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c c
| | | |
= =
| |
c c
\ . \ .
Viscous
Force
Buoyancy
Force
volume expansion coefficient b
The volume expansion coefficient can be
expressed approximately by replacing
differential quantities by differences as
or
For ideal gas
( )
1 1
at constant P
T T T
A
~ =
A
( ) ( )
at constant T T P
=
( )
ideal gas
1
1/K
T
=
Equation of Motion and the Grashof
Number
Consider a vertical hot flat plate
immersed in a quiescent fluid body.
Assumptions:
steady,
laminar,
two-dimensional,
Newtonian fluid, and
constant properties, except the density
difference r-r
(Boussinesq
approximation).
g
Heated Cylinder
Free convection from vertical flat plate
Natural Convection
g
Newtons second law of motion
( )
1
x x
m a F
m dx dy
=
=
x
du u dx u dy
a
dt x dt y dt
c c
= = +
c c
x
u u
a
x y
c c
= +
c c
Consider a differential volume element.
The acceleration in the x-direction is
obtained by taking the total
differential of u(x, y)
u v
The net surface force acting in the x-direction
conservation of momentum in the x-direction
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
Net pressure force Net viscous force
Gravitational force
2
2
1 1 1
1
x
P
F dy dx dx dy g dx dy
y x
u P
g dx dy
y x
| | c c
| |
=
| |
c c
\ .
\ .
| |
c c
=
|
c c
\ .
2
2
u u u P
u v g
x y y x
| | c c c c
+ =
|
c c c c
\ .
The x-momentum equation in the quiescent fluid
outside the boundary layer (setting u=0)
Noting that
v<<u in the boundary layer and thus v/ x v/y 0, and
there are no body forces (including gravity) in the y-
direction,
the force balance in the y-direction is
Substituting into Eq. 910
P
g
x
c
=
c
0
P
y
c
=
c
P P
g
x x
c c
= =
c c
( )
2
2
u u u
u v g
x y y
| | c c c
+ = +
|
c c c
\ .
The momentum equation involves the temperature,
and thus the momentum and energy equations must
be solved simultaneously.
The set of three partial differential equations (the
continuity, momentum, and the energy equations) that
govern natural convection flow over vertical
isothermal plates can be reduced to a set of two
ordinary nonlinear differential equations by the
introduction of a similarity variable.
( )
2
2
u u u
u v g T T
x y y
c c c
+ = +
c c c
The Grashof Number
The governing equations of natural convection
and the boundary conditions can be
nondimensionalized
Substituting into the momentum equation and
simplifying give
* * * * *
; ; ; ;
c c s
T T x y u v
x y u v T
L L V V T T
= = = = =
( )
2
3
* * * 2 *
* *
* * 2 2
*
1
Re Re
L
s c
L L
Gr
g T T L
u u T u
u v
x y
y
c c c
+ = +
c c
c
=
c
c
2
2
g
y
u
y
u
v
x
u
u
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
\
| A
=
c
c
+
c
c
= A
Buoyancy force
( )
2
2
g
1
y
u
g
y
u
v
x
u
u
c
c
+ =
c
c
+
c
c
Pascal Law :
Governing Equations
Define |, the volumetric thermal expansion coefficient.
1
P
T
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
=
A
A
~
1 1
) (
~ T T
Density gradient is due to the temperature gradient
T
Thus
RT
P RT
P
1
:
: gas ideal an For
=
= =
Governing Equations
Buoyancy effects replace pressure gradient in the momentum
equation.
2
2
) (
y
u
v T T g
y
u
v
x
u
u
c
c
+ =
c
c
+
c
c
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
y
v
x
u
2
2
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
y
u
c y
T
y
T
v
x
T
u
p