AP Art History Final Exam: Term 1 Mesopotamia/Near East: -Rosetta Stone= Key to understanding the language/culture of these people

-Epic of Gilgamesh= the only thing from Mesopotamia to focus on life after death/focus on death (says there is no afterlife) -Most Mesopotamian buildings built w/ Mud Brick - Temple/Zigurats built for only priests to enter Cuneinform= early, wedge shaped form of writing Sumerian: Anu Ziggurat and White Temple, Uruk, c. 3000 BCE 40 foot platform w/ White Temple on top (Zigurat is the platform that supports the temple) One of 2 temples in Uruk (dedicated to Anu- the Sky God) Bridge between earth and the heavens Sited as Center of the City/Cardinal Compass Point

Votive Figures c. 2700 BCE (from modern Tell Asmar Iraq) Proxy Prayer Figures Symmetrical Big Eyes, open in prayer Used Lapis- Suggested Widespread trade in the region Both Male and Femalehad Proxy figures representing people to be taken into the Temples

Standard of Ur c. 2600 BCE Wood Inlaid w/ shell, lapis lazuli, and red limestone 23 in long, 7.5 in wide Meant to show power Use is not totally known (maybe military standard) Shows Sumerians travled far to get it (Lapis from Afghanistan) One side shows workers lined up, giving offerings to head of state (who sits, bigger than everyone else: important) Other shows king leading people to victory in battle Organized in registers Found in a Royal Tomb

Akkadian: Victory Stele of Naram-Sin From Susa (Iran) 2250 BCE, Sandstone Arguably worlds first historical documentation (shows Assyrians defeat Sumerians) It is about imperial authority Guy at top=King, victorious (important b/c biggest, placed near top=divine b/c closer to gods, hieretic perspective)

Babylonians Stele of Hammurabi From Susa, iran c. 1750 BCE Basalt Shows Hammurabi receiving laws from Shamash, Sun God (Sun God important b/c sitting down, rays of light imenating, big) Lists laws for society (illustration of God at top indicates they are divine)

Assyrians Produced LOTS of graphic violence (military propaganda) Assyrians Cities filled with carved narratives on walls Building Complexes Organized around courtyards, laid out in grids Lamassu (from Palace of Ashurnasirpal II) c. 883-859 BCE Modern Day Iraq Alabastar Supported and Protected Doorways Made of Human and Animal elements Lots of these in Assyrian Culture

Ashurnasirpal II Killing Lions c. 875 BCE Alabaster (From same palace as Lamassu) Carved reliefs, painted Polychromes Carvings like these Line palace walls (mostly military victories, but also some genre scenes) Neo Babylonian 1000 years after original Babylon Ishtar Gate c. 575 BCE Glazed Brick Communicates Power through colossal scale, color (royal blue- looks like lapis), crennelation/battlements, principle dieties of city presented bu designs (Marduk- The Dragon, Bulls- Ahad, storm God) Two sets of towers Has been reconstructed in Berlin Patron= Nebuchudnezzar

Persia: Called Parsa Best Metalworkers in the world Royal Audience Hall (Apadana) of Darius I and Xerxes I Persepolis, Iran c. 500 BCE Raised platform meant to receive dignitaries from all over Persian Empire Shows evidence of Greek, Egyptian work, etc In Carvings, Darius is seated w/ Xerxes behind him, receiving dignitaries Others show animals to emphasize ferocity of leaders Lots of Columns

Ancient Egypt: At the highest levels of society, you are idealized more. Representation becomes more realistic as class level descends. West Side of Nile=Burial side Old Kingdom: Palette of Narmer c. 3000 BCE Stone One of Most important pieces of Egyptian art From Old Kingdom Period Organized in Registers Leader of Upper Egypt (Narmur) conquers lower Egypt/unifies it all. Show hierartic Scale (Narmur is enormous compared to everyone else), enemy also large (makes Narmurs victory seem even greater) Bodies twisted to face viewer: also symbolizes power- Composite Form Symbolic Work of Art, also used to hold makeup Lower Egypt Symbolized by Papyrus Pharaoh is identified w/ God Horus On middle of Back are symmetrical animals (shows everything as unified)

Stepped Pyramid and Mortuary Precinct of Djoser (Zoser) From Saqqara c. 2600 BCE Limestone (most Egyptian architecture used Mud Brick. Only special stuff like this used stone) Architect: Imhotep, 1st named architect in history Built from several Mastabas stacked on one another Meant to Protect tomb of pharaoh Djoser Part of a Necropolis (Saqqara)

Ti Watching a Hippopotamus Hunt Tomb of Ti Saqqara c. 2500 BCE Painted Limestone Relief Ti= huge, composite, idealized. guides people through journey to afterlife A Moral Journey Hippos symbolize evil

Great Pyramids, Giza Menkaure,Khafre, and Khufu 4th Dynasty, c. 2500 BCE West side of Nile In descending order Sphynx is in between them Aligned so that setting sun hits them perfectly

Menkaure and Khamerernebty from Giza C. 2500 BCE Slate w/ Traces of Paint Ka Sculpture

Specific, meant to be a portrait of Menkaure, but also shows him as idealized. Very specific unnatural walk, etc Symmetrical

Seated Scribe c. 2500 BCE Painted Limestone w/ rock crystal inlaid eyes From a mastaba at Saqqara Bilateral symmetry Was important, but not enough to be idealized.

Middle Kingdom: Rock Cut Tombs, Beni Hasan

12th Dynasty c. 1900-1800 BCE Engaged columns break from temples/pyramids as funerary structures

New Kingdom: Senmut, Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut Deir El-Bahri 18th Dynasty c. 1475 BCE Rock Cut tombs Her body not exactly in the tombs (was only female pharaoh?) Meant to harmonize w/ nature West of Nile Has great rhythm of columns (Pier) Inside had hypostyle halls and chapels

Akhenaten and his Family From Tell el-Amarna c. 1350 BCE Painted Limestone relief (sunken relief) Amarna style (style that describes Akhenaten art. Different from Egypt art before or after)- Great, graceful, curving form: stylized naturalism He changed lots about Egyptian culture Most of his art destroyed by subsequent pharaohs This piece different b/c art of pharaohs had never before or after shown them in daily life, playing with kids, etc

Queen Tiy c. 1350 BCE (18th dynasty) boxwood, ebony, glass, silver, gold, lapis, cloth, clay, and wax Akhenatens mom (so is done in Amarna style)

Funerary Mask of Tutankhamun 18th Dynasty c. 1325 BCE Gold, glass, semiprecious stones Son of Akhenaten (still has much of Amarna style present, even if has traditional iconography, etc, trying to go back to traditional form) Great Temple of Amun at Karnak c. 1500-1100 BCE Has Pylons, a Hypostyle Hall, Clerestory Fenestration (spread out over 3 spaces) Symmetrical and Axial to create processional path Patrons= New Kingdom Praraohs Obelisks around entrances

Temple of Rameses II, Abu Simbel 19th Dynasty c. 1250 BCE one of 2 temples at Abu Simbel at angles so would point towards Nile cut right into the stone

giant sculpture of Rameses At southernmost point of Egyptian Empire (huge b/c near end of Egyptian empires days of greatness. Like many empires, builds bigger and bigger to mask its decline) Judgement of Hunefer before Osiris Illustration from the Book of the Dead 19th Dynasty c. 1285 BCE painted papyrus was really a collection of prayers from the New Kingdom (to Help Hunefer in afterlife) Continuous narrative (shows Hunefer multiple times in single frame) Far end shows his family mourning Agean (Hellatic) Period: Main 3 Aegean cultures: Cycladic, Minoan, and Mycenean Cycladic Art: (Neolithic/Late Bronze age of Aegean art) Figure of a Woman c. 2600-2400 BCE Marble Originally Painted Found on graves Not much known about purpose b/c no recorded history from the period (somehow related to afterlife) Large head, small arms, geometric/precise lines carved in

Minoan Civilization: Knossos= large city, laid out like grid, destroyed by earthquake Arthur evans discovered it, saw lots of Bull Imagery, assumed was Palace of Minos (incorrectly) Was a very ocean-centered society Palace Complex Palace of Minos Knossos, Crete c. 2000-1300 BCE has rare columns that taper near bottom didnt have high walls b/c not frequently at war Had lots of nature imagery Touched up extensively by Arthur Evans

Leaping Bull Torredor Fresco From Knossos c. 1500 BCE Main thing that convinced Evans this was actually palace of Minos

Girl Gathering Saffrom Crocus Flowers

Detail of Wall Painting, Thera (part of Minoan Island world) c. 1650 BCE Emphasizes beauty of nature Also coming of age work, b/c crocus flowers indicate menstruation

Landscape, Spring Fresco Wall painting from Akritori c. 1500 BCE

Octopus Flask, Vase From Crete c. 1500 BCE Ceramic Fluid, flowing motion, focused on the sea Made by coiling, b/c wheel not yet invented

Meant to carry water

Mycenean Civilization (mainland Greece) Period of the Illiad Lions gate, Mycenae c. 1300-1200 BCE Limestone Post and Lintel, Corbeled Stones on Top+ stone w/ carved lions Warlike= Needed gates to warn of invaders

Treasure of Atreus c. 1300-1200 BCE Enormous tomb w/ corbelled dome Mistakenly identified as treasure hiding spot. Centralized Plan

Ancient Greek: Influenced by Ancient Egyptian art Rational: mind overcomes emotion Hessiods Theogany=Very important inspiration (Greek Creation Story) 3 primary types of Greek Vessels (ceramics) 1. Amphora (for olive oil)- artists start writing their names for first time on

these

2. Kraters (for wine mixing) 3. Kylix (used to drink wine. Often had imagery of Dionysus)

Diplyon Vase (Funerary Vase) -Diplyon Cemetary, Athens c. 750 BCE Terra Cotta, 42 A Krater Geometric Period Huge Size Organized in Registers Archaic Period: Always organized in registers. Has distincitive smile. Red Figureware vs Black Figureware Black= Black Sillouhettes, Red= more yellowish figures More realistic/naturalistic

Temple of Hera I, Paestum, Italy c. 550 BCE Archaic Period Peripteral, Doric

Dying Warrior From east pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina C. 500 BCE Marble Reconstructed in Munich Originally Part of huge piece (Pedimental sculptures)

Archaic Period Used to be painted

Kouros c. 600 BCE Marble Grave Marker (replaced ceramic vessels) Archaic Period Kouros means young man Illustrated primary Greek image of beauty Symmetrical

Kouros From Cemetery at Anavysos

C. 530 BCE Marble Much more lifelike than earlier Kouros Archaic

Kore From Chios Female version of Kouros C. 520 BCE Marble Much Smaller than kouros Not symmetrical unlike kouros Archaic

Ajax and Achilles Playing a Game c. 540 BCE Black Figure Painting on ceramic amphora In Vatican Museum, Rome By Exekias Archaic

Death of Sarpedon Red figure decoration on a calyx Krater C. 515 BCE

Ceramic (Masterpiece of Red Figurewear) Sarpedon has archaic smile but design moving towards more naturalism/complex special characteristics By Euphronios

Kritios Boy C. 480 BCE Marble First to demonstrate Contraposto Style (more naturalistic walking, shows weight shift) Face shows movement to celebrate mind, not emotion Early Greek Classic

Discus Thrower c. 450 BCE Lifesize Marble (copy)- original was bronze By Myron Early Classic b/c has contraposto, seems frozen in the moment, severe, not human, only really occupies its own space

Charioteer (from the Sanctuary of Apollo), Delphi C. 470 BCE Bronze, Silver, Copper, Onyx No Contraposto, but also no Archaic smile= Early Classic Important b/c one of the few remaining Greek bronzes

Spear Bearer (Doryphoros) Roman Copy of Original Bronze- Marble C. 450 BCE Represents ideals of high classical age: people not as they are, but as they can be in the ideal world (humanism, rationalism, idealism)- Kinda like Plato (as things should be) By Polykleitos

Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens 447-432 BCE Patron= Pericles Architects: Kallicrates and Iktinos

Sculptor: Phideus Dedicated to Athena (enormous statue of her inside) Sculptures from it=Elgin Marbles, in British Museum now 3 zones: 1. (focuses on Gods) East Pediment: Birth of Athena, West Pediment: Contest Between Athena and Poseidon for being principle Deity of City 2. Medipese: warfare and early human history 3. Continuous Freeze: Panatheneic procession (once a year when Athenians allowed inside to dress statue of Athena) Doric, peripteral

Porch of the Maidens (Caryatid Porch) Erecthion, Acropolis, Athens 430-406 BCE Built on Site of Posiedon/Athena battle: Keeps terrain the same, built on irregular plane- Sacred Rock Has engaged Columns (uncommon in Greek architecture) Multiple Porches Building never completed Caryatids (female figures that have taken on elements of column) Contraposta= Enthesis (widening part of the columns at the bottom) High Classic

Temple of Athena Nike Acropolis, Athens C. 425 BCE Architect: Kallicrates Amphiprostyle, Ionic War Monument to express Power Used to have low wall surrounding it (Nike adjusting her sandal was part of this)

Nike (Victory) Adjusting her Sandal Fragment relief for the Temple o Athena Nike C. 410 BCE 42 Essence of High Classic Art: Simple, circular, has energy that moves outward from it At rest/calm, yet also in motion Clothes stretched against it to reveal details of body underneath

Grave Stele of Hegeso Marble, 6 C. 400 BCE Represents Most Common type of High Classic mourning materials Hegeso= important b/c bigger, sitting down Most grave steles at time were about men, yet Hegeso was woman= must have been very important (also even has a slave) Holding jewelry (focusing on memories rather than afterlife) Figures not in Profile, sort of melt into background= creates illusion of space Clothing shows off her figure, detailed muscles, etc, show this is later high classic

Hermes and the Infant Dionysus (Roman Copy), Marble (w/ traces of red paint on lips/hair) C. 325 BCE

Discovered in 1877, Olympia Demonstrates s curve, almost effeminate. Elongated. Muscles, face, everything softer, very different from High Classic. By Praxiteles Late Classic (Praxiteles also made several famous Aphrodite sculptures: late classic when female body finally starts being regarded as beautiful)

The Scraper (Apoxyomenos) (Roman Copy-Marble) C. 325 BCE By Lysippos (Sculptor to Alexander the great, transitional artist between Classical and Hellenistic Periods) Different from Praxiteles stuff: Arms explode out of own space Essentially a genre scene: an athlete scraping off sweat Still Late Classic though

Apollo Belvedere In Vatican before 1509 (part of Papal collection) One of best known pieces of classic art during the Renaissance Soft, undefined muscles

Dying Gaul Trumpeter Roman Copy of Bronze Original, Life Size C. 220 BCE From Pergamon (found in 1623 Rome) (Hellenistic period=not exactly Greek, but Greek like. Expanded all over) Monument for Greeks, shows enemy instead b/c makes their victory seem all the more great Meant to inspire empathy in emotion, doesnt idealize him (shows his agony) Spreads out beyond own space Facial hair, jewelry, etc identify him as a Gaul Hellenistic

Altar from Pergamon (Altar of Zeus) Turkey, C. 175-150 BCE Marble Frieze 76 (means continuous row of sculptures along bottom here) Excavations began in 1873 Shows battle of Titans and Olympians (meant to represent Greek victory over Gauls) Best known representation of Hellenistic art Hugely emotional, violent Pergameen style (anti-classical, emotional, etc) Ionic Built as sort of modern version of Parthenon

Nike of Samothrace C. 180 BCE Marble Found 1863, Samothrace

Pergameen Style Nike= figure of Naval victory, Base= actually front of a ship Demonstrates torsion (corkscrew energy) Very active

Laocoon and his sons, Marble Copy 1st c. BCE Found 1506, Rome Open compostion (not self contained), dramatic, emotional, torsion Michelangelo helped find, later incorporated into his own sculptures Best description of his death Part of Belvedere Collection

Belvedere Torso C. 150 BCE Marble Found 1432, Rome Huge twisted, explosive power, very Hellenistic Incorporated into body of Adam in Sistine Chapel

Aphrodite of Melos (Venus de Milo) C. 150 BCE Marble Found 1820, Melos Classical Revival Style Still not totally classic, more detailed, has torque evident in leg, muscles in motion, more sexual, more human One of most reproduced pieces of Hellenistic art Missing hand probably holding golden apple

Old Woman Roman Copy 1st Century BCE Marble Hellenistic: Genre scene, realistic, doesnt focus on the ideal, but rather how things are. Also has torque and is in motion.

Alexander the Great Confronts Darius III at Battle of Issos Roman Copy of Greek Original (from Pompeii) C. 310 BCE 8x17 Very detiailed, realistic Uses illusions (foreshortening, charascura, etc) to create depth Huge energy Hellenistic Perhaps painted by woman named Helen of Egypt

Hellenistic stuff done often on colossal scale (empires in declining years often begin making bigger sculptures, etc to demonstrate power still) Etruscan Art:

Interior of the Tomb of Reliefs, Cerveteri, Italy, 3rd Century BCE Carved out of rock to resemble a house, Funerary

Sarcophagus with Reclining Couple, from Cerveteri, Italy C. 520 BCE, Painted Terra Cotta Length 67 Somewhat similar to kouros Found in a tomb (funerary art= most common type of Etruscan art. Focused on the happy parts of life) Illustrates gender equality Etruscan Temples:

Mud brick walls, columns and entablatures= wood and tufa (volcanic rock) Columns= Tuscan Order (Etruscan variation of doric order- unfluted shaft, simplified base, capital, and entabliture) Sculptures on roof rather than pediments Plan types= Pseudoperipteral Raised up on a platform One staircase in front Deep porches Engaged Columns Roman Republic: (also called Roman Verism. Focused on realism, exact likeness. Reveered age, etc) (Ends w/ Julius Caesar)

Aulus Metellus (the Orator), c. 80 BCE, Bronze 6 Roman Official, name (Aulus M) inscribed on hem of garment in Etruscan letters Dressed like classic roman senator (robe, leather boots, etc)

Roman Patrician Carrying Portrait Busts of Two Ancestors, c. 100 BCE, Marble, 55 Palazzo de Conservator, Rome Indicates man was wealthy, artistic. The busts illustrate his distinguished lineage. The head is not the original.

Temple of Portunus, Rome, Italy C. 100 BCE Not known if actually dedicated to Portunus Rectangular (like many Roman temples), Longitudinal Combo of Etruscan and Greek: Front Porch on one end, also has Greek Ionic order Full columns on porch, with engaged half-columns around cella Columns were really just decorative now Continuous frieze in entablature Positioned beside Tiber

Initiation Rights of the Cult of Bacchus, Second Style wall paintings from the Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, Italy, c. 50 BCE Frieze Section 5 Shows people (especially women) worshipping Bacchus From the Dining Room (trinclinium) Indicates plenty

Second Style Wall Painting, from Boscoreale, Italy C. 50 BCE From a Villa (Frescoes) Showed some Hellenistic and Classical Roman Houses: Poured Concrete, Faced w/ Brick, faced w/ veneer 2 blocks: Front (around impluvium)= where business occurs 2nd (peristyle, garden) Early Empire (Roman Hellenism or idealism. Elevate them to the levels of the Gods) (Augustus to Marcus Aurelius)

Augustus of Prima Porta, c. 20 BCE Marble 68 Vatican Museums, Rome Augustan= 1st emperor Pax Romana (Augustan Age) Baby God (Venus) indicates Divine lineage Barefoot= Holy ground Was painted originally Colossal scale In some ways=still republican but more like Greek idealism (old but also timelessly youthful) Everything shows him as god like leader, larger than life Breastplate: Lots of stories: God at bottom represents earth (Cornuccopia represents plenty under Augustan) Older man stretching fabric= Aeolus (Sky): All this goodness on earth is under the sky Man offering tribute, shows defeated, submissive to Rome

Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace) 13-9 BCE, Marble, Rome Principle Augustan Piece Not In Situ (siting was once important: positioned close to Augustans tomb, outside city, based on Roman Roads) Raised up on a podium, single staircase in front Enclosed Space (not skeletal like Greek) Represents Pax Romana, achieved by strong military Panels on front show allegories of peace and plenty (look Greek) Friezes down sides shows members of Augustuss family Realistic, roman style, but also refers to cella frieze on Parthenon Very Busy, no clear foreground, background, etc

Pont du Gard, Nimes, France, Late 1st Century BCE Aqueduct, but also part of road system: highway Arches= important part (Romans did not invent them, but no one used them like the Romans did) Arcade= Row of Arches Uses Concrete (a Roman creation)

Colosseum (Flavian Ampitheater), Rome c. 70-80 BCE 2 Ampitheaters stacked on top of one another Survived Middle Ages b/c christianized (stations of cross performed there) Concrete/Arch technology at its finest. Freestanding/independent. Concrete/Brick, covered with Marble Mostly engaged Columns and then Holastic (flat on top) Bottom level: Tuscan Columns 2nd: Ionic 3rd: Corinthian 4th: Composite Buttressing used to Counteract Outer force Bays: intersection of Barrel vaults

Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE, Concrete Faced with Marble Reliefs: Spoils from the Arch of Titus (left interior), Triumph of Titus (Right Interior) (Marble) Entrance to Forum Nike present b/c shows victory Frieze has writing about the victory Titus leading army to crush revolting jews Reliefs use special illusionism to depict horses Specific and Realistic, but also other-worldy A Composite Arch High Empire:

Column of Trajan, Rome Dedicated 112 CE marble 125 high In Trajans forum (largest forum in Rome) Across from Titus arch Depicts Trajans victory over romanians. Carved bands, get bigger as they go up, painted to be visible from elevated library that used to surround it) Shows movement of army (incredibly realistic/shows Roman efficiency) Also includes a God of the River Used to be part of a Basillica (city hall or civic building)

Pantheon, Rome 118-125 CE

Commissioned by Hadrian Outwardly simple, has a belt course around it Inside= solid (tholos but solid: a rotunda) (a perfect sphere to represent the Cosmos) Has niches, each holds one of 7 Gods Used to be elevated/ covered w/ marble, ceiling used to be blue Dome: thick walls, concrete filled with relieving arches (serve as buttresses) Coffers (to take off weight) Oculus at top, lets in light to create illusions

Hadrians Villa, Tivoli, Italy c. 125 CE (Know things post-hadrianic if have beards: first emperor to have a beard) Unlike earlier emperors villas, this one was far outside of Rome Recreates beautiful things from all over Empire (Kayriatids, northern African stuff, etc) Illustrates beauty, but also Roman dominance

Equestrian of Marcus Aurelius c. 175 CE. Gilded Bronze, 11 Only monumental equstrian monument left from antiquity

Only survived b/c people thought it was Constantine Original location unknown Commanding and realistic, but also ideal All great renaissance artists had to make a similar piece as test of skill Late Empire (Late Roman Imperial, Symbolic)

Baths of Caracalla, Rome 211-217 CE Biggest Baths in Rome Social Places, not just for bathing Southeast Corner of Rome

Heroic Portrait of Trebonianus Gallus, from Rome, 251-253 CE, Bronze, 711, MET Posed like Augustan sculpture (I will bring back success/glory of earlier days) Symbolically linked to past, doesnt feel classical or particularly realistic Colossal and disproportionate Symbolic Contraposto (purely visual, body hasnt shifted at all, just one leg) Not heroic nudity

Portrait of the Tetrarchs, from Constantinople, c. 305 CE

Porphyry, 4 S. Marco Venice The 4 rulers of Rome, one was Diocletian Not intended to be realistic (no contrapposta, disproportionate, etc) Instead, symbolic Poryphyry= purple, royal stone Shows Rome has become too unweildy for just one ruler 2 capitals now, prelude to Roman breakup

Palace of Diocletian, Split, Croatia, c. 300 CE VERY fortified, diff from earlier palaces/villas Arcades rest on top of columnades. Different from other Roman architecture.

Arch of Constantine, Rome, c. 312-315 CE Commemorates victory, making him sole power One of the great concluding pieces of classical age (shows heading into Medieval art) Nikes in the Spandrals Many different styles here b/c made of Spolia Took apart monuments to earlier emperors and put them in his, juxtaposed w/ modern style. (Were going to reclaim the good of the past and improve in the future)

Basilica of Constantine, Rome, 312-315 CE Main Basilica in Augustan forum Much bigger than other Basilicas 3 Aisle basilica: central aisle= knave, side aisles= barrel vaults sets stage from coming medieval structure Longitudinal In the aps= enormous statue of Constantine Symbolic, neither realistic nor idealized

c. 315-330, Marble

Priestess of Bacchus, right panel of an ivory diptych c. 400 CE Return to classical style Classical theme (nature, bacchus worshiper gathering grapes), perspective, contrapposta Elaborate wedding gift, sort of book cover (covers normally just wax) Jewish Art: (Iconoclastic, often dont have images) Basic elements of a synogague Ark (cabinet to hold Torah), Bema (table to read Torah on), Eternal flame Otherwise, synagogues= constantly changing w/ the times, so as not to stand out Earliest continuous narrative cycle of Biblical images in history= baby moses rescued from river

The Crossing of the Red Sea, detail from a house synogague mural, Dura Europa, Syria 244-45, Tempera on Plaster In late roman imperial style, no one is individualized, figures show some contraposta, but no sense of perspective, etc Cant show Gods face, just arms All figures are looking at you Early Christian Art: Edict of Milan (313)= Religious toleration Styles of late roman empire incorporated into this style

Good Shepherd, Orants, and the story of Jonah Painted ceiling of the Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellino, Rome. C. 300 CE Tandos= painting in the Round format, (in center, shows Jesus) Linet= painting in a half circle (tell story of Jonah) Juxtaposition of old and new Shows contemporary early christians painted alongside these stories (praying in orant: arms spread wide open) Carved into Tufa Jesus looks classical and late imperial: conflict Simple and economic, late Roman Imperial style Resembles Roman Murals Similar to early Jewish art at the time

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, c. 359. Marble, Vatican 50 years after Edict of Milan, Christianity widely accepted by many in Rome JB was a newly baptized roman official (someone important), expensive sarcophagus Classical and not classical, combo of old and new: Classical: classical movement, drapery hangs to skin, contrapposta, entire piece is organized in classical architectural framework Not Classical: big heads, weird Contrapposta Sides look classical (wine)= actually Eucharist (carved in registers) Back not carved Various niches tell many stories (both old and new testament) Incorporates Aeolus (Sky God) below Jesus in one to show his divinity Only Pontius Pilot one takes up two niches

Old St. Peters basilica, Rome. C. 320-27 Constantine gave land across Tiber to be central place of Catholic Church 5 aisles (only Basilica to do this) Most doesnt exist anymore (underground does b/c burial place of St Peter) No vaulting

Church of Santa Sabina, Rome c. 422-432 2 Part elevation 1. Nave arcade 2. Clerestory Windows No vaulting 3 aisles Has best preserved early Christian doors Terminates in Apse (Most important decorations in half-dome over apse)

Church of Santa Constanza, Rome (Mausoleum of Constantina) c. 350 Ambulatory Walkway (w/ barrel vaults over it) Centralized Plan Constantine was patron: masoluem for his daughter

Mausoleum of Galla Placida, Ravenna c. 425 Tomb for Galla Placida= Wife of emperor (and then was briefly empress) Near San Vitale Centralized form, gable roofs (to cover the barrel vaults) Outside=Plain, interior: gorgeous mosaics Lunets (half circles) at end of each barrel vault

The Good Shepherd Mosaic in lunette over the entrance to Mausoleum of Galla Placida Contrast between old and new Chiarascarro in sheep. Foreshortening Classical: Jesus shows torsion, wears gold/blue: imperial Not classical: sort of flat, collapsed, sitting position doesnt really look natural

Byzantine Art: Early Byzantine Art (Age of Justinian): Church of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus C. 530

Based on Roman practices, but also somewhat different. Not quite Basillica, not quite Centralized. Dome on top, most of interior=longitudinal Big open spaces, dont use centralized rotunda Knave, and then gallery on top Domes, Half Domes, and Quarter Domes Taken over by the Turks, now a Mosque Church of San Vitale, Ravenna. c. 526-47

Looks centralized on outside, but also longitudinal stretch Tension between two types Groined ambulatory Has aps, has gallery, has narthax Every surface=covered in mosaics Anti classical, b/c classical focused on the engineering, which mosaics distract from Columns made to look almost weak= suggests divine rather than human strength Aps features 2 best known mosaics of Byzantine art One side features Emperor Justinian

Shows emperor as head of Church, taking part in Eucharist Both Classical (fabric has folds, chiaroscarro, subtly has aropachuslike movement) and anti classical (flat, frontal, big eyes) Other features his wife, Empress Theodora

Church of Sant Apollinare in Classe Looks early Christian 6th Century

Mosaic in the Apse: The Transfiguration of Christ and Saint Apollinaris, First Bishop of Ravenna, makes it Byzantine

Depicts transfiguration Jesus, Elijah, Moses (Prophecy fulfilled) Above it, in lintel, Christ is shown in a circle: trinitarian halo 4 Gospel writers shows in animal forms (tetramorphs) Tetramorphs seen in Old Testament+Revelation= Fulfillment of Prophecy Matthew= Man, Mark= Lion, Luke= Ox (patron of Artists), John= Eagle Byzantine churchs had pictures of Jesus in Pentochrators Archangle Michael, Panel of a diptych Ivory, Constantinople. Early 6th century. Appears classical in many ways: contraposta, foreshortening, At the same time, looks sort of flat, feet splayed weirdly Writing in Greek, not latin

Page with Rebecca at the Well, from the Book of genesis (also known as Vienna Genesis) Early 6th Century Tempura, gold and silver paint on purple died vellum Illuminated Manuscript (handwritten with pictures) Classical in its personification and continuous narrative, some contraposta) Mostly flat though Shows Abrhams servant trying to find wife for his son (from Genesis, tries to illustrate text exactly, but simplified) Text= Greek, silver lettering (shows every letter is important)

Middle Byzantine Art: Starts after Iconoclastic Controversy- 843 Very flat, heavily gold Made of wood, painted w/ egg tempura Start on flat plane, come out into our space Cathedral of St. Mark Venice. Begun 1063 Important b/c had exclusive rights to the west (portal between east and west) Place to keep bones of St. Mark Byzantine Greek Cross plan Central dome, smaller domes surrounding it Everything inside=gold Does not contain clerestory

Byzantine churches: High domes, unbroken space Central dome (celestial god= pentocrater) Second dome (Life of Christ) Third Dome (Wall of Icons, Iconostasis) Harbaville Triptych Mid 11th Century Ivory One of few Byzantine pieces that isnt flat Made as a private worship object (for someone powerful) On top: risen Christ w/ Mary and John (serving as intercession) Greek text Back has cross, stars, Cyprus trees Bottom shows St. Peter w/ key to the city

Page with David the Psalmist From Paris Psalter, 10th Century Paint on Vellum Throwback to classical ideals: hierartic perspective, perspective, etc

Late Byzantine Art (begins in 1261 after Christian Crusaders are expelled) Moves to Russia (lots of wood, Onion domes, but keep Byzantine idea of high central domes w/ smaller domes surrounding it) The Old Testament Trinity (Three Angels Visiting Abraham) By Andrey Rubylov Icon Tempera on Panel c. 1410-20 Abraham/Sarah hosting guests Chalice in center of table Perspective moves it into our space, rather than leading us inward Expressed ideal geometry

Early Islamic Art: Muhammad (570-632) (Justinian ended in 565) Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, Israel c. 687-91 similar plan to San Vitale 3rd Great Pilgrimage site in Islam Political and Religious Monument Important for both Jewish and Islamic faith Literally built on top of rock Interior: Arcades and Columnades Early text of quaran on outside Ambulatory Colors alternatively on arches

Prayer Hall, Great Mosque Cordoba, Spain Begun 785 Hypostyle Hall, w/ horshoe arches Groin vaults Region had previously been a wealthy roman province Spolia incorporated (had been influenced by earlier Visigothic architecture) Has hypostyle hall at top Minaret at bottom

Tile Mosaic, from the Madrasa Imami, Isfahan, Iran. Found 1454. Glazed and Cut tiles Meant to assist in Prayer Shows math, nature, and the word all brought together Deep blue associated w/ persia

Baptistery of St Louis Muhammad Ibn al-Zain: artist (signed it many times) From Syria or Egypt c. 1300 BCE Brass Inlaid w/ silver and gold clearly done for leader in Manluch world Manluchs (former slaves, who formed a warrior class, and then their old culture. Not quite Islamic but not Mongolian either) Shows a hunt= they are skilled horsemen

Shows everything in Islam was not about Quaran

Lion Court from Alhambra Palace South of Spain, Near Granada (Alhambra b/c has red stoneliteral meaning of the world Alhambra)

Asian Art: Maurya Period (Budhist-India) Great Stupa, Sanchi, c. 200 BCE 35 In Bhupal, crossroads Stupas= Reliquary mounds 3d expression of Mandala (prayer mat) anyone allowed in Lions on front Budha shown on Torana as footprints Focus is not on his physical presence, but his ideas Stories of Budhas life engraved over Torana (Torana= Gateways)

Yakshi on Torana as well (in tribhanga pose) Patron= King Ashoka Circuambulatory Mandala Plan

Chaitya Hall at Karla, Maharashra, India 1st c. BCE to 1st c. CE

2 schools of Budhist imagery (Images of Buddha start appearing around fall of Roman Empire) Mathura (more indigenous style: more gradceful, etc, inspired by Yakshas) Mudra (more Hellenistic style) 1st Collosal Buddha sculptures appear in Afghanistan China (Pre Budhist) Shang Dynasty: Mostly funerary art Qin Dynasty: Mausoleum of Emperor Shihuangdi (guy who started building Great Wall of China)

(Xian) c. 210 BCE Earthenware Thousands of individualized soldiers

Han Dynasty: Painted Bannder, Tomb of the Marquess of Dai, Hunan, c. 160 BCE Silk banner over coffin Uses twisting to show one of the 1st images of an afterlife Also shows portrait of the Deceased Earthly and Heavenly Realms Patron was a noblewoman

Wei Dynasty:

When Buddhism comes to China (Xia) Seated Buddha, Cave 20 Xia 450 CE Huge Buddha sculpture shows importance of Buddhism to China Has Budha and a Bodhisatva Where early monks go to meditate

Tang Dynasty: Produces off-white ceramics Great Wild Goose Pagoda c. 650 CE Houses documents: account of Early Chinese Buddhist history Positioned right by a Temple Not wood unlike many pagodas

Song Dynasty: Travelers Among Mountains and Streams, c. 1000 CE Hanging scroll, ink and colors on silk By Fan Kuan (best known Chinese painter)

Shows one can be Buddhist, Confucist, etc at same time Shows a Journey, not a particular place Indentifies values through nature

Japanese Art: Shinto: Ise Shrine Main hall, Inner Shrine

Rebulit every 20 years(last rebuilt in 1993) Place for Shinto Pilgrimage (Shinto) ToriI gate marks entrance Budhist: Phoenix Hall, Byodod-in, Uji, Kyoto Prefecture Heian Period c. 1050 Site for tale of Genji

Building and statue made by Jocho Looks as if floating (because of raised platform, supports curve the rooftops to make it seem weightless) Cantelievery= Complex wooden system to support it (beam/bracket projecting outward) Kondo contains Budha Sculpture Originall was private residence 2 Phoenixes on top. Open to everyone

Amida Buddha in Phoenix Hall c. 1050 CE Gold Leaf and laquer on joined wood. Inside the Kondo of Phoenix hall Angel- like Teachers float above him (what called?)

Womb World Mandala, To-Ji, Kyoto, Heian Period C. 1000 CE Hanging scrolls, color on silk Gives a glimpse of heavenly realm, rich, powerful, golden Very big (six feet by five feet) Mandala= prayer map Symmetrical

Kuya Preaching Kamukara Period C. 1200 CE By Kosho

Painted wood with inlaid eyes Rokuhara Mistu-Ji, Kyoto Shows Koya (preacher) chanting= Founder of the Monastery Sculpted Buddhas coming out of his mouth for syllables

Types of Buddhist Temples: Pagoda- Enclosed Space Mondo- Golden/Main hall Ji- Temple Mudra= a symbolic hand gesture Early Medieval Art: Charlemagne wanted to recreate the glory of old rome Principle look of Saxons= Interlace: the weaving metal. When done on wood=Viking Anglo/Saxons in Britain (World of Beowulf): Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, Purse Cover c. 625 Gold, Glass, Cloissone (little walls inside jewelry. Metalworking technique) Best known Anglo/Saxon artifcat Not from a sea-ship. Just a river boat. The wood rotted away, just left a ghost What remains, coins, etc show Anglo/Saxons extensive trade relations Purse Cover remained Shows animal/migratory movements Heraldic (bilateral, symmetrical imagery) Energetic/violent: highlights Viking ideals

Hiberno Saxons: Monks up in thei Ireland area, made lots of books. Combined anglo/saxon metalworking traditions w/ books Best known piece: Book of Kells Chi Rho Iota page from Matthew (cover for Book of Matthew) c. 800 inks and pigments on vellum interlace designs start forming into the world: cats, mice, a chalice

Carolingian Empire: Anything after 800 Contrasting styles (Classical roman w/ Anglo/Saxon) Lorsch gate= One of few remaining Carolingian architectural designs Basically recreates arch of Constantine with millefiori

Palace Chapel of Charlemagne Aachen c. 800 All that remains of his palace (most important part: where he is buried/where his relics are)

Modeled after San Vitale Has ambulatory, gallery, etc Unlike Byzantine works, reaffirms solidity of architecture

Saint Gall Plan Ink of Parchment c. 817 from Switzerland Introuduction of Wetwarks (western towers) An abbots ideal of what the ideal monastery would look like (never intended to be built) Similar to other churches, but includes westwarks, cloisters, transepts, etc

Ebbo Gospels, Page w/ Saint Matthew Ink, gold, colors on Vellum c. 825 Charlemagne wanted literacy= Carolingian world especially known for books Classical in that: Matthew wears a toga, uses atmospheric perspective, chiarscurro, foreshortening, etc Also uses anglo saxon techniques like interlace though+ dynamic energy

Lindau Gospels Cover Gold, pearls, sapphires, garnets, and emeralds c. 875 Primary metalwork form=Repouset One of the few remaining bookcovers Shows dramatic, grieving angels, emaciated figures, around a calmly crucified Christ (one of two ways crucifixion is depicted at this time)

Ottonian Empire: Otto I Presenting Church to Chirst c. 975 Shows Otto I presenting Church to Christ Jesus in the middle w/ Cross in his halo to symbolize the Trinity On other side, St. Peter is present w/ the key St. Maurice stands in back (Patron Saint of Holy Roman Empire- Black Saint) Very Small

Represents Power of Pope/Power of german Leader

Church of St. Michael Hildesheim (East Germany) Destroyed in WWII (what you see now is a reproduction) Middle has early Christian basilica, w/ westwarks Transept (crossing arm)= principle geometric unit for these type of churches Crossing tower over bay where transept/westwarks cross Looks very early Christian on interior (but has 2 types of columns inside ABBA order)

Most famous aspect: Bronze Doors of Bishop Bernward c. 1015 over 16 feet tall (biggest metal casting project since Roman Empire)

inspired by Santa Sabina doors Roman Classical/Early Church Style (almost a classical revival piece) Narrative stories shown in panels Inspired by Illuminated Manuscripts Design: one side shows fall of man progression. Other side, literally progresses up as a rise Images have some classical perspective Adam and Eve are shown banished to the city Most famous panel=Blaming one another panel

Gero Crucifix, Cologne Cathedral c. 970 Gilded and Painted Wood 1st time interest shown in recreating a full scale human body Unlike Landau Gospels meant to emphasize Jesuss suffering.

Mayan Culture: (technically lasted from 400 BCE-1500 CE) Period we think of as Dark Ages (700-800 CE) was Golden Age for civilizations like this Lady Xoks (or Queen Xoox) Vision (Accension Ceremony) 725 CE, from Xaxchilan 2 Panels Left shows Shield Jaguar (one of best known leaders) holding torch while his queen is about to go into a trancelike state to encounter ancestors in the Spirit Realm (through pain) Both shown covered in Jewels/Feathers Hyroglyphs at top explain what is about to happen Right Panel shows Xooxs vision: A serpents mouth opens, and a warrior comes forward Shows Ancient Storm god of Tinochtilian (Ancient Culture from Area)- Links it with Ancient Cultures