngun nc tht tt.

-c s dng trong iu kin nh- th no?

Thng c p dng vng tp trung dn c v c ngun nc ngm di do, cht
lng nc tt, s dng c cho mc ch n ung v sinh hot.

S dy chuyn cng ngh h thng cp n-c tp trung s dng ngun n-c ngm

Nh ha cht

Thit b lm thong ti trng cao

Trm bm ging

Trm bm tng p

Cm b lc ni - Lc ct

ng phn phi nc th

B cha nc sch

ng x ra lc

VL lc ni
Bm nc sch

Bm ra lc

ct lc

ng cp nc ra lc
ng ht bm tng p - Bm ra lc
My bm chm
ng cp nc ra mng li

15

III. 3. H thng cp nc t chy.

l

H thng cp n-c t chy l g?

L h thng cp nc cho nhiu h gia nh; nc t sui hoc mch l qua khu x l
ri a n cc h s dng nc do s chnh lch v cao.

Cu to
- Cng trnh thu nc;
- Cng trnh x l cht lng nc;
- Cc b cha nc sch;
- H thng phn phi n tng gia nh hoc n cc cm gia nh.

C hai loi h thng cp nc t chy:

+ Mng ln: Nc t khe sui c hng chy thng vo ng ng lm bng tre, na,
lung ... dn n tng gia nh. Thng th ngun nc ny khng c x l v h thng
mng dn khng c bo qun tt nn cht lng nc thng khng t tiu chun
v sinh (loi hnh ny khng c miu t cc phn sau).
+ H thng cp nc t chy: l h thng c xy dng phc tp hn, c cng trnh thu
nc, b x l nc, cc b cha nc sch v h thng ng bng km hoc bng nha
cao phn t (HDPE) dn n tng h gia nh hoc n cc cm gia nh.
l

u im:
- Cht lng nc tng i m bo
- n gin, thun tin, r tin.
- Rt ph hp vi vng ni.
- Khng cn nng lng vn hnh cng trnh.

Nh-c im:
- Cng tc vn hnh v bo dng cng trnh i hi phi c chuyn mn, k thut;
- Qu trnh cp nc c th b gin on khi ngun nc c s thay i (ma kh sang
ma ma hm lng ph sa trong nc tng).

L-u :
- Ngi s dng phi tham gia ng gp xy dng cng trnh;
- Cn thu tin s dng nc ph hp vi iu kin kinh t ca a phng bo dng,
vn hnh nhm duy tr v m rng hot ng ca cng trnh.

16

Ti liu thng tin gip la chn cc loi hnh cp n-c v v sinh nng thn

- thc v s quan tm ng gp ca mi ngi lun gi vai tr quan trng trong vic

m bo duy tr s hot ng lu di ca cng trnh.
- Phi bo v khu vc ngun nc tht tt.
- Cng trnh u ngun thng xa khu dn c nn rt kh trong cng tc qun l.
l

-c s dng trong iu kin nh- th no?

Thng c p dng min ni, ni tp trung dn c v c ngun nc sui hoc mch
l chnh cao hn khu vc dn c.

S dy chuyn cng ngh h thng cp n-c t chy

Cng trnh thu nc

B lc chm

B cha nc sch

Ct lc

Ra mng li

17

Ch-ng II: Cc cng trnh v sinh

nng thn.
1. Nh th no l nh tiu hp v sinh?
l

Nh tiu hp v sinh phi m bo v mt v sinh nh- sau:

+ Khng l nguyn nhn lm ly lan bnh tt;
+ Khng lm nhim bn cc ngun nc;
+ Khng c rui, mui v cc loi cn trng truyn bnh khc.
+ Khng to kh nng sc vt, th vt c th tip cn c vi phn.

2. Nh tiu o ci tin
l

Nh tiu o ci tin l g?
L loi nh tiu o n gin, song c ci tin bng cch cho thm ng thng hi cao
lm gim mi hi thi trong nh tiu, gp phn lm thot nhanh hi nc trong b
phn v khng ch rui nhng.

Cu to
+ Phn cha phn l mt h su 1,5 - 3m, y hnh trn ng knh 1,2m hoc y hnh
ch nht (1,5 x 0,6)m. Thnh h c th c k bng thanh tre, g hoc chng l.
+ Np h c th c sn bng xi mng li st hay an bng tre, ghp bng l c cha
h i tin (0,2 x0,3) m. H i tin phi c np y vi cn cm di thun tin cho vic
nhc ln t xung.
+ Cn phi lu rng np h phi lm tht chc chn trnh sp h v gy tai nn.
Nn tro hay t bt vo h sau mi ln i ngoi.
+ Khi h y phi lp t k v phi lm h mi, c th chuyn ton b phn ni sang
lp cho h mi.

u im:
- Cu to rt n gin, d xy dng;
- Chi ph r, ngi dn c th t lm ly;
- Khng cn nc vn hnh.

18

Ti liu thng tin gip la chn cc loi hnh cp n-c v v sinh nng thn

Nh-c im:
- C chc nng thu gom phn, nhng cha c chc nng x l nn vn cn nguy c
nhim mm bnh t phn.
+ D gy nhim ngun nc.

L-u : Khng ph hp vi nhng ni sau:

- Nhng vng c mc nc ngm cao, c bit khng dng cho nhng vng b ngp lt.
- Nhng vng c gc gn mt t hay nhng ch c m ci to.
- Nhng vng t yu v h o phi gia c thnh v do rt t.
- Phi t xa v tr ngun nc t nht l 15 m.

-c s dng trong iu kin nh- th no?

p dng thch hp vi cc h gia nh min ni, trung du... (Ni t rng, t t thm,
mc nc ngm thp, ni him nc sinh hot).

S cu trc nh tiu o ci tin

Mt ct A-A

Li chn rui

Mt bng

L tiu
f 150
ng thng hi

Ghi ch:
- Hai tm b ngi ghp li
mi tm bng b tng l-i
thp1200x1000x50
- Nh bao che c th lm
bng tre, g

19

3. Nh tiu thm, di.

l

Nh tiu thm, di l g?
L nh tiu c b x di nc v ng dn phn vo b cha phn, y v thnh b
khng bt kn.

Cu to:
+ B cha phn c th l 1 ngn hoc 2 ngn. Nu b cha phn 1 ngn th c xy
trong lng t c kch thc hnh vung 0,8m x 0,8m hoc hnh trn ng knh 0,8m v
chiu su 1,2 m. y v thnh b khng c bt kn, m cho nc t thm vo t.
C th xy bng gch, c cch mt khong nht nh th cha mt l hng thm
nc.
Nu 2 ngn th gm 1 ngn cha v 1 ngn thm. Ngn cha c kch thc 0,8mx0,8m,
c xy kn v c y b. Ngn cha cn ht cn sau 2-3 nm. Ngn thm th y v
b khng c bt kn m cho nc t thm. C th xy bng gch, c cch mt
khong nht nh th cha 1 l hng nh thot nc.
+ Phn b x c th t c hoc mua b c sn kiu xm hoc bt.
+ Nh bao che: C th xy bng gch hoc lm tm bng tre, g, na tu thuc vo
iu kin kinh t ca tng h gia nh.

u im:
+ C nt nc, tn t nc di hn so vi nh tiu t hoi;
+ Sch s, khng rui mui, khng c mi hi;

Nh-c im:
+ K thut xy dng kh phc tp;
+ Phi c nc di;
+ D gy nhim ngun nc, c bit i vi vng c mc nc ngm thp;
+ Khng tn dng c ngun phn bn.

L-u :
- Khng p dng cho nhng vng c mc nc ngm cao (<7m).
- Khng thch hp vi nhng vng thng b l lt hoc t kh thm nc.

-c s dng trong iu kin nh- th no?

Xy dng nhng ni c ngun nc di do, cht t d thm v khng c nguy c
lm nhim ngun nc ngm.

20

Ti liu thng tin gip la chn cc loi hnh cp n-c v v sinh nng thn

S cu trc nh tiu thm di n-c

Mt ct 1-1
Lp lng chng thm
hoc- tm an BTCT dy 40, trt mch
- Tre gch, Tt mch
- BTCT dy 40mm

Mt ct 2-2

Gch t nging to
khong trng thot gi

Ngn thm

Lp lng XM - ct 1:3
1 lp gch vin
lp ct 10mm
t, ct, gch vn m k
Lp b cha phn BTCT
(khng dng vi)
Rnh thng hi

Ngn cha+ lng

Xp D50-100

L thm
xp hc

C trn
200x100
ngn cha +
Thm
Tng ngn gia hai b
xy kn, trt XM chng thm

21

4. Nh tiu t hoi.
l

Nh tiu t hoi l
Loi hnh nh tiu tin tin, hin i, hnh thc s dng n gin, phn c phn hu
hon ton, khng nh hng n mi trng xung quanh.

Cu to:
+ Cu trc nh tiu t hoi gm mt bung v sinh trong c b ngi (bng snh s
hoc b tng) v ng ni vi b t hoi. B t hoi c th gm nhiu ngn v thng
c xy bng gch, trt xi mng vi th tch khong 3 - 5m3. B t hoi cn ht cn
sau 3 - 5 nm.
+ Nh tiu t hoi kiu kinh in c lp ct lc trc khi thi nc ra mi trng. Lng
nc ny c lc trong t theo cc rnh ngm hoc chy ra h ao, cng rnh.

u im:
+ Sch s v vn minh, khng b rui mui.
+ t gy nhim mi trng, ngun nc.
+ Xy dng ngay trong nh.

Nh-c im:
+ Gi thnh cao, tn nc;
+ Cn c b x v b nc;
+ Xy dng tn km, tn din tch;
+ nh k phi c xe ht phn.

-c s dng trong iu kin nh- th no?

p dng ch yu nhng ni pht trin kinh t, dn c ng c v khng c nhu cu
s dng phn (th trn, th t, ...).

22

Ti liu thng tin gip la chn cc loi hnh cp n-c v v sinh nng thn

S cu trc b cha phn nh tiu t hoi

Mt ct 2-2

Mt bng

Mt ct 1-1

Ghi ch:
- Thnh b xy bng gch c 75# dy
220mm, dng va xi mng ct vng mc
50. Mt ngoi trt va xi mng ct vng
50#. Mt trong v y b trt va 100#,
dy 20, chia lm 2 lp c nh mu va
xi mng

23

5. Nh tiu sinh thi.

l

Nh tiu sinh thi l g?

L loi nh tiu c xy dng da trn c s nh tiu 2 ngn c, nhng c ci to
bng cch lp thm ng thng hi.

Cu to:
+ B cha phn: gm hai ngn chung vch. Nn b phn cao hn mt bng chung
quanh t nht 50cm. tng sau, ti mi b c 01 ca ly phn nm st y. Ca ny
s c y li bng tm an c sn dy 3 cm c quai ko ra.
Trn u tng ngn gia hai b ti v tr lp ng thng hi cn cha 01 l c tit din bng
ng thng hi khng kh trong c hai b c th thot ra ng thng hi theo ng ny.
+ Tm an y b phn: c c bng b tng li st mc 250. Khi c phi cha l
hnh ch nht lp va b tiu c sn. B tiu s t vo trung tm ca tm an khi
lm nn nh tiu. Hai np y l tiu c lm bng cch dng a nha, y 80 - 100
mm, ming ln hn 140 mm, dng mt que st f 6 mm un thnh hnh thang rng
c th dng bn chn nhc np ln.
+ B tiu: B tiu c th lm bng mi, snh s hoc composit. Nc tiu s c
mng tp trung v dn xung di b tiu qua mt ci ct li ri thot ra ngoi theo mt
ng nha PVC. Nh b mt trn lng, thot nc nhanh, khng ng nn loi b tiu
ny trnh c mi khai.
+ Nh bao che: C th xy bng gch hoc lm tm bng tre, g, na tu thuc vo
iu kin kinh t ca tng h gia nh.
+ ng thng hi: dng kh mi, gip phn kh nhanh v hn ch rui.

u im:
+ Chi ph u t khng cao, k thut xy dng v vn hnh n gin.
+ C kh nng ng dng trong cng tc ci to cc nh v sinh c.
+ Ph hp vi tp qun s dng phn trong nng nghip.

Nh-c im:
+ Cc cng trnh yu cu phi t ti ni thong gi v c nh nng.
+ Cn thit phi c cht n trong qu trnh x l phn.

c s dng trong iu kin nh- th no?

p dng ch yu cc vng nng thn; c bit nhng ni ngi nng dn c nhu
cu s dng phn.

24

Ti liu thng tin gip la chn cc loi hnh cp n-c v v sinh nng thn

Nha tiu hai ngn Vinasanres

Mt ct 2-2

Li chn rui

ng thng hi

ng dn nc tiu

Vt cha nc tiu

Mt bng

Mc st ci f10
Ca ly phn

L tiu f 150

Ca ct p

25

6. Chung tri hp v sinh.

l

Nh- th no l chung tri hp v sinh?

Chung tri chn nui hp v sinh l nhng chung tri p ng c cc yu cu sau:
+ Khng lm nhim t, ngun nc ngm v ngun nc mt xung quanh;
+ Khng c mi hi thi, khng lm mt m quan ngoi cnh;
+ Khng c rui, nhng v cc cn trng truyn bnh khc;
+ Phi c h thng thot nc, ngn cha v phn ring.

S l-c v cu to.
- B , cha phn chm c th tch 3m3. B c nn bng xi mng ct thp, tng xy
gch ch, trt va XM mc 75. Np y c bng b tng ct thp c quai thp
d dng nhc ra ly phn khi y b.
- Rnh thot nc thi xy gch, trt va XM mc 75, chiu di 10 m.
- Nn chung lng va xi mng hoc bng x than.
- Nh bao che c th xy bng gch hoc lm tm bng tre, g, na tu thuc vo iu
kin kinh t ca tng h.

Tin ch:
- c phn trc khi s dng phn lm phn bn.
- Trnh c mi hi thi v nn nh c th ra c thng xuyn
Mu chung ln tht 5 con - mu 1

Mt ng

26

Mt bn

Ti liu thng tin gip la chn cc loi hnh cp n-c v v sinh nng thn

Mt bng

Thuyt minh:
- Chung ln c thit k vi quy m 4-5 con ln tht trng
lng xut chung mi con 90kg

ng thot

H phn

ng thot
H phn

A
Mng n

B x l
cht tthi

- Nh xy thu hi trc 1 v trc 3, cc vch ngn: trc A xy

cao 50cm cc vch ngn xy cao 80cm bng gch c 75#
va XM 50#. Trt trong v ngoi bng va XM 50#
- Nn chung ln lt gch my, cht mch bng va xi mng
#75. Nn h phn v h b tng gch v XM #25 lng
va XM #75
- Mi lp ngi my 22 vin 1m2 I=60%
- Ton nh qut vi 3 nc mu trng
- Chung ln c thit k hng nam hoc ng nam
- Hng rnh thot nc tu theo v tr c th thi cng

- Vt liu chnh:
- Xi mng

1109kg

- Ct vng

3,6 m3

- Ct en

1,7m3

- G

0,29m3

- Ngi

328 vin

- Thp

12,7kg

Mu chung ln tht 5 con - mu 2

27

Mu chung nui tru b 2-3 con

Mt bn

Mt ng

H phn

Mt bng
B

Thuyt minh:
- Chung tru b c thit k vi quy m 2-3
- Nh dng bng ct tre, mi lin kt vi v ko
g I=60%

H phn

- Nn chung lt gch my, cht mch bng

va xi mng #75. - Nn h phn b tng
gch v XM #25 lng va XM #75
- Mi lp tn Fibr ximng I=60%
- Bao xung quanh chung ng cc tre (hoc
cc g) cao 1-1,5m
- Ca chung tn dng lun hng ro bc bao
xung quanh

- Vt liu chnh:
- Xi mng

1 m3

- Ct en

1 m3

- G

0,554 m3

- Tn

8-10 tm

- Thp

28

100kg

- Ct vng

20.8 kg

ti liu thng tin gip la chn cc loi hnh cp n-c v v sinh nng thn

7. Hm Biogas.
l

Hm Biogas l g?
L hm , cha phn chn nui v c th to kh Biogas dng trong sinh hot.

S l-c v cu to:
Trong thc t, hu ht cc hm Biogas c p dng cc nc ang pht trin l
nhng thit b n gin, hot ng theo ch np nguyn liu b sung thng xuyn.
Cc hm ny c 5 b phn nh sau:
+ B phn phn hu: L ni cha nguyn liu v m bo nhng iu kin thun li cho
qu trnh phn hu k kh xy ra. y l b phn ch yu ca hm, hay cn gi l th
tch phn hu.
+ B phn cha kh: Kh sinh ra t b phn phn hu c thu v cha y. Yu cu
c bn ca b phn cha kh l phi kn.
+ Li vo: L ni np nguyn liu b sung vo b phn hu.
+ Li ra: Nguyn liu sau khi phn hu c ly ra (gi l b thi) qua y nhng
ch cho nguyn liu mi b sung vo.
+ Li ly kh: Kh c a t b tch kh ti ni s dng qua li ly kh ny.

S cu trc b biogas

Mt bng
B phn hy (to kh)

B u vo

B u ra

Ghi ch:
- n v ghi bng (cm)
- Hm c dung tch bng 1,5m3
- S dng cho h gia nh 4-5 ngi
chn nui 4-5 con ln v 1-2 con tru

29

* Li ch ca hm Biogas:
+ X l cht thi chn nui, lm sch mi trng v phng nga cc bnh truyn nhim.
+ To ngun kh t r tin cho gia nh, s dng tin li, gii phng sc lao ng cho
ph n trong cng vic ni tr.
+ To tin quy hoch li nng thn bt u t h gia nh bao gm: nh , bp,
chung tri chn nui, vn lm cho cht lng cuc sng ca nng dn ngy cng vn
minh tin b hn.
+ S dng cht thi t hm cho chn nui thu sn v trng trt cho nng sut cao,
m bo c yu cu mt nn nng nghip sch.
l

-c s dng trong iu kin nh- th no?

p dng cho cc h gia nh c chn nui ln t 5 con tr ln.

S cu trc b biogas - mt ct

Mt ct 1-1
ng dn kh

Np b phn hy

Mc s khng

Thit b kh sinh hc
Np c nh NL.6, VD=5.0
PTB=10.0; PNL=40.0; PGC=0.0
PNG=0.0; PXH=0.0; T1=50
NC=1.0; K=0.60; LG=1.90
PMX=83; RD=126; RC=88
SXU=28.1; LI=143; LO=111

Ghi ch:
- n v ghi bng (cm)
- V xy bng gch va xi mng M100
- y bng b tng M150

30

Ti liu thng tin gip la chn cc loi hnh cp n-c v v sinh nng thn

ti liu tham kho.

1. Quy hoch tng th cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn ton quc- Trung tm
nc sinh hot v v sinh mi trng nng thn TW.
2. Quy hoch cp nc sch v v sinh nng thn cc tnh Cn Th, ng Thp, Khnh Ho,
Ph Yn, Tuyn Quang, Thi Nguyn.
3. Cc loi nh v sinh Vit Nam (hng dn xy dng, s dng v bo qun) - Nh xut
bn Y hc, nm 1998.
4. Nc sch v v sinh nng thn Vit Nam - GS.TS Trn Hiu Nhu v cc tc gi - Nm
2000.

31

Chu trch nhim ni dung

TS. L Vn Cn
Gim c Trung tm nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn
Bin son
Bin tp
Phng Truyn thng, Vn phng H tr thc thi Chin lc Quc gia cp nc v v sinh nng thn

33

b nng nghip v pht trin nng thn

trung tm n-c sinh hot v v sinh mi tr-ng nng thn

a ch: 73 ng Nguyn Hng, H ni, Vit Nam

n thoi: 04. 7761321
Fax: 04. 7761321
Email: cerwass@fpt.vn
website: www.cerwass.org.vn

B nng nghip v pht trin nng thn

H tr thc thi chin lc quc gia Cp nc v v sinh nng thn

ti liu thng tin gip la chn

cc loi hnh cp n-c
v v sinh nng thn

H Ni, nm 2003