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TECHNICAL AWARENESS OF GSM MOBILE

Principle of Mobile Communication
Multiple Access methodology The technique of dynamically sharing the finite limited radio spectrum by multiple users is called Multiple Access Technique. Generally there are three different types of multiple access technologies. They are Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division multiple Access (CDMA) Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA): FDMA is a familiar method of allocating bandwidth, where a base station is allowed to transmit on one or more number of preassigned carrier frequencies and a mobile unit transmits on corresponding reverse channels. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

In a TDMA system each channel is split up into time segments, and a transmitter is given exclusive use of one or more channels only during a particular time period.
Duplexing and Multiple Access Techniques in use:

No Name of System 1 GSM 2 CDMA

FREQUENCY ALLOCATION

Multiple Access FDMA-TDMA CDMA

Duplexing FDD FDD

Two frequency bands have been allocated for the GSM system:

The band 890-915 MHz and 1710-1785 MHz has been allocated for the uplink direction (transmitting from the mobile station to the base station). The band 935-960 MHz and 1805-1880 MHz has been allocated for the downlink direction (transmitting from the base station to the mobile station).

ARCHITECTURE OF THE GSM NETWORK The architecture of the GSM network is presented in figure
G OMC B
BSS

VLR D C HLR F

Other MSCs VLRs

A
BSC MSC E Other MSCs Other Networks

MS Un

BTS

AUC

Abis

EIR

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Subsystems and network elements in GSM

The GSM network is called Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). It is organised in three subsystems: Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) Network Management Subsystem (NMS)

The three subsystems, different network elements, and their respective tasks are presented in the following.

1. Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) contains the network elements MSC, GMSC, VLR, HLR, AC and EIR.

The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) The main functions of NSS are:

Call control
This identifies the subscriber, establishes a call, and clears the connection after the conversation is over.

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Charging
This collects the charging information about a call (the numbers of the caller and the called subscriber, the time and type of the transaction, etc.) and transfers it to the Billing Centre.

Mobility management
This maintains information about the subscriber's location.

Signalling
This applies to interfaces with the BSS and PSTN.

Subscriber data handling

This is the permanent data storage in the HLR and temporary storage of relevant data in the VLR.

Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC)

Mobile-services Switching Center (MSC) performs the switching functions for all mobile stations located in the geographic area covered by its assigned BSSs. Functions performed include interfacing with the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) as well as with the other MSCs and other system entities, such as the HLR, in the PLMN. Functions of the MSC include: Call handling that copes with mobile nature of subscribers (e.g., paging) Management of required logical radio-link channel during calls Management of MSC-BSS signalling protocol Handling location registration and ensuring interworking between Mobile Station and VLR Control of inter-BSS and inter-MSC handovers Acting as a gateway MSC to interrogate the HLR Exchange of signalling information with other system entities Standard functions of a local exchange switch in the fixed network (example: charging)

Gateway Mobile services Switching Centre (GMSC) The GMSC is responsible for the same tasks as the MSC, except for paging. It is needed in case of mobile terminated calls. In fixed networks, a call is established to the local exchange, to which the telephone is connected to. But in GSM, the MSC, which is serving the MS, changes with the subscribers mobility. Therefore, in a mobile terminated call, the call is set up to a well defined exchange in the subscribers home PLMN. This exchange is called GMSC. The GMSC than interacts with a database called Home Location Register, which holds the information about the MSC, which is currently serving the MS. The process of requesting location information from the HLR is called HLR Interrogation. Given the information about the serving MSC, the GMSC then continues the call establishment process. In many real life implementations, the MSC functionality and the GMSC functionality are implemented in the same equipment, which is then just called MSC. Many operators use GMSCs for breakout to external networks such as PSTNs.

Home Location Register (HLR) The Home Location Register (HLR) contains the identities of mobile subscribers (called International Mobile Subscriber Identities or IMSIs), their service parameters, and their location information. In summary, the HLR contains: Identity of mobile subscriber ISDN directory number of mobile station Subscription information on teleservices and bearer services Service restrictions (if any)
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Supplementary services Location information for call routing Visitor Location Register (VLR)

The Visitor Location Register (VLR) contains the subscriber parameters and location information for all mobile subscribers currently located in the geographical area (i.e., cells) controlled by that VLR. In summary, the VLR contains: Identity of mobile subscriber Any temporary mobile subscriber identity ISDN directory number of mobile A directory number to route calls to a roaming station Location area where the mobile station is registered Copy of (part of) the subscriber data from the HLR Equipment Identity Register (EIR) The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is accessed during the equipment validation procedure when a mobile station accesses the system. It contains the identity of mobile station equipment (called International Mobile Station Equipment Identity or IMEI) which may be valid, suspect, or known to be fraudulent. This contains: White or Valid list - List of valid MS equipment identities Grey or Monitored list - List of suspected mobiles under observation Black or prohibited list - List of mobiles for which service is barred. Authentication Center (AUC) The Authentication Center (AUC): Contains subscriber authentication data called Authentication Keys (Ki) Generates security related parameters needed to authorize service using Ki Generates unique data pattern called a Cipher Key (Kc) needed for encrypting user speech and data

2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

The Base Station Subsystem is responsible for managing the radio network, and it is controlled by an MSC. Typically, one MSC contains several BSSs. A BSS itself may cover a considerably large geographical area consisting of many cells (a cell refers to an area covered by one or more frequency resources). The BSS consists of the following elements: BSC Base Station Controller BTS Base Transceiver Station TRAU Transcoder and Rate Adaptation Unit (often referred to as TC (Transcoder))

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Radio path control In the GSM network, the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) is the part of the network taking care of radio resources, that is, radio channel allocation and quality of the radio connection. 3.OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CENTER (OMC) The Operations and Maintenance Center (OMC) is the centralized maintenance and diagnostic heart of the Base Station System (BSS). It allows the network provider to operate,administer, and monitor the functioning of the BSS. 4.OTHER NETWORK ELEMENTS

Other optional network elements that the MSC can interface include: Billing Center:
Each MSC writes call accounting records to local disk memory. The Billing Center periodically polls the disk records of each MSC to collect the billing data for the PLMN.

Service Center:
The Service Center interfaces with the MSCs to provide special services, such as the Short Message Service (SMS), to mobile subscribers in the PLMN. The Billing Center and Service Center are not a basic part of the GSM system.

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Overview of GPRS
GPRS uses a packet-based switching technique, which will enhance GSM data services significantly, especially for bursty Internet/intranet traffic. Some application examples: Bus, train, airline real-time information Locating restaurants and other entertainment venues based on current Location Lottery E-commerce Banking E-mail Web browsing Instant access to data as if connected to an office LAN Charging based on amount of data transferred (not the time connected) Higher transmission speeds

The main advantages of GPRS for users:

In circuit switching, each time a connection is required between two points, a link between the two points is established and the needed resources are reserved for the use of that single call for the complete duration of the call. In packet switching, the data to be transferred is divided up into packets, which are then sent through the network and re-assembled at the receiving end.

The GPRS network acts in parallel with the GSM network, providing packet switched connections to the external networks. The requirements of a GPRS network are the following: Figure shows the architecture of a GPRS network. The GPRS system brings some new network elements to an existing GSM network. These elements are: Packet Control Unit (PCU) Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): the MSC of the GPRS network Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): gateway to external networks

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Packet Control Unit (PCU)

The PCU separates the circuit switched and packet switched traffic from the user and sends them to the GSM and GPRS networks respectively. It also performs most of the radio resource management functions of the GPRS network.

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

The SGSN is the most important element of the GPRS network. The SGSN of the GPRS network is equivalent to the MSC of the GSM network.

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

The GGSN is the gateway to external networks. Routing mobile-destined packets coming from external networks to the relevant SGSN Routing packets originating from a mobile to the correct external network Collects charging data and traffic statistics

Evolution from GSM to 3G

2G 2.5G 3G

GSM

GPRS

EDGE

UMTS

GSM GPRS 200 KHz carrier 200 KHz carrier 8 full-rate time slots 115 Kbps peak data rates 16 half-rate time slots

UMTS EDGE 5 MHz carrier 200 KHz carrier Data rates up to 384 Kbps 2 Mbps peak data rates New IMT-2000 2 GHz spectrum 8-PSK modulation Higher symbol rate

HSCSD HSCSD Circuit-switched data 64 Kbps peak data rates

EDGE (Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution)

Increased data rated up to 384 Kbps by bundling up to 8 channels of 48 Kbps/channel GPRS is based on modulation technique known as GMSK EDGE is based on a new modulation scheme that allows a much higher bit rate across the airinterface called 8PSK modulation. Since 8PSK will be used for UMTS, network operators will be required to introduce this at some stage before migration to 3G.

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PRACTICAL EXERCISE
1. How to check IMEI of a mobile hand set? The IMEI (International mobile equipment identity) number of mobile equipment will be displayed by dialing *#06# from mobile set. 2. How can we find manufacturing year and version of NOKIA hand set? JUST DIAL *#0000# from your NOKIA handset. Display will give detail regarding year of manufacturing and version. 3. How to recharge prepaid mobile SIM? For recharging prepaid mobile dial *#12316digit code# and send. 4. How to activate missed call alert? We can get missed calls alert even if mobile is switched off or out of coverage area. 1.select setting. 2.call setting. 3.call divert(select divert condition). 4. activate. 5. to other no 6. Enter 17010 7 Press OK Missed calls are displayed whenever handset is switched on or you re-enter coverage area. 5. How to get postpaid mobile bill enquiry? For post paid mobile bill enquiry: Write message AMT and send SMS to 53333. 6. How to activate voice mail box?

Voice mail box will be activated by dialling 17000. 7. How to receive FAX on mobile set? fax mail STEP-I::::MOBILE->CALL SETTING-> CALL DIVERT->DIVERT FAX CALLS--TO VOICE MAILBOX (17000) STEP-II:: INSERT PAPER ON FAX MACHINE-> DIAL 9425801185->..u r connected to ..>>START SENDING FAX >> hash to disconnect. STEP-III::one sms 'u have got one fax will go to 9425801185' STEP-IV ::NOW 9425801185 WILLCALL 17000 ->AUTHENTICATE-> INPUT FAX NUMBER TO PRINT-->> ELSE download from www.bsnlumw.com using user id ::9425801185 PW ::****

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BSNL 8. How to unlock SIM? Call customer service centre and ask PUK no. Write this no on mobile set and SIM will be unlocked 9. What is Do not Call Service? Do Not Call Service

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BSNL subscribers, who do not wish to receive telemarketing calls, can request their telephone number be included in the Do Not Call Register available with BSNL. Any existing subscriber or new subscriber can request his telephone number be included in the Do Not Call Register. 10. How to register Do not call service? SMS (Only for Cellone/Excel numbers) - By sending DNC ACT For adding the mobile number in the DNC registry) or DNC DEACT (For removing the mobile number from the DNC registry) to 53733. 11. What is the tariff of miscellaneous facility available on GSM? GPRS SERVICES Activation Charges Monthly Rental (Rs.) Free Usage Volume based usage charges beyond free usage Volume based usage charges on Roaming D. MMS SERVICES P2P (Calling party or sender to Pay) M2P (Downloader to Pay) E. MISCELLANEOUS Sl PARTICULARS 1 Voice mail facility Recording Retrieval 2 CLIP 3 CLIR 4 Call waiting/call hold 5 6 Call Forwarding (only within same LSA) SIM Replacement Charges 12.What is GPRS? GPRS stands for General Packet Radio Service. It is a faster way of passing data over a mobile phone network. With GPRS you don't pay for your online time per-minute, you simply pay for the amount of data you transfer. Option I NIL 49 5MB Rs. 0.01 per kB Rs. 0.02 per kB Option II NIL 199 Unlimited NA Rs. 0.02 per kB Option III Nil Nil Nil Rs. 0.02 per kB Rs. 0.02 per kB

Rs 3 per MMS Rs 3 per MMS As per rate fixed by content provider Rate(Rs.) Free Free O/G Charges Free NA Free Normal call charges as No fixed charges, per plan 100 on each occasion for fault on the part of the subscriber. REMARKS No upfront charges As per plan

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BSNL 13. What is MMS?

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MMS stands for Multimedia Messaging Service, commonly known as picture or photo messaging. MMS runs in conjunction with GPRS. This means you must have GPRS enabled in order to have the MMS service working. 14. How to activate GPRS facility in a mobile? Send SMS the following keywords to 53733 to activate / deactivate GPRS/MMS facility in your mobile SUB -TYPE PREPAID POSTPAID GPRS ACTIVATION KEYWORDS GPRSPRE GPRS49 OR GPRS199 GPRS DEACTIVATION KEYWORDS GPRSDE GPRSDC REMARKS PREPAID SUBSCRIBERS FOR 49,199 GPRS POST PAID PLANS

Postpaid Subscribers can also avail GPRS facility through CSRs. 15. How to set WAP/MMS/GPRS settings in a mobile? Compose message MobileMake MobileModelno and Send SMS to 19000 for Automatic GPRS/WAP/MMS settings. 1. Ex: if you have a mobile Nokia 6600 NOKIA 6600 2. Ex: if you have a mobile Sony Ericsson w810i SonyEricsson w810i 3. Ex: if you have a mobile Samsung sgh-e700 Samsung sgh-e700 Then you receive 3 or 4 settings save those settings in your mobile and set those settings as default settings. In case if your mobile is prompted for PIN, enter 1111. You would be receiving 4 GPRS Settings. They are bsnl-wap, bsnl-internet, bsnl-mms and cellone-portal. You can set any one of these settings as default (Active) 1. Bsnl-internet for all html sites, these settings are supported by high end mobiles only. Set these settings as active (default) settings, if your mobile supports. 2. bsnl-wap is supported by all mobile. These settings can be used for accessing all WAP enabled sites and mobile formatted Ehtml sites. 3. bsnl-mms settings are for sending Multi media messages. All most all GPRS mobiles support this facility. So set these settings as active (defalult) settings 4. cellone-portal settings are for downloading premium content like Ringtones, wallpapers, animations, themes, games etc. All GPRS mobiles support these settings. Set these settings active (default) for downloading content. Browsing is free for these settings and you would be charged for only the downloaded content After your GPRS activation is completed, pl switch off and switch on once for accessing GPRS services.

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16. What is Min. Balance to avail GPRS and MMS facility (prepaid Customer)? Minimum Balance is required for accessing GPRS Rs 200/- for BSNL-PORTAL (portalsouth.cellone.in APN). Rs 50/- for other settings (other APNs). If balance goes below Rs 50/- GPRS service will be barred. GPRS service will be restored with in 24 hrs of after recharging. The mobile should be turned off and turned on once for restoration. 17. What is MMS and how to compose MMS in a mobile? MMS is a part of the GPRS facility, through which one can send and receive multimedia messages (which can be a still photo or audio/video clip, including a text message). All one needs to do is get appropriate settings for MMS for your mobile from BSNL call centre (9400024365). You may find the information given below useful. Compose MMS Click Messaging -> Create New Message ->select Multimedia Message Click "Add Photo" and select photo from your photo album AND/OR Click "Add Audio" and select ring tone in your audio album AND/OR Click "Add Message" to input text AND/OR Click "Text Effect" to select font size, color and position if available Click "Frame Effect" to select one of the frame from many choices. if available click "Preview MMS" to preview your MMS message. . Click "Save MMS" to finish. Send MMS You can send MMS, when click "Back" after save MMS, or select MMS and click "send MMS". Click "Next step" and input Mobile Number or Email ID You can Send/Receive MMS to all BSNL and MTNL GPRS/MMS subscribers. Others will get MMS Notification (means Text msg ) only. 18.What is C-TOP up? Channel top up is a facility to enable Distributors & Retailers to recharge the Prepaid accounts of Customers electronically (without the paper Recharge card) by SMS. 19. How to locate SMS centre in mobile? In mobile set go in message settingsmessage centre, It will display SMS centre in mobile. 20. What to be done in case of SIM is lost? A new SIM with same mobile number would be made available after receipt of a copy of FIR of the lost SIM, a deposit receipt of Rs.200/- as replacement charges and original receipt of the connection or identity proof at the nearest CCN of the place from where connection is taken 21. How to enable cell info in mobile? In mobile set go in tools---setting----network---cell info display---cell info enable. 22. Emergency service in mobile? Remove SIM from mobile set but still we can dial 112 from mobile set. BRBRAITT/AUG08/TECHNOLOGY AWARENESS COURSE FOR NON-EXECUTIVES 11 of 12

BSNL 23. What is LBS?

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A location Based service (LBS) can be described as an application that is dependent on a certain location. Two broad categories of LBS can be defined as triggered and user requested. In a user requested scenario, the user is retrieving the position once and uses it on subsequent requests for location dependent information. This type of service usually involves either personal location (i.e. finding where you are) or service location (i.e. where is the nearest). Examples of this type of LBS are navigation (usually involving a map) and direction (routing information). A triggered LBS by contrast relies on a condition set up in advance that, once fulfilled, retrieves the position of a given device. An example is when the user passes across the boundaries of the cells in a mobile network. Another example is in emergency center triggers an automatic location request from the mobile network. 24. What is MSISDN? MSISDN is a number uniquely identifying a subscription in a GSM or UMTS mobile network. Simply put, it is the telephone number to the SIM card in a mobile/cellular phone. 25. What is IMSI? An International Mobile Subscriber Identity, or IMSI, is a unique number associated with all GSM and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network mobile phone users. It is stored in the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) inside the phone and is sent by the phone to the network. It is also used to acquire other details of the mobile in the Home Location Register (HLR) or as locally copied in the Visitor Location Register. 26. What is TMSI? ` The "Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity" (TMSI) is the identity that is most commonly sent between the mobile and the network. TMSI is randomly assigned by the VLR to every mobile in the area, the moment it is switched on. The number is local to a location area, and so it has to be updated, each time the mobile moves to a new geographical area 27. What is MSRN? The Mobile Station Roaming Number is an defined telephone number used to route telephone calls in a mobile network from a GMSC (Gateway Mobile Switching Centre) to the target MSC . 28. What is CGI? The Cell Global Identity is the concatenation of the LAI (Location Area Identity) and the CI (Cell Identity) and uniquely identifies a given cell. 29. What is PRBT? "PRBT services" means the Personalised Ring Back Tone services. PRBT is a subscriber feature which provides a subscriber the capability/ flexibility to customize the ring back tone by substituting the traditional ring back tone with an audio content. User can select any of the BSNL Tune, personal greeting and any other available sound file as his BSNL Tunes. The callers will hear the personalized ringback tone when they call him instead of the normal ringing tune. A user can set default ringback tune for all the callers or set special tone for any person or group. User needs to call 56700 to subscribe to this service. 30. What are the charges for PRBT ? BSNL will charge the user on the basis of RBT in his/her profile. The monthly subscription charge is Rs 20 which is fixed for every month. In addition a user is charged for the tunes available on his play list. A premium RBT costs Rs 12 and non premium RBT costs Rs 9 per month.

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