Professional Documents
Culture Documents
, in Mocs:
_V::rcss@Sccor_M:||crr:um. +o++s, ;o.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 3 d 333
14. Smuts, Encounters with Animal Minds.
15. Jacques Derrida (with Jean-Luc Nancy), Eating Vell, or the Calcu-
lation of the Subject: An Interview with Jacques Derrida, in V|o Comcs oj:cr
:|c Suocc: ed. Eduardo Cadava, Ieter Connor, and Jean-Luc Nancy (New York:
Routledge, +oo+), oo++o. Socr:cc is a common word with many meanings, not
all contained in Derridas analyses, but his treatment of the logic of sacrice in
Jewish and Christian lineages, including their secular heirs and siblings in the
history of philosophy, is important. For critical disappointment in Derridas
eorts in Eating Vell, see David Vood, Comment ne pas mangerDecon-
struction and Iumanism, in Ar:mo| O:|crs: Or L:|:cs. Or:o|ogy or Ar:mo|
L:jc. ed. I. Ieter Steeves (Albany: State University of New York Iress, +ooo),
+:,:. For detailed and astute readings and extensions of Derridas extraordinary
writings on animal matters in philosophy, see Volfe, Ar:mo| R::cs. especially his
chapter on the failure of rights discourses, Old Orders for New: Ecology,
Animal Rights, and the Ioverty of Iumanism, and his essay on Derrida and
Lvinas (among others), In the Shadow of Vittgensteins Lion: Language,
Ethics, and the Question of the Animal. For another strongly argued insistence
on the irreducible multiplicity of animals and the historically contingent rela-
tionships humans have with animals, see Barbara Ierrnstein Smith, Animal
Relatives, Dicult Relations, :crcrccs +:, no. + (spring aoo+): +a,. Unfortu-
nately, philosophers like Derrida are unlikely to read, cite, or recognize as phi-
losophy the large feminist literatures indicated in my notes, above. I blame that
less on the philosopheme of the Animal and more on that of the Man and his
cyclopean-like, incurious citation practices: The feminist work was often both
rst and also less entrammeled in the traps of misrecognizing animals as singu-
lar, even if we have been just as caught in the nets of humanism and are in need
of the kind of thinking Derrida and Gayatri Spivak do.
16. This kind of open is elucidated in Agambens reading of Ieidegger.
Agamben is very good at explicating how the anthropological machine in phi-
losophy works. In my view, bare life (zo) notwithstanding, he is no help at all
for guring out how to get to another kind of opening, the kind feminists and
others who never had Ieideggers starting point for Dosc:r of profound bore-
dom can discern. Giorgio Agamben, l|c Opcr: Mor or Ar:mo|. trans. Kevin
Attel (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Iress, aoo+), +o;;.
17. Derrida, The Animal That Therefore I Am (More to Follow), ++;.
See also Derrida, And Say the Animal Responded:
18. Derrida, The Animal That Therefore I Am (More to Follow), ,o+
o:. For vivid graphic art on just these matters, see Sue Coe, |::s Lc::cr (New
334 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 3
York: Four Valls Eight Vindows, aooo), and www.graphicwitness.org/coe/
coebio.htm (accessed May :, aoo;). Coe works within a framework of animal
rights and uncompromising critical prohibition against eating or experimenting
on animals. Ier witness is radical. I nd her visual work compelling but the
political and philosophical formulations much less so. Extended to the critique
of speciesism, the logic of humanism and rights is everywhere, and the substance
of moral action is denunciation, prohibition, and rescue, such that inside instru-
mental relations, animals can only be victims. Still, her images have the force
of Villiam Blakes and Iieter Breugels visions, and I need her aming eyes to
burnish my knowledge of hellan inferno for which my world, including
myself, is responsible.
19. The statistics for animals killed worldwide by people for use in almost
every aspect of human lives are truly staggering (easily obtainablecheck the
Internet), and the growth of that killing in the last century is, literally, unthink-
able, if not uncountable. The staggering growth of the human population in that
same period is part of the reason but not a sucient explanation for the scale
of animal killing. The advertisements for an important new book state simply
that killing is the most common form of human interaction with animals. See
the Animal Studies Group, K:||:rg Ar:mo|s (Urbana: University of Illinois Iress,
aooo). Anyone watching the destruction of chickens and other birds to fend o
the threat of bird us spreading to people can have no doubt about such claims.
Not to take all this killing seriously is not to be a serious person in the world.
Hou to take it seriously is far from obvious.
20. That Jesus was a sacrice is intrinsic to the holy scandal of the Good
News. Unlike the rst Isaac, for whom an animal substitute was provided in the
nick of time, the Son of Man brought about his own sacrice, and it was sweet
to his Father. The nice thing about Christians who take this Story seriously is
that they understand that, all of a sudden, Man is subject to a killing that is not
murder. Jesus is a scapegoat to beat all other surrogates, and this meal has been
a feast for a couple thousand years already. This is indeed big trouble for the law.
No wonder secularism never satises the consumers of this category-breaking
and endlessly repeated sacrice. My feminist pagan soul coupled with my multi-
species work ethic thinks we can do better than either the eshly Son of Man or
his more ethereal secular siblings.
21. Derrida, The Animal That Therefore I Am (More to Follow), +os.
22. Ibid., ,;;.
23. J. M. Coetzee, D:sgrocc (New York: Viking, +ooo): J. M. Coetzee, l|c
L:vcs oj Ar:mo|s (Irinceton, N.J.: Irinceton University Iress, aoo+). Barbara
NOTES TO CHAPTER 3 d 335
Smuts made a similar complaint against the absence of real critters in l|c L:vcs
oj Ar:mo|s. See Barbara Smuts, Reections, in l|c L:vcs oj Ar:mo|s. +o;ao.
Cary Volfe writes about David Lurie and Elizabeth Costello in Exposures,
Introduction to ||:|osop|y or Ar:mo| L:jc (New York: Columbia University
Iress, forthcoming). The ctional character Elizabeth Costello has a much more
complex relation with the adequacy of the discourse of rights and reason in J. M.
Coetzee, L|:zooc:| Cos:c||o (New York: Viking, aoo,), when she faces languages
breakdown of the kind that reaches inside and rearranges ones innards. None -
theless, the Tanner Lectures represent a common, powerful, and in my view
powerfully wrong approach to the knots of animal and human killing and killa-
bility. It is not that the Nazi killings of the Jews and others and mass animal
slaughter in the meat industry have no relation: it is that analogy culminating in
equation can blunt our alertness to irreducible dierence and multiplicity and
their demands. Dierent atrocities deserve their own languages, even if there are
no words for what we do.
24. Iemberton, Canine Technologies, Model Iatients.
25. Iaraway, Mocs:_V::rcss@Sccor_M:||crr:um. ++o+a.
26. Stengers, The Cosmopolitical Iroposal. See also her two-volume
Cosmopo|:::oucs. Stengers is in long and rich conversation with Bruno Latour on
cosmopolitics. See Latour, |o|:::cs oj No:urc.
27. Training animals of a huge range of species, from octopuses to goril-
las, to cooperate actively with people in scientic protocols and husbandry, as
well as training human caregivers to provide innovative behavioral enrichment
for the animals in their charge, is a growing practice. Trained animals are subject
to less coercion of either physical or pharmaceutical kinds. Such animals are
calmer, more interested in things, more capable of trying something new in their
lives, more responsive. Irevious scientic research, as well as a bit of nally lis-
tening to people who work well with animals in entertainment and sport, has
produced new knowledge that in turn changes moral possibilities and obliga-
tions in instrumental relationships such as those in experimental animal labora-
tories. Experimental animal science, in this case behaviorist and comparative
psychology, has produced knowledge crucial to changing the conditions of work
for people and animals in experimental animal science. To respond also means
to learn to know more: to learn to learn is not something that just the animals
in operant conditioning do. Learning to learn takes guring out how to cohabit
a multispecies world shaped by cascades of earned trust. Training involves an
asymmetrical relationship between responsive partners. Getting each others
attention is the core of the relationship. The Animal Behavioral Management
336 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 3
Alliance, founded in aooo, is the professional association focused solely on train-
ing animals, mostly so-called exotics living in human-structured worlds, to im -
prove the lives of the critters. A good journalistic account of how people learn to
improve the lives of mostly nondomestic animals who work in a variety of jobs,
in everything from zoo display, TV and lm, to research labs, is Amy Sutherland,
K:c|c. B:::cr. or Scro:c|c: L:jc or Lcssors o: :|c Vor|s |rcm:cr Sc|oo| jor
Lxo::c Ar:mo| lro:rcrs (New York: Viking, aooo).
Experimental lab scientists get the point eventually. On September a,,
aooo, an article by Andy Coghlan titled Animal Velfare: See Things from Their
Ierspective, Ncu Sc:cr::s: a:;o (September aooo): o;, reported on a confer-
ence at the Royal Society in London focusing on the ways animals interpret the
world, including the implications for treatment of animals working in scientic
research. Coghlan writes that the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research is
carrying out the countrys [the United Kingdoms] rst in-depth investigation
into stress and distress in laboratory animals. The goal is to develop a set of
objective measures of distress and well-being for various species, so that care can
be more appropriate and uncoupled from common narratives and assumptions
unchecked by data. The Royal Society was the scene of Robert Boyles reports
on the gas laws in seventeenth-century England: maybe we can expect a similar
revolutionizing impact from the aooo reports. Iow does one know if a dog or
a mouse is in pain: An objective answer to that sort of question can actually be
found if one (a) is curious and (b) also cares. Ordinary, fallible instruments such
as psychometric assessments in the context of comparative medicine are handy
twenty-rst-century air pumps, bypassing the theologies of debates about ani-
mal sentience and confronting the evacuation of the heart and mind in current
animal industrial practices in science and elsewhere. For a good example of the
still awed but nonetheless better attention to canine experimental subjects
well-being, see Robert Iubrecht, Comfortable Quarters for Dogs in Research
Institutions, University Federation for Animal Velfare, U.K., www.awion
line.org/pubs/cqoa/ca-dogs.html (accessed May :, aoo;). For an expos of at
least some actual conditions for research dogs, those unlucky enough to be in the
jaws of the Beagle Unit at Iuntington Life Sciences in the United Kingdom, at
least between +ooo and aooo, see Inside ILS, www.shac.net/MISC/Inside_
ILS_Full_Report.html (accessed May :, aoo;). The footage from this expos
aired on Britains channel + in aoo:, sparking a major antivivisection campaign.
Iubrecht works hard to eliminate practices like those at ILS. Ie won the aoo+
GlaxoSmithKline Laboratory Animal Velfare Irize. If only my skepticism
about the mercies of big pharma could be put to rest . . . But the extent and
NOTES TO CHAPTER 3 d 337
power of Iubrechts and others raising standards of care are real and important.
For a medical research organization (RDS) approach to animals in experimen-
tal practice, see www.rds-online.org.uk/ (accessed May :, aoo;). RDS reports
that there were about three million scientic procedures using animals in the
United Kingdom in aoo:.
28. Despret, The Body Ve Care For.
29. Ilne Cixous, Stigmata, or Job the Dog, in S::gmo:o. Lscop:rg lcx:s
(New York: Routledge, +oos), a+,o+. I am grateful to Adam Reed for giving me
Cixouss essay and for his evident pain and care in reading it.
30. Indiana University literary scholar, writer, and lawyer for animal well-
being Alyce Miller organized the Kindred Spirits conference (in Bloomington,
Indiana, September ;o, aooo) to bring diverse scholars, artists, and activists
together outside the setup of animal rights versus animal welfare. The excellent
presentations, as well as thoughtful and principled presence of the participants,
continue to work on my mind and heart. See www.indiana.edu/-kspirits/index
.htm.
31. E-mail from Sharon Ghamari-Tabrizi to Donna Iaraway, July +:,
aooo.
32. Susan Iarding, Get Religion, in ms., aooo.
33. Thompson, Mo|:rg |orcr:s.
34. A rough measure of this increased use of rodents is the importance of
mice carrying knockout genes. Comparative genomics is the name of the game.
Several nations have large new projects to produce tens of thousands of knock-
outs, that is, mice strains with disabled genes. For example, the U.S. National
Institutes of Iealth announced the Knockout Mouse Iroject to make ten thou-
sand new mutants: Europe and Canada are after another thirty thousand. China
aims to produce one hundred thousand dierent mutants in twenty thousand
lines of mice, each with a dierent knockout gene. Sc:crcc magazine estimates the
size of the international eort to be the largest since the Iuman Genome Iroj-
ect. The goal is to have knockouts for every mouse gene and make them available
publicly. Mass-produced mutant mice are the machine tools for the comparative
study of gene function. Cataloging, distribution, and intellectual property are
only some of the matters being fully aired. See David Grimm, A Mouse for
Every Gene, Sc:crcc ,+a ( June ,o, aooo): +soaoo. Mouse well-being warrants
no mention. Iow could it, when their status as animals is lost in rhetoric like the
following: As a group, the knockout projects are trying to create something akin
to the international superstore IKEA, where in a single trip, customers can buy
a houseful of easy-to-assemble furniture at reasonable prices. . . . Some assembly
338 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 3
would be required: turning those frozen embryos into live mice. . . . Such a
resource would be a far cry from todays mouse trade, which is more like buying
furniture from neighbors (+so,). I do not oppose carefully considered invasive
research with mice. My question is not that but how to engage in such practices
face-to-face, inside the mortal knot of becoming with other animals. I nd it col-
lectively psychotic, and highly functional, to deal in rhetorical and other research
practices as if the mice were only tools or products and not also sentient fellow
critters. The both/and is very hard to hold on to. Losing a grip on the both/and
means toppling into the unbridgeable chasm between self-satised instrumental
rationality, on the one hand, and perhaps equally self-satised right-to-life dis-
course, on the other hand. The problem for companion species, I argue, is not
how to be satised but how to handle indigestion. The same issue of Sc:crcc. a
couple pages before the story on knockout mice, carried an animal-behavior item
titled Signs of Empathy in Mice (+soo). The question might better be whether
very many people show such signs in their dealings with mice. Ierhaps human
genes to support such capacities were knocked out by alien cat researchers in an
earlier era. See also Lynda Birke, Vhoor VhatIs the Laboratory Rat (and
Mouse): Soc:c:y or Ar:mo|s ++, no. , (aoo,): ao;a+.
35. Iearse is a researcher at the Institute of Marine Sciences, University of
California at Santa Cruz, editor of the renowned journal Irvcr:coro:c B:o|ogy.
and coauthor of the classic text Ar:mo|s u::|ou: Boc|oorcs: Ar Ir:rouc::or :o :|c
Irvcr:coro:cs. by Ralph Buchsbaum, Mildred Buchsbaum, John Iearse, and Vicki
Iearse, ,rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Iress, +os;). See www.iode
.org/oceanexpert/viewMemberRecord.php:&memberID=+oa, (accessed May
:, aoo;). Iearse generously helps Iistory of Consciousness science studies
grad students with the marine zoology aspects of their dissertations. See Eva
Shawn Iayward, Envisioning Invertebrates: Immersion, Inhabitation, and Inti-
macy as Modes of Encounter in Marine TechnoArt, qualifying essay, Iistory
of Consciousness Department, University of California at Santa Cruz, Decem-
ber aoo,.
36. Michael Iadeld, e-mail to Donna Iaraway, August a, aooo. On the
snail research see, M. G. Iadeld, B. S. Iolland, and K. J. Olival, Contributions
of cx s::u Iropagation and Molecular Genetics to Conservation of Iawaiian
Tree Snails, in Lxpcr:mcr:o| Approoc|cs :o Corscrvo::or B:o|ogy. ed. M. Gordon
and S. Bartol (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Iress, aooa).
See also www.kewalo.hawaii.edu/labs/hadeld/ and www.hawaii.edu/eecb/
FacultyIgs/michaelhadeld.html (both Veb sites accessed May :, aoo;).
37. Scott Gilbert, e-mail to Donna Iaraway, August o, aooo.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 3 d 339
38. Isabelle Stengers, |crscr ovcc V|::c|co (Iaris: Gallimard, aooa).
See www.ensmp.fr/-latour/articles/article/o,-srvxcvs.html (accessed May
:, aoo;) for Bruno Latours review of |crscr. Alfred North Vhitehead: Sc:crcc
or :|c Mocrr Vor|: |roccss or Rco|::y. corrected ed. (New York: Free Iress,
+o;o): Mocs oj l|oug|: (New York: Macmillan, +o,s).
4. EXAMINED LIVES
1. The joke is perhaps too precious, but paraphilias, or sidewinding
loves, are just about every kind of libidinally invested connection known to psy-
choanalysis and sexology since Iavelock Ellis, and I would be disappointed if
dog love were not in there somewhere. A matter of interest for feminists, episte-
mophilia, or the love of knowledge, is all about scooping and scoping out the
mothers body in the subjects perverse lust to know its origins. Nothing inno-
cent in that: Curiosity is right in there with other sorts of digging in mud and
scoping outspelunking, reallyin tubes and caves. Curiosity is not a nice vir -
tue, but it does have the power to defeat ones favorite self-certainties.
2. For a long-range view of the emergence of working dogs of all kinds,
see Raymond Coppinger and Richard Schneider, Evolution of Vorking Dogs,
in l|c Domcs::c Dog: I:s Lvo|u::or. Bc|ov:our. or Ir:croc::ors u::| |cop|c. ed.
James Serpell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Iress, +oo:), a++;. For the
emergence of working animals broadly, see Juliet Clutton-Brock, A No:uro| H:s-
:ory oj Domcs::co:c Mommo|s (Cambridge: Cambridge University Iress, +ooo).
For a study of the strength and antiquity of humandog aectional and social
bonds suggested by the worldwide distribution of ancient dog burial sites, ties
that the author sees as dening dogs as a species, see Darcy F. Morey, Bury-
ing Key Evidence: The Social Bond between Dogs and Ieople, ]ourro| oj
Arc|oco|og:co| Sc:crcc ,, (aooo): +:s;:. On Native working, pet, food, and
other dogs in the Americas before the arrival of European canine kinds, see Mar-
ion Schwartz, A H:s:ory oj Dogs :r :|c Lor|y Amcr:cos (New Iaven, Conn.: Yale
University Iress, +oo;). On the importance of animals in imperial settler colo -
nies, see Virginia Anderson, Crco:urcs oj Lmp:rc (New York: Oxford University
Iress, aooo).
3. Linda Rorem, Australian Shepherd Iistory, www.glassportal.com/
herding/shepherd.htm (accessed May :, aoo;). The recently reissued classic on
the ten-thousand-year interaction of sheep and human beings is M. L. Ryder,
S|ccp or Mor (London: Duckworth, aoo;). Ryder published extensively from
his base in the Agricultural Research Councils Animal Breeding Research
340 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 4
Organization in Edinburgh. Sarah Franklin, my friend and colleague who herds
me mercilessly into sheephumandog naturalcultural ecologies, gives a gold
mine of information in Do||y M:x:urcs.
4. Molecular genetic studies do not show the mitochondrial- or nuclear-
DNA segments in living U.S. dogs that would be expected from the ospring of
preconquest dogs, who seem to have been massively killed o or to have died o
or both with the arrival of European dogs and their erce people and destructive
domestic food animals. I do not know if Navajo dogs have been specically
examined with this question in mind. But see Mark Derr, Dogs Bcs: Ir:cr (New
York: Iolt, +oo;), +a, +os;:, for the opinion that some Navajo dogs closely
resemble specic sorts of preconquest American dogs and for a discussion of
their ock-guarding behavior under Navajo systems of pastoralism.
5. From The Navajo Sheep Iroject, www.recursos.org/sheepislife/
dine.html. See also www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/sheep/navajochurro/index.htm
and www.navajo-churrosheep.com/. (Veb sites accessed on May :, aoo;.) For
a good introduction to the history of Navajo textiles, see Eulalie I. Bonar,
ed., Vovcr oy :|c Grormo:|crs: N:rc:ccr:|-Ccr:ury Novoo lcx::|cs jrom :|c
No::oro| Muscum oj :|c Amcr:cor Ir:or (Vashington, D.C.: Smithsonian In-
stitution Iress, +ooo). For astute, engaged, and moving arguments for needed
countermodernities in Australian worlds and elsewhere, see Deborah Bird Rose,
Rcpor:s jrom o V:| Cour:ry: L:|:cs jor Dcco|or:so::or (Sydney: University of
New South Vales Iress, aoo+).
6. From Sheep Is Life, www.recursos.org/sheepislife/dine.html (accessed
May :, aoo;).
7. I adopt the locution more-than-human from Australian anthropolo-
gist, philosopher, and science studies scholar Thom van Dooren, in his IhD
dissertation, Seeding Iroperty: Nature, Iuman/Ilant Relations and the Iro-
duction of Vealth, Australian National University, aoo;.
8. Dierent breeds of meat and ber sheep in international trade have
long been important in the history of capital, and Australia is a key player. Never
pretty for the sheep, the trade has only become more brutal with factory farm-
ing and has technoscientically enabled reduction of animals to little more than
bioproducers of money. Only one example is the many millions of live sheep
shipped annually by countries such as Australia and Uruguay to the Middle East
and Asia for Ramadan: the death rate of these sheep in transit has become an
international scandal. For a global trade advertisement, see www.alibaba.com/
catalog/+++:o+oo/Sheep_For_Ramadan.html (accessed May :, aoo;). U.K.-
export sheep go mainly to northern Europe, especially France. For a view from
NOTES TO CHAPTER 4 d 341
ovine hell, see Sue Coe and Judith Brody, S|ccp oj Ioo|s (Seattle, Vash.: Fanta-
graphics Books, aoo:).
9. Franklin, Ar:mo| No::or. +:;, notes that the immigrant dingo, with its
four-thousand-year history on the island continent, is held responsible not only
for the extermination of the Australian marsupial thylacines on mainland Aus-
tralia but also more recently for depredations on the white settler colonys pas-
toral economy, resulting in a ten-thousand-kilometer fence from Queensland to
South Australia. Franklin tells of the still more recent econationalist rehabilita-
tion of the dingo into a symbol of native wild nature in important vacation and
tourist sites such as Fraser Island. The American Kennel Club gave dingoes its
imprimatur in +oo,, designating them an Australian dog breed. The dingo has
even achieved the mixed grace of becoming ocially endangered as a result of its
unblessed interbreeding with ordinary feral dogs. U.S. wolves have followed a
similar route from vermin and killers, deemed worthy of soul-chillingly eective
and brutal extermination campaigns and bounty hunters, to members of the
ecoelite of the super-Native charismatic macrofauna. See Jody Emel, Are You
Man Enough, Big and Bad Enough: Volf Eradication in the U.S., in Ar:mo|
Gcogrop|:cs. ed. Jennifer Volch and Jody Emel (London: Verso, +oos), o+++s.
IostCaptain Cook extirpation campaigns against dingoes contributed strongly
to the extinction of sixteen other Australian species of mammals by removing
their top predator, freeing introduced European predators such as foxes to feast
unmolested on the southern continents ground-dwelling species such as the
eastern hare-wallaby. See Ncu Sc:cr::s: (November ++, aooo): +;. For an extraor-
dinary ethnography that centers the importance of dingoes to Aboriginal people
of the Northern Territory, see Deborah Bird Rose, D:rgo Mo|cs Us Humor
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Iress, +ooa).
10. Good breed history of the Australian shepherd, complete with great
pictures of the old-style ranch dogs and the modied ideal versatile Aussies of
the post-+o;os, can be found in two Australian Shepherd Club of America year-
books: lucr:y Ycors oj |rogrcss: .e.e and |rov:rg \crso::|::y: .e::a. That
Roland, Rustens and my Aussiechow cross, looks like the old-style herding
Aussies goes a long way in explaining why he was given an Indenite Listing
Irivilege from the American Kennel Club as an Australian shepherd when I sent
in his picture. I told what I knew for sure of his ancestrynamely, that his
unregistered, undeniably Aussie dam worked sheep and cattle in Californias
Central Valleyand neglected to mention the chowish coats and purple tongues
of his littermate sisters. Since the whole litter had had their tails mutilated
Aussie-style, and he was castrated and so blocked from genetic pollution of more
342 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 4
high-born Aussie lines, our sable-merle Roland had a chance. Sable merle is a
disqualifying, but formerly not uncommon, color and coat pattern for kennel-
club Aussies in the show ring. Besides, Roland did very well in the American
Ierding Breeds Association herding-aptitude eld test, earning a qualifying cer-
ticate as well as a respectful look and encouragement to continue his stock
training from some serious herding-trial people. I requested AKC breed regis-
tration for three reasons: (+) to run with him in AKC agility, (a) to buer him
from dangerous breed paranoia about chow chows if he ever gets into trouble,
and (,) to indulge my feelings about the incongruence of institutionally closed
gene pools and herding talent. Besides, I am somewhat more positive than I used
to be about the role of kennel clubs in keeping the valuable legacy of kinds of
dogs alive. There are other ways, biologically and socially, to nurture kinds of
dogs into the future, but kennel clubs are generally what we have to work from
in the industrial world now. Besides, many of the people working for dogs in
these clubs utterly dashed my prejudices. I write about Rolands papers now
because this abidingly sweet dog is too old to get into much trouble, even if he
wants to. Besides, paternity is never certain, a matter of some historical impor-
tance. This is the doubt that fueled wars of succession where human bastardy
was at issue, and in todays technoscientic times such uncertainty drives kennel
clubs to demand the registration of DNA parentage verication for litters.
Biotech companies in dogland have sprouted up to provide the tests for a nice lit-
tle prot. Blood and genes make a heady mixture, as every antiracist feminist
theorist knows, whether thinking about human or nonhuman animals.
11. Long before positive training methods became popular, Sisler trained
with hotcakes and praise: he never taught dogs on lead. Ie and his brother
looked for, worked with, and bred good working dogs. Iis and his dogs acts
became famous in the United States and Canada, and his blue dogs played
in the Disney movies Rur Appo|ooso Rur and l|c Bcs: Cou Dog :r :|c Vcs:.
Sisler died in +oo:. For more information, see http://worknaussies.tripod.com/
and www.workingaussiesource.com/stockdoglib/scott_sisler_article.htm (Veb
sites accessed May :, aoo;). The Sisler Ranch was on the Farm Tour of the
Idaho Organic Exchange in aoo+: this cattle ranch practices no-till seeding,
rotational grazing, biological weed control, riparian management, and use of
settling ponds and lter strips. See Io|o Orgor:c A||:orcc Ncus|c::cr (Vinter
aoo+): :.
12. See Vicki Iearne, Aoms los|: Co||:rg Ar:mo|s oy Nomc (New York:
Knopf, +oso), and her novel, l|c V|::c Gcrmor S|cp|cr (New York: Atlantic
Monthly Iress, +oss). To her death, Iearne remained acerbic about positive
NOTES TO CHAPTER 4 d 343
training methods and food treats. In that particular, Iearn would not have
approved of the hotcake-dispensing Sisler: I think she was both xed in her
opinions, come hell or high wateror evidenceand an educated genius with
and about animals and their relations with people. Iearne insisted on dogs right
and need to work and to be respected for their judgment and ability and there-
fore on their entitlement to an education with real criteria and consequences. All
of that meant that Iearne considered dogs to be sentient, conscious beings with
minds that are not human. Ier best philosophical work, in my opinion, lays
out the grounds in her cross-species practice and that of other dog people for
that view. For working dog-handler arguments in a science studies idiom for
dogs intentionality and ability to engage in creative, coordinated performances
with human beings and other dogs (in their case, eld gun dog work and sheep
herding in both trial and farm conditions), see Graham Cox and Tony Ashford,
Riddle Me This: The Craft and Concept of Animal Mind, Sc:crcc. lcc|ro|ogy.
or Humor \o|ucs a,, no. + (+oos): +a:,s. Cox and Ashford correctly empha-
size that domestic animal behavior and abilities have received much less re -
search attention than animal behavior in both the wild and the laboratory
(+ao). It is impossible to take domestic animals seriously, especially dogs, given
their evolutionary history with people, without paying attention to humanani-
mal co-constituted behavior. I am more sympathetic than Iearne or Cox and
Ashford to the usefulness in many situations of technical training approaches
derived from behaviorism as part of the education of dogs and people, but I
agree that without a vivid sense of working with somcorc. not somc:|:rg. and
therefore a practical commitment to nonhuman embodied cognitive competence,
nothing very interesting can happen together, because the human being wont be
prepared to respond. Theorizing and building on cross-species achievements in
the context of tested practice are knowledge-producing activities that ought to
be called what they arescience (V:sscrsc|oj:).
13. Committed to working stock dogs, herding trial people are fractious,
demanding, and proud, for good reason. The subject of a rich oral culture, well-
known competitive lines of working Aussies are the result of extensive culling as
well as training. For a fascinating view of quite dierent approaches to the work-
ing herders, track the Veb sites of Iangin Tree Vorking Australian Shepherds
(www.adastrafarm.com/AustralianShepherds/IanginTreeVorkingAustralian
Shepherds/tabid/;o/Default.aspx), Slash V dogs (http://users.htcomp.net/
slashv/home.htm), and Oxford dogs (www.promedia.net/users/ox+ranch/). See
also www.stockdog.com/breeders/aussie.htm. (All Veb sites accessed May :,
aoo;.)
344 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 4
That a kennel could continue to use the name Iangin Tree in aooo with-
out comment says something ugly about race and class in Salmon, Idaho, where
this working Aussie line was developedand well beyond, right into the body
of my whole multispecies nation, where, alas, hangin tree appears throughout
the pedigree. I assume the various breeders proud continuation of the name
today, and probably its initial use by those who developed the line, carries no
conscious connection to rough justice in the Vest for Chinese, white, black, and
Indian people or to the lynching of African Americans in the South and else-
where. Iowever, hearing the tones of hangin tree comes with touching my
dog and the dogs of my friends seriously. My kin include Iangin Tree dogs.
Memoryand inheriting its consequencessurges through touch. I hear again
Billy Iolidays +o,o recording of Strange Fruit, and I see the indelible photo-
graphs of scenes of lynching across the United States, even as I fall in love with
a beautiful, talented puppy newly coming into my extended kin group in agility.
Maybe it is just as well that the formal name Iangin Tree remains in the writ-
ten pedigrees of thousands of serious working dogs, whose ancestors really were
part of the Anglo conquest of the Vest. Forgetting is not a route to response.
Ioliday sang,
Iere is the fruit for the crows to pluck
For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck
For the sun to rot, for the tree to drop
Iere is a strange and bitter crop.
For a summary and a picture, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Fruit.
For crucial analysis, see Angela Davis, B|ucs Lcgocy or B|oc| Icm:r:sm (New
York: Vintage, +ooo).
The serious working and trialing kennels place their dogs in suburban
sports homes (and even pet homes) but with considerable demands about what
the dogs will do in agility or whatever (often written into the sales contracts) and
great reservations about where these dogs would belong if only there were
enough real herding jobs. Ad Astra Farm is a good example of a working-herder
kennel that also breeds special sheep and ducks for the sport of trialing. The
well-being of the other partners to the dogs and humans in the sportthe
sheep, cattle, and ducksis not an optional question for serious companion
species. Is the sport okay for the noncarnivores: The answer should not be auto-
matic as a function of ones preexisting ideology but should be a provocation to
research and response in the context of changing histories. That approach is
essential to my sense of worldliness.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 4 d 345
14. Iarriet Ritvo, l|c Ar:mo| Ls:o:c (Cambridge, Mass.: Iarvard Uni-
versity Iress, +os;), is the rst place to go to understand how the animal-show
culture and breeding for show are technologies of human class, nation, and gen-
der formation.
15. Carol Adams, l|c |orrogrop|y oj Mco: (New York: Continuum,
aoo+), makes a compelling case for veganism in the context of a sophisticated,
intersectional critique of the connection of the meat industrys brutality toward
animals and toward people, especially women and even more especially women
of color. Ordinary meat eating is not just complicity, in Adams view, but
both inexcusable direct violence against animals and participation in the vio-
lent oppression of classes of people. To track what becomes food for technocul-
tural people and some of the needed response, see Michael Iollan, Omr:vorcs
D:|cmmo: A No:uro| H:s:ory oj Iour Mco|s (New York: Ienguin, aooo).
16. Stengers, The Cosmopolitical Iroposal, oo:.
17. Thanks to Sharp for two extensive formal interviews, Fresno, Calif.,
March ++, +ooo, and November ;, aoo:, and for permission to quote. Since the
fall of +oos, Sharp has generously shared her Aussie knowledge and work with
me in e-mails, on the CANGEN-L site for discussion of dog population genetic
diversity and depletion, at agility trials to which she came to see Cayenne and
me run, over dinners in Californias Central Valley, in comparing notes on the
course we both took online in dog genetics from the Cornell University vet
school, through her work on the Veb site of the Australian Shepherd Iealth
and Genetics Institute, and through her publications and manuscripts (includ-
ing some great love stories sold under a pseudonym to magazines of nondog
women). I serve as a reader for chapters of Sharps book-in-progress on dog
genetics and health for breeders. Sharp helped me nd Cayennes breeder when
I wanted a puppy who would likely grow up to enjoy and excel at agility. Such a
dog would be more likely to come into the world in the stock dog culture than
the show conformation culture. Many mutts can also become dynamite agility
dogs, but the high-drive herding dogs prevail.
Sharp has also been an informal genetic counselor for me and Cayenne,
referring us to the merle gene researcher Sheila Schmutz. See http://homepage
.usask.ca/-schmutz/merle.html and http://homepage.usask.ca/-schmutz/dog
colors.html (Veb sites accessed May :, aoo;). As expected (because I knew a
great many of her relatives and had extensive communication with her scrupu-
lous, nonsecretive breeders), Cayennes cheek swabderived DNA showed her
to be heterozygous, not homozygous, for merle (a coat pigment-distribution pat-
tern). Merle is an autosomal dominant gene that has recently been mapped and
346 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 4
characterized at a molecular level. In homozygous form, merle results in a nearly
+oo percent incidence of neural deafness or visual defects or both. In its het-
erozygous form, merle is not known to predispose any sensory impairment.
Cayenne is unilaterally neurologically deaf, a highly unusual condition for a het-
erozygote. Merle is a popular coat pattern in Aussies and several other breeds.
Breeding merle to merle produces on average a: percent homozygotes for M,
and so such breedings are widely regarded by Aussie people as unethical.
18. C. A. Sharp, The Biggest Iroblem, Douo|c Hc|:x Nc:uor| Ncus
(Summer aooo): a. Before going further, it is important to note that mutts and
street dogs have genetic diseases too. Indeed, large mixed populations will show
the whole gamut of such conditions at various frequencies. The special issue for
purebreds is that they are a kind of institutionally produced Galpagos Islands
of the dog world, in which populations are cut o from out-crossing, and so only
a subset of canine gene-linked disorders is likely to appear in any one breed.
Iowever, if lots of inbreedingincluding the common practice of line breeding
to concentrate the genetic contribution from highly valued dogsis the norm,
over the generations (and it can happen fast), specic disease-linked genes will
occur much more commonly in the homozygous state. Further, if particular male
dogs with highly prized appearance or behavior sire large numbers of puppies
(the popular sire syndrome), those dogs alleles will become more and more fre-
quent, with consequences for undesirable traits as well as for the ones sought.
Females cannot parent anything like the number of puppies that males poten-
tially can, but overuse of a dam also matters. Overall, breed genetic diversity will
be reduced as too few dogs contribute their genes to the next generations, and in
addition to a higher incidence of specic genetic diseases, reduced vitality from
excessive homozygosity can take many forms, probably especially immune dys-
function. All of this means that a major form of breed health activism concerns
both learning to avoid doubling up on undesirable genes and learning to breed
to enhance genetic diversity or at least maintain rather than deplete it. Each
breed will have dierent diseases of special interest, but the shape of the prob-
lem and the response of health activists in technoculture are the same. Activists
in dierent breeds share information and strategy with one another. The links
on the Australian Shepherd Iealth and Genetics Institute Veb site to other
breeds health and genetics groups illustrate this networking (www.ashgi.org/).
Much breed genetic activism runs up against deeply held beliefs inherited from
nineteenth-century doctrines of blood and excellence that are built into the face-
to-face mentoring practices that reproduce breeders. A vivid account of how these
idioms of pedigree operate in horse-breeding worlds is Rebecca Cassidy, l|c
NOTES TO CHAPTER 4 d 347
Spor: oj K:rgs: K:rs|:p. C|oss. or l|oroug|orc Brcc:rg :r Ncumor|c: (Cam-
bridge: Cambridge University Iress, aooa).
19. Founded in +ooo with a focus on canine hip dysplasia, the OFA main-
tains searchable databases on numerous orthopedic and genetic diseases. Iartic-
ipation is voluntary, and information remains condential unless the dogs owner
specically releases it into the public domain. Breed clubs and the AKC could
require such participation in order for anyone to register his or her dogs, but that
kind of obligatory standard is not yet acceptable in the United States, where
black helicopters in the sky are seen to accompany any infringement on individ-
ual and commercial interests (unless one is labeled a terrorist, in which case any
kind of infringement seems to be okay). See www.oa.org/. Developing open
databases in which all breeding dogs and their close relatives are included has
been a major goal of dog health activists. CIIC, the Canine Iealth Information
Center (www.caninehealthinfo.org/), is a centralized database jointly sponsored
by the AKCs Canine Iealth Foundation and the OFA. CIIC goals are +) to
work with parent clubs in the identication of health issues for which a cen-
tral information system should be established: a) to establish and maintain a
central health information system in a manner that will support research into
canine disease and provide health information to owners and breeders: ,) to
establish scientically valid diagnostic criteria for the acceptance of information
into the database: and +) to base the availability of information on individually
identied dogs at the consent of the owner. Since each breed has dierent health
concerns, CIIC works with parent clubs to set up breed-specic standards for
becoming a CIIC-enrolled breed. For example, for Australian shepherds,
required tests are OFA evaluations for hip and elbow dysplasia and Canine Eye
Registry Foundation evaluation for eyes. Optional tests are recommended for
collie eye anomaly, autoimmune thyroiditis, and multiple drug resistance. The
current inability to test for the genetic background of epilepsy is a major issue in
the breed.
Establishing the norm of appropriate universal participation is the elusive
key. Even the best intentioned become confused in the face of ever-increasing
lists of testable genetic disorders, and many high-priority screening tests have
not yet been developed: also, multiplying gene tests is no more a panacea for
responsible canine parenthood than it is for human beings setting out to make
babies. Vhich tests, in which circumstances, and at what cost are the stu of
technocultural cosmopolitics for researchers as well as for breeders and other
dog people. The commercialization of the genome, especially in diagnostics and
as fast as possible in therapeutic vet pharma, is as evident and problematic in
348 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 4
au ent canine worlds as it is in human ones. Cancer is a hot spot in these
companion-species biopolitics. The gene for X functions as a powerful fetish.
20. Sharp, The Biggest Iroblem, a.
21. Starting with a genetic eye disease is overdetermined in my companion-
species tale. Sharp has a progressive genetic condition that has robbed her of a
large portion of her vision, which stops her precious little from robust partici-
pation in online culture and extensive travel and speaking on behalf of canine
genetic-health research and action, but vision loss did put an end to her breed-
ing Aussies for show.
22. Because the Internet now plays such a dominant role in dog genetic
health communication and education, mail subscriptions in aooo numbered
about one hundred. Many of Sharps key articles are on the ASIGI Veb site.
She has won three coveted awards for her dog health writing: two awards in
+ooo from the Dog Vriters Association of America for the article The Irice of
Iopularity and for the DHNN itself, and the AKCs rst annual Golden Iaw
Award in aoo, for The Rising Storm: Vhat Breeders Need to Know about the
Immune System.
23. Quotations not otherwise documented come from my recorded inter-
views with Sharp in +ooo and aoo:.
24. C. A. Sharp, CEA and I, www.workingdogs.com/doco+s,.htm,
linked through the Canine Diversity Iroject, www.canine-genetics.com/ (Veb
sites accessed May :, aoo;).
25. For principles of test breeding and CEA pedigree analysis, see DHNN
(SummerSpring +oo,).
26. L. F. B. Rubin, Ir|cr::c Lyc D:scosc :r |urcorc Dogs (Baltimore:
Villiams and Vilkins, +oos).
27. Lionel Rubin, Betty Nelson, and C. A. Sharp, Collie Eye Anomaly in
Australian Shepherd Dogs, |rogrcss :r \c:cr:rory or Comporo::vc Op|:|o|mo|-
ogy +, no. a (+oo+): +o:s.
28. George A. Iadgett, Cor:ro| oj Cor:rc Gcrc::c D:scoscs (New York:
Iowell Book Iouse, +oos), +o+, a,o.
29. Bruno Latour, Sc:crcc :r Ac::or (Cambridge, Mass.: Iarvard Univer-
sity Iress, +os;): Donna Iaraway, Situated Knowledges: The Science Ques-
tion in Feminism as a Site of Discourse on the Irivilege of Iartial Ierspective,
Icm:r:s: S:u:cs ++, no. , (+oss): :;:oo.
30. Sharp, CEA and I.
31. The CEA support group, always informal, does not really exist any-
more. Over the years folks have wandered out of the breed or on to other things,
NOTES TO CHAPTER 4 d 349
but it was helpful at the time. C. A. Sharp, e-mail communication, April +,,
+ooo.
32. Iaul Rabinow, Articiality and Enlightenment: From Sociobiology to
Biosociality, in Ircorporo::ors. ed. J. Crary and S. Kwinter (New York: 7one
Books, +ooa), a,+:a.
33. Vith about + percent of Aussies aected with CEA, CERF reports
from the late +ooos indicate that the gene frequency was fairly steady, with +o
+: percent of Aussies being likely carriers. Sharp, e-mail communication, April
+,, +ooo.
34. See www.optigen.com/opto_about.html (accessed May :, aoo;). The
CEA test in aooo cost $+so, with discounts for litters and for online purchase.
In aoo:, the online dog magazine published a report (www.dogplace.com/
library/Ed_DNA_litmus_test_o:os.htm, accessed May :, aoo;) of how a re -
searcher at Cornells Baker Institute for Animal Iealth, who was seeking blood
samples from dogs to investigate the genetic background to cryptorchidism,
treated the head of a dog media organization asking for more information about
the study before promoting it on its Veb site, which the organization anticipated
doing. The scientists complete failure to address any of the dog organizations
intelligently phrased (to my eye) questions illustrates an important aspect of
dealing with some scientistentrepreneurs, a matter that can shape participa-
tionor lack of itin research. Vithout telling me names or companies, Sharp
described various experiences of being ignored and subjected to overt or uncon-
scious disrespect, despite her credentials and history. Even practicing vets with
clients dogs who might be sampled are ignored by some unnamable scientists,
despite their business plans and ambitious biotech companies. This kind of fact
explains why dog health activists, in general, and Sharp, in particular, work so
hard to build links between bench scientists and ordinary dog people. Sharp also
gave me several accounts of thick cooperation and collaboration between inves-
tigators and dog people. Ier long-term relation with Sheila Schmutz is one such
example. On her Veb site (http://homepage.usask.ca/-schmutz/merle.html,
accessed May :, aoo;), Schmutz credits Sharp for helping her obtain samples for
her research, and in the DHNN Sharp explains and promotes Schmutzs re -
search among Aussie people. See also S. Schmutz, T. G. Berryere, and C. A.
Sharp, KITLG Mapping to CFA+: and Exclusion as a Candidate Gene for
Merle, Ar:mo| Gcrc::cs ,+, no. + (February aoo,): ;:;o. In aooo Keith Mur-
phys group at Texas A&M reported that a retrotransposon insertion in a gene
called SILV is responsible for the merle pattern.
35. Sharp is frequently invited to give genetics and health presentations to
350 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 4
various Aussie organizations, and she asks only for direct travel expenses and a
donation to ASIGI. Dog medical genetics might be fully commercialized in
companies such as OptiGen, VetGen, and others, but the health activists sup-
port their work for dogs largely out of their own funds. The same pattern has
been the subject of study in human health support systems and activist organi-
zations, for example, in the stunning amount of volunteer time and expertise re -
quired of the parents of autistic children. This combination of well-capitalized,
for-prot biomedicine with the extensive, knowledgeable, volunteer labor neces-
sary to the system is typical of contemporary biomedical capitalism across the
species divide. See Chloe Silverman, Interest Groups, Social Movements, or
Corporations: Strategies for Collective Action as Biological Citizens, in L:vc|y
Cop::o|. ed. Kaushik Sunder Rajan (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Iress,
under review). Biological citizenship is a fundamental concept in science studies
scholarship. (See note :a, below.) Sharp is quite savvy about the political econ-
omy of genomic and postgenomic research. As she said in our interview on
November ;, aoo:, Survival in research used to be publish or perish: now its
sell or perish. She and other dog activists are also keenly aware of how much
of a boost to canine health-centered questions has been given by the publication
of the full dog genome in the context of comparative medical genomics, with its
utility to scientists interested in human diseases and access to that kind of infra-
structure and money. After the National Iuman Genome Research Institute
made the dog genome a priority, progress in sequencing and mapping was rapid.
A rough draft based on a poodle was published in aoo,, and in aoo: the boxer
Tasha was made famous by the publication in a free public database of a oo per-
cent complete DNA sequence of her genome (with comparisons of sequences in
multiple regions to data from ten other dogs). The research dogs came from
breed clubs and vet schools. See Kerstin Lindblad-Toh et al., Genome Sequence,
Comparative Analysis, and Iaplotype Structure of the Domestic Dog, No:urc
+,s (December s, aoo:): so,+o. Numerous authors and the key institutions of
big-time biotech research showed up on the title page, including the Broad Insti-
tute, NIGRI, Iarvard, and MIT.
36. See C. A. Sharp, Collie Eye Anomaly in Australian Shepherds,
DHNN++, no. , (Summer aooo): a:. Much of my story is drawn from this essay.
37. In aoo;, the Canine Diversity Iroject Veb site was www.canine-
genetics.com/. After Armstrongs death, the Listserv became canine-genetics
.com on Yahoo. The list is still worthwhile, but the salad days of discussion,
when conversion experiences about diversity were the order of the day, were
between +oo; and Armstrongs death in August aoo+.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 4 d 351
38. Unfortunately, the course is no longer oered, but see www.ansci.cor
nell.edu/cat/cgo+/cgo+.html (accessed May :, aoo;).
39. For example, in Sharps analyses of pedigrees, identication of dogs
with genetic problems, and assessment of disease risks from a planned mating,
she has never named names without the written permission of the owner of the
aected dog or the progenitors of that dog or both. She will not do a pedigree
analysis for a proposed mating unless both parents are owned by the same per-
son, partly to prevent shing expeditions that could cause either deliberate or
inadvertent harm to breeders and partly to protect herself from retribution if
one side of a proposed cross receives worse news than the other. Sharp sent an
e-mail on September ao, aooo, to a small group of her colleagues and friends ask-
ing for help in thinking about what risks she could and could not take in sharing
data, when her commitments to openness and her refusal to be bullied put her
in ethical, legal, and nancial dilemmas. Vith information supplied to her by
Aussie owners and breeders and data from open databases when available, she
tracked about two dozen traits and conditions in the breed by aooo and can track
some of them back more than two decades. Vithout the statistics produced by
a National Institutes of Iealth equivalent for dogs (data cost a lot of money and
organization to produce), Sharp does not have a complete picture, but shes got
the best health archives possible for Aussies in current sociotechnical conditions
in dogland. The need for an institutional home for those data is patent.
40. For behavioral genetic research, see http://psych.ucsf.edu/kobehavio
ralgenetics/ (accessed May :, aoo;).
41. C. A. Sharp, ASIGI: : Years of Dedication to Breed Iealth,
DHNN++, no. a (Spring aooo): a:.
42. Intended to bring together breed health organizations and research -
ers, the Canine Iealth Foundation conferences are sponsored by the AKC and
the Nestl Iurina IetCare Company. Because of the DHNN. Sharp attended as
a member of the press. She went with what she called her laundry list of activists
and researchers with whom she wanted to talk. In aoo:, about three hundred
people attended the conference, in St. Louis, which focused on the canine genome
and cancer. See DHNN +,, no. + (Fall aoo:): +, :. Iaving corresponded for a
couple of years, Sharp and geneticist Sheila Schmutz met in person at the rst
CIF conference. Now a friend and collaborator, Schmutz is also a reader for
drafts of Sharps book manuscript on genetics for breeders. Sharps contacts with
scientists come about in various ways, including brief e-mail self-introductions
and references to the ASIGI Veb site. These introductions frequently go un-
answered, but sometimes productive connections develop. Sharp sees one of her
352 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 4
roles to be educating scientists about purebred-dog peoples concerns and cul-
tures so that whole-dog matters, such as grief about genetic disease, make more
sense in the lab world.
43. Ier kennel Veb site is www.foxwoodkennel.com/ (accessed May :,
aoo;). Monti breeds rarely and very carefully. The Ten Steps pledge is promi-
nent on her Veb site. Iracticing what she preaches, she lists the numerical scores
for a long list of health concerns for a planned breeding. The scores indicate a
range of probability that a given diculty might result from the breeding. Far
from suggesting that Foxwood breeds unhealthy dogs, Montis practice opera-
tionalizes honesty and awareness that all biological critters are mortal. No pure-
bred union (and no mutt breeding either) can claim to have no potential for
trouble. A breeders unwillingness to address any problems in the history of his
or her dogs with potential buyers is a good indication of an unethical breeder or
a puppy mill. Montis potential puppy buyers can see the probability scores as
well as a great deal of other information about the dogs, and they will nd a
breeder willing to answer their questions openly. No Ostrich Syndrome here:
Ierusing purebred Veb sites on the Internet will quickly show how rare this
degree of openness is. Monti also works hard to place her dogs in homes where
they will have a real jobsearch and rescue, agility, herding, or something else.
44. See Kim Monti, Stylish Footwork: +o-Steps for Iealth, DHNN+,,
no. a (Spring aoo:): a:, for an account of the history of Ten Steps.
45. See C. A. Sharp, The Dirty Dozen Ilus a Few: Frequency of Iered-
itary Disease in Australian Shepherds, DHNN o, no. , (Summer aoo+): a:.
The ASIGI Veb site gives more detailed information on every condition of
interest.
46. C. A. Sharp, The Road to Iell: Epilepsy and the Australian Shep-
herd, Aus:ro|:or S|cp|cr ]ourro| +,, no. + ( July/August aoo,), www.ashgi.org/
articles/epilepsy_road_hell.htm.
47. C. A. Sharp, The Biggest Iroblem, DHNNs, no. , (Summer aooo):
a:, +.
48. Epilepsy has a long history as a stigmatizing disease among human
beings, too, and as a condition whose diagnosis and interpretation are wildly
variable. The classic scholarly history up to modern neurology is Oswei Tempkin,
l|c Io||:rg S:c|rcss (Baltimore: Johns Iopkins University Iress, +o+:, rev. ed.,
+o;+). If the reader persists in being interested in Homo sop:crs in the face of
the importance of dogs, see also Fiorella Gurrieri and Romeo Carrozzo, eds.,
The Genetics of Epilepsy, Amcr:cor ]ourro| oj Mc:co| Gcrc::cs. Special Issue,
+oo, no. a, published online, September ao, aoo+. The history of epilepsy among
NOTES TO CHAPTER 4 d 353
artists and other exceptional people makes me wonder if there are compensa-
tions for dogs, too, in their terrible experiences of the disease. I also cant help but
wonder what the incidence of epilepsy is among Sharps Incorrigibles in dogland.
Are they incapable of empathy or too consumed by it:
49. See www.tobysfoundation.org/Ads_Archive.htm (accessed May :,
aoo;). The Veb site permits the downloading of pdf les of all of the ads from
Tobys Foundation. Iam Douglas and Tobys story is told by Stevens Iarr, The
Face of Epilepsy: Iow One Iet Owner Is Staring It Down, Aus:ro|:or S|cp|cr
]ourro|. September/October aoo+, available on www.tobysfoundation.org.
Thanks to Douglas for permission to reprint the ad The Face of Epilepsy.
50. Iarr, The Face of Epilepsy, +;.
51. Some knowledgeable dog people were not so sorry to see VetGen out
of the picture. The companys successful legal attack for patent infringement on
another company that sells DNA diagnostic tests for dogs (GeneSearch) did not
indicate a major commitment to a more open and collaborative medical genetic
culture. The disputed test was for canine von Villebrand disease. My people
worried that VetGen might develop a test rst, but its cost and conditions of use
might be far from ideal. VetGens view was posted on www.vetgen.com/legal
&public_docs.html (accessed November aooo, no longer available on May :,
aoo;). The court case in which VetGen defeated GeneSearch was decided on
July +o, aooa, by the U.S. District for the Eastern District of Michigan.
52. Sheila Rothman, Serendipity in Science: Iow , BRCA Gene Muta-
tions Became Ashkenazi Jewish, paper delivered at the workshop Ethical Vorld
of Stem Cell Medicine, University of California at Berkeley, September as, aooo:
Gina Kolata, Using Genetic Tests, Ashkenazi Jews Vanquish a Disease, Ncu
Yor| l:mcs. February +s, aoo,, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html:
sec=health&res=oFo:EoDs+E,AFo,BAa:;:+CoAoo:oCsBo,. In Or|:rc Sc:-
crcc or lcc|ro|ogy Ncus from May +, aoo:, in an article titled Jewish Sect
Embraces Technology to Save Its Own: The Ashkenazi Jews of New York Iave
Turned to Genetic Screening to Save the Lives of Their Children, www
.stnews.org/rlr-+,s.htm, Deborah Iardo-Kaplan writes: Through a voluntary,
condential screening program called Chevra Dor Yeshorim, or Association
of an Upright Generation, unmarried Orthodox Jewish adults worldwide can
be tested to nd out if they carry the gene for Tay-Sachs. Each person tested
receives a blood test and an identication number. Before dating, both members
of the potential couple call Chevra Dor Yeshorims automated hotline and enter
their ID numbers. If both test positive for the Tay-Sachs gene, they are told they
are considered unsuitable marriage partners because of the one-in-four chance
354 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 4
their children will develop the disease. In an e-mail of October o, aooo, Rayna
Rapp, a New York anthropologist who studies genetic citizenship and response
to genetic diagnosis, told me, In the secular programs, one Ashkenazi grandpar-
ent counts to strongly recommend Tay-Sachs screening: among the ultra ortho-
dox who use CDYs program (not everyone:::), direct screening is undertaken on
all teens, so that no potentially incompatible matches will be suggested. See
Rayna Rapp, lcs::rg Vomcr. lcs::rg :|c Ic:us: l|c Soc:o| Impoc: oj Amr:occr:c-
s:s :r Amcr:co (New York: Routledge, +ooo).
On genetic citizenship, see Rayna Rapp, Cell Life and Death, Child Life
and Death: Genomic Iorizons, Genetic Diseases, Family Stories, in Rcmo|:rg
L:jc or Dco:|. ed. Franklin and Lock, +aoo+: Karen-Sue Taussig, The Molec-
ular Revolution in Medicine: Iromise, Reality, and Social Organization, in
Comp|cx:::cs: Ar:|ropo|og:co| C|o||crgcs :o Rcuc::vc Accour:s oj B:osoc:o| L:jc. ed.
S. McKinnon and S. Silverman (Chicago: University of Chicago Iress, aoo:),
aa,+;: Deborah Ieath, Rayna Rapp, and Karen-Sue Taussig, Genetic Citi-
zenship, in A Compor:or :o |o|:::co| Ar:|ropo|ogy. ed. D. Nugent and J. Vincent
(London: Blackwell, aoo+), +:ao;: and Rayna Rapp, Karen Sue Taussig, and
Deborah Ieath, Standing on the Biological Iorizon, in progress for Cr:::ouc oj
Ar:|ropo|ogy.
53. Charis Thompson Cussins, Confessions of a Bioterrorist, in ||oy:rg
Do||y: lcc|rocu|:uro| Iormo::ors. Ior:os:cs. or I:c::ors oj Ass:s:c Rcprouc::or.
ed. E. Ann Kaplan and Susan Squier (New York: Routledge, +ooo), +soa+o.
54. Susan Conants many dog sleuth novels, with those beautiful mala-
mutes, are hugely popular in dogland, even with all of our snide remarks about
her unshakeable loyalty to the AKC. For her take on puppy millers, genetic
disasters, and irresponsible breeding, see Susan Conant, Lv:| Brcc:rg (New
York: Bantam, +ooo) and B|oo|:rcs (New York: Bantam, +oo+). See also Laur-
ien Ber enson, A |c:grcc :o D:c Ior (New York: Kensington Iublishing Corp.,
+oo:).
5. CLONING MUTTS, SAVING TIGERS
A snapshot of a turn-of-the-century moment in a rapidly morphing drama, this
chapter, revised in aooo for V|cr Spcc:cs Mcc:. was originally written for a work-
shop in May aooo at the School of American Research and was rst revised in
aooa for inclusion in Rcmo|:rg L:jc or Dco:|. ed. Franklin and Lock.
1. G. Evelyn Iutchinson, l|c Lco|og:co| l|co:cr or :|c Lvo|u::orory
||oy (New Iaven, Conn.: Yale University Iress, +oo:): Rabinow, Articiality
NOTES TO CHAPTER 5 d 355
and Enlightenment: Latour, Vc Hovc Ncvcr Bccr Mocrr: Iaraway, Mocs:
_V::rcss@Sccor_M:||crr:um.
2. Chris Cuomo, Icm:r:sm or Lco|og:co| Commur:::cs: Ar L:|:c oj I|our-
:s|:rg (New York: Routledge, +oos), oa.
3. Geo Bowker and Susan Leigh Star, Sor::rg l|:rgs Ou:: C|oss:co::or
or I:s Corscoucrccs (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Iress, +ooo), a;as.
4. Bruce Fogle, ed., Ir:crrc|o::ors oc:uccr |cop|c or |c:s (Springeld, Ill.:
C. C. Thomas, +os+): Aaron Katcher and Allen M. Beck, eds., Ncu |crspcc::vcs
or Our L:vcs u::| Compor:or Ar:mo|s (Ihiladelphia: University of Iennsylvania
Iress, +os,): Anthony Iodberscek, Elizabeth S. Iaul, and James A. Serpell, eds.,
Compor:or Ar:mo|s or Us: Lxp|or:rg :|c Rc|o::ors|:p oc:uccr |cop|c or |c:s
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Iress, aooo): Victoria Voith and Ieter L.
Borchert, eds., Rco:rgs :r Compor:or Ar:mo| Bc|ov:or (Trenton, N.J.: Veteri-
nary Learning Systems, +ooo): Cindy C. Vilson and Dennis C. Turner, eds.,
Compor:or Ar:mo|s :r Humor Hco|:| (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Iublica-
tions, +oos). For a fuller picture of the literature on companion dogs and human
health, see Franklin, Emmison, Iaraway, and Travers, Investigating the Thera-
peutic Benets of Companion Animals.
5. I would now demote the language of emergence in favor of reciprocal
inductions in order to stress that there is no emergence from a thing in itself, but
always a relational knot of intra- and interactions.
6. l|c DNA I:|cs II. Sound Vision Iroductions, NIR, October aa, aoo+.
7. Leslie Iray, Missyplicity Goes Commercial, Sc:cr::s: ,, no. + (aooa):
++a;, www.the-scientist.com/article/display/aosoa/. Iray was quoting Lou
Iawthorne, the CEO of Genetic Savings and Clone, Inc. John Sperling, the no
longer anonymous donor, committed another nine million dollars, and the com-
pany relocated to Sausalito, California, from College Station, Texas. Billionaire
John Sperling is said to have spent more than nineteen million dollars trying to
clone his life partners dog Missy in the more than seven years the project existed.
Sperling is a futurist also involved in the (human) life extension movement and
the funding of Biosphere. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sperling:
and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere. Lou Iawthorne is the son of
Joan Iawthorne, Missys human. Vhen Missy died, Sperling and Joan Iaw -
thorne sought a new dog from dog shelters, which is where Missy came from
as well.
8. Sarah Franklin, Lmoo:c |rogrcss: A Cu|:uro| Accour: oj Ass:s:c Cor-
ccp::or (London: Routledge, +oo;): Marilyn Strathern, l|c Gcrcr oj :|c G:j::
|roo|cms u::| Vomcr or |roo|cms u::| Soc:c:y :r Mc|orcs:o (Berkeley and Los
356 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 5
Angeles: University of California Iress, +oss): Marilyn Strathern, Rcprouc:rg
:|c Iu:urc: Ar:|ropo|ogy. K:rs|:p or :|c Ncu Rcprouc::vc lcc|ro|og:cs (New
York: Routledge, +ooa).
9. Michel Foucault, l|c B:r:| oj :|c C|:r:c: Ar Arc|oco|ogy oj Mc:co|
|crccp::or. trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Iantheon, +o;,).
10. I rely on a two-day formal interview with Veisser, December asao,
+ooo, at her home in Olympia, Vashington, where I also met her magnicent
dogs: three years of postings on Iyr-Lmapple.ease.lsoft.com, a discussion group
with about ve hundred subscribers in aoo+, founded in +oo; and run by
Veisser, Catherine de la Cruz, Judy Gustafson, Karen Reiter, and Janet Frash
(the collective computer expertise of these women is not trivial to their dog
work): numerous private e-mails: and ongoing personal contacts. I lived for
seven years in the same extended household with a Great Iyrenees, Villem
deKoonig, who was bred by Veisser. Veisser acts on the ethical commitment to
track dogs she breeds throughout their lives and support both them and their
people. After a rear leg amputation for bone cancer in June aooo, Villem expe-
rienced metastases to his lungs in December: he was euthanized among his
human and cat friends. The breeder remained available and vulnerable within
this knot of mortal companion species. I also draw on conversations and inter-
views with Catherine de la Cruz and from the pleasure of meeting some of her
dogs. She guided me through the discussion list LGD-L, a rich resource for
learning about the several kinds of working livestock guardian dogs on farms,
ranches, and hobby suburban properties.
11. Chapter +, Examined Lives, tracks the institutional rearrangements
and activist struggle for open registries up to aooo.
12. The rst U.S. breed open registries for genetic diseases were the IRA
Data (started by Georgia Gooch, a Lab retriever breeder, in +oso, to deal with
progressive retinal atrophy) and the Vest Iighland Anomaly Task Council
(VatcI), which was started in +oso and registered three diseases by +oo;.
13. de la Cruz, Iyr-Lmapple.ease.lsoft.com, August +;, aoo+.
14. See, for example, Vor| Corscrvo::or S:ro:cgy. IUCN, +oso: the Brunt-
land Report, Our Commor Iu:urc. VECD, +os;: Corvcr::or or B:o:vcrs::y.
+ooa: \o|u:rg No:urcs Scrv:ccs. VorldVatch Institute Report of Irogress toward
a Sustainable Society, +oo;: Irvcs::rg :r B:o|og:co| D:vcrs::y. Cairns Conference,
OECD, +oo;: and Sov:rg B:o|og:co| D:vcrs::y: Lcorom:c Irccr::vcs. OECD, +ooo.
For a sketch of biodiversity discourses in this period, see E. O. Vilson, ed., B:o-
:vcrs::y (Vashington, D.C.: National Academy Iress, +oss): and E. O. Vilson,
l|c D:vcrs::y oj L:jc (New York: Norton, +ooa).
NOTES TO CHAPTER 5 d 357
15. The Canine Diversity Iroject is at www.canine-genetics.com/ (accessed
May o, aoo;). The site was last updated in aooa.
16. See Susan Iarding, l|c Boo| oj ]crry Io|uc|| (Irinceton, N.J.: Irince-
ton University Iress, +ooo), for an analysis of how conversion discourse works.
17. In May aoo;, clicking on Species Survival Ilan took one instead to
the Vorld Vildlife FundCanada page on conservation projects.
18. SS| is a North American term. Species Survival Ilan Irogram is
registered by the A7A. See www.aza.org/ConScience/ConScienceSSIFact/
(accessed May o, aoo;). See also European endangered species programs (EESIs)
and Australasian species management programs. China, Japan, India, Thailand,
Malaysia, and Indonesia have their own equivalents for this global technoscience
of indigenous species.
19. See chapter a, Value-Added Dogs, for a summary of the nonpet, bio-
medical dog cloning project in the lab of Iwang Voo-Suk of the Seoul National
University. The cloned Afghan hound, Snuppy, was born in aoo: in that project.
20. The site in aoo+ was www.missyplicity.com. After Texas A&M re -
searchers and John Sperlings money parted in aooa, the project was continued
entirely within Genetics Savings and Clone, Inc., which was founded in Feb-
ruary aooo, moved from Texas to California, and closed its doors in October
aooo. The Veb site www.savingsandclone.com came down by December aooo,
and customers for the cryopreservation service were referred to ViaGen at www
.viagen.com/our-services/preserving-your-pets/, with the note that ViaGen has
no plans to provide commercial cat or dog cloning services.
21. www.animalcloningsciences.com (accessed spring aooo). Ieadquar-
tered in Rancho Mirage, California, Animal Cloning Sciences, Inc., in aooo,
advertised its research in cloning horses.
22. The Veb site address in aooo was www.lazaron.com. The company
became Lazaron Biotechnologies (SA), Ltd., advertising stem cell expertise
for Africa in a globally networked center of excellence, www.lazaron.co.za/
(accessed November aooo). The heir of cloning idioms, regenerative cell tech-
nology was the language of the stem cell world in aooo. The Veb site stated that
the companys initial primary business goal is to establish the rst human cord
blood stem cell bank in Africa. Lazaron has further elaborated on its bioethi-
cal goal in aoo+ of saving a genetic life. The link to research gave the following
prole for the company in aooo:
Through the companys Animal Bio-cell Division, short to
medium term projects have already been identied, and are being
358 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 5
further researched and developed at Stellenbosch University in a
research program that ends aooo. It is envisaged that the outcome
of this research will inter alia enable Lazaron to oer regenerative
veterinary cell replacement therapy to the race horse industry
and more specically aimed at tendon regeneration.
Dierent assisted reproductive and biotechnology techniques are used to:
+) produce disease-free Cape bualo calves to replace the diminishing
numbers of this species dying of tuberculosis in our game parks:
a) store genetic material of wildlife and valuable livestock and pet
species for future cloning procedures:
,) produce test tube animal babies where natural breeding of the
species is not possible:
+) collect and store animal stem cells from valuable animals like race-
horses and superior male animals:
:) apply stem cell therapies for the regeneration of torn and damaged
tendons:
o) develop animal models for the study of the therapeutic use of stem
cells in human medicine:
;) investigate alternative methods of somatic and stem cell culture, e.g.
under weightlessness conditions.
23. John Cargill and Susan Thorpe Vargas, Seeing Double: The Future
of Dog Cloning, DogVor| s:, no. , (aooo): aoao.
24. www.savingsandclone.com/ethics (accessed aoooaooa).
25. www.missyplicity.com/goals (accessed aoooaooa).
26. www.tamu.edu/researchandgradstudies, +ooo gures (accessed aooo).
27. www.missyplicity.com/team (accessed aooo).
28. www,.cnn.com/v.rn/o:oo/hartebeast (accessed aooo). Note that
Lazaron Biotechnologies (SA), Ltd., had many of the same goals near the end
of the decade. Instruments such as an SSI and a cryopreservation lab had more
than a little in common as conservation and reproduction strategies in techno-
culture. Sarah Franklins Do||y M:x:urcs prepares one to understand such con-
vergences in the details of cross-continental practice.
29. www.tamu.edu/researchandgradstudies/scicoaos/tamua.html
(accessed aooo).
30. Thanks to Linda Iogle for an audio tape of the whole event and a
preprint of Iawthornes presentation, as well as for highlighting the endangered
species remarks.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 5 d 359
31. Joseph Dumit, Ilaying Truths: Logics of Seeking and the Iersistence
of the New Age, Iocoo| ,; (aoo+): o,;:.
32. Lou Iawthorne, The Ethics of Cloning Companion Animals, pre -
print for Stanford Universitys Ethics in Society Irogram, May +a, aooo. All fur-
ther quotations of Iawthorne are drawn from this preprint.
6. ABLE BODIES AND COMPANION SPECIES
1. Two of my older brothers children, Mark and Debra, learned Dads
scoring system. Mark said that, across the gulfs of a continent and their own par-
ents divorce, this way of scoring bound them to a grandfather they barely knew.
To be literate in my family means knowing how to code the plays so that a game
can be reconstructed in dramatic detail years later. Katie King, Nc:uor|c Rc-
croc:mcr:s (under review), teaches me how writing technologies make persons.
See www.womensstudies.umd.edu/wmstfac/kking/ (accessed May :, aoo;).
2. My reections on regard are in conversation with Vlad Godzich,
whose December ao, aoo:, e-mail response to my talk at the Bodies in the Mak-
ing conference was both moving and helpful.
3. See Iaraway, l|c Compor:or Spcc:cs Mor:jcs:o: Tsing, Unruly Edges:
and Despret, The Body Ve Care For. For the join of optics and haptics in
species encounters, see Eva Shawn Iayward, Jellysh Optics: Immersion in
Marine TechnoEcology, paper presented at the October aoo+ meetings of the
Society for Literature and Science, Durham, N.C.
4. Karen Barad, Invertebrate Visions: Diractions, Mutations, Re(con)-
gurations, and the Ethics of Mattering, in Mcc::rg :|c Ur:vcrsc Ho|juoy: Astrid
Schrader, Temporal Ecologies and Iolitical IhaseSpaces: Dinoagellate Tem-
poralities in Intra-action, paper presented at the October aoo: meetings of the
Society for Social Studies of Science, Iasadena, California.
5. Thompson, Mo|:rg |orcr:s.
6. My own guess is that Dad fell because TB had already undermined his
bones, not that TB was stimulated by falling. Interpretive options of this kind
pepper the telling of any story, especially family stories. The line between ction
and fact runs through the living room.
7. For a lively account of the game and its people, see Jerome Charyn, S:z-
z|:rg C|ops or Dcv:|:s| Sp:rs: |:rg |org or :|c Ar: oj S:oy:rg A|:vc (New York:
Four Vall, Eight Vindows Iress, aoo+).
8. For thinking about this sort of thing within actor-network theory
in science and technology studies, see Myriam Vinance, Trying Out the
360 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 6
Vheelchair: The Mutual Shaping of Ieople and Devices through Adjustment,
Sc:crcc. lcc|ro|ogy. or Humor \o|ucs ,+, no. + ( January aooo): :a;a.
9. I read about some of the secrets of the craft in a book I found in Dads
library after he died: Iarry E. Ieath, Hou :o Covcr. Vr::c. or L:: Spor:s
(Ames: Iowa State College Iress, +o:+). Sports covered: baseball, basketball,
football, hockey, boxing, tennis. The baseball scoring system in this book seems
much less nimble to me than Dads. I would be surprised if Dad ever read
Ieaths tome.
8. TRAINING IN THE CONTACT ZONE
1. Gatanelle Gilquin and George M. Jacobs, Elephants Vho Marry
Mice Are Very Unusual: The Use of the Relative Ironoun (V|o) with Nonhu-
man Animals, Soc:c:y or Ar:mo|s ++, no. + (aooo): ;o+o:.
2. Clutton-Brock, A No:uro| H:s:ory oj Domcs::co:c Mommo|s. For dogs,
see Serpell, ed., l|c Domcs::c Dog: Raymond and Lorna Coppinger, Dogs: A
S:or:|:rg Ncu Urcrs:or:rg oj Cor:rc Or:g:r. Bc|ov:or. or Lvo|u::or (New
York: Scribners, aoo+): and Stephen Budiansky, l|c Covcror: oj :|c V:|: V|y
Ar:mo|s C|osc Domcs::co::or (New Iaven, Conn.: Yale University Iress, +ooo:
original +ooa). On evidence from ancient dog burial sites found all over the
world for very early emotional bonds and close association between dogs and
people, see Morey, Burying Key Evidence. For a critical historical perspective,
see Barbara Noske, Bcyor Bouror:cs: Humors or Ar:mo|s (Montreal: Black
Rose Books, +oo;). Besides introducing the idea of the animalindustrial com-
plex, Noske sketches the complexity of humananimal relations in domestica-
tion over many thousands of years, dening those relations as humans alteration
of the other animals seasonal subsistence cycle but also allowing for a more
active way in which animals alter human patterns. The ecologies of all the species
involved are at the center of attention in this approach to domestication. Noske
also insists that we regard animals more like science ctional other worlds and
less like mirrors or lesser humans.
3. Despret, The Body Ve Care For: Despret, Sheep Do Iave Opinions.
4. Iaraway, l|c Compor:or Spcc:cs Mor:jcs:o.
5. Biosocial preconditions for paying attention to each other in the kind of
training I will discuss are suggested in Brian Iarre, Michelle Brown, Christina
Villiamson, and Michael Tomasello, The Domestication of Social Cognition
in Dogs, Sc:crcc aos (November aa, aooa): +o,+,o, which presents evidence
that dogs have genetically stabilized abilities to read the behavior of humans,
NOTES TO CHAPTER 8 d 361
abilities that wolves do not have. No one has yet looked for the evidence of
human genetically stabilized abilities showing how domestic associates such as
dogs and cattle have shaped people, partly because of the dualistic assumption
that people change culturally, but animals change only biologically, since they
have no culture. Both parts of this assumption are surely wrong, even making
allowances for irresolvable ghts over what culture means among dierent com-
munities of practice. So far, genetic researchers have looked only for how the
history of animal diseases, such as u, might be written into the human genome
by incorporation of all or part the viral genomes. Retroviruses are of special
interest, and scientists estimate that about one hundred thousand segments of
the human genome (i.e., up to s percent of the full human DNA complement)
are remarkably similar to retroviruses. See Carl 7immer, Old Viruses Resur-
rected through DNA, Ncu Yor| l:mcs. November ;, aooo, D,: and N. de Iar-
seval and Thierry Ieidmann, Iuman Endogenous Retroviruses: From Infec-
tious Elements to Iuman Genes, Cy:ogcrc::c Gcromc Rcscorc| ++o, nos. ++
(aoo:): ,+s,a. But the genetic record should be rich with potential for under-
standing much thicker histories of inter- and intra-action than just viral swap-
ping. Comparative molecular genomics will be a valuable tool in rethinking the
history of entanglements called domestic, including behavioral abilities within
and across species, such as the behavioral abilities of both dogs and people that
allow them to read each other, play with each other, and train with each other.
6. The Veb site www.doggery.org/ has links to introduce agility, as well
as the dogs I have trained and played with, Roland and Cayenne. The site has
little pictures of the obstacles and links to organizations and descriptions of
events. Check www.bayteam.org/index.html and www.cleanrun.com/ for links
to a wealth of agility information. The monthly magazine C|cor Rur is a major
resource for course designs and analyses, diagrams for practice exercises, train-
ing information, equipment descriptions and ads, accounts of the dogs playing
the game, interviews with human players all over the world, reports on national
and world competitions, sports nutrition information for canine athletes, stress
management advice for people and dogs, dog massage instructions, and great
agility pictures. Clean Run, Inc., also hosts an online agility discussion group on
yahoo.com, and many more Internet discussion groups are dedicated to aspects
of the game. Many people build their own equipment for practice, and designs can
be found on the Internet. Major agility events are aired on television, and both
training videos and videos of major competitions abound (check out www.dog
patch.org/agility/). The Veb site www.dogpatch.org/agility/IAL/ial.html is re -
plete with information about agility in countries other than the United States.
362 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 8
(All Veb sites accessed May o, aoo;.) The magazine Dog or Hor|cr covers all
dog sports.
7. One of the ne consequences of the desire of U.S. folks to compete in
the IFCS world events is that tail docking and ear cutting of American compe-
tition dogs will have to stop. Cayenne, an Australian shepherd, might still have
her tail if she had been destined for the world stage. Europeans, unlike their U.S.
counterparts, tend not to see black helicopters in the sky when regulations are
passed by a transnational agency to control the behavior of kennels and breed-
ersregulations naming as illegal abuse (which will ban a dog from competi-
tion) what the breeder previously saw as only a private matter and club standard.
Maybe the pressure will help protect all the other dogs too, but the ght, shame-
fully, is a big one, and most dogs arent competitive athletes, nor should they have
to be.
8. Brenda Fender, Iistory of Agility, Iart +, C|cor Rur +o, no. ; ( July
aoo+): ,a,;.
9. For a good sociological study done by researchers who also run with
their dogs in agility, see Dair Gillespie, Ann Leer, and Elinor Lerner, If It
Verent for My Iobby, Id Iave a Life: Dog Sports, Serious Leisure, and
Boundary Negotiations, paper delivered at the American Sociological Associa-
tion section on Animals and Society, Anaheim, California, aoo+. Leer pro-
vided me with her notes from Iower Iaws agility camp in Ilacerville, California,
in aooo and aoo+. She records for aooo that a++ human students attended, ++o
with their dogs. About so percent were women. The camper population was
almost all white, but attendees came from as far as England and Japan. Leer
estimated mean and median age to be in the forties. Camp is, as Leer said, a
total immersion experience. Cayenne and I attended the ve-day Iower Iaws
camp in aooa and aoo+ and found the experience much as Leer described it.
Going to the camp cost us about a thousand dollars each year, counting every-
thing. Instructors came from about four countries and all over the United States.
About a third of the instructors were men, Leer notes, and the same was true
in my years. All the instructors were white, and most were full-time agility
instructors. They knew one another from Vorld Team, other camps and work-
shops, Nationals, and such. Instructors all had very fast dogs such as border col-
lies, working-line Aussies, shelties, and Jack Russell terriers. Leer, a Rottweiler
handler, says acidly in her eld notes, So much for the notion that theres room
at the top for amateurs: Ann Leer, Liberal Arts and Sciences Irogram, Utah
State University, Logan, Utah s+,aa.
10. Karen Iryor, Gc:::rg S:or:c: C|:c|cr lro:r:rg jor Dogs (Valtham,
NOTES TO CHAPTER 8 d 363
Mass.: Sunshine Books, aoo:), is a good introduction. Karen Iryors clicker gear
store has a Veb site: http://clickerpets.stores.yahoo.net/getstarclict+.html
(accessed May o, aoo;). For background on Iryor, see http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Karen_Iryor. Important books are: Karen Iryor: Dor: S|oo: :|c Dog: l|c
Ncu Ar: oj lcoc|:rg or lro:r:rg (New York: Bantam, revised +ooo: original
+os+): Korcr |ryor or Bc|ov:or: C|op:crs or Rcscorc| (Valtham, Mass.: Sun-
shine Books, +oo+): and Los ocjorc :|c V:r: D:ory oj o Do|p|:r lro:rcr. rev. ed.
(Valtham, Mass.: Sunshine Books, aoo+). See also Susan Garrett: Ru Lovc: A
Rc|o::ors|:p Bu:|:rg |rogrom jor You or Your Dog (Chicopee, Mass.: Clean
Run, aooa): and S|op:rg Succcss: l|c Luco::or oj or Ur|:|c|y C|omp:or (Chico -
pee, Mass.: Clean Run, aoo:). Garrett is an internationally known agility com-
petitor and teacher.
11. There are many technical wrinkles on this exceedingly simple descrip-
tion of positive training, but they are not needed for this chapter.
12. I owe my understanding of the prosaic to Gillian Goslinga, Virgin
Birth in South India: Childless Vomen, Spirit Iossession, and the Irose of the
Modern Vorld, IhD dissertation, University of California at Santa Cruz, June
aooo. I am also indebted to Isabelle Stengerss understanding how the abstrac-
tions of science push one to imagine new manifestations, which only make sense
in prosaic details.
13. For a long time, because politics, including the politics of race, class,
and sexuality, were so inaudible, I thought agility was full of conventional, straight
or closeted, conservative, mostly white, middle-class U.S. humans. Used to the
ourishing and rarely understated left, antiracist, feminist, lesbian, gay, and trans
cultures of Santa Cruz, I misjudged the human social world of agility. To be sure,
there were plenty of Bush supporters during the early months of the invasion
of Iraq in aoo,made painfully clear by the crop of red, white, and blue ag-
waving paraphernalia, from portable chairs to dog collars and even one poor
dyed dog, which blossomed in the war on terror. Also, I have not spent so much
time since the mid-+ooos in a culture in which it is so dicult to tell who is gay
and in which so many of my usually rather savvy guesses have turned out to be
wrong. Some of that, I still think, is a reection of heteronormative worlds in
which the straight still just is, and conscious and unconscious conformity is
taken for granted. On the other hand, I was often wrong because my university
cultures usual markers were not informative, and for a great many of the women
who play agility, gay or straight, the paucity of men and children is what is really
taken for granted most of the time, for better and for worse. I found a revealing
joke burned onto a wooden plaque for sale in a booth at one agility meet: Back
364 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 8
Sunday night. Feed the children. Further, I now think that the interspecies core
of the practice of agility actively leads its humans most of the time to protect
spaces free of politics-as-usual, in which people who would otherwise y apart
in mutually dismissive judgment can continue to learn from and play with one
another and their canine partners. Agility sites are also largely free of any work,
whether in the home or on the job, besides the considerable labor that it takes to
put on a match. Vith the exception of paid judges, who are not getting rich on
these weekends, almost all of the labor of putting on an agility trial is volunteer
and widely shared. Iossible germs for a more robust civic culture, these free
spaces are rare and precious in U.S. society, where both excess busyness and the
search for those we agree with seem to take precedence over actually thinking
with someone dierent from oneself. Little by little, I discovered agility to be a
site where many people build friendship networks in which intellectual and
political matters are quite lively and openly discussed between runs, sometimes
intersectionally with peoples knowledge and passion about dogs, but more
often separately. In addition, it takes a great deal of time in agility worlds to come
to know how people make or made their livings and how many people have seri-
ous accomplishmentsin and out of paid jobsto their credit besides those
in dogs. By now, I am much less sure where the closets are and much more in -
trigued by the spaces opened up by putting dogs at the center of attention and
going very slowly into the other things that make up the lives of agility people.
My tennis-playing human life mate, Rusten, thinks this understated, slowly
discovered, and very rich quality broadly typies seriously played, amateur, par-
ticipant sports outside the American corporate professional sports culture. I
now agree.
14. Yellow is not accidental. Dogs see yellow and blue quite well. The red
and green of plush holiday dog toys notwithstanding, dogs do not see those col-
ors well at all. See Stanley Coren, Hou Dogs l|:r| (New York: Free Iress,
aoo+), ,+,+. If the A-frame is painted green and yellow (which is sometimes
the case), dogs have a much harder time distinguishing the contact zone visually
than if it is painted blue and yellow. Green looks yellowish to a dog. But the color
demarcation is not the most relevant variable in a well-educated dogs contact-
obstacle performance.
15. Susan Conant, B|oc| R:ooor (New York: Bantam, +oo:). The scene of
the A-frame murder is a dog sports summer camp. An A-frame falling on a
human head has a baleful eect.
16. Mary Louise Iratt, Impcr:o| Lycs: lrovc| Vr:::rg or lrorscu|:uro::or
(New York: Routledge, +ooa), o;.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 8 d 365
17. James Cliord, Rou:cs: lrovc| or lrors|o::or :r :|c Lo:c lucr::c:|
Ccr:ury (Cambridge, Mass.: Iarvard University Iress, +oo;), ;.
18. Naomi Mitchison, Mcmo:rs oj o Spoccuomor (London: Vomens Iress,
+os:: original +ooa): Suzette Iaden Elgin, No::vc lorguc (New York: Daw
Books, +os+): Samuel R. Delany, Booc| . (New York: Ace Books, +ooo).
19. See Elna Bakker, Ar Is|or Co||c Co|:jorr:o: Ar Lco|og:co| Ir:rouc-
::or :o I:s No:uro| Commur:::cs. and ed. (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University
of California Iress, +os+), o;+o,, for a discussion of the contemporary mixed
assemblages of Arcto-Tertiary and Madro-Tertiary tree species. Ecotones and
edge eects are geotemporal as well as niche-spatial processes.
20. Juanita Sundberg, Conservation Encounters: Transculturation in the
Contact 7ones of Empire, Cu|:uro| Gcogrop|y +,, no. a (aooo): a,oo:.
21. Tsing, Unruly Edges, ms. +.
22. Eduardo Kohn, Iow Dogs Dream, Amcr:cor L:|ro|og:s: ,+, no. +
(aoo;). The quotation is from a personal e-mail communication, November +,
aoo:. Kohn is preparing a book titled louor or Ar:|ropo|ogy oj L:jc: Amozor-
:or No:urcs or :|c |o|:::cs oj lrors-spcc:cs Lrgogcmcr:.
23. Scott Gilbert, Dcvc|opmcr:o| B:o|ogy. sth ed. (Sunderland, Mass.: Sin-
auer Associates, aooo).
24. On chreodes as stabilized channels in landscapes of developmental
probability and developmental interactions, see C. I. Vaddington, l|c Lvo|u-
::or oj or Lvo|u::or:s: (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Iress, +o;:). Vaddington
wrote extensively about epigenetic landscapes. See Scott F. Gilbert, Epigenetic
Landscaping: C. I. Vaddingtons Use of Cell Fate Bifurcation Diagrams, B:o|-
ogy or ||:|osop|y o (+oo+): +,::+. See also Scott F. Gilbert, Induction and
the Origins of Developmental Genetics, in A Corccp:uo| H:s:ory oj Mocrr
Lmoryo|ogy. ed. Scott Gilbert (New York: Ilenum, +oo+), +s+aoo: and Scott F.
Gilbert and Steven Borish, Iow Cells Learn, Iow Cells Teach: Education
within the Body, in C|orgc or Dcvc|opmcr:: Issucs oj l|cory. Mc:|o. or App|:-
co::or. ed. A. Reninger and E. Amsel (Iillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, +oo;),
o+;:. For discussion of Vaddingtons chreodes and approaches to development
in relation to Vhiteheads process philosophy, see James Bono, Ierception, Liv-
ing Matter, Cognitive Systems, Immune Networks: A Vhiteheadian Future for
Science Studies, forthcoming. For Vaddington in the history of embryology, see
Donna Iaraway, Crys:o|s. Ioor:cs. or I:c|s: Mc:op|ors l|o: S|opc Lmoryos
(Berkeley: North Atlantic Books, aoo+: original Yale University Iress, +o;o).
25. Scott F. Gilbert and Jessica A. Bolker, Ecological Developmental Biol-
ogy: Ireface to a Symposium, Lvo|u::or or Dcvc|opmcr: :, no. + (aoo,): ,s.
366 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 8
The direct induction of gene expression in a multicellular organism by its micro-
bial symbionts is now considered a normal and crucial developmental mecha-
nism. See Scott F. Gilbert: Mechanisms for the Environmental Regulation of
Gene Expression, B:r:| Dcjcc:s Rcscorc| (|or: C) ;a (aoo+): and Cellular
Dialogues during Development, Gcrc Rcgu|o::or or Ic:o| Dcvc|opmcr: ,o, no.
+ (+ooo): ++a.
26. Gilbert, Dcvc|opmcr:o| B:o|ogy. sos: Margaret McFall-Ngai, Unseen
Forces: The Inuence of Bacteria on Animal Development, Dcvc|opmcr:o| B:o|-
ogy a+a, no. + (aooa): +++.
27. Barad, Mcc::rg :|c Ur:vcrsc Ho|juoy. For a beautiful analysis that
joins biologist Joanne Burkholders studies of the multispecic, multimorphic
intra-actions of a polymorphous dinoagellate, sh, pigs, chickens, and people
in the Chesapeake Bay region with philosopher Jacques Derridas theory of
the phantom and its temporality, see Astrid Schrader, Ihantomatic Species
Ontologies: Untimely Re/productions of Toxic Dinoagellates, paper pre-
sented at the meetings of the Society for Social Studies of Science, Vancouver,
B.C., November +:, aooo. To think about contact zones from the ecology of
structural chemistry rather than physics or biology, see the remarkable join of
dancing, protein structural modeling, hapticoptickinesthetic knotting enacted
on-screen, and the shaping of scientists in Natasha Myers, Molecular Embodi-
ments and the Body-Vork of Modeling in Irotein Crystallography, Soc:o| S:u-
:cs oj Sc:crcc. forthcoming. For a view of co-constitutions and contact zones
among variously situated salmon and people, see Ieather Swanson, Vhen
Iatchery Salmon Go Vild: Iopulation-Making, Genetic Management, and the
Endangered Species Act, meetings of the Society for Social Studies of Science,
Vancouver, B.C., November +:, aooo.
28. Ieideggers notion of the open is quite dierent from mine. I follow
Giorgio Agambens explication of the importance of profound boredom for
Ieideggers open. Agamben, l|c Opcr. +o;o. Ieideggers open emerges from
a radical disengagement from the dross of functionality to acknowledge the
awful, essential purposelessness of man, who is dened by no xed world, no
nature, no given place. To achieve this great voiding of illusion, to grasp negativ-
ity, to be free, to understand ones captivity rather than merely to live it as an
animal (awakening jrom its own captivation :o its own captivation, ibid., ;o), a
man in Ieideggers story allows the terrible experience of profound boredom
to drench his whole self. Nothing need be done, no attachment is necessary,
nothing motivates, one need not act. No animal can experience this state (and
no woman ouo woman). Yet, only from there can unconcealment, the open,
NOTES TO CHAPTER 8 d 367
happen. Only from this great destroying and liberating antiteleological negativ-
ity, this perfect indierence, can Dosc:r (being held suspended in the nothing,
ibid., oo), true human being, emerge. Only from this open can man grasp the
world with passion, not as stock and resource, but in unconcealment and disclo-
sure freed from technique and function. Irecisely what dierentiates man and
animal, what puts them into opposite and unbridgeable singularities, is the pos-
sibility of profound boredom, utter disconnection from function, for man, and
the animals inescapable poverty of world through an unbreakable tie to function
and determined attachment. My open is quite other, if similarly lustful for
nonteleological understanding. It emerges from the shock of getting it: l|:s
and |crc are who and where we are: Vhat is to be done: Iow can respect and
response ourish in :|:s here and :|:s we, even as this uc is the fruit of the entan-
glement: At least as wrenching from the busy self-assured life as Ieideggers
little scenario, the shock of getting it could hardly be further from profound
boredom. Never certain, never guaranteed, the open for companion species
becomes possible in the contact zones and unruly edges. For ongoing fruitful
philosophical engagement with Ieideggers work on Dosc:r but reformatted
from a humananimal studies perspective, see Jake Metcalf, Intimacy without
Iroximity: Encountering Grizzlies as Companion Species, paper presented at
the meetings of the Society for Social Studies of Science, Vancouver, B.C.,
November +:, aooo.
29. See Sutherland, K:c|c. B:::cr. or Scro:c|c. ao:.
30. Vicki Iearne believed something similar, but I have left her out of this
chapter, because I wanted to inhabit the positive-method training approaches
she never stopped despising. Iearne, Aoms los|. I mutate Iearnes idiom of
animal happiness with gratitude for her extraordinary insights and analyses.
See Vicki Iearne, Ar:mo| Hopp:rcss (New York: IarperCollins, +oo+). Cary
Volfes treatment of Iearne is simultaneously sympathetic and sharply critical
of her humanist philosophical straitjackets: Volfe, Old Orders for New, +s
:o. Mary Veavera fellow dog enthusiast committed to the good name of pit
bulls who understands the knot of surprise, discipline, body, aect, and freedom
in such relationshipsalso shapes my thinking in her writing on human
transembodiments. See Mary Veaver, Aective Materialities and Transgender
Embodiments, paper presented at the meetings of the Society for Social Stud-
ies of Science, Vancouver, B.C., November +:, aooo.
31. Cayenne is neurologically deaf in one ear and so gets no directional or
distance information from sound. A rock-solid recall and a no-nonsense turn
and search for me command are both essential for her to be safe when we walk
368 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 8
in the woods, or anywhere else, for that matter. She also wears a sheep bell so I
can track her if she cant nd her way back to me. She reliably responded to the
search for me cue by the time she was twelve weeks old. I think the deer and
foxes also appreciate the bell. The snakes, lacking an aural apparatus, cannot hear
the bells tones, but perhaps they take precautions from the vibrations of my
dogs footfalls when she courses over the hills above Mill Creek.
32. This is less Vicki Iearnes idea of animal happiness than Ian Veddes.
Respectful of dogs dierences from humans, Vedde ruminated on Epicurus
and Seneca when he went with the ridgeback Vincent to an o-leash park on
Mount Victoria, in New 7ealand. They were together, but it was Vincents own
doggy interests that instructed Vedde, watching without imposing himself.
Epicurus advocated friendship, freedom, and thought as the foundations upon
which to build happiness. . . . The Stoics believed that unreasonable expectations
are what make us unhappy: some thought is best done in a simple, vivid, sensory
present, rather than in the frantic, dystopic realms of desire and over-cooked
imagination. I learned to think better as a result of running with Vincent. . . .
One of the good things about the dogs utter dierence is that he extends the
range of whats mysterious in the world: he enriches my ignorance. Its this sense,
I think, that many of the Mount Victoria dog-walkers share. . . . The ones who
are empathic about their dogs freedom and social life are humorous . . . they
laugh, but without scorn. . . . But the leash-tuggers are seldom humorous . . . and
their dogs are often unsocial, anxious, scared, and aggressive. I think its because
they dont understand their need for social freedom. They need to read Epicurus
and Seneca, not training manuals. Ian Vedde, Valking the Dog, in Mo|:rg
Lrs Mcc: (Vellington, New 7ealand: Victoria University Iress, aoo:), ,:;
:s. I think we need both those ancients and modern training, not mechanically
and anxiously, but skillfully and with joy. From personal correspondence, I know
Vedde agrees, and he would never call the many-talented Cappuccino unsocial,
anxious, scared, and aggressive, nor Iam a leash tugger:
33. For the sake of a story, I am not telling what I owe, and the detailed
practices through which I owe it, to my other trainersGail Frazier, Rob
Michalski, and Lauri Ilummer. They have all labored mightily to teach me moral
coherence and technical competence with my fast and demanding dog. I am also
shortchanging the particulars of dierent methods of training contacts and dif-
ferent criteria of performance (running contacts, one rear toe on, etc.). The very
dierences, coupled with changing approaches in classes as the sport developed,
overwhelmed my neophyte self in the early years. I did not yet have the skill to
make trustworthy judgments: learning how to make such judgments is one of
NOTES TO CHAPTER 8 d 369
the key things my teachers try to nurture. Contact-zone training is a common
feature in C|cor Rur: see, for example, the entire vol. +o, no. ++, November aoo+
issue, including Karen Iryor on using a clicker to build behavior chains in teach-
ing contacts, Mary Ellen Barry on proong contacts, and Susan Garrett on the
verbal release.
34. Bioanthropologist Barbara Smuts, who now studies dogs after years
of studying primates and cetaceans, is resolutely more interested in dogdog
interactions than doghuman ones. She is in the midst of fascinating, labor-
intensive biobehavioral analysis of many hours of lm of socializing dogs. I draw
from Donna Iaraway and Barbara Smuts, joint keynote lecture at the meetings
of the Society for Literature and Science (SLS), aoo+, Durham, N.C. See also
Barbara Smuts, Between Species: Science and Subjectivity, Corguro::ors. spe-
cial section from SLS meeting in aoo+, forthcoming.
35. Despret, The Body Ve Care For, +a+.
36. Ibid., ++:.
37. Ian Vedde described how he, his human life-partner, and Vincent
were attuned in this way that invents new natures in the world. Ve were dis-
cussing a TV programme shed produced and noting how hard it was to guaran-
tee delivery of intended subtlety conveyed by tonethe old problem of telling
jokes to strangers. Ve remembered how hard Vincent had worked, as a pet, to
understand our tone. Ve were both sure he had learned to smile late in life, a
heartbreakingly dicult mimicry of what hed seen us do over many years when-
ever we met himnot a dog-like showing of teeth, but something like a smile,
lower teeth only . . . sad and wonderful (e-mail to Donna Iaraway, August +o,
aoo+). This is another kind of isopraxis. This story also honors the material
semiotic work pets do.
38. Ihilip Iullman: l|c Go|cr Composs (New York: Knopf, +oo:): l|c
Suo:|c Kr:jc (New York: Knopf, +oo;): l|c Amocr Spyg|oss (New York: Knopf,
aooo).
39. Such instruction is readily found in the agility world, for example,
expensive workshops by famous trainers to teach people to play with their dogs,
magazine articles, demos by friends, and, of course, our dogs patient forgive-
ness for repeated human gaes, such as stung a tug toy down a dogs gullet. See
Deborah Jones, Lets Ilay: C|cor Rur +o, no. : (May aoo+): ;o;+: Deborah
Jones, IhD, and Judy Keller, Ir Iocus: Dcvc|op:rg o Vor|:rg Rc|o::ors|:p u::|
Your |crjormorcc Dog (Chicopee, Mass.: Clean Run, aoo+).
40. Smuts, Encounters with Animal Minds, ao,,oo, ,oo.
41. Albion M. Urdank, The Rationalisation of Rural Sport: British
370 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 8
Sheepdog Trials, +s;,+o+o, Ruro| H:s:ory +;, no. + (aooo): o:sa, explores
the interactions of sheep, human beings, and herding dogs in Britain in a period
of profound transformation of rural landscapes, work practices, and economies.
The skills of dogs rooted in their biological heritage from wolvessuch as eye-
ing prey, stalking, driving, bunching, and cuttingare reshaped not just by the
biology of domestic associations with people and herbivores but also by com-
mercial matters and other forces in economic and cultural history. Dogs, people,
and sheep are all reshaped in ways that can be read in the changing patterns of
sheep trials. The shepherds dog became better bred and better trained than
ever before, as the shepherd too became better skilled and educated: and so the
sheepdog became, fundamentally, the instrument of a revolution in pastoral pro-
ductivity. But because the sheepdog was a living creature, with an especially high
intelligence, his [s:c] instincts for work were used not just instrumentally, but
co-operatively as part of a joint eort, in which dog and shepherd would also cre-
ate a special bond of anity (so). But this is the material semiotics of work, and
I am interested in this section in the world-making practices of play. It is worth
noting that sheepdog trial people tend to have great disdain for the methods of
agility trainers, with their toys, food, and behaviorist idiom. My eld notes record
sheepdog men praising agility as something nice for dogs who dont have real work.
Lots is going on here: gender and ruralsuburban tensions, valuations of work and
sport, and deeply held beliefs about how dogs learn and what they already know.
42. In a beautiful chapter, Learning from Temple Grandin, or, Animal
Studies, Disability Studies, and Vho Comes after the Subject, Cary Volfe
explores ways out of the premises of liberal humanism and its language-sated
versions of epistemology, ontology, and ethics that Grandin oers in her explo-
rations of sensory modalities of knowing, including her treatment of the details
of her experience as an autistic person of thinking in pictures. Grandin cri-
tiques the denial of an inner life to autistic people on the basis of the implicit
assumption and explicit premise that all that is truly thinking must be linguistic.
Volfe notes that this denial is founded in no small part on the too rapid assim-
ilation of the questions of subjectivity, consciousness, and cognition to the ques-
tion of language ability (Volfe, Learning from Temple Grandin, in ms., aooo,
a). That assimilation is common, but not unchallenged, in the biobehavioral sci-
ences, but it is ubiquitous and practically mandatory in the social sciences and
humanities. If no language, then no subject and no interiority worth the name,
no matter the school of thought preferred, from psychoanalysis to linguistics to
philosophy of whatever stripe. Iutting the so-far ill-crafted alliance of disability
studies and animal studies together dierently (not Vhich oppressed group is
NOTES TO CHAPTER 8 d 371
more marginalized:a bankrupt question if ever there was one), Volfe reg-
ures the relation between assistance dogs and their humans, for example, in work
between a service dog and a blind human. Ie writes, Vouldnt we do better to
imagine this example as an irreducibly dierent and unique form of subjectiv-
ityneither Homo sop:crs nor Cor:s jom:|:or:s. neither disabled nor normal,
but something else altogether, a shared trans-species being-in-the-world consti-
tuted by complex relations of trust, respect, dependence, and communication (as
anyone who has ever trainedor relied upona service dog would be the rst
to tell you): (Volfe, ibid., +,).
43. The overachieving German border collie Rico caused a stir when he
proved as able as two-year-old human children to do what linguists call fast
mapping of new words to objects after only one exposure. Rico knew the labels
of over two hundred dierent items, and he remembered his new words when he
was retested four weeks later. It looks like whatever makes fast mapping possible
is part of general cognitive abilities that people share with other critters. See
Julianne Kaminski, Joseph Call, and Julia Fisher, Vord Learning in a Domestic
Dog: Evidence for Fast Mapping, Sc:crcc ,o+ (++ June aoo+): +osas,. This
news may have been more novel to scientists than to many agility trainers.
Cayenne is not exceptional, and I have evidence that she reliably knows about
+:o to a:o words or phrases in a great variety of circumstances (but not all
circumstancesthe power to generalize seems tied to what linguists call the
property of discrete innity, in which humans denitely excel. My failure to
understand the need to teach, one at a time, relevant combinations of circum-
stances in which a named item or action would appearwhat people think of as
context but to dogs seems to be the semiotic situation itselfwas at the heart of
my incoherence in the contact zone). Cayenne learns very quickly and remem-
bers new words (or gestures) for items and actions. Indeed, trainers face the
problem of convincing their dogs that some of the item and action names they
learned arent what their people meant for them to learn: Discriminations seem
harder to unlearn than to learn.
44. Marc D. Iauser, Noam Chomsky, and V. Tecumseh Fitch, The
Faculty of Language: Vhat Is It, Vho Ias It, and Iow Did It Evolve: Sc:crcc
aos (November aa, aooa): +:oo;o, +:;+. The orthodoxand carefully sup-
portedposition among linguists can be found in Stephen R. Anderson, Doc:or
Doo|:::|cs Dc|us:or: Ar:mo|s or :|c Ur:oucrcss oj Humor Lorguogc (New Iaven,
Conn.: Yale University Iress, aoo+). For further arguments against their critics,
see V. Tecumesh Fitch, Marc D. Iauser, and Noam Chomsky, The Evolution
of the Language Faculty: Clarication and Implications, Cogr:::or o;, no. a
372 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 8
(September aoo:): +;oa+o. The work nurtures interdisciplinary cooperation
among evolutionary biologists, anthropologists, psychologists, and neuroscien-
tists. The authors argue that a distinction should be made between functional
language in the broad sense (FLB) and language in the narrow sense (FLN).
FLB is composed of many interacting subsystems (sensorimotor and computa-
tionalintentional) that do not necessarily evolve as a unit. (I would add the
need to look at aectionalsemioticcognitive subsystems.) The only uniquely
human component of the language faculty (FLN) is recursion, which is the
capacity to generate an innite range of expressions from a nite set of elements.
This potentially innite expressive power of language is also called the property
of discrete innity, the power exercised by humans to recombine meaningful
units into an innite variety of larger structures, each diering systematically in
meaning (Iauser, Chomsky, and Fitch, The Faculty of Language, +:;o). This
is much more than just combining words. But even the kind of computational
uniqueness required by FLN becomes subject in a new way to comparative stud-
ies: and the authors insist that uniqueness must be a testable hypothesis, not an
assumption rooted in premises of human exceptionalism. In addition, the authors
argue that such powerful capacities might well have evolved in domains other
than communication (such as territory mapping, spatial navigation, and forag-
ing) and then been hijacked for communication in ways uncoupled from tight
constraints of function. Language (FLN) may not have come about because it
did anything especially useful at rst. Language (FLN) may have come into
being because it could: and then it got very useful indeed, altogether selectively
advantageous, for better and for worse for the planet. The opportunism of evo-
lution is a great boon to the nonteleological thinking of the posthumanities.
In addition, once made a seriously testable hypothesis, even FLN is taking hits
on the uniqueness of recursion and discrete innity. It looks like European star-
lings, if not primate inhabitants of the Bush Vhitehouse, accurately recognize
acoustic patterns dened by recursive, self-embedding, context-free grammar.
They are also able to classify new patterns dened by the grammar and reliably
exclude agrammatical patterns. Timothy Gentner, Kimberly Fenn, Daniel Mar-
goliash, and Ioward Nusbaum, Recursive Syntactic Iattern Learning by Song-
birds, No:urc ++o (April a;, aooo): +ao+;, +ao+.
45. Evolutionary zoologists have hardly ever operated with a single axis
of biobehavioral dierence among animals, no matter what they thought about
where humans t in, but they have not been especially helpful either on ques-
tions of language and consciousness, until recent interdisciplines reshaped the
topography.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 8 d 373
46. Coren, Hou Dogs l|:r|. ,+o.
47. Marc Iauser, V:| M:rs: V|o: Ar:mo|s Rco||y l|:r| (New York:
Owl Books, aoo+) is a good place to start. This Iarvard psychologist and neuro -
scientist (coauthor with Chomsky, above) argues that organisms possess hetero-
geneous sets of mental tools, complexly and dynamically put together from
genetic, developmental, and learning interactions throughout lives, not unitary
interiors that one either has or does not have. For an even more generous view of
animals varied mental and emotional lives, but one similarly insistent on animals
dierences and immense variety and one rooted in evolutionary behavioral sci-
ences, see Marc Beko, M:r:rg Ar:mo|s: Auorcrcss. Lmo::ors. or Hcor: (Oxford:
Oxford University Iress, aoo,). For Beko, animals are other (nonanthropo-
morphic) persons, not unlike Barbara Noskes other worlds (Noske, Bcyor
Bouror:cs. xiii). The online bibliography of the Centre for Social Learning and
Cognitive Evolution at the University of St. Andrews, in Scotland, is a good
place to nd references to recent work from one very active research institution.
48. Smuts, Encounters with Animal Minds, ,os.
49. Gregory Bateson, Metalogue: About Games and Being Serious, in
S:cps :o or Lco|ogy oj M:r. ++ao. (Further references to this chapter of Bate-
sons book are in parentheses in the text.) I am indebted to conversations with
Katie King about Bateson, and especially about the metalogues. Bateson was one
of Kings undergraduate teachers in the +o;os at UC Santa Cruz and has been
an interlocutor in her transdisciplinary feminist theory ever since. See King, Nc:-
uor|c Rccroc:mcr:s. under review: and www.womensstudies.umd.edu/wmstfac/
kking/ (accessed May o, aoo;).
50. Bateson, S:cps :o or Lco|ogy oj M:r. +a.
51. Ibid., +;o.
52. Ibid., ,o;. Exploring the shared dynamics of world building but more
interested than I am in this chapter in how communication about something
o:|cr than relationships emerges, Cary Volfe also cites this passage from Bate-
son in In the Shadow of Vittgensteins Lion, ,o. Iere, I am more interested in
how coshaping happens without language in the linguists sense of FLN or even
in Batesons sense of how to be specic about something other than relation-
ship (S:cps :o or Lco|ogy oj M:r. ,;o: In the Shadow of Vittgensteins Lion,
,o). Thus, I focus on how wedogs and peoplepay attention to each other
and thereby make something new in the world happen. I call that play, invention,
and proposition.
53. For another wise person (despite his restricting himself to the study of
human beings) who understood how play makes life worth living or, maybe
374 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 8
better, how play makes living creatively possible, see D. V. Vinnicott, ||oy:rg
or Rco|::y (London: Tavistock, +o;+). Thanks to Sheila Namir for the reference
and helpful conversations about play.
54. Marc Beko and J. A. Byers, A Critical Reanalysis of the Ontogeny of
Mammalian Social and Locomotor Ilay: An Ethological Iornets Nest, in
Bc|ov:ouro| Dcvc|opmcr:: l|c B:c|cjc| Ir:cr:sc:p|:rory |rocc:. ed. K. Immel-
mann, G. V. Barlow, L. Ietrinovich, and M. Main (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-
versity Iress, +os+), aoo,,;. See also Marc Beko and J. A. Byers, eds., Ar:mo|
||oy: Lvo|u::orory. Comporo::vc. or Lco|og:co| Approoc|cs (New York: Cam-
bridge University Iress, +oos).
55. For over more than two decades, Beko has led the way in paying
attention to the emotional aspects of cognition and behavior, including play. See
Marc M. Beko, l|c Lmo::oro| L:vcs oj Ar:mo|s: A Lco:rg Sc:cr::s: Lxp|orcs
Ar:mo| ]oy. Sorrou. or Lmpo:|y or V|y l|cy Mo::cr (Novato, Calif.: New
Vorld Library, aoo;). As he told me in an e-mail dated August o, aooo, I know
joy is the keyjust did not include it in +oso. At that time, he probably could
not have gotten a scientic paper published that took animal joy seriously. Bar-
bara Smuts was roundly criticized in some primate studies circles when she pub-
lished a book titled Scx or Ir:crs|:p :r Boooors (New York: Aldine, +os:), and
primatologist Shirley Strum told me similar stories about severity in publishing
standards for using terms such as jr:crs|:p even for nonhuman primates (much
less dogs or rats), despite the prevalence of such language in the ordinary idiom
among researchers outside the printed word. See Strum, A|mos: Humor. This is
the same period of time when it seemed perfectly scientic to many to use terms
such as ropc in sober, equation-lled papers to designate forced sex among non-
human primates and birds. Vhen Jeanne Altmann was the American editor of
the prestigious journal Ar:mo| Bc|ov:our from +o;s to +os,, she negotiated
ercely with authors about whether such terms as ropc actually describe what
the animals are doing. I think that her authoritative, gatekeeping attention to
precise description and scientically defensible sampling techniques in primate
eld studies is part of the background for beginning to allow terms like jr:cr-
s|:p and to test more carefully terms that sound more scientic (oggrcss:or) for
the invisible work they actually do to shape what scientists know how to see. The
point is not that rape or aggression does not happen among animalsfar from
it. The point is to pay comparable attention to and have testable hypotheses for
the full spectrum. Belief that one is protected from anthropomorphism by using
a term that is already considered technical would be laughable if it were not so
damaging to science. Careful practice of therio-anthropo-morphisms can lead to
NOTES TO CHAPTER 8 d 375
much sounder scientic investigation than belief that some idioms are free of
guration and others are polluted with culture. See Iaraway, |r:mo:c \:s:ors.
especially ,o++o, ,os;o, +aoaan;. For a unique collaborative exploration
of the coshaping of the thing called science and society by eld and lab pri-
mate biologists, cultural studies scholars, feminist theorists, and science studies
scholars (partly overlapping categories), see Strum and Fedigan, eds., |r:mo:c
Lrcour:crs.
56. Vedde, Valking the Dog, ,,s.
57. Marc Beko, Vild Justice and Fair Ilay: Cooperation, Forgiveness,
and Morality in Animals, B:o|ogy or ||:|osop|y +o (aoo+): +so:ao.
58. Vriter Ian Veddes therianthropism joins science ction studies and
human-animal studies scholar Istvan Csicsery-Ronays proposal for an interna-
tional online journal hosted at DeIauw University, for which I oered and he
accepted the name Humor:mo|:o to signal the reciprocal inductions in play in the
emerging interdisciplines of human and nonhuman animal studies, as well as in
the historically situated eshly encounters of people and other animals.
59. Isabelle Stengers, Vhiteheads Account of the Sixth Day, paper
delivered at the Stanford University Vhitehead Symposium, April a+, aooo, +s.
Further references to this paper will occur parenthetically in the main text. My
arguments to follow grow from conversations with Stengers and from The
Sixth Day and the Iroblem of Iuman Exceptionalism, which is my comment
on Stengerss paper, Stanford University Vhitehead Symposium, April a+, aooo.
See also Stengers, |crscr ovcc V|::c|co.
60. Vhitehead, |roccss or Rco|::y. +o+.
9. CRITTERCAM
Note on second epigraph: Tracking the materialsemiotic action of multiple
luminous refractive bends, Iayward further writes, I am concerned with how
aquatic imaging and hydro-optics cause optics and haptics to slide into each
other. Eva Shawn Iayward, Envisioning Invertebrates: Immersion, Inhabita-
tion, and Intimacy as Modes of Encounter in Marine TechnoArt, qualifying
essay, Iistory of Consciousness Department, University of California at Santa
Cruz, December aoo,.
Note on third epigraph: Text from a aoo+ brochure announcing the
National Geographic Societys television series Cr:::crcom. made up of thirteen
half-hour episodes. Twelve featured marine critters, and one tied its cameras to
African lions, fruit of a three-year eort to develop Crittercams for land-based
376 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 9
studies as well as marine excursions. In this chapter, I will not discuss the inter-
esting land Crittercams, attached so far, predictably, to lions, tigers, and bears.
Crittercam research and the TV series are partly funded by the National Science
Foundation, described on-screen as Americas investment in the future. The
promissory, futuristic, frontier orientations of the show are never out of frame on
Cr:::crcom: that is the nature of life in the era of Biocapital.
Also predictable, as well as lamentably outside the scope of this chapter,
are the miniature TV cameras with transmitters that are attached these days to
the foreheads of Northumbrian police dogs. The cameras have infrared lights for
lming in dark conditions. Trained to assist during armed sieges and to search
sites and relay video information back to human ocers, the dogs also deliver
mobile phones at the door of premises under siege to facilitate negotiations. See
Dog Cameras to Combat Gun Crime, BBC News, U.K. Division, December +,
aoo:, http://news.bbc.co.uk/+/hi/england/++o;a+a.stm (accessed May :, aoo;).
Vorking security camdogs are joined by their pet cousins, who can be tted with
a Japanese-designed miniature digital camera worn around the neck so that the
doting human can nally get a dogs v:cu on life (www.pamperedpuppy.com/
puppytrends/archives/aooo/oa/digital_dog_cam.php, accessed May :, aoo;).
1. Ihde, Bo:cs :r lcc|ro|ogy. +,;.
2. Bruno Latour, From Rco|po|:::| to D:rgpo|:::|: An Introduction to
Making Things Iublic, in Mo|:rg l|:rgs |uo|:c. ed. Latour and Veibel. Avail-
able at www.bruno-latour.fr/articles/article/oo-dingpolitika.html (accessed May
:, aoo;).
3. Beginning with No::oro| Gcogrop|:c Lxp|orcr on TBS in +oo,, as well as
Grco: V|::c S|or| in +oo: on NBC, Crittercam images were seen on TV before
the aoo+ series.
4. Unless otherwise stated, quotations and descriptions throughout this
chapter come from various parts of www.nationalgeographic.com/crittercam.
5. Adapted from http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/
information/Remora_remora.html (accessed May :, aoo;), the technical speci-
cations for a remora follow: Rcmoro rcmoro is a short, thickset sucking sh with
twenty-eight to thirty-seven long slender gillrakers, twenty-one to twenty-seven
dorsal n rays, twenty to twenty-four anal n rays, and twenty-ve to thirty-two
pectoral n rays. The remora has no swim bladder and uses a sucking disk on
the top of its head to obtain rides from other animals, such as large sharks and
sea turtles. The remora grows to about eighteen inches. Near nothing is known
about the remoras breeding habits or larval development. The remora is most
often found oshore in the warmer parts of all oceans attached to sharks and
NOTES TO CHAPTER 9 d 377
other marine shes and mammals. The remora are considered to have a com-
mensal relationship with their host, since they do not hurt the host and are just
along for the ride. The remora is of unique value to humans. The sh itself is not
generally eaten but is instead used as a means of catching large sh and sea tur-
tles. Fishermen in countries around the world use them by attaching a line to
their tails and then releasing them. The remora will then swim o and attach
itself to a large sh or turtle, which can then be pulled in by a careful sherman.
The remora is not held in high esteem as a food sh, although the Australian
Aborigines are said to eat them after using them on shing trips. On the other
hand, Aborigines from the Vest Indies never ate their hunting sh and instead
sang songs of praise and reverence to them. The ancient Greeks and Romans had
written widely about remoras and had ascribed to them many magical powers
such as the ability to cause an abortion if handled in a certain way. Shamans in
Madagascar to this day attach portions of the remoras suction disk to the necks
of wives to assure faithfulness in their husbands absence. Following the remoras,
Greg Marshall was in good company.
6. I take the term rco|::y crg:rcs from The Reality Eect of Technosci -
ence, Julian Bleeckers aoo+ IhD dissertation on computer graphics engineering
and semiotics and the labor it takes to build and sustain specic material reali-
ties (Iistory of Consciousness Department, University of California at Santa
Cruz). In this chapter, I use a compound optical device, made up of lenses from
a colleague, Don Ihde, and two of my graduate students from dierent cohorts,
Julian Bleecker and Eva Shawn Iayward.
7. See Iaraway, l|c Compor:or Spcc:cs Mor:jcs:o.
8. An area of Aboriginal presence from ao,ooo n.c.v. to now, Shark Bay
has been a Vorld Ieritage Site since +oo+. Tourism, endangered species, archae-
ology sites, indigenous history, colonial rst-contact stories and white settlement,
an abandoned whaling station, abandoned isolation hospitals for Aboriginals
with venereal disease and leprosy, todays native title struggles, natural scientic
research, a modern scallop shery, salt ponds: its all there, as expected, pro-
viding a complex ecology for National Geographics Crittercam species assem-
blages. See www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/sharkbay.html. Aboriginal people are
involved in cultural revival, political contestation, and site management. On behalf
of Malgana Shark Bay people, the Yamatji Marlpa Barna Baba Maaja Aboriginal
Corporation led claims in +oos with the National Native Title Tribunal. See
www.nntt.gov.au/applications/claimant/VCos_+;.html. Malgana and Nganda
Aboriginal peoples are central to the history of Shark Bay. Records of Aborigi-
nal history in Vestern Australia, including Shark Bay, can be tracked through
378 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 9
www.sro.wa.gov.au/collection/aboriginalrecords.asp. (All Veb sites accessed
May o, aoo;.)
9. Iayward, Inhabited Light: Refracting l|c Lovc L:jc oj :|c Oc:opus.
section in Iayward, Envisioning Invertebrates.
10. In the wake of the +oso Lxxor \o|cz megaoil spill in Irince Vil -
liam Sound, the biologically, culturally, and economically crucial Bristol Bay o
southwest Alaska was put o limits to oil drilling, rst by Congress and then by
Bill Clintons +oos presidential order. Congress lifted its ban on Bristol Bay
drilling in aoo,. George V. Bush rescinded the executive order in January aoo;.
See www.nytimes.com/aoo;/o:/o+/washington/o+drill.html (accessed May o,
aoo;). All ve species of Iacic salmon spawn in rivers emptying into Bristol
Bay. The area supplies :o percent of the seafood consumed in the United States.
Vulnerable populations of North Iacic right whales, Stellers sea lions, and
many other species, as well as sheries and tourism, are part of the picture.
In aooo the commercial shing industry was economically depressed, opening
the door to renewed action by big oil. Native Alaskan sheries and protein
sources in the region are especially at risk to oil and gas ecological disasters. Local
and translocal environmental organizations are major players. Formed under the
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of December +s, +o;+, the Bristol Bay
Native Corporation, representing Aleut, Athabascan, and Eskimo peoples, is an
important actor in the region as well. See www.bbnc.net/.
11. For the results of the Cr:::crcom teamwhale biologist collaboration,
see Fred Sharpe, Michael Ieithaus, Lawrence Dill, Birgit Buhleier, Gregory
Marshall, and Iieter Folkiens, Variability in Foraging Tactics and Estimated
Irey Intake by Socially Foraging Iumpback Vhales in Chatham Strait, Alaska,
paper presented at the +:th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine
Mammals, Greensboro, N.C., aoo,.
12. Ihde, Bo:cs :r lcc|ro|ogy. +,;.
13. Don Ihde, If Ihenomenology Is an Albatross, Is Iost-phenomenology
Iossible: in C|os:rg lcc|rosc:crcc. ed. Don Ihde and Evan Selinger (Bloom ing -
ton: Indiana University Iress, aoo,), +,+++. As Ihde puts it, An asymmetrical
but post-phenomenological rc|o::v::y gets its ontology from the :r:crrc|o::ors|:p
oj |umor or ror-|umor (++,).
10. CHICKEN
Translation note on epigraph: I said: Cock-a-doodle-do. The strutting rooster
calls. Now comes the farmer. From Grur:. Iigorian Chant from Snouto Domoinko
NOTES TO CHAPTER 10 d 379
de Silo, performed by the Ad Ioc Camerata, discovered, translated, notated, and
illuminated by Sandra Boynton (New York: Vorkman Iublishing, +ooo), +a.
1. For a serious liberal arts education, read Iage Smith and Charles
Daniel, l|c C|:c|cr Boo| (Athens: University of Georgia Iress, aooo: original,
Boston: Little Brown, +o;:). Iistorian Smith and biologist Daniel collaborated
at the University of California Santa Cruz in the +o;os, rst, to teach an under-
graduate seminar and, then, with their students research aiding them, to write
this unique chicken book, including cultural, historical, religious, biological,
agricultural, political, economic, communitarian, and epistemological points of
view. Beginning teaching at UCSC in +oso, I inherited the cats cradle game of
chicken that Smith and Daniel played with their students and colleagues.
2. An earlier version of this chapter was published in B. Eekelen, J. Gon-
zalez, B. Sttzer, and A. Tsing, eds., S|oc| or Auc: Vor or Vors (Santa Cruz:
New Iacic Iress, aoo+), a,,o. A group of friends and student and faculty col-
leagues at UCSC and beyond collaborated on that little book to try to reposition
forces in the war on words launched in the Bush Vhitehouse after o/++. I chose
the letter C to see how the world looked from the point of view of Chicken.
Susan Squier, a professor at Iennsylvania State University, is doing wonderful
research that links biomedical, biological, literary, feminist theoretical, and sci-
ence studies dimensions of chickenhuman relations. See Susan Squier, Chicken
Auguries, Corguro::ors. in press for aoo;, and keep an eye out for her book in
progress, |ou|:ry Sc:crcc. C|:c|cr Cu|:urc: |roc::c:rg Agr:Cu|:uro| S:u:cs. Located
at Te Vhare Vananga o Vaitaha/University of Canterbury, New 7ealand,
Annie Iotts is writing C|:c|cr for the unique Reaktion Books animal series
under the general editorship of Jonathan Burt. Iotts cofounded Animal Studies
Aotearoa.
3. LGBT: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, not to be confused with
BLT (bacon, lettuce, and tomato sandwich). One is a proper eshly cultural and
political formation. The other is too, if you consider the knots of multispecies
world making tied up in lettuce, bacon, tomatoes, wheat, yeast, and sugar, as well
as the eggs, oil, salt, and citrus juice in mayonnaise. Chicken is no stranger to
LGBT or BLT.
4. Ever vigilantthank all the earth deitiesthe animal rescue apparatus
of modern times has not neglected spent hens, even if there was never a task
more tting for Sisyphus. For a moving story of one rescued spent hen, who
lived out her last days in enriched farmyard retirement learning how to be a
real chicken, complete with all the elaborate behavior proper to her kind that
battery-cage existence had kept her from acquiring, see Iatrice Jones, Funny
380 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 10
Girl: Fanny and Ier Friends, Bcs: Ir:crs (September/October aoo:): :+::.
The chicken and egg industry in Ietaluma in aooo turned spent hens into com-
post, because the market for animal food and other uses of the tough chicken
meat no longer covers the costs of slaughter and processing. Some of the hens
have survived gassing with carbon dioxide and burial in the compost piles to
stagger into the politics and newspapers of Sonoma County.
5. Figures are from United Ioultry Concerns, www.upc-online.org/ (ac -
cessed May o, aoo;). See also en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Ioultry_Concerns.
6. In Ar:|ropo|ogy ao.o (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Iress, forthcoming),
Michael Fischer taught me that Michel Serress notion of contract is rooted in
the original Latin meaning, cor-:ro|crc. or gathering together, as in tightening
the rigging of a sailboat. The ropes have to be in reciprocal adjustment for
smooth functioning with the wind. Fischer cites the discussion of this meaning
of contract in Kerry Vhiteside, D:v:c No:urcs: Ircrc| Cor:r:ou::ors :o |o|:::co|
Lco|ogy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Iress, aooa). That meaning of contract theory
would be quite useful in the naturecultures I imagine to be still possible.
7. Myostatin regulates muscle development, and its gene is under intense
scrutiny. Commercial interest relates to the worlds number-one genetic disease
(muscular dystrophies), wasting disorders (including aging and AIDS-related
muscle loss), space ightinduced muscle atrophy, sports (watch out, steroid
purveyors:), and even faster growing, bigger chicken muscles. See G. N. Scheuer-
mann, S. F. Bilgili, S. Tuzun, and D. R. Mulvaney, Comparison of Chicken
Genotypes: Myober Number in Iectoralis Muscle and Myostatin Ontogeny,
|ou|:ry Sc:crcc s,, no. s (aoo+): ++o++a.
8. For a hint of the importance of chickens (eggs and broilers) in the
economic history of animalindustrial standardization, see Glenn E. Bugos,
Intellectual Iroperty Irotection in the American Chicken-Breeding Industry,
Bus:rcss H:s:ory Rcv:cu oo (Spring +ooa): +a;os: Roger Iorowitz, Making
the Chicken of Tomorrow: Reworking Ioultry as Commodities and as Crea-
tures, +o+:+ooo, in Irus:r:o|:z:rg Orgor:sms. ed. S. Schrepfer and I. Scranton
(New York: Routledge, aoo+), a+:,o.
9. I believe that McDonalds was forced to its still shockingly inadequate
radical position on living quarters for hens by the much reviled animal rights
movement. McDonalds new animal care standards for its suppliers went much
further than regulations for poultry legally required. The corporation down-
played the role that Ieople for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (IETA)
and the Animal Liberation Front played in its change of heart, but it is hard to
deny that their McCruelty to Go campaign attracted the attention of corporate
NOTES TO CHAPTER 10 d 381
headquarters. Image control, if not insight into bird lives, is big business. See
Rod Smith, Feedstus sta editor, McDonalds Animal Care Guidelines De -
scribed as Aggressive, Realistic, Ioc:ory Iorm:rg.com: Currcr: Issucs. May +,
aooo, www.factoryfarming.com/mcdonalds.htm. Vhat counts as radical and
what as normal is very much at stake in animalhuman knots. In reference to
slaughter laws, humane deserves scare quotes, not only because the laws (much
less their application) are too often not humane by any measure, but more fun-
damentally because the word foregrounds the inappropriate humanist standard
applied to killing animals. I think killing deserves deeper thinking if human
beings eating chickens and other animals is to be in the knot of ourishing
multispecies livingif that remains possible in the developed and globalized
neoliberal world as it has become. In aoo+, only California, Utah, and North
Dakota had laws regulating cruelty in slaughtering birds, and regulating cruelty
is not an adequate practice. In that same year, IETAnot my favorite group, to
say the least, but not one I can walk totally away from eitherobtained under-
ground video footage of extreme overt cruelty (workers stomping on live chick-
ens and hurling them into walls) in a poultry-packaging plant in Vest Virginia,
which produces for Kentucky Fried Chicken. See www.peta.org/feat/mooreeld/
(accessed May o, aoo;). These incidents gained considerable attention from the
national mainstream media. The damaged and exploited human workers and
the brutalized birds cohabit a normal hell that Marx and Engels knew how
to describe for factory workers in Manchester in the nineteenth century. The
twenty-rst century has a full panoply of such prot-maximizing and fantasy-
driven worlds, within which sentience is little protection, no matter the species,
and a limbic system gets one nowhere at all. The meaningful body becomes mere
esh and so is made killable in the logic of sacrice. See the discussion of Der-
rida on that powerful logic in chapter ,, Sharing Suering: and Giorgio Agam-
ben, Homo Soccr: Sovcrc:gr |oucr or Borc L:jc. trans. Daniel Ieller-Roazen
(Ialo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Iress, +oos). See also Charlie LeDu, At
a Slaughterhouse: Some Things Never Die, in Zoor:o|og:cs. ed. Volfe, +sao;.
10. Ietaluma Farms near me in California is one source for extra-
nutritious DIA Omega-, (claim on the egg carton) from eggs laid by chickens
raised without cages and eating an organic vegetarian diet. The label goes fur-
ther, calling the operation a wild hen farm. Called specialty eggs in the indus-
try, designer eggs accounted for about : percent of U.S. egg sales in aoo+. Theres
lots of room for growth. In aoo,, U.S. Americans consumed ;+.: billion eggs,
that is, a:+ per person. I think operations such as Ietaluma Farms deserve my
support, but I do experience indigestion at the class and science semiotics (and
382 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 10
realities) of niche marketing. See Carol Ness, The New Egg, April ;, aoo+,
www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi:le=/chronicle/archive/aoo+/o+/o;/
FDGNM:VFoB+.DTL. Thanks to Dawn Coppin for this information. For a
Florida agricultural extension service survey of designer eggs available around
aooo, see http://edis.ifas.u.edu/ISo+s (accessed May o, aoo;).
11. Sarah Franklin, Stem Cells R Us, in G|ooo| Asscmo|ogcs. ed. A. Ong
and S. Collier (London: Blackwell, aoo+), :o;s: Margaret Atwood, Oryx or
Cro|c (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, aoo,). Chicken without chickens
is not merely a novelists speculative ction. For a marvelous reading of Oryx
or Cro|c at the intersection of feminism, philosophy, and biology, see Traci
Varkentin, Dis/integrating Animals: Ethical Dimensions of the Genetic Engi-
neering of Animals for Iuman Consumption, AI or Soc:c:y ao (aooo): sa
+oa. I would disagree with much of Varkentins reading of molecular biology as
necessarily mechanistic reductionism, but I share her critique of mechanomor-
phism in vast regions of agribusiness practices, including in what used to be
called pure research. Consider also the pork tissue culture system under scien-
tic development at the University of Utrecht in the labs of Ienk Iaagsman,
using pig stem cells, naturally. See Marianne Ieselmans, Cultivated Meat,
www.new-harvest.org/articleoo+oaoo:.htm (accessed May o, aoo;). In aoo:,
the Dutch government funded the project with two million Euros. Tissue Gen-
esis in Iawaii is another player. Success, dened as developing something edible
enough and cheap enough for the market, in about ve years is their predic-
tion. See Lakshmi Sandhana, Test Tube Meat Nears Dinner Table, June
a+, aooo, www.wired.com/news/technology/o,;+ao+-o.html:tw=rss.technology.
Animals have long been troped as bioreactors in technoscientic advertising
for drug and agribusiness research. Transgenics and stem cell technologies have
increased this kind of guration markedly. Current research is another instance
of the implosion of trope and esh, as bioreactors stand in for animals literally.
This kind of literalization is one of the things I mean by materialsemiotic,
trope and esh always cohabiting, always co-constituting. For astute ethno-
graphic analysis, see Karen-Sue Taussig, Bovine Abominations: Genetic Cul-
ture and Iolitics in the Netherlands, Cu|:uro| Ar:|ropo|ogy +o, no. , (aoo+):
,o:,o.
12. Citing nancial constraints, Indonesia had not conducted mass culling
in response to its human deaths from bird u, and probably as a result, this
countrys total number of recorded human deaths by mid-aooo had surpassed
that of Vietnam, which had both culled and vaccinated birds aggressively. Mass
culling is immensely unpopular and a political risk, but so is a human pandemic.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 10 d 383
Observers estimated that about o.: million birds died naturally of bird u in
Indonesia between aoo, and aoo:. See www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm
/newsid/,+sas/story.htm (accessed May o, aoo;). Mass culls have been con-
ducted in many countries, from Canada to Turkey to Egypt to India, that last of
which killed about seven hundred thousand birds in February aooo in response
to an outbreak among poultry in Maharashtra. See http://edition.cnn.com/
aooo/nv.irn/conditions/oa/ao/birdu.asia.wrap/index.html (accessed May
o, aoo;).
13. See Chris Vilbert, Irot, Ilague, and Ioultry: The Intra-active
Vorlds of Iighly Iathogenic Avian Flu, Ro:co| ||:|osop|y +,o (Septem-
ber/October aooo), www.radicalphilosophy.com/default.asp:channel_id=a+s;
&editorial_id=aa+oa. Vilbert writes, In aooo we awoke, in Europe at least, to
the odd situation in which twitchersobsessive birdwatchers who spend much
of their leisure time on the far-ung edges of countriesare being reinvented as
the eyes and ears of the state, helping warn of new border incursions. These
incursions are posited as taking an avian form that may bring with it very unwel-
come pathogens. Everyday avian observations and knowledges of migratory
routes are being reinvented as a kind of border patrol, a rst line of veterinary
surveillance.
14. See http://news.bbc.co.uk/+/hi/world/africa/+;ooao+.stm: and www
.irinnews.org/report.asp:ReportID=:+oso&SelectRegion=Vest_Africa&Sel
ectCountry=xicvi. (both Veb sites accessed May o, aoo;).
15. A spokesperson for Birdlife International thinks that the chicken trade
has made this fowl the most migratory avian on the planet. Donald McNeil,
From the Chickens Ierspective, the Sky Really Is Falling, Ncu Yor| l:mcs.
March as, aooo, Do. Anna Tsing, Figures of Capitalist Globalization: Firm
Models and Chain Links, paper presented at the University of Minnesota for
Markets in Time study group, aooo, explores the kin relations between legal
and illegal trade, resource extraction, and manufacturing that are both necessary
to global capitalism and also organic to hyperexploitation of people and other
species. As Marx understood, how else can accumulation be realized: There
might actually be a good answer to that question, and it will have transspecic,
posthumanist justice at its heart.
16. See Elizabeth Rosenthal, Bird Flu Virus May Be Spread by Smug-
gling, Ncu Yor| l:mcs. April +:, aooo, A+, As.
17. Steven Lee Myers, Ukraine Ilugging a Iorous Border: Eorts Focus
on Moldavan Regions Murky Economy, Ir:crro::oro| Hcro| lr:ourc. May ao,
aooo, ,.
384 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 10
18. Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe, Social Behavior in Birds, in Horooo|
oj Soc:o| |syc|o|ogy. ed. Carl Murchison (Vorcester, Mass.: Clark University
Iress, +o,:).
19. Sue Fishko, Vhen Left-Vingers and Chicken Vings Iopulated
Ieta luma, ]cruso|cm |os: Scrv:cc. Friday May ;, +ooo, www.jewishsf.com/
content/a-o-/module/displaystory/story_id/+++;a/edition_id/a++/format/
html/displaystory.html. A radio series, Comrocs or C|:c|cr Rorc|crs (www
.jewishsf.com/content/a-o-/module/displaystory/story_id/,;o;/edition_
id/oo/format/html/displaystory.html, accessed May o, aoo;), and a television
documentary, A Homc or :|c Rorgc (www.jewishchickenranchers.com/get/,
accessed May o, aoo;), tell the story.
20. Julie Ihillips, ]omcs l:p:rcc. ]r.: l|c Douo|c L:jc oj A|:cc B. S|c|or
(New York: St. Martins Iress, aooo), +:+. Thanks to Katie King for pointing me
to Tiptrees life in chickens and the tie with scientic agrarian nation building for
Israel. On the doleful history of scientic chicken farming, see Smith and Daniel,
l|c C|:c|cr Boo|. a,a,oo. On the animalindustrial complex, see Noske,
Bcyor Bouror:cs. aa,o. In ironic justice, in the early twenty-rst century the
Rutgers University School of Law is home to the Animal Rights Law Center.
21. Ihillips, ]omcs l:p:rcc. ]r.. as+.
22. A kindly scientists seeding a global pandemic from an airplane with a
virus to exterminate the human species was the plot of Tiptrees The Last Flight
of Dr. Ain, her breakthrough story into science ction stardom, published in
+ooo in Go|oxy. Of course, my allegorical mind races to the bird u virus. The
Last Flight of Dr. Ain and many of my other favorite stories are collected in
James Tiptree Jr.: Vorm Vor|s or O:|cru:sc (New York: Ballantine, +o;:):
S:or Sorgs oj or O| |r:mo:c (New York: Ballantine, +o;s): and Ou: oj :|c Lvcry-
u|crc (New York: Ballantine, +os+). As Racoona Sheldon, Tiptree published
Morality Meat, dealing with unfree pregnancy, a right-to-life adoption center,
defective babies, and a new and very suspicious kind of meat in a nation whose
entire meat industry, including chickens, had been wiped out by drought and
grain diseases, in Dcspo:c|cs jrom :|c Iror::crs oj :|c Humor M:r. ed. Jen Green
and Sarah Lefanu (London: Vomens Iress, +os:), aoo,+.
23. Begin with www.rbst.org.uk/ and click to a large knot of promisingly
impure work to put agricultural multispecies ourishing into action.
24. The eighteenth-century philosophe Denis Diderot precedes us in
understanding what watching a fertile egg can do to convince us that Vestern
philosophy has never really been all that Vestern, a point Isabelle Stengers
makes forcefully. In Diderots DA|cmocr:s Drcom. the philosopher says to his
NOTES TO CHAPTER 10 d 385
interlocutor, You see this egg: Thats what enables us to overturn all the schools
of theology and all temples on the earth. Denis Diderot, A Conversation
between dAlembert and Diderot, from DA|cmocr:s Drcom(Lc rcvc A|cmocr:),
+;oo, trans. Ian Johnston, Malaspina University-College, Nanaimo, B.C., avail-
able online at www.mala.bc.ca/-Johnstoi/diderot/conversation.htm (accessed
May o, aoo;). Isabelle Stengers, |oucr or Irvcr::or: S::uo::rg Sc:crcc. trans.
Iaul Bains (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Iress, +os+), ++;+s. Thanks
to Stengers for pointing me to Diderots appreciation of the egg.
11. BECOMING COMPANION SPECIES IN TECHNOCULTURE
1. Jan-Kyrre Berg Olsen and Evan Selinger, eds., ||:|osop|y oj lcc|ro|ogy
(n.p.: Automatic Iress/VII, December aooo). For sample replies from partici-
pants, see uuu.p|:|osop|y:cc|ro|ogy.com/.
12. PARTING BITES
1. The northern hairy-nosed wombat can be tracked through the Vom-
bat Information Center, www.wombania.com (accessed May o, aoo;): BIRD,
the biodiversity information Veb site, http://bird.net.au/bird/index.php:title
=Yaminon (accessed May o, aoo;): and Tim Flannery and Iaula Kendall, Aus-
:ro|:os \or:s|:rg Mommo|s (Sydney: R. D. Iress, +ooo).
2. Everyone knows that termites need their cellulose-digesting symbionts,
but fewer know that grass-eating wombats have specialized guts that are home
to their own species of cellulose-processing workers. See Feeding Ecology and
Diet, www.answers.com/topic/wombat (accessed May o, aoo;).
3. Vorking on the Queensland wombat for over ten years, Dr. Andrea
Taylor of Monash University, in Melbourne, has developed a low disturbance
genetic technique to census the wombat population. Vombat hair is collected on
sticky tape strung across wombat burrows and DNA in the follicle is used to
identify the sex and the owner of the hair (www.yaminon.org/gallery.html,
accessed December aooo). Living endangered means living in technoculture: it is
a condition of ourishing, or not, on earth now for most critters. See also Andrea
Taylor, Molecular Biology Meets Conservation BiologyAustralian Mammal
Case Studies, Aus:ro|:or Iror::crs oj Sc:crcc. aoo,, www.science.org.au/events/
frontiersaoo,/Taylor.htm (accessed May o, aoo;).
4. Lynn Margulis and Dorion Sagan, The Beast with Five Genomes,
No:uro| H:s:ory Mogoz:rc. June aoo+, online at www.naturalhistorymag.com/
ooo+/ooo+_feature.html.
386 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 12
5. Iayward, Envisioning Invertebrates.
6. To think about other practices of reckoning, see the essential text Ielen
Verran, Sc:crcc or or Ajr:cor Log:c (Chicago: University of Chicago Iress,
aoo+). Not coincidentally, Melbourne-based Verran writes about Aboriginal
landholding, management practices, mathematics, and meanings of country
among the Vik and the Yolngu. For example, see Ielen Verran, Re-imagining
Land Title in Australia, |os:co|or:o| S:u:cs + (+oos): a,;:+. Verran works
with Indigenous Knowledge and Resource Management in the Northern Terri-
tory (www.cdu.edu.au/centres/ik), and she writes about how Aboriginal knowl-
edge traditions can contribute to doing the nature of Australia.
7. Iatricia Iiccinini, Ir Aro:|cr L:jc. published on the occasion of the
exhibition at the City Gallery Vellington, February +oJune ++, aooo (Velling-
ton, Aotearoa New 7ealand: City Gallery, aooo). I draw from Iiccininis own
essay, In Another Life, +a+,, as well as from artist and writer Stella Brennans
introduction of Iiccinini, Border Iatrol, oo. See also Iatricia Iiccininis Veb
site (www.patriciapiccinini.net/) for more drawings of human babies meeting her
fabulated companion species from the series she called Natures Little Ielpers
and her short essay About These Drawings . . . Thanks to Lindsay Kelley for
introducing me to Iiccininis work in my graduate seminar on animal studies
and science studies in aoo+ and to April Ienderson for sending me Ir Aro:|cr
L:jc in late aooo. Jim Cliord is Iendersons IhD dissertation adviser in the
Iistory of Consciousness Department, and I like to think that the James sitting
face-to-face with the surrogate for the wombat is the young Cliord making one
of his rst postcolonial critter contacts in preparation for his wonderful writing
about Iacic islanders syncretic and heterogeneous theory, culture, and politics.
8. Telling a powerful story knotted through the transatlantic world rather
than through Australia and the trans-Iacic, Sidney Mintz explores sugars sym-
biogenetic naturecultures in Succ:rcss or |oucr: l|c ||occ oj Sugor :r Mocrr
H:s:ory (New York: Ienguin, +oso). Commodities, labor, slavery, spice, medicine,
luxury, and much more are all there, but the humanist frame of Mintzs anthro-
pology makes it harder to see all the other organisms (and other nonhumans)
actively involved.
9. Consider the shaping of new natures, complete with the assemblages
of mixed native and introduced species of every place on earth by the twenty-rst
century, perhaps especially in Australiawhere pure categories of wild, domes-
tic, endemic, or exotic cannot do justice to an environmentalism committed
simultaneously to multispecies coourishing, heterogeneous collective memory,
and complex histories. Serious projects are required to build and rebuild livable
NOTES TO CHAPTER 12 d 387
naturecultures into the future. Origins are not accessible even in principle. See
the controversial work by the Australian Tim Low: Icro| Iu:urc: l|c Ur:o|
S:ory oj Aus:ro|:os Lxo::c Irvocrs (Chicago: University of Chicago Iress, aooa)
and l|c Ncu No:urc: V:rrcrs or Loscrs :r V:| Aus:ro|:o (Sydney, Australia:
Ienguin, aooa). Many endangered endemics have come to depend on introduced
species for resources critical to eating and reproducing, which makes restora-
tion and preservation a bit touchy. For integration of Lows approaches with
science studies, sociology, colonial and postcolonial cultural studies, and consid-
erations of animal well-being from both ecological and rights perspectives, see
Franklin, Ar:mo| No::or: the kookaburra example is on a,o.
The anthropologist Deborah Bird Rose, Rcpor:s jrom o V:| Cour:ry
(Sydney: University of New South Vales, aoo+), writes about the wounded
space of Australian land and people and the deep need for recuperation and rec-
onciliation in countermodern mode. Based on many years of work with Aborig-
ines, especially in the Northern Territory, her perspective is rooted in relentless
memory of the realities of mass killings and death in the white settler colony and
its replacement ecologies. I nd Roses way of working fundamental for rebuild-
ing a more livable world. Recognizing that approaches to current environmen-
talethical dilemmas must be complex and polyvalent, she also appreciates
mixed and heterogeneous naturecultures across times. Indeed, her work is all
about mutually interconnected webs of relationships that are always in motion.
But she refuses to look away from the onrushing catastrophe embedded in past
and present human-made mass death that continues to sweep up critters of
every category, human and nonhuman alike. See also Deborah Bird Rose, Vhat
If the Angel of Iistory Vere a Dog: Cu|:uro| S:u:cs Rcv:cu +a, no. + (March
aooo): o;;s. There she tracks the ongoing death work in the poisoning of din-
goes and wild dogs and hanging their corpses from trees as both a reality and a
gure of a world howling with grief in the notes of howling dingoes.
Although they both depend on mixed-species assemblages, I think it is
safe to say that Tim Lows feral futures have a dierent resonance from the eco-
logical ur-restoration discourses proper to reestablishing Ileistocene fauna and
ecosystems in North America. Still, something is compelling about restoring
the grasslands of the western United States and the Great Ilains by transplant-
ing elephants and African lions. See Eric Jae, Brave Old Vorld: The Debate
over Rewilding North America with Ancient Animals, Sc:crcc Ncus +;o (Novem-
ber ++, aooo): ,+++s. This could put the chronologically parochial ghts among
ranchers, hunters, and environmentalists about repopulation of the land by
northern gray wolves into perspective:
388 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 12
10. Franklin, Ar:mo| No::or. +oooa.
11. Barad, Mcc::rg :|c Ur:vcrsc Ho|juoy. ,;;, ,o,.
12. Donna Iaraway, Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in
Feminism as a Site of Discourse on the Irivilege of Iartial Ierspective, Icm:r:s:
S:u:cs ++, no. , (+oss): :;:oo. I remember that feminist standpoint the-
ory was not and is not about xed positions and identities but about the rela-
tional work and play of intersectional feminist worlding, which my colleague
and friend Nancy Iartsock called feminist historical materialism. I attribute
her insight to her love of horses along with her loveand close readingof
Marx. Iartsock understands becoming with in order to become worldly. See
Sandra Iarding, ed., l|c Icm:r:s: S:orpo:r: l|cory Rcocr (New York: Rout-
ledge, aoo,).
13. Katie King, my mentor for three decades in reading feminist science
ction, wrote, Vhen I rst saw ]omcs (s::::rg). I thought it was an illustration
for a cover for Suzette Iadin Elgins No::vc lorguc| Indeed. The linguist Elgins
sf novel (New York: DAV, +os+) is about twenty-third-century human women,
living after the repeal of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
and in the grip of the Twenty-fth Amendment, which has rendered women
legal minors. The women are linguists of the Lines, communications specialists
who mediate trade contacts between humans and aliens. Considered incapable
of such things, in a special language they invented called Ladan, the women
nourish plans for overthrowing the established disorder and building a new
world. Ladan would become a native language. For a description of the lan-
guage and links, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC,A+adan. My +os+
paperback cover of No::vc lorguc has a large green alien head peering benignly
(:) at a diminutive blond human baby seated on a circular embroidery frame,
with ranks of test tubes full of gestating embryos in the background. Indis-
putably (how:) female, the scaly smiling maternal alien looms awfully close to
the child. Ier head looks very much like a protist covered by spherical bacteria.
Or like the reptilian snake head of Lord Valdemort in feminine drag in a Iarry
Iotter movie. Joining the futuristic alien and the terran archaic is a staple trope
in sf. The baby is gesturing with its left hand to its mouthhungry: talking: Or
is the baby the extraterrestrial ladys lunch: Only the feral future will tell.
14. For great pictures of this wombat species and information about the
Yaminon Defense Fund, see www.yaminon.org/ (accessed December aooo). The
Veb site looks like a one-person operation. I would not be surprised to nd
a story like C. A. Sharps if someone set out to track the examined lives of
these wombats and their passionate people. The term uomoo: itself comes from
NOTES TO CHAPTER 12 d 389
the Eora Aboriginal community that lived around the area of modern Sydney
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vombat).
15. Katie King, Iastpresents: Knotted Iistories under Globalization, in
l|:r|:rg u::| Dorro Horouoy. ed. Ghamari-Tabrizi, in ms., a. Kings book, Nc:-
uor|c Rccroc:mcr:s: H:s:or:cs urcr G|ooo|:zo::or (under review), develops her
insight through examining reenactments on television (H:g||orcr. Xcro. Novo),
in museums (the Smithsonians Science in American Life), and in scholarly his-
tories (historiography of seventeenth-century Quaker women and the scientic
revolution). King is in alliance with Bruno Latours Iarliament of Things,
reworked to serve exible knowledges with feminist verve.
16. Vatch how my story works as reenactment. I have telescoped times
and details to tell a true fabulation. Iastpresents are crucial to doing this. Re-
enactments are not empirically unaccountable, but they are not positivist recon-
structions either. The evidence or facts for a story are always themselves caught
up in layered reenactments. Katie tells me Mischa might have described herself
as pagan, and both of them wore the names of anarchist and feminist in various
ways over the years (but never as Identities), but many at the birth ceremony
would not have done so then or later. Cyberwitches populated the Santa Cruz
Mountains a few years after the placenta feast. I regard the technofeminists and
the hippie home-birth community as kin, engaged in a kind of sf spiral dance
when species meet.
17. Derrida (with Jean-Luc Nancy), Eating Vell, or the Calculation of
the Subject, ++:.
18. Barad, Mcc::rg :|c Ur:vcrsc Ho|juoy. ,s+.
19. www.albionmonitor.com/,-+o-oo/ex-feralpigs.html (accessed May ;,
aoo;).
20. Check out the California Department of Fish and Game paper on
wild pig management, www.dfg.ca.gov/hunting/pig/index.htm (accessed May ;,
aoo;). Feral pigs in California date from Spanish mission times. The pigs are a
particular environmental disaster in places such as the Santa Cruz Island Ire-
serve, where the Nature Conservancy and the National Iarks Service launched
a program in aoo: to eradicate them. Irohunt, Inc., from New 7ealand was
hired to do the work. Are these antipodean hunters a guardian species like Iic-
cininis surrogates: The pigs on the island laid waste to the vegetation crucial to
cover for the island foxes. That drew golden eagles, who hunted the foxes to near
extinction. The eradication program includes relocating eagles to the mainland
and captive breeding and release of foxes. Native plant communities are also
expected to recover. See www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/
390 d NOTES TO CHAPTER 12
california/press/press_scio+oso:.html (accessed May ;, aoo;). Irohunt, Inc.,
established a subsidiary in Orange County, California, to operate more easily in
the United States. The company specializes in wild animal management for con-
servation projects. Irohunt has supplied New 7ealand goat-hunting dogs and
expertise for the Isabella goat eradication project in the Galpagos, written an
ungulate eradication plan for Cocos Island, Costa Rica, and provided advice
and expertise for the eradication of goats on Gaudalupe Island, Mexico. See
www.prohunt.co.nz/aboutus.htm (accessed May ;, aoo;). On pig eradication on
Santa Cruz Island, see www.prohunt.co.nz/newsletter.htm (accessed May ;,
aoo;). The ecological damage from wild pigs on the California mainland is more
complex but also substantial. Iunters are not always benign in this story, put
mildly. Some sportsmen have been known to release piglets into areas not yet
inhabited by pigs to increase their hunting base.
21. For crucial knowledge, feeling, and argument, see Carol Adams, An
Animal Manifesto: Gender, Identity, and VeganFeminism in the Twenty-rst
Century, |oro||ox +a, no. + (aooo): +aoas. She argues, Iaraway protects
the dominance that ontologizes animals as edible just as the sheepdogs she cel-
ebrates protect the ontologized livestock (+ao). I hope I have met Adams in
this book, not convinced her, but respected her crucial truths as well as my own
in a nonrelativistic way. I am not sure it can be done, but the stakes are collective
and not only personal.
22. Vedde, Valking the Dog, ,:s.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 12 d 391
This page intentionally left blank
An excerpt of chapter + titled Encounters with Companion Species: En -
tangling Dogs, Baboons, Ihilosophers, and Biologists, will also appear in
Corguro::ors. special issue from aoo+ Society for Literature and Science
meetings, forthcoming in aoo;.
Sections of earlier versions of chapters + and ; also appeared in l|c Com-
por:or Spcc:cs Mor:jcs:o (Chicago: Irickly Iaradigm Iress, aoo,).
Chapter : was revised from Cloning Mutts, Saving Tigers: Ethical Emer-
gents in Technocultural Dog Vorlds, which was published in Sarah
Franklin and Margaret Lock, eds., Rcmo|:rg L:jc or Dco:|: louors or
Ar:|ropo|ogy oj :|c B:osc:crccs (Santa Fe: School of American Research
Iress, aoo,), ao,,a;.
Chapter o was revised from A Note of a Sportswriters Daughter: Com-
panion Species, which was published in Nancy Chen and Ielene Moglen,
eds., Bo:cs :r :|c Mo|:rg: lrorsgrcss:ors or lrorsjormo::ors (Santa
Cruz, Calif.: New Iacic Iress, aooo), ++,o+.
PUBLICATION HISTORY
An early version of chapter s will be published in Beatriz da Costa and
Kavita Ihilip, eds., loc::co| B:opo|:::cs: l|cory or |roc::cc @ L:jc. Sc:crcc.
Ar: (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Iress).
An early version of chapter s will also be published in Marc Beko
and Janette Nystrom, eds., Lrcyc|opc:o oj HumorAr:mo| Rc|o::ors|:ps
(Vestport, Conn.: Greenwood Iublishing Group).
An earlier version of chapter o was published in Evan Selinger, ed., |os:-
p|cromcro|ogy: A Cr:::co| Compor:or :o I|c (Binghamton: State Univer -
sity of New York Iress, aooo), +;:ss.
An earlier version of chapter +o was published in B. Eekelen, J. Gonzalez,
B. Sttzer, and A. Tsing, eds., S|oc| or Auc: Vor or Vors (Santa Cruz,
Calif.: New Iacic Iress, aoo+), a,,o.
The rst part of chapter ++ was expanded from The Vriter of the Com-
panion Species Manifesto E-mails Ier Dog Ieople, in Margaretta Jolly,
ed., o/o: Au:o/B:ogrop|y S:u:cs a+, nos. + and a (aooo).
The second part of chapter ++ was adapted from Replies to Five Ques-
tions, in Jan-Kyrre Berg Olsen and Evan Selinger, eds., ||:|osop|y oj lcc|-
ro|ogy (N.I.: Automatic Iress/VII, December aooo), www.philosophy
technology.com/.
394 d PUBLICATION HISTORY
Aborigines (Australia): country and,
aso: dingoes and, ass, ,aon+:,
,+ano: dugongs and Crittercam,
a::: histories and naturecultures,
,ssno: knowledge practices, ,s;no:
presence in Shark Bay, a::, ,;sns:
remoras and, ,;sn: wombats and,
,sooon++
Aborigines (Vest Indies): remoras
and, ,;sn:
Acland, Gregory, ++,, +++
Acou:r:rg Gcromcs (Margulis and
Sagan), ,o,a
activism (activists): as knowledgeable
actors in technoculture, ++o:
making facts real, ++++:: multi-
tasking, in dog cultures, +os: role
of publicity, +++, +a+a;: science
for the people, ++,: silencing,
+oso, ++o, ++s (scc o|so Incor-
rigibles, the: Ostrich Syndrome):
volunteers, ,:+n,:. Scc o|so
cosmopolitics: Sharp, C. A.:
worlding
Adams, Carol, ,,,n+o: intersectional-
ity and animals, ,oonaa: veganism,
aoo, ,+on+:
Adams, Mischa, ao,o+
Adolphson, Iete, ++s+o
Agamben, Giorgio: anthropo-
logical machine in philosophy,
,,+n+o: on Ieideggers the
open, ,,+n+o, ,o;nas: Opcr.
lc. ,,+n+o
agility (sport), aoa;, ,+,n,+:
authority, relations of, aaoa+ (scc
o|so authority): contact obstacles,
aoso, ,o:n++ (scc o|so contact
INDEX
zones): described, +;:, aoso,
,oano: dog breeds in, a+o: e-mail
sociality in world of, +s+, +saao+:
free spaces in world of, ,o:n+,:
history, aoo+o: human social
world of, a+o, a+,++, ,oano,
,o,no, ,o+n+,, ,o:n+,: Internet
discussion groups, ,oano: partners,
terminology for, aa:: Iower Iaws
agility camp, ,o,no. Scc o|so agility
training: authority: Cayenne
Iepper (dog): dog training
agility training: attunement of part-
ners, mimetic vs. nonmimetic, aao:
authority, relations of, aaoa+ (scc
o|so authority): communication
in, aa:ao: disdain for, among
sheepdog trial trainers, ,;+n++:
freedom and, aa;ao: good run
and joy of coherence in, a+a, a+,:
links, making possible, a,o,+:
meaning of ro:uro| in, aa,: as
opening up the possible, aa,: as
partnership-in-the-making, +;:
;o, a+,++, aa+a:, a,o,+: play
and, a,a, ,;on,o: positive training
in, a+o+a: reciprocal induction
in, aas: response vs. calculation in,
aaoa;: as subject-forming dance,
+;o: trust and, aa+a:, aas:
unexpected and, aa,. Scc o|so
animal training: Cayenne Iepper
(dog): dog training
agribusiness, ,+: dogs and, :a:,,
:+::: limiting becoming with,
,;: links to scientic medicine, :+
::. Scc o|so agropastoralism: food
security: sustainability
agropastoralism: vs. meat-industrial-
complex, ao:, ,+;+sn+;: as
response to situated histories in
United States, +oo, +oo, +ao: Soay
sheep and, ,+;n+;: technocultural,
oo, +oo
Akbash dogs. Scc Turkish Akbash
dogs
alter-globalization. Scc autre-
mondialisation
Althusser, Louis, a;s
Altmann, Jeanne: descriptive terms in
primate eld studies, ,;:n::
American 7oo and Aquarium Asso-
ciation (A7A): Species Survival
Ilans and, ++;
And Say the Animal Responded:
(Derrida), +o, ,o:n+a
animal, the: as category, ,+onao: as
crime against animals, ;s: Derrida
on, ;;;o: philoso pheme of, ;o,
,,+n+:. Scc o|so making killable
Animal Cloning Sciences, Inc.
(ANCL), +:+, ,:sna+
animal happiness: Iearnes idea of,
,osn,o: Veddes idea of, ,oon,a
animal-industrial complex, ,s:nao
animalization, ,oonaa
animal rights, s;: discourse, s+,
+:o, ,,+n+:: movement and
McDonalds animal care standards,
,s+no: opposition to Fresno zoo
reform, ++s: rhetorics of subju-
gation, aoo: subject categories of
animals in, o;
animals: behavior, and terms to
describe, ,;:n::: personal
pronouns and, aoo;: trained, as
396 d INDEX
more responsive, ,,ona;: troped,
as bioreactors, ,s,n++
Animal Studies Group, ,,:n+o
Animal Tat Terefore I Am (More
to Follow), Te (Derrida), +oa,
animal training: authority and trust
in, aao: behavioral enrichment,
,,ona;: behaviorism and, aaaa,,
,,ona;: critics of, radical, aaa:
as growing practice, ,,ona;:
improving lives of captive animals,
aaa: laboratory conditions and,
sooo: positive training methods,
a+++,, ,+,n++, ,+,n+a, ,o+n++,
,osn,o: technologies, in prisons,
o+. Scc o|so agility training: dog
training
anthropomorphism: theriomorphism
and, a+a, ,;:n::
Armstrong, John, ++o, +++. Scc o|so
CANGEN-L: Canine Diversity
Iroject
articulations: as political (Despret),
s+
ASIGI. Scc Australian Shepherd
Iealth and Genetics Institute
asymmetry: in animal training
relationships, a,o,;, ,,ona;: in
contact zone, a+o: in laboratory,
;;: in play, a,;,s: in relations of
use, ;a;:: in sharing suering,
;+;:, ;;
attachment sites, ++
Aussies. Scc Australian shepherd
dogs
Australia: heterogeneous nature-
cultures in, ,s;ssno: webbed
histories of land and people,
,ssn+a. Scc o|so Aborigines
(Australia): dingoes
Australian Shepherd Club of
America (ASCA): collie eye
anomaly and, ++++a: conicts
over AKC aliation, +o,+:
Genetics Committee of, +++:
herding trials, +o,, ,++n+,:
origins, +oa: stock and show
cultures, ,+on+;
Australian shepherd dogs: Basque
herders and, os: Churro sheep and,
osoo: histories and origin stories,
+o, os, ,+an+o: origin of name, o;,
+oa: Jay Sisler and origins of, +oa:
U.S. western ranch dog, o;, +o+
a: versatile Aussie discourse, +o:
Australian Shepherd Iealth and
Genetics Institute (ASIGI), +o;,
+oo, ++o: Ask an Expert (online
volunteers), +ao: epilepsy activism,
+a+a+ (scc o|so Incorrigibles,
the): partnerships with genetics
researchers, ++o: Ten Steps to a
Iealthier Australian Shepherd
program, +ao: Veb site, ,+;n+s
authority: of dogs performance in
agility (sport) aa+, aa+, aa:: of
human designer-trainer in agility
(sport), aaoa+: and trust, in
animal training, aao
autopoesis: Gilbert critique of,
,a: incompatible with symbio-
genesis, ,,: Margulis and Sagan,
,a: Volfes reworking of, ,+;n+o
autre-mondialisation, ,, ;, +o, aa, ,s,
++, ,+:n,o: vs. becoming-animal,
as. Scc o|so Ireciado, Beatriz
INDEX d 397
avian u (I:N+): birdwatchers and,
,s+n+,: human cases, aos, a;o:
Indonesia and, aoo: mass cullings
of chickens, aosoo, ,s,s+n+a:
Nigeria and, a;o;+: Tailand
and, aosoo
Baba Joseph (ctional character),
oo;o, ;+;:, oo, o,, ,,,n++: as
animal caretaker, ,,,n+a. Scc o|so
G:r| Nomc D:sos:cr. A: wicked
action
baboons: scientist as social subject for
(Smuts), a,ao (scc o|so becoming
with): studied by Rowell, ,:,
,+on:+
Baker, Steve: on Deleuze and
Guattaris becoming-animal,
,++n,;: |os:mocrr Ar:mo|. lc.
,++n,;
Barad, Karen, +;, +o:, aao, as:,
aso, aoa, ao:, ,o+n:, ,+;n+o,
,,+n+, ,oon+: Mcc::rg :|c Ur:vcrsc
Ho|juoy. ,o+n:. Scc o|so
intra-action
Bor| magazine, :a: Dog is my co-
pilot, +a, +oa, a++
Barrey, Jean-Claude, aao
Basque herders: sheep dogs and, os
Bateson, Gregory, a+o: on games and
play, a,;,o: on meta-
communication in play, a,o:
Metalogue: About Games and
Being Serious, a,;, a+a, ,;+n+o:
on nonlinguistic communication,
ao: S:cps :o or Lco|ogy oj M:r.
,+,n,:
Battiata, Mary, :o, ,a:ns
Bear (dog), :o
Becoming-Intense, Becoming-
Animal, Becoming-Imperceptible
(Deleuze and Guattari), a;,o,
,++n,;
becoming with, ,, +, +o+;, ,a, ,;,
,s: baboons and scientist as social
subjects, a,ao: as becoming
worldly, as;: chickens and, a;,
;+: contingent, and feral cats, as+:
in copresence, ,+ona;: as dance of
relating, a:: limited by conditions
of agribusiness, ,+: play and,
a+++a: vs. posthumanism, +o:
proposition as lure to, a+,:
researchers and dog subjects,
:o: symbiogenesis, ,a: webs of
relationship and, ;a. Scc o|so com-
panion species: Despret, Vinciane
becoming worldly, ,, o, ,:, +++a,
as;, ,+:n+,: becoming feral and,
as+: as focusing practice, ss: Jims
Dog as gure for, o;. Scc o|so
companion species
behavior: animal, and terms to
describe, ,;:n::: comparative
genomics and, ,oan:: dierences,
and evolutionary zoology, ,;,n++:
domestic animals, co-constituted,
,++n+a
behaviorism: agnosticism to function
and meaning, aaa: training and, vs.
caricature of, aa,a+. Scc o|so
animal training: positive training
methods
Beko, Marc, a+, s;, ,;:n::: on
animal joy, ,;:n::: on eating meat,
aoo,oo: on mind in animals,
398 d INDEX
,;+n+;: on play, a+o, a+a: on trust,
a+a
Bentham, Jeremy: animal suering,
aa, ,+ona;
bestialization. Scc animalization
biocapital, +o, :+, ,a,n,, ,:+n,::
Cr:::crcom and, ,;;n
bioethics: vs. companion species
ourishing, +,o,s: enterprised
up at Lazaron BioTechnologies,
+:+: human cloning and, +,;:
Missyplicity Iroject code, +:a:,,
+:::o: as regulatory discourse,
+,o
Biopolis: as r-dimensional niche
space, ,a+n,
biosociality: companion species and,
+,+, +,:: in dog breed worlds, +o+:
in dog training, ,o+n:: in sheep
breed worlds, :+: in struggle for
open canine health registries, ++a
+,: support groups and, +++. Scc
o|so companion species
biotechnology: dened (Russell), :o:
dogs as, :o, :s:o, o+oa, ,asna,.
Scc o|so agribusiness: cloning
Birke, Lynda, aoo, ,aan:o, ,,,n+o,
,,on,+
B:zorro (Dan Iiraro), o
Bleeker, Julian, ,;sno. Scc o|so reality
engines
Bobby (dog), ,++nas. Scc o|so
Lvinas, Emmanuel
bodies in technologies (Ihde), a+o,
a:,
bodies in the making, +oao,:
living/nonliving partners in,
+o:;+: mimesis and, +;a
Bowker, Geo, and Susan Leigh Star,
+,+
Braidotti, Rosi, ,+:n,o
breeds, dog. Scc dog breeds
breed standard: blueprint for type not
genetic diversity, ++s
Byers, J. A.: and Becko on play, a+o
calculation: Derrida on, ,,+n+:: dog
training and getting outside of,
aa,: killing and, s+, s;: obligatory
and insucient, s;, ss, aaoa;:
unidirectional relations of use
and, ;+: response and, in agility
training, aaoa;: vs. responsibility
in lab, ;+ (scc o|so response): for
whom, for what, and by whom, s;
camera: history and etymology,
a:o:+. Scc o|so Crittercam
(instrument)
Canaan dogs, ,aon+:
cancer: drug testing and dogs,
o+oa
CANGEN-L (Canine Genetics
Discussion Group Listserv), +oo,
,+on+;: John Armstrong and,
+++, +:o: breeders and scientists
on, ++;, +:o: C. A. Sharp and,
++;+s. Scc o|so Canine Diversity
Iroject
Canine Diversity Iroject, ++o, +++
+o, ,:+n,;: diversity itself as core,
++:: dog breeds as endangered
species in, ++:: range of Veb site,
++o: rhetorical devices, ++++::
Veb site, ,:+n,;. Scc o|so
CANGEN-L: Species Survival
Ilans
INDEX d 399
Canine Genome Iroject, U.S., ,asna,
Canine Iealth Information Center
(CIIC): open database, ,+sn+o
Cappuccino (dog), +o:, aa;, aao,
,oon,a
care: curiosity and, in judging our-
ishing, ,,;na;: in dog genetics
activism, +ao: felt reason and,
;o: feminism and, ,,ans: in
instrumental relationships, ;o (scc
o|so relationship, instrumental): as
knowing well, as; (scc o|so know-
ing more at the end of the day):
in laboratory, sa, s,s+, oooa:
nonmimetic and multispecies
ourishing, oo, o,: required for
worlding, o,: of research ers for lab
animals, :o: veterinary, :o, :+
Cargill, John, +:a
cartoons: Abuse of the Iatriot Act:
(Ieters), ++: Dog and Iandler
Form a Team (Liddle), aa+:
Forgot the Course (Liddle), aa::
F. Oscar Iaraway (Bowie), +os:
Leonardo da Vincis Dog
(Iarris), ;: McTrap (Iiraro),
os: Meeting of the American
Association of Lapdogs (Iiraro),
o: Only Taking Tissue Samples
(Rini), +:+: Ieace Chicken
(Iiraro): Raised by Scientists
(Miller), +,
Cassidy, Rebecca, ,+;n+s
cats: Deleuze and Guattari and,
,++n,;: Derridas, +oa,: feral,
a;:s+: trap and release programs
for sterilization, a;o. Scc o|so
companion animals
cattle: Golan Ieights, ,s,o, ,a+n:;
Caudill, Susan, ,o, +so, a;;, ,a+n:s
Cayenne Iepper (dog), +:+o, :+, o;,
+;;, ao:o: agility training, +so,
+s;ss, +o:oo, +o;os, +oo
ao+, aos, a+++:, a,+,a, a+:+o:
breeders, +o:: comforting touch
and, aoa+: contact zones and,
a+:+o, a+o: deafness, unilateral,
,osns: experience of losing
contact and, a,o,+: freedom
and, aa+, aa;ao: herding the
retrievers, +ss: invented sex play
with Villem (dog), +oao+:
invitations to play, +so, aao: joy
and, aasao: love and entangle-
ments of this book, ,oo,o+:
merle gene and deafness, ,+on+;:
partnership-in-the-making in
agility (sport), +;:;o: pedigree
and Sisler dogs, +oa: photos, +s;,
aao: regard and, +;o: research con-
tributions, ao+: C. A. Sharp and,
+oo: word recognition and
generalization, ,;an+,
CEA. Scc collie eye anomaly
Cc|| Dogs (Animal Ilanet), o,o::
dogs as inmates, o,: dogs as
modern subjects, o+
chicken meat and egg industries:
battery cages, ao;: Bush legs, a;+:
ChickenNobs (Atwood, Oryx
or Cro|c), aos, ,s,n++: condi-
tions of factory production, ao;,
,s+sano: designer eggs, aos,
,san+o: history, a;+;a, ,s:nao:
human laborers, aos, ,sano:
McCruelty to Go campaign,
400 d INDEX
,s+no: Ietaluma Farms, ,sa
s,n+o: pollution and, ao;: Rare
Breeds Survival Trust against
factory farming in, a;,: scale,
worldwide, aoo, ,s+n+:: slaughter
in, ,sano
C|:c|cr Rur. a;,
chickens: animal rescue and, ,son+:
avian u and, aos;+ (scc o|so
avian u): breeds, protection of,
a;,: eggs, ,s+ns: genetic modi-
cation for meat, ao;, aos, ,s+n;,
,s,n++: human history and, ao:
oo: illegal trade in, a;+, ,s+n+::
mass cullings, aos, ,s,s+n+a:
pecking order and complex social
arrangements, a;+: Ietaluma and,
,s+n+, ,san+o, ,s:n+o: relations
with humans, ,sona: slaughter,
aoo, ao;, ,sano: spent hens, ,so
s+n+: standardization, ,s+ns:
James Tipree Jr., and, a;a;,,
,s:nao. Scc o|so chicken meat and
egg industries: killing
Chinese Year of the Dog (David
Goines poster), ao
Chomsky, Noam: on language in
animals and humans, a,+,:. Scc
o|so Faculty of Language, Te
Chow-chows, ao, +,+. Scc o|so Roland
(dog)
Churchill, Kristina, +a,
Churro sheep, os+oo. Scc o|so
Navajo sheep
citizenship: biological, ++s, ,:+n,::
genetic, +a;, ,::n:a
Cixous, Ilne: Stigmata, or Job the
Dog, s+s:
C|cor Rur magazine, ,oano
Cliord, Jim, :, ,s;n;. Scc o|so Jims
Dog: contact zones and, a+o+;
cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer):
Dolly (sheep), :+: horses, ,:sna+:
human, +,o,s, +:o: Missiplicity
Iroject (dogs), :+, +,s, +:::o,
,a;n+;: Nine Lives Extravaganza
(cats), +,s, ,a;n+;: price for
companion animals, +:o: Snuppy
(dog), :+::, ,a;n+s: tool to
preserve dog genetic diversity, +:a.
Scc o|so Genetic Savings and
Clone, Inc.: Iwang Voo-Suk
co-constitution/co-shaping, a;, o,:
of dogs, sheep, humans in sheep
trialing, ,;+n++: symbionts and,
a+oao: of trope and esh,
,s,n++. Scc o|so becoming with:
companion species
Coe, Sue, ,+ans: |::s Lc::cr. ,,+n+s
Coetzee, J. M.: D:sgrocc. sos+:
L|:zooc:| Cos:c||o. ,,ona,: equality
of slaughter, s+, ,,ona,: L:vcs oj
Ar:mo|s. s+
coourishing. Scc ourishing,
multispecies
coherence (Vhitehead), a+,++.
Scc o|so propositions
Cole, Kirstin, +s;
collie eye anomaly (CEA): in
Australian shepherd dogs, +oo,
,:on,,, ,:+n,o: clearing by test-
breeding, +++: denied by breeders
and scientists, ++a: establishing
fact as autosomal recessive gene,
++,++: gene test for, ++++:,
,:on,+: popular sire matings and
INDEX d 401
spread, ++:: support networks,
+++, ,+on,+: test matings, +++
commodity: consumption in
dogworlds, +o:a: dogs as, :a:::
Marx on, +:+o. Scc o|so compan-
ion animal industry: pet care: pet
food: value
communication, embodied: greetings
as, ao: language and, ,;,n++: as
relationship, ao: truth and, aoa;:
Volfe on, ,;+n:a
companion: etymology, +;
companion-animal industry: global,
+;+s: information, proprietary,
+s, ,a+n+, ,a:n;: size of, +;+o.
Scc o|so companion animals: pet
care: pet food
companion animals, ,++n,s:
bioethics and, +,o: chiropractic
care, :+: cloning and, :+::, +,s,
+:a:,, +:::o, ,a;n+;+s: as
emergent entities, +,o: as experi-
mental subjects in cancer drug
testing, o+oa: households with,
+;: human health and, +,+, ,:on+:
material-semiotic work of, ,;on,;:
print culture, :a: spending on, +s:
transformation of dogs as pets to,
+,+,:: veterinary education, :+,
,a:ns. Scc o|so companion-animal
industry: pet care: pet food
companion species, +, ;, a:, ,a, ++,
,oonaa, ,++n,s, ,+;n+o: bond of
shared risk, +,:: vs. companion
animal, +o: cyborg as, +,,: dened,
+o, +,+, +o+o:: emergence
and, +,+: fabulated plausible
(Iiccinini), as;, ass: feral cats as,
a;:s+: indigestion and, ,,on,+:
Marx, no room for in, +o: micro-
scopic, ,+: nonliving partners,
+o:oo (scc o|so Iaraway, Frank
Outten): OncoMouse
as, +,,:
the open and, ,osns: play of kin
and kind, +,+: vs. posthumanism,
+o: range of beings as, as+sa:
relations of use and, ;+: surprise in
relationship, ,:: torque and, +,+:
worldliness, ssso. Scc o|so
becoming with: companion:
species
Compor:or Spcc:cs Mor:jcs:o. lc
(Iaraway), :a
Conant, Susan, +,a, ,::n:+, ,o:n+:
conformation, ,+on++
consumerism. Scc commodity:
companion-animal industry
contact zones, +, ;: in agility (sport),
aoso, a+:: in anthropology
(Kohn: Tsing), a+s+o: in chem-
istry, ,o;na;: of chick embryo in
biology lab, a;+: in colonial studies
(Iratt), a+o: in conservation
projects, a+s: in cultural studies
(Cliord), a+o+;: in develop-
mental biology (Gilbert), a+oao
(scc o|so reciprocal induction): in
ecology, a+;: entangled communi-
cation and, a+:+o;: the open
and, ,osns: of salmon and people,
,o;na;: in science ction, a+
contract theory, ao;, ,s+no
Coppin, Dawn, ,s,n+o: Capitalist
Iigs, ,aon:a
copresence (Smuts), ;o: as some-
thing tasted, a,o
402 d INDEX
coproduction: making companions,
o:: of natures and cultures in
biotechnologies, :o
Coren, Stanley: on theory of mind
in dogs, a,o
cosmopolitics (Stengers), ,:, +a,
,aon:+: and being polite, ;a (scc
o|so manners): dened, s,, +oo: of
eating well together, aos,oo:
entanglement and, +oo: foreclosed
by good manners, aoo: in
laboratory, sa: required for
companion-species worlding, ss
Cox, Graham, and Tony Ashford:
on domestic animal training,
,++n+a
Crco::or oj Aom (Michelangelo), ;
Crist, Eileen, ,,ano
Crittercam (instrument): animals
as asymmetrical actors in, aoa:
attaching to animals, a:::o:
commensal vs. companion relation-
ship to people, a:,:+: complex
physicality of, a:+:o: compound
sociality in, a:+, ao+: as contact
zone, aoao,: epistemological-
ethical obligations to animals, ao,:
National Geographic Society
funding, a:;:s: origin story, a:,:
progressive miniaturization, a:;:
ramora model, a:,:+: technical
descriptions of, a:;: work
delegated to, aoo
Cr:::crcom (TV show), ,;o;;n:
Aboriginal people and, a::, ,;sn:,
,;sns: announcements and fram-
ing narratives, a:+:,: Bristol Bay
as setting, ,;on+o: collaborations
with scientists, a::, a:oo+,
,;on++: Crittercam footage, a:s:
dugongs, a:::o: non-Crittercam
underwater footage, a:s:o:
promise of scientic knowledge,
a:ooo: salvation narratives and
apparatus, a:o, a:ooo: Shark Bay
as setting, ,ooo+, ,;sns: turtles,
a::, a:o: visual structuring, a:+
::: whales, a:o, aooo+, ,;on+,
critters, o;: as relationally entangled,
,,on,,: sharing suering and,
,,+n:
Crouch, Martha, sas,
crutches, as partner in companion-
species relationship. Scc Iaraway,
Frank Outten
cryopreservation, +:+:a: save a
genetic life (Lazaron
BioTechnologies), +:+: tool to
manage dog breed genome, +:a
Csicsery-Ronay, Istvan, ,;on:s
culture: not limited to humans,
,oan:. Scc o|so naturecultures
Culver, Iat, +a,
Cuomo, Chris, +,+
curiosity: becoming with and, ,s:
of biologists, ;o: Derridas failure
of, ao, aa: Iaraways failure of,
,+anao: as obligation, as;:
Rabinow on, ,o:no: role in deter-
mining ourishing, ,,;na;:
situated knowledges and, aso: as
warrant for wicked action, ;o.
Scc o|so care
cyborg, +o, +a: as companion species,
+,,. Scc o|so narcissism, wounds to:
cyborgian
INDEX d 403
Cyborg Manifesto (Iaraway),
so
Darwin sh, +a, ,o;n+o
Darwinism. Scc evolution, Darwinian
Davis, Angela, ,+:n+,
DeChant, Ann, +a,a+
degrees of freedom, ;a;,, ;:. Scc
o|so unfree
de la Cruz, Catherine, ++o, +so, +o+,
,:;n+o: struggle for open canine
health registries, ++a
Delany, Samuel: Booc|-., a+;
Deleuze, Giles, and Flix
Gauttari, ,a: becoming-animal vs.
becoming with, a;: Becoming-
Intense, Becoming-Animal,
Becoming-Imperceptible, a;,o:
primitivism and racialism, ,+:n,o:
scorn for ordinary, asao, ,++n,;
,s: lousor ||o:cous. A. ,+,n,o:
wolf/dog opposition, ao: wolf
pack, ,+,n,o
Denniston, Richard, +:+
Derr, Mark: on Navajo dogs, ,++n+
Derrida, Jacques, ++, as:, aoa: And
Say the Animal Responded: +o,
,o:n+a: Animal Tat Terefore I
Am (More to Follow), Te, +oa,,
,+ona:a;: curiosity, failure of, ao,
aa, ,,+n+:: Derridas cat, +oa,:
eating well, ao+, ao:: Eating
Vell, or the Calculation of the
Subject, ,,+n+:: exterminism, ;s:
feminist literatures and, ,,+n+::
on Freud and human exceptional-
ism, ++, ,oon+a: Great Divides
and, a+: logic of sacrice, ;;;o,
,,+n+:: philosopheme of Animal,
,,+n+: (scc o|so animal, the): on
response vs. reaction, +oao, ;s:
on responsibility and calculation,
;;;o: sacrice and calculation,
,,+n+:: on shame, aaa,: on
suering, aa, ,+ona;
Derry, Margaret: Brc jor |crjcc::or. :,
Despret, Vinciane, oa: anthropo-
zoo-genetic practice, ao;: on
articulating bodies as political, s+:
on authority and trust in animal
training, aao: becoming with,
,osn+o: Te Body Ve Care For,
,osn+o: on Telma Rowell, ,:,
,+sn:o
developmental biology, a+oao,
,oona+. Scc o|so reciprocal
induction
DHNN. Scc Douo|c Hc|:x Nc:uor|
Ncus
Diderot, Denis: egg in DA|cmocr:s
Drcom. ,sos;na+
dierence: language and, a,+,::
mind and, a,:,o. Scc o|so com-
panion species: Great Divides
Din Din b na (Navajo Lifeways),
+oo
dingoes, +o+, ass, ,o;n+;, ,+:n,s,
,aon+:, ,+ano, ,ssno
diversity, genetic. Scc genetic diversity:
genetic diversity in dog breeds
Diversity Murders on CANGEN-L,
+ao,a
Dixon, Robyn, ,o
DNA: diagnostic testing and screen-
ing programs, ,+on+;, ,+;n+s,
,:on,+, ,:+n:+: parentage
404 d INDEX
verication for litters, ,+,n+o. Scc
o|so collie eye anomaly: epilepsy in
Australian shepherd dogs: merle
coat: Tay-Sachs disease
dog breeders, +o+:: as activists,
+os, ++o: ethics discussions in
EpiGENES, +ao: genetic diseases
in dogs and, ++o++, +++, ++s
+o: openness and health tests,
,:,n+,: popular sire syndrome
and line breeding, ++o+s, ,+;n+s:
resistance to relevance of popula-
tion genetics, ++s: resistance to
relevance of Species Survival
Ilans, ++o, ++;+o: scientists and,
++o+;, ,:on,+: Ten Steps to a
Iealthier Australian Shepherd
program for, +aoaa: versatile dogs
and, +o:. Scc o|so dog breeding:
Incorrigibles, the: Ostrich
Syndrome: Sharp, C. A.
dog breeding: as art, ++o: ethical, as
cottage industry, +,o: holistic, ++s:
inbreeding and disease-linked
genes, ,+;n+s: line breeding in,
++s: popular sire in, ++o+s,
,+;n+s. Scc o|so breed standard
dog breeds: biosocial aparatus of,
+o+:: as endangered species in
Species Survival Ilans, ++:, ++o,
++;: genome projects and, :s:
global proliferation, :,: in identity
discourses, ,aon+:: names and
typological conventions, o:oo:
pedigrees as public record keeping,
:,: scientic breeding, :,. Scc o|so
genetic diversity in dog breeds:
purebred dogs: spcc:c orccs
dog genome projects, :;:s, ,aona+,
,:+n,:: behavioral genetics and,
,asna,: breeds and, :s: free public
database, :;
dog kennels: trialing ,+:n+,
dogs: ability to read behavior of
humans, ,o+n:: as agents of
knowledge, :o: agribusiness and,
:a:,, :+::: in Americas before
Europeans, ,+ona, ,++n+: as
biotechnologies, :o: bites and
maulings, o,, ,aonao: burial sites
and dog-human relationships,
,+ona, ,o+na: carrying minicams
(camdogs), ,;;n: co-constitution
with humans, ,++n+a: color
perception in, ,o:n++: as com-
modities, :a, ::: as consumers,
:+:a: hemophilic, as patients/
technologies, :s:o, sa: inheriting
histories of, +oo+o+, +o:: lives in
laboratories, s,s+, ,,;na;: as
modern subjects, o+, o;: part
dogs in biotechnology, :;:s: in
prisons, oao:, ,aon,+: question
of mind and, ,++n+a: as research
models and model patients, :s:o,
o+oa, ,asna,: in settler colonies,
,+ona: as targets for human drugs,
:oo+: therapy, o,, ,++n,s: as
tools, ::: as workers, :o:;. Scc
o|so c|or:rg: dog breeders: dog
breeding: dog breeds: herding
dogs: livestock guardian dogs:
working dogs: spcc:c orccs
Dogs u::| ]oos (TV show), :;
dog training: Graham Cox and
Tony Ashford on, ,++n+a:
INDEX d 405
domestication, question of, and,
ao;, ,++n+a, ,o+n:: learning to
learn and, a++: natural in, aa,:
positive training methods, a+o+,,
,+,n++, ,+,n+a, ,o+n++, ,osn,o:
Jay Sisler, ,+,n++: unexpected in,
aa,. Scc o|so animal training:
positive training
Dolly (sheep). Scc cloning: Dolly
Do||y M:x:urcs (Franklin), :+,
,+sn:o, ,++n,
domestication: as anthropo-zoo-
genetic practice (Despret), ao;:
complex relationships of, ao;,
,o+na: co-shaping behavior in,
,++n+a, ,oan:: discourse of sin,
aoo: unruly edges and (Tsing), a+s
Douo|c Hc|:x Nc:uor| Ncus
(DHNN). +o;: criticisms of line
breeding and popular sire
syndrome, ++;: origins, ++o, ++;:
shift to genetic diversity focus, ++;
Douglas, Iam, +a+a;. Scc o|so Toby
(dog): Tobys Foundation
dugongs, a::, a:o
Dumit, Joseph, ,a:n;: playful
truths, +::
eating: becoming with and, ao+o::
cosmopolitics and questions of,
aos,oo: hunting and, ao;oo:
killing and, ao:: placenta, ao,o+:
temptations in making decisions
about, ao:: together, and commu-
nity, ao+o:
eating well: Derrida on, ao+,
ao:, ,,+n+:: killing well and, ao:,
aoo, ,oo: knowing well and, ao:,
,oo: as nourishing indigestion,
,oo:
Elgin, Suzette Iaden: No::vc lorguc.
a+;, ,son+,
Embodied Communication in
Nonhuman Animals (Smuts), ao,
,+,n,,
embodiment, worldly: as dynamic,
a+o:o: technologies as, a+o. Scc
o|so infoldings of the esh
emergence: companion species and,
+,+: vs. reciprocal induction,
,:on:: vs. revolution, +,:
emergents: bioethics and, +:a:
companion animals with others,
+,:: relationships among, +,:,o
empathy: animals and, ,,on,+,
,;:n::
encounters: dog-human, in prisons,
oao:: in dogland, +s+ao+:
language and, a,:: making beings,
o;: touch and, aoa+: trans-
species, +o
encounter value: as axis of lively
capital, o:: trans-species, in addi-
tion to use and exchange value, +o.
Scc o|so encounters: value
endangered species: dog breeds as, in
diversity discourse, ++:, ++o, +:o:
as humanist discourse, +s: rhetoric
of apocalypse, ++:, ++o. Scc o|so
Species Survival Ilans
entanglement, +, ,+, o:, ;o, ,,+n+:
companion-species worlding and,
ss: domestication and, a+s: vs.
exterminism, +oo: feral cats and
humans in biopolitical state, a;;
;s: of genomes, ,oan: (scc o|so
406 d INDEX
symbiogenesis): impact of human
population growth, +oo: the open
in agility training and, aao. Scc o|so
cosmopolitics: critters
EpiGENES online chat group:
breeder ethics, +aoa+: conden-
tiality and the Incorrigibles, +aa
a,: epilepsy activism, +a,a+
epilepsy in Australian shepherd dogs:
activists attacked, +aaa, (scc o|so
Incorrigibles, the): denial of, +aa
(scc o|so Ostrich Syndrome):
EpiGENES chat group, +aaa,:
publicity campaigns, +a+a; (scc
o|so Face of Epilepsy, Te)
epilepsy in humans, ,:,n+s
epistemophilias, oo, ,+on+
equality of slaughter, s+, ,,ona,
eugenics: and dog breeds, :,
evolution, Darwinian, ++, ,oon+a+:,
,o;n+o: belief in, by country,
,oon+:: and Kansas Board of
Education, +a
exceptionalism, human, +++a, ,a,
:a, ooo;, ,oon+a: vs. becoming
with, a++: blinding to species
interdependence, a+s: facing the
outrage of, +oo: humanization of
animal partners, :a: killing and,
+o:o (scc o|so making killable):
language and, a,+,:, ,;,n++:
mind and, a,:,o: Marx and, +o,
,a,na. Scc o|so narcissism, wounds
to: teleology
exterminism: Derrida on, ;s: moral
absolutes contributing to, +oo:
stopping, so, +oo. Scc o|so making
killable
face: being face-to-face and, o, (scc
o|so companion species: signicant
others): having, a,, a:, +a: lab
animals, ;o: truth and, ao. Scc o|so
Lvinas, Emmanuel
Face of Epilepsy, Te, +a:ao
fact, making: collie eye anomaly,
++,++: in scientic and lay
communities, ++,++
Faculty of Language, Te (Iauser
et al.), ,;a;,n++
fallacy, naturalistic: as mirror to
transcendental humanism, ;o
families: human-animal companion-
ate, +;: making, :+
Farmer, Nancy: G:r| Nomc D:sos:cr.
A. oo;o, ,,on+. Scc o|so Baba
Joseph
Fedigan, Linda, ,+anao, ,;on::
feminism: animals and, ;+, ,,anso,
,,,n+o: humanism and, ;,;+:
killing and, so: Marxist, and
animals as workers, ;,;+, ,,an;.
Scc o|so intersectionality: stand-
point theory, feminist
gure(s): Biopolis as, ,a,a+n,:
companion species as, +,+:
guration and, +, ,;:n::: as
material-semiotic knots, +:
ngery eyes (Iayward), :, a+o,
a:s:o, ,o+n+, ,;on
Fips (dog), s+s:
Fischer, Michael: contract theory,
,s+no
uourishing, multispecies, ++, +:;:
core ecological feminist value, +,+:
detailed practices of care, oooa: as
ethical issue, assso: genetic
INDEX d 407
health, ++:: introduced species
and, assso: killing and, ,sano:
nonmimetic caring, oo: question
of, as provocation to research and
response, ,+:n+,: requiring con-
tradictory truths, +o:: vs. salvation,
a:o. Scc o|so companion species
food security, ++, ,aan:o. Scc o|so
sustainability
Forgotten Felines, a;o
Foucault, Michel: biopower, :o
Franklin, Adrian, ,++n,s, ,ssno:
Ar:mo| No::or. ,+:n,s: on
dingoes, ,+ano
Franklin, Sarah, ,+sn:o, ,++n,:
breedwealth, :+: Do||y M:x:urcs.
:+, ,+sn:o, ,++n,, ,:onas
Frazier, Gail, +oo, +o+, +oo, +os, aa+,
a+o, ,oon,,
French bulldogs, +: history, ,o,n+. Scc
o|so Ireciado, Beatriz
Freud, Sigmund: and Deleuze and
Guattari, as,o: wounds to
narcissism, +++a, ,oon+a
Fudge, Erica, ,oon+a, ,,,no
Fuller, John L. Scc Scott, John Iaul,
and John L. Fuller
game: vs. play, a,s
game story. Scc Iaraway, Frank
Outten
Garrett, Susan, ,o+n+o
gaze: and animal, a+aa, a:. Scc o|so
face
GDC. Scc Institute for Genetic
Disease Control in Animals
genetic diseases in dogs:
Australian Shepherd Society of
America and, +++: DNA screen-
ing tests and, +a;as, ,+sn+o,
,:+n:+: inbreeding and, ,+;n+s:
in mutts and purebreds, ,+;n+s:
social networks and, +as. Scc
o|so collie eye anomaly: epilepsy
in Australian shepherd dogs:
Sharp, C. A.
genetic diversity: as banked resource
in Species Survival Ilan, ++s: as
discourse, vs. dog breeders
discourse, ++o: naturalcultural
complexity of discourse, +++
genetic diversity in dog breeds, ++:
+s, ++,:o: breeding practices
and, ++o, ++s+o, ,+;n+s (scc o|so
Ostrich Syndrome): Canine
Diversity Iroject and, ++++o: vs.
discourse of medical genetics, ++,:
early research, ++,: as goal, vs.
breed standard, ++s: popular sire
syndrome and line breeding
as inbreeding, ++;, ++:, ++o:
population genetics and, ++s,
++s+o. Scc o|so CANGEN-L:
Sharp, C. A.
Genetic Savings and Clone, Inc.,
+,s, ,a;n+;, ,:on;: bioethics
statement, +:a:,: tissue and gene
bank, +:a
genome projects, dog, :;:s:
commercialization, ,+sn+o,
,:+n,:
genomes: dog, :;:s: human and
viral, ,oan:. Scc o|so genome
projects
genomics, comparative: domestic
entanglements of dogs and humans
408 d INDEX
and, ,oan:: knockout mice and,
,,s,on,+: medical, and dogs,
,:+n,:
German collie dogs: Australian
shepherd dogs and, +oa
Ghamari-Tabrizi, Sharon, so: on lab
animals, sos;
Gilbert, Scott F.: care of lab animals,
oa: critique of autopoiesis, ,a,,:
Dcvc|opmcr:o| B:o|ogy. ,oona,:
dierentiation as verb, ,,:
embryonic co-construction, ,a:
interspecies epigenesis, ,a,
,+on+,: reciprocal induction
and contact zones, a+o: turtle
embryology, ,,
Ginsburg, Benson, +a
Ginsburg, Faye, +a+,, ++, ,o;n+;
G:r| Nomc D:sos:cr. A (Farmer), oo
;o, ,,on+
Godzich, Vlad, ,oo
Golan Ieights, ,a+n:;: livestock
guardian dogs and, ,s,o
Goodall, Jane, a+
Goslinga, Gillian, ,+,n,a, ,a+n::,
,o+n+a
Grandin, Temple: on language and
thinking, ,;+n+a: piglet nurture,
,aon:a: reforming slaughter
practices, ,+on:a
Great Divides (Latour), a+: and
modern terrors, o++, +:
Great Iyrenees (livestock guardian
dogs), ,o: breeders, ++o: dual
purpose or whole dog discourse,
+o:: hip dysplasia and, ++++a:
introduction to French Alps, +o: in
United States, +o+
greetings: as dance of relating, a:ao,
,+,n,+
Grosz, Elizabeth, ,oon+,
Gustafson, Claire, ++o
Iadeld, Michael, ,,on,o: and
ourishing of Iawaiian tree snails
in lab, o+oa
Iangin Tree kennels, ,+:n+,
Iaraway, Bill, +;a
Iaraway, Debra, ,oon+
Iaraway, Frank Outten, +ooo+:
agility (sport) and, +;:;;: child-
hood, +ooo;, ,oono: craft of
writing, +o,: crutches and wheel-
chairs as partners, +o:oo, +oo
;a, +;+: game story and, +o+oa,
+;:, +;;: photos, +oo;+: regard,
+oa, +o,o+, +o:, +;,, +;o, +;;:
sportswriter, +oo, +;+, +;:;;,
,o+no: staying in the game, +;+:
table tennis champion, +oo
Iaraway, Mark, ,oon+
Iarding, Susan, ,:sn+o: revoicing,
s;
Iartsock, Nancy, ao,, ,,an;, ,son+a
Iauser, Marc: on language in
animals and humans, a,:, ,;a
;,n++: on mind in animals,
,;+n+;
Iawthorne, Lou, +:+:;: on o|:mso
in bioethics code of Missyplicity
Iroject, +::: on companion
animals as works of art, +:o: as
condence man, +:+::: on
origins of Missyplicity Iroject,
+::. Scc o|so Genetic Savings and
Clone, Inc.
INDEX d 409
Iayward, Eva, as;, a;sno, ,o+n+,
,oon,, ,;sno. Scc o|so ngery eyes
Iearne, Vicki, +o,, +sa, ,oon,a:
animal happiness, ,osn,o: on
positive training methods, ,+a
+,n+a, ,osn,o: respect for dogs,
,++n+a
Ieidegger, Martin: Dosc:r. ,,+n+o,
,osnas: the open, ,o;nas. Scc o|so
open, the
Ieithaus, Mike, a:::o
hemophilia: dog models for, :s:o:
and dogs as patients, :o, sa, s,s+
Ienderson, April, ,s;n;
herding dogs: as biotechnologies,
:o: inheriting histories of, +o::
movements of sheep and, +o+a:
Navajo, oo+oo: sheep, cattle, and
ducks as partners in trials, ,+:n+,:
sheep trials and, :o: as tools and
laborers, ::, ,asn+o: trialing
kennels (scc dog kennels: trialing).
Scc o|so sheepdogs
Ierzig, Rebecca M.: Sucr:rg jor
Sc:crcc. ,,+na
hip dysplasia, canine, +os, ++o,
,+sn+o: registries for Great
Iyrenees, ++++a
histories, lived, in touch of a dog,
,;,s. Scc o|so inheriting
histories
Iogness, Katharine: touch and,
aoa+
Iogness, Rusten, ,,, +,o,s, +o+,
ao,, asas+, ,o:n+,
Iogness, Torn, as+
Iolliday, Billie: Strange Fruit,
,+:n+,
Iolocaust: as analogy to meat eating
by Coetzee, s+. Scc o|so equality of
slaughter
honesty: in agility (sport), a+:: and
embodied communication, ao: and
respect, a;
Iuman Genome Iroject, ,,sn,+
humanism, ;s, ,++n,;, ,aanoo: of
animal rights discourse, ,,:n+s:
animals as victims and, ,,:n+s:
animals as workers and, ;,:
endangered species discourse as,
+s: Great Divides and, o+o, ++:
logic of sacrice and, ;s;o:
subject categories and, o;. Scc o|so
exceptionalism, human
humanization of animals, :a
hunting, ao:,oo: veganism and, on
love of animals, aoo
Iutchinson, G. Evelyn, ,::n+
Iwang Voo-Suk: dog cloning, :a
:,: human embryonic stem cell
cloning (hESC) scandal, :a, ,a;n+s
Ihde, Don, ,;sno, ,;on+,: bodies in
technologies, a+o, a:,: Bo:cs :r
lcc|ro|ogy. ,o:no
immunology: self/non-self vs.
becoming with, ,a, ,+on+,
inbreeding: disease-linked genes and,
,+;n+s. Scc o|so dog breeding
Incorrigibles, the (dog breeders
obstructing genetic disease disclo-
sures): attacks on epilepsy activists,
+oo, +aaa,: collie eye anomaly
and, +oo: role of public ads in
quieting, +++, +a:ao: threatening
lawsuits, ++s
410 d INDEX
indigestion, ,san+o: gestation and,
aoao,: messmates and, ,+, ;+,
as;: required with companion
species, ;s, ,oo, ,,on,+: symbiosis
and, ,+. Scc o|so nourishing
indigestion
individualism, ,++n,;
induction, reciprocal. Scc reciprocal
induction
Irus:r:o|:z:rg Orgor:sms (Schrepfer
and Scranton), ,,+no
inequality. Scc asymmetry
infoldings of the esh (Merleau-
Ionty), a+o, ,o:no: Crittercam as,
a:+
inheriting histories: of companion
species, ,;,s, o;os: of dogs and
sheep, +oo+o+: of working and
nonworking dogs, +o:. Scc o|so
response: touch
Institute for Genetic Disease Control
in Animals (GDC): database
merged with OFA, ++a: grassroots
advocacy in reponse to threats to,
+++: open registries, +++: whole
dog approach, ++a
instrumentality. Scc relationship,
instrumental
International Directory for
Australian Shepherd Iealth
(IDASI), ++o
interpellation (Althusser), a;;;s
intersectionality, +;, +s, ,osnao: ani-
mals and, ,oonaa. Scc o|so feminism
intra-action (Barad), o, +;, ,+, ,a,
,o:n:, ,+;n+o, ,,+n+: of genomes,
,oan:: instrumental, of people and
animals in labs, ;+
Irish wolfhound, ,aon+:
isopraxis: between partners in horse
riding, aao: Vincents (dog) smile
and, ,;on,;
]omcs (Iiccinini), asooa, ,s;n;
Jims Dog: contact zones and, ;: as
gure, :, s: situated, o;
Johnson, George, ++o
Jolly, Alison, ,o+o, ,+anao
Jones, Iatrice, ,sos+n+
joy, ,++na;, ,;:n::: as addiction in
agility sports, a++: vs. fun, a+++a:
getting it together in action, a++:
in play, as root of morality, a+a:
purposelessness and, a+o
Kansas Board of Education: on evo-
lution, +a
Kelley, Lindsay, ,s;n;
kennel clubs: DNA parentage veri-
cation of litters, ,+,n+o: role in
nurturing dog kinds, ,+,n+o
kennels: role of founding dogs in
recognition of, ++s: trialing,
,+:n+,
killable, making. Scc making killable
killing: animal, and human popula-
tion growth, ,,:n+o: chickens,
,s+no: culling birds (scc avian u:
mass culling of chickens): culling
dogs in breeding, ,++n+,: decisions
about eating and, ao;,oo: dying
and, s+: in experimental labs, ;+
;:, so: feminist questions and, so,
s;: human population growth
and, +oo: hunting and, ao:,oo:
insuciency of calculation and, s;,
INDEX d 411
oa: vs. murder, ;s;o: of Navajo
sheep, by United States, oo:
nurture and, +o:o: response-
ability and, s+, o,: of signicant
others, necessity of, ;o: slaughter,
U.S. and U.K., ,+on:a: Tiptree on,
,s:naa: wolf-dog hybrids, ,;. Scc
o|so making killable
killing well: eating well and, aoo,
ao;, ,oo: as obligation, aoo
kin: and brand, +;: and kind in gure
of companion species, +,+: made
through love, ,oo: subject cate-
gories and, o;
Kindred Spirits conference, so, s;
King, Katie, ao,o+, ,,,n++,
,oon+, ,;+n+o, ,s:nao, ,son+,,
,oon+o: on conversation, ,osna+:
on past-presents, aoa, ,oon+:,
,oon+o
Kirksey, Eben, ,o+n,
KoGENES listserv, ++:+o
knots. Scc critters: entanglement
knowing more at the end of the day,
+o;, ao:. Scc o|so companion
species: Sharp, C. A.: worlding
Kraemer, Duane, +:,
Kuzniar, Alice: Mc|orc|o|:os Dog.
,,ano
lab animals: care and, sa, ,,;na;:
conditions of ourishing, s,s+,
sooa: face and, ;o: living condi-
tions, sooo, ,,;na;: measures of
distress and well-being, ,,;na;:
morality and, requirements of,
;:: not necessarily victims, ;a:
question of who benets, s;:
slaughter, question of, s;: unfree,
;a;,. Scc o|so sharing suering
La Bare, Sha, ,+ona,
labor: animal, ;,;+: chicken, ao;:
dog, :::o, o;, oo: feminist
analyses of womens, ,,an;:
hermeneutic, of Crittercam, ao+
o,: humanist teleology of, in
Marx, +o, ,a,na: multispecies, in
laboratory, ;;, so, s,s+: systems
of, and worldliness, o
laboratory, experimental: labor of
animals in, ;o: moral sensibility
and, ;:: practices of care in, oooa:
as total environment (Ghamari-
Tabrizi), so. Scc o|so lab animals
language: communication and,
,;,n++: continuity hypothesis for
animal and human, a,:, ,;,n++:
co-shaping without, ,;+n:a:
descrete innity, ,;an+,, ,;,n++:
fast mapping of words to objects
in dogs, ,;an+,: functional,
narrow vs. broad senses of, ,;,n++:
generalization in dogs, ,;an+,:
opportunism in evolution of,
,;,n++: question of, in play, a,+:
subjectivity (Volfe) and, ,;+
;an+a: thinking (Grandin) and,
,;+n+a
Latour, Bruno, o, oa, aoo, ,o:no,
,o:n+o, ,+onao: things, a:o. Scc
o|so Great Divides
Law, John, and Annemarie Mol, ++
+a, ,aanoo
Lazaron BioTechnologies, +:+:a,
,:snaa, ,:onas. Scc o|so saving a
genetic life
412 d INDEX
Lease, Gary, aooos, ,a,no+: hunting
and love of animals, aosoo
Leer, Ann, ,o,no
Leonardo da Vincis Dog (Iarris
cartoon), ;s
Lvinas, Emmanuel, a,, ;;: Te
Name of a Dog, or Natural
Rights, ,+++anas
LGD-L (Livestock Guardian Dog
Listserv), ,:;n+o
lively capital: companion species
and, +o+;: Marx and, +:+o
livestock guardian dogs (LGD):
Akbash, ,s,o (scc o|so Turkish
Akbash dogs): Great Iyrenees,
,o++: in history of settler
colonies, +o+: as workers and
biotechnologies, :o:;
logic of sacrice: alternatives to, sa:
Derrida on, ;;;s, ,,+n+::
humanism and, ;;;s: in
laboratory experiments, sa: love
and, s:: scapegoat and, ;o. Scc o|so
making killable
looking back: becoming-with-
companions and, ,s: respect and,
a;, ,o, +a, +o+. Scc o|so companion
species: regard: respect
love: companion species, +o, +,+:
epistomophelia and, ,+on+:
naturalcutural practice, aas: play
and, aa,, ,o+: requiring knowing
more at the end of the day, +o;,
ao:: requiring speculative thought
and remembering, s:, +o;:
symbiosis with knowledge and
responsibility, +as: unconditional,
aoo, a+:, aas, a,+: as worldliness,
o;. Scc o|so care: entanglement:
love of the breed: signicant
otherness: touch
love of the breed, oo, ++o, +++:
cross-species kinship webs and,
++o: ourishing vs. anthropomor-
phism and anthropocentrism, ++o:
other-centered ethics and, ++o,
+++: Sharp embodying, +o;, ++o
Low, Tim: feral futures, ,ssno
Maguire (Iaraway), Dorothy, +;a;,
making killable: in factory chicken
industry, ,sano: hatred and, s::
hunting and, aoo: logic of sacrice
and, sa, ,sano: Man, in Christian
Story, ,,:nao: vs. murder, ;s: as
root of exterminism, so: standard
of sentience and, so: Tou shalt
not make killable, so, +oo. Scc o|so
killing: wicked action
Mo|:rg |orcr:s (Tompson), o:oo
manners, +a, oa: foreclosing cosmo -
politics, aoo. Scc o|so politics
Margulis, Lynn: Acou:r:rg Gcromcs.
,o, ,+:n+o: autopoesis, ,a,
,+on+a: symbiogenesis, +:, ,+, as;
Marshall, Greg: National Geographic
Society and, a:;:s: origins of
Crittercam, a:,
Marx, Karl: humanist teleology, +o,
,a,na: specie, +s: use and
exchange value as relationships, +:.
Scc o|so encounter value
material-semiotic: co-constitution of
trope and esh, ,s,n++: dance, ao,
,o: nodes, gures as, +: work, of
companion animals, ,;on,;
INDEX d 413
Mbembe, Achille:: animalization and,
,oonaa
McCaig, Donald, ::, ,asn+o
McFall-Ngai, Margaret, a+oao
McNally, Karen, aoa
McNeal, Lyle, +oo
Meeting of the American Association
of Lapdogs (Iiraro cartoon), o
Mendieta, Eduardo, ,o:no, ,oonaa
merle coat, ,:on,+: deafness and
genetics of, ,+on+;
messmate. Scc companion: indiges-
tion: symbiogenesis
Metcalf, Jake, ,osnas
mice: becoming with and, ,,on,+:
knockout, and comparative
genomics, ,,s,on,+: laboratory,
standardized, ,,+no. Scc o|so
OncoMouse
Michalski, Rob, ,oon,,
Miller, Jaye, +;:, asa
Miller-Iaraway, Rick (and Roberta),
+oa, +;a, +sooo
mimicry: of dogs smile, ,;on,;. Scc
o|so isopraxis
mind: question of animal, ,++n+a:
theory of, in other critters, a,:,o,
,;+n+;
mind-body dualism: failure to come
face-to-face with animals and, ;+
;a, a,o
Mintz, Sidney: symbiogenetic
naturecultures of sugar, ,s;ns
Missy (dog), +,s, ,:on;
Missyplicity Iroject, :+, +,s, +:+,
,:on;: bioethics code, +:+:,,
+:::o: goals, +:,: scientic team,
+:,
Mitchison, Naomi: Mcmo:rs oj o
Spoccuomor. a+;
M:xo:r:c|o porooxo. as:: as
multitude, aso
Mobley, Ieidi, +a+
Monti, Kim, +ao: openness as
breeder, ,:,n+,: Ten Steps
program, +ao, ,:,n++
morality: and roots in trust and play,
a+a
more-than-human worlds, +o+,
,++n;: impact of human
population growth, +oo
Morey, Darcy F., ,+ona, ,o+na
Mo:|cr Goosc or Gr:mm (Mike
Ieters), ++
mundane, the. Scc ordinary, the
Munyard, Kylie: and Australian
Shepherd Iealth Registry of
Australasia, ++o
mutts: bias toward, of author, oo:
cloning and, +:::o: endan-
gered species of one (Denniston),
+:+. Scc o|so Missyplicity
Iroject
Myers, Natasha, ,o;na;
Name of a Dog, or Natural Rights,
Te (Lvinas), ,++nas
Namir, Sheila, ,;:n:,
narcissism, wounds to, ,a:
Copernican, ++: cyborgian, +a:
Darwinian, ++, +a: Freudian, ++.
Scc o|so exceptionalism, human
National Geographic Channel. Scc
Cr:::crcom (TV show)
National Iuman Genome Research
Institure (NIGRI): canine
414 d INDEX
genetics and, ,aona,: dog genome
and, ,:+n,:
nationalisms and animals, ,+:n,s
natural: in dog training, aa,
naturecultures: in Australia, aoo,
,s;ssno: companion species and,
+o, ,a: contract theory and,
,s+no: Crittercam and, ao+: dog-
human, ,o, oa, os, +os, ++,: ethics
in, +,s, +:o: vs. Great Divides, +::
in Indonesia (Tsing), a+s: situated,
a:: of slaughter houses, ,+on:a:
symbiogenetic, of sugar, ,s;ns
Navajo dogs, oo, ,++n+
Navajo sheep, os+oo. Scc o|so
Churro sheep
Nelson, Betty, ++o
nonhumanism, oa: companion species
as, +o+. Scc o|so becoming with:
companion species: humanism:
worlding
Noske, Barbara: on complex relations
of domestication, ,o+na
Notes of a Sportswriters Daughter
(Iaraway), +s+
nourishing indigestion, aoa, ,oo
OncoMouse: as gure within
Christian realism, ;o
ontological choreography
(Tompson), o:, o;, ss, +o:
open, the, ,+, ;:, s+, ,+sn+o: being
out of place and, aoa: Ieideggers
as rooted in profound boredom,
,,+n+o, ,o;nas: interesting
questions and, ,+: as mortal
entanglement in agility training,
aao: response and, ;s, aa;, ,osns:
rooted in shock of getting it,
,osnas: temporal, a+o++:
twenty-third bowl as, ,+. Scc o|so
becoming with: companion
species: response
ordinary, the, ,a: becoming worldly
and, ,, ao: Deleuze and Guattaris
scorn for, a;: playing in the mud,
,o, ,a: vs. the sublime, ao
Orthopedic Foundation for Animals
(OFA): GDC database merged
with, ++a: hip dysplasia and, +os:
searchable disease databases,
,+sn+o
Oryx or Cro|c (Margaret Atwood),
aos, ,s,n++
Ostrich Syndrome (about genetic
disease): collie eye anomaly and,
+oo: epilepsy and, +oo
Other, the: making killable and, ;s:
vs. signicant others, ;a. Scc o|so
animal, the: Great Divides
Others to Man. Scc Great Divides
Oxford, Gayle, and Shannon Oxford,
+o:
Iadgett, George, ++,
pain. Scc suering
Iainlev, Jean, and Genevieve
Iamon, a:s:o: Lovc L:jc oj :|c
Oc:opus. lc. a:s
paraphilias, oo, ,+on+
partners: in agility (sport), +;:;;: in
domestication and training, ao;s:
not all alive, +o:oo (scc o|so
Iaraway, Frank Outten): not
preexisting relating, +o:. Scc o|so
becoming with
INDEX d 415
pastpresents (King), ,oon+:+o
Iearse, Vicki, ,,on,:: practices of
care, oo
pedigrees: genetic diseases and,
,:an,o: history of dog, :,:
measurements of inbreeding, ++o:
measurements of kinship, ++;: role
in dog breeding, ++;+s: role in
Species Survival Ilan, ++;
Iemberton, Stephen: on dogs as
hemophilia models and patients,
:s
Ieople for the Ethical Treatment of
Animals (IETA): campaigns
against cruelty to chickens, ,s+no
pet care: diets and supplements, +o:
health insurance, :+: health
professionals, :o, :+: hotels and
vacations, :a, ,a:n+a: human
drugs and, :oo+: medical treat-
ments, :o:+, o+oa. Scc o|so
animal training: veterinarians
pet food: global factory farming
linked to, +o, aso: globalization,
+s: niche markets, +o: spending on,
+o, ,a:n;
pets. Scc companion animals
Iiccinini, Iatricia: fabulated plausible
companion species, as;: introduced
species, as;so: ]omcs (drawing),
asooa, ,s;n;: Natures Little
Ielpers series, aso, ,s;n;: Surro-
go:c (jor :|c Nor:|crr Ho:ry-Nosc
Vomoo:). aso: Veb site, ,s;n;. Scc
o|so surrogate species
pigs: factory farm conditions, aos,
,aon:a: feral, ao;, ,ooo+nao:
pork tissue culture, ,s,n++
placenta: as meal, ao,o+, aoo
play, +o, ,;+;:n:,: asymmetries of
power and, a,;,s: commitment
to risk in, a,+: co-shaping without
language in, ,;+n:a: functionless
knowing and, aa,: game vs., a,s:
interesting mistakes and muddles
in, a,s,o: inventive potency of,
a,;: letting go of the literal in, a,o:
meaning loosed from function,
a+o: metacommunication as sine
qua non of, a,o: opening up
degrees of freedom, +::: purpose-
lessness and joy, a,;, a+o: question
of, vs. question of suering, aa:
requiring reciprocal induction,
a,a: risk, a,o: as root of morality,
a+a: Sa (dog) and Vister
(donkey), a,a,+, a,;, a,s, a,o,
a+a: as tool in positive training,
a,a: trust and, a,,
playful truths (Dumit), +::
Ilummer, Lauri, ,oon,,
Ilumwood, Val: earth others, ;+
politics (polite): multispecies
ourishing and, oa. Scc o|so
cosmopolitics
Iollan, Michael: Omr:vorcs D:|cmmo.
lc. ,+on+:
population biology: vs. lines and
breeds in dog breeding, +++, ++s
positive training, ,+,n++, ,+,n+a,
,o+n++, ,osn,o: behaviorism and
reinforcement, a+++a: details in
dog training, a+a+,
posthumanism, +o: animals as
workers and, ;,: becoming with
vs., +o+;: Great Divides and,
416 d INDEX
o+o: nonteleological thinking in,
,;,n++: requiring the open, a+:
Iotts, Annie, ,sona
Iratt, Mary Louise: contact zone,
a+o: Impcr:o| Lycs. a+o
Ireciado, Beatriz, +o: French bull-
dogs, ,o,n+. Scc o|so autre-
mondialisation
|r:mo:c Lrcour:crs (Strum and
Fedigan), ,+anao, ,;on::
|r:mo:c \:s:ors (Iaraway), ,+anao,
,;on::
prison dogs, oao:, ,aon,+
Iroject Noahs Ark, +:,
propositions: coherence and, a+,: as
initiating play, a+a: as lure to
becoming with, a+,++: not
limited to humans, a++: as social
adventure, a+++:: Vhiteheads
notion of, a+,
prosaic, the: training and, a+,,
,o+n+a. Scc o|so ordinary, the
Irozac: and dogs, :oo+
Iryor, Karen: positive training
methods for dogs, a++
Iuig de la Bellacasa, Maria, ,osn+o,
,+sn:o: and thinking with care,
,,ans
Iullman, Ihilip (Iis Dark Materials
series) and human-daemon link,
a,+
purebred dogs, :a: bias against, oo
Iyr-L (Great Iyrenees Listserv), ++a
Rader, Karen: Mo|:rg M:cc. ,,+no
Raised by Scientists (Miller
cartoon), +a++: as gure of
author, +,+:
Randolph, Lynn: |oss:or oj Orco-
Mousc. lc. ;o
rape: and Great Divides, +o++:
term in primate eld studies,
,;:n::
Rapp, Rayna: on genetic citizenship,
,::n:a
Rare Breeds Survival Trust (RBST),
,+;n+;, ,+on:a: against factory
farming of chickens, a;,
Ray, Cully, ++:
Reaktion Books: animal series, ,,,no,
,sona
reality engines (Bleeker), ,;sno
reason: calculation and, ssso: felt,
;o: sucient vs. mundane, ;o
reciprocal induction, ,a, a+o,
,+on+,, ,;on:s: agility training
as, aas: isopraxis and, in horse
riding, aao: love as, aas. Scc o|so
becoming with: developmental
biology: Gilbert, Scott F.
Reed, Adam, ,,snao
regard, ,o, +o,o+: vs. human
exceptionalism, ao:. Scc o|so
Iaraway, Frank Outten: looking
back: respect
registries, canine health: closed,
problem of, +++: Institute for
Genetic Disease Control in
Animals and, +++: open, +os, ++o,
++++a, ,:;n+a: participation in,
as key, +++, ++a, ,+sn+o. Scc o|so
Sharp, C. A.
registry, breed club: Australian
shepherd dogs, +oa, +o,
relation in response, ,+ona;. Scc o|so
response
INDEX d 417
relationship: as smallest pattern for
analysis, ao, ,+,n,+
relationship, instrumental: asymmetry
in, ;+, ;+: not necessarily unfree-
dom and violation, ;+: obligation
of care and, ;o: obligation of
response and, ;;
remora: description, ,;;n:: human
use value, ,;sn:: inspiration for
Crittercam, a:,
reproduction: biomedical mode of,
vs. capitalist, o:: enterprised up,
+,o: vs. production, oo: symbolic
power of, +,s,o. Scc o|so cloning:
dog breeders: dog breeding: dog
breeds
rcspcccrc. Scc respect
respect, +o, ao, a,, a;: companion-
species worlding and, ss, +o+:
regard and, vs. gaze, +o,o+:
species and, +o+
response, ;: in action, ss: as asym-
metrical in training, a,o,;,
,,ona;: vs. calculation, ;+ (scc o|so
calculation): in company of signi-
cant others, so: copresence and,
;o, a,o: expecting abstractions to
break down and, o,: vs. human
exceptionalism, ao:: inheriting
histories and, o;, +oo+o+: killing
and, s+sa, ao:: as learning to
learn, ,,ona;: the open and, aa;,
,osns: vs. reaction, ao, ;s;o: as
relationship vs. self-similarity, ;+
(scc o|so intra-action): relations of
use and, ;+. Scc o|so companion
species: inheriting histories:
open, the
responsibility (response-ability). Scc
response
restoration projects: in Australia, ass,
ao+: Navajo-Churro sheep, oo:
response to inheriting histories,
+oo
Richards, Iam, +o:, aa;ao, ,oon,a
Rico (dog): fast mapping of words
to objects, ,;an+,
right to health: dogs and, +o
risk: of muddle (Bateson), a+:: play
and, a,a,+, a,o+o, a+:: propo-
sition and, a+a: of wandering
(Stengers: Vhitehead), a+:. Scc
o|so open, the: trust
Ritvo, Iarriet, ,+on++
Roland (dog), oo, +s+so, +o+, +o;
os, ,+a+,n+o: comforting touch
and, aoa+: enforcer, +ssso, +o+:
interesting mistakes and, +oo: as
meta-retriever, +sas,
Roodeplaat Breeding Enterprises, ,;
Rorem, Linda, os
Rose, Deborah Bird, ,++n::
Aborigines and naturecultures in
Australia, ,ssno: on dingoes,
,ssno: D:rgo Mo|cs Us Humor.
,+ano: Rcpor:s jrom o V:|
Cour:ry. ,++n:, ,ssno
Rowell, Telma, ,+anao: forest
baboons, ,:, ,+on:+: messmates,
,+: sheep, ,,,:, ,+sn+s: surprise
and being social, ,:: twenty-third
bowl, ,,: worldly politeness, ,+
Rubin, Lionel, ++a
Rush, Kristin, +a,
Russell, Edmund: on organisms as
biotechnologies, :o
418 d INDEX
Russell, Robert Jay, ++:+o
Rutherford, Suze, +o,
Ryder, M. L., ,+on,
sacrice: Christian narrative and, ;o,
,,:nao: humanist logic of, ;;;o,
,sano. Scc o|so logic of sacrice:
scapegoat
Sa (dog) and Vister (donkey):
cross-species play, a,a,+, a,;,
a,s, a,o: friendship and trust, a,,,
a,o, a+a: raiding predator-prey
repertoire to play, a,,,+
Sandoval, Chela: Mc:|oo|ogy oj :|c
Opprcssc. ,osnao, ,oonaa
saving a genetic life (Lazaron
BioTechnologies): right-to-life
discourse and, +,a, +:+, ,:snaa
scapegoat: Animal as, ;o: Jesus as,
,,:nao. Scc o|so sacrice
Schjelderup-Ebbe, Torleif, a;+
Schmutz, Sheila, ++o, ,:on,+, ,:an+a
Schrader, Astrid, aao, ,oon+, ,o;na;
scientist-entrepreneurs, ,:on,+,
,:+n,:
Scott, John Iaul, and John L. Fuller:
dog genetics and social behavior
studies, +a: Gcrc::cs or Soc:o|
Bc|ov:or oj :|c Dog. ,o;n+;, ,asna,
Scott, 7iji, :+
secularism: sacrice stories and,
,,:nao
self-reference: replaced by self-other-
reference, ,+on++
Selinger, Evan, asa
sharing suering, ,,+n:: asymmetry
and, ;+;:, ;;: epistemological
and practical, ;a: with lab animals,
oo;o, sas,: nonmimetic, ;:;;,
s+, ,,,n+a. Scc o|so care
Shark Bay: Aboriginal peoples and,
,;s;ons: Crittercam and, a::
Sharp, C. A., ooo;, +o;, +s+,
,+on+;, ,+ona+: ASIGI (scc
Australian Shepherd Iealth and
Genetics Institute): awards, ,+onaa:
campaign against epilepsy in
Australian shepherd dogs, ++sa;:
collaborations with scientists, ++o,
++a, ++,, ++s+o, +a;, ,:an+a:
collie eye anomaly in Australian
shepherd dogs, ++++:: early
activism silenced, +oso (scc o|so
Incorrigibles, the: Ostrich Syn-
drome): expertise, multiple, ++o,
++;+s: genetic diversity and
CANGEN-L, ++;+s (scc o|so
CANGEN-L): health archives,
,:an,o: knowing more at the end
of the day, +o;: popular sire syn-
drome criticized in DHNN. ++;,
,+;n+s (scc o|so Douo|c Hc|:x
Nc:uor| Ncus): mediating scientic
and lay communities, ++o++:
pedigree analysis service, ++,:
practice of condentiality, ++s,
,:an,o: risks of sharing data,
,:an,o: Te Road to Iell, +a+.
Scc o|so genetic diseases in dogs:
genetic diversity in dog breeds
sheep, +o, ,,,:, ,s: bred for herding
trials, ,+:n+,: Civil Var and, +o+:
Gold Rush and, oo, +o+: herding
dogs and movements of, +o+a:
history with human beings, ,+on,:
meat and ber trade, ,++ns:
INDEX d 419
naturalcultural ecologies of, ,++n,:
Ramadan, supplied for, ,++ns:
Spanish missions and, osoo. Scc
o|so Churro sheep: Navajo sheep:
Rowell, Telma: Soay sheep
sheepdogs, ::, ,asn+o: Churro sheep
and, oo+oo: trials, ,;+n++. Scc
o|so herding dogs
shelter dogs. Scc mutts
S|oc| or Auc: Vor or Vors
(Eekelen et al.), ,sona
Shotwell, Alexis, ,a,na
show culture, animal, ,+on++
signicant otherness: signifying
others and, o;. Scc o|so signicant
others
signicant others: ourishing and,
oa (scc o|so politics): killing and,
so: vs. Other, the, ;a: relations of
use and, ;+: response-ability and,
so, so: signicant otherness and,
o;. Scc o|so companion species
Sisler, Jay, +o,: dogs and origins of
Australian shepherd dogs, +o+a:
positive training methods, ,+,n++
situated knowledge: Derrida, a,:
feminist standpoint theory,
,son+a
slaughter. Scc killing
sleeping sickness, ,,on+
Smith, Iaige, and Charles Daniel:
C|:c|cr Boo|. lc. ,son+, ,s:nao
Smuts, Barbara, a+, a,,, ,+ona;,
,+anao, ,,ona,, ,;on,+: becom-
ing with baboons and respect, a,
ao: copresence with animals as
something tasted, a,o: Embodied
Communication in Nonhuman
Animals, ao, ,+,n,,: Encounters
with Animal Minds, a,, ,+,n,o:
friendship as term in primate
eld studies, ,;:n::: truth and
embodied communication, aoa;
Snuppy (dog), :a, ,asn+s
Soay sheep, ,,, ,+;n+;, ,+sn+s
Sojourner (dog), :o
South Africa, ,o,;
species: each, as multispecies crowd,
+o:: etymology, +;+s: introduced,
as;so: Real Iresence, +s. Scc o|so
endangered species
Species Survival Ilans, ++:+s
Sperling, John, ,:on;
Spivak, Gayatri, ,,+n+:
Squier, Susan, ,sona
standardization: chickens and eggs,
a;,, ,s+ns: dogs, ,aon+:: sheep,
,,: torque and, +,+
standpoint theory, feminist, ,son+a
Stanley, Eric, ,,,n+a
Steeves, I. Ieter: Lost Dog (on
Lvinass Bobby), ,++nas
stem cells: Snuppy (dog), :+, ,asn+s
Stengers, Isabelle, ,o+n+a, ,s:
sona+: cosmopolitics, ,:, s,, oa,
+oo, ,aon:+: Deleuzes idiot and,
s,: on Freuds historical wounds,
,oon+a: Latour and, ,,onao:
|crscr Avcc V|::c|co. ,+on,s:
on Vhiteheads proposition, o,,
a+,+: (scc o|so propositions:
worlding). Scc o|so cosmopolitics
Stewart, Kathleen, ,+:n,o
stories: re-membering, +;s
Strange Fruit (Iolliday), ,+:n+,
Strum, Shirley, ,;on::: friendship
as term in primate eld studies,
,;:n::
420 d INDEX
subject categories, o;
sublime. Scc ordinary, the
suering, aa, ,++na;: asymmetrical,
;+;:, ;;: curiosity and caring in
recognizing, ,,;na;: of dogs and
Irozac, :oo+: hunting and, aos:
objective measures of, ,,;na;:
relief of, vs. ourishing, +,+:
universal, discourse of, s+. Scc o|so
sharing suering
Sundberg, Juanita, a+s
Sunder Rajan, Kaushik: B:ocop::o|.
,a,n,
surprise in relationship, ,:
Surrogo:c (jor :|c Nor:|crr Ho:ry-
Nosc Vomoo:) (Iiccinini), aso.
Scc o|so surrogate species
surrogates. Scc scapegoat: surrogate
species
surrogate species (Iiccinini): humans
and, asooo: surrogate wombat
reproduction and, aoooa
sustainability, ,+, ++
Sutherland, Amy: K:c|c. B:::cr. or
Scro:c|c. ,,;na;
Swanson, Ieather, ,o;na;
symbiogenesis: dened, ,+: incompat-
ible with autopoesis, ,,. Scc o|so
Margulis, Lynn
symbiosis: as creative force, ,+, as;:
indigestion and, ,+
tail docking: in Australian shepherd
dogs, ,o,n;
Tasha (dog): dog genome project,
,:+n,:
Tay-Sachs disease, +a;: screening
for, among Ashkenazi Jews,
,:+n:a
technoculture: agropastoralism
in, oo, +oo, ao:, ,+;+sn+;:
entanglements in, as+sa:
images, ;, ,o:ns: lay people as
knowledgeable actors in, ++o:
technopresent in, +,:
technologies: as compound
(composite/enclosure), a:o:
as infoldings of the esh
(Merleau-Ionty), a+o: knots of
intimate and public, as+: as
partners, a+o. Scc o|so bodies in
technologies
technopresent: apocalypse and, +:;:
emergence vs., +:;: revolutions
in, +,:
teleology: challenges to, +++a, a;,
,+:n++
therianthropism (Vedde), ,;on:s
therio-anthropo-morphism, ,;:n::
theriomorphism: and anthropo-
morphism, a+a, ,;:n::
things (Latour), ,;;na: as
infolding of o:|crs :o orc oro:|cr.
a:o
Tompson (Cussins), Charis:
Confessions of a Bioterrorist, +ao:
Mo|:rg |orcr:s. o:oo, ,a:n+o:
Vhen Elephants Stand for
Competing Ihilosophies of
Nature, ,aanoo. Scc o|so onto-
logical choreography
Torpe-Vargas, Susan, +:a
tigers: Species Survival Ilans and,
++o+;: 7oo Ark, ++;
time: opening up in play, a+o++:
shared experience of, Vedde on,
a++: temporal sequencing, altered
in play, a+o++
INDEX d 421
Tiptree, James, Jr. (Alice Sheldon,
Racoona Sheldon), a;a;,,
,s:nao, ,s:naa
Toby (dog), +a+a;. Scc o|so epilepsy
in Australian shepherd dogs
Tobys Foundation, +a:ao. Scc o|so
epilepsy in Australian shepherd
dogs: Toby
torque (Bowker and Starr), +,+: of
discourses of genetic diversity and
dog breeders practices, +:o
touch: accountability and, ,o, ,;,s,
aoao,: dog-human, and comfort,
aoa+: dog-human, in prisons, o::
inheriting histories of, ,;,s, +o:
(scc o|soinheriting histories): optic-
haptic (scc ngery eyes): worldly,
:. Scc o|so companion species
training. Scc agility training: animal
training: behaviorism: dog
training: positive training
truck, ,+,n,o
trust: naturalcultural evolution of,
a+a. Scc o|so companion species:
open, the: risk
truth. Scc honesty
Tsing, Anna: Ir:c::or. a+s: human
nature as interspecies relationship,
+o, a+s: hyperexploitation, ,s+n+::
Unruly Edges: Mushrooms as
Companion Species, +o, a+s,
,+ona+: weediness and contact
zones, a+s
Tsitsikamma Volf Sanctuary (South
Africa), ,o,;
Turkish Akbash dogs: brought by
Israeli ranchers to Golan Ieights,
,s,o: in United States, +o+
turtles, ,,, oa, ,+on+,, ,;;n::
Crittercam and, a:o, a:,, a::, a:o
turtles all the way down, ,a, ,+,n,+,
,+:+on++, ,+on+,: companion-
species worlding, s: meetings in con-
tact zones, as;: recursivity and, ,,s
twenty-third bowl, ,,: as the open,
,+. Scc o|so Rowell, Telma
unfree: lab animals, ;a;,: and
reaction vs. response, ;s. Scc o|so
degrees of freedom
value: breedwealth and, :+: cachet of
endangered species, +:+:a: of
dogs (scc dogs). Scc o|so encounter
value: Marx, Karl
van Dooren, Tom: and sharing
suering, ,,+n:
veganism, ,+on+:: extermination of
domestic animals, so: hunting and,
on love of animals, aoo: as witness,
+o:. Scc o|so Adams, Carol
Verran, Ielen: on Aboriginal
knowledge practices, ,s;no
veterinarians: family making and, :+:
killing and, sos+: research, :+:
standards of care, :o, :+: training,
:+, ,a:ns
ViaGen, +,s, ,a;n+;, ,:snao
Vincent (dog), ,oon,a, ,;on,;
\::ruv:or Mor (da Vinci): humanist
gure in biotechnology, ;
Vachtel, Iellmuth, ++;
Vaddington, C. I.: chreodes and
developmental interactions,
,oona+
422 d INDEX
Varkentin, Traci, ,s,n++
Vatanabe, Jennifer, ,,,n+a
Veaver, Mary, ,osn,o
Vedde, Ian, ao:, a,o, ,;on,;: on
animal happiness, ,oon,a: on risk
of play, a+:: on shared time, a+o
++: therianthropism, ,;on:s
we have never been human concept,
,o:no
Veisser, Linda, +o+, ,:;n+o: love of
the breed, ++o: struggle for open
canine health registries, ++a
Vesthusin, Mark, +:,
whales: Crittercam and, a:o, aooo+,
,;on+,
wheelchairs: as actors ,oons: as part-
ners in companion-species relation-
ships (scc Iaraway, Frank Outten)
Vhite, Elizabeth, and Martha Root,
,aon+:
Vhitehead, Alfred North: abstrac-
tions as lures, o,: concrescence of
prehensions, ;, ,o:n;: proposition
as opening, o, (scc o|so worlding):
Sc:crcc or :|c Mocrr Vor|.
,o:n;
wicked action, ;o, ;+, ;:, ;o, sa, ss,
o,, ,,,n++: and forgiveness, ;:
Vilbert, Chris, ,s+n+,
Vildhagen, Ihil, +++
Villem (dog), ,o, +so, ,a+n:s,
,:;n+o: invented sex play with
Cayenne (dog), +oao+
Vilmut, Ian: on human cloning, +,s
Vinance, Miriam, aoons
Vister (donkey). Scc Sa (dog) and
Vister (donkey)
wolf-dog hybrids, ,o, ,;: bred to
hunt insurgents in South Africa,
,o,;
Volfe, Cary, ,++na;, ,,ona,,
,osn,o: Ar:mo| R::cs. ,osna+: on
communication, ,;+n:a: In the
Shadow of Vittgensteins Lion,
,+;n+o: nonrepresentationalist
communication, ,+;n+o: on rights
discourses, ,,+n+:: subjectivity
shared between service dog and
blind human, ,;an+a: on Temple
Grandin, ,;+n,a
Volf Man: Freuds analysis critiqued
by Deleuze and Guattari, asao
wolves, +a+:, a;, ,o;n+;: Akbash
livestock guardian dogs in Golan
Ieights and, ,o, ,a+n:;: Great
Iyrenees livestock guardian dogs
in the Alps and, +o
wombat, northern hairy-nosed, as:,
aso, as;, ,son+,: introduced
species and, ass: reproduction in,
ao+. Scc o|so Iiccinini, Iatricia:
surrogate species
working dogs: coordinated
performaces with humans, ,++n+a:
emergence, ,+ona. Scc o|so herding
dogs: livestock guardian dogs
worlding, oa: reworlding and, o,.
Scc o|so becoming with:
cosmopolitics: entanglement
worldliness. Scc becoming worldly
zoos: animal training and, aaa:
compulsory reproductive
biopolitics and, aa,
INDEX d 423
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Donna J. Haraway is a professor in the Iistory of
Consciousness Department at the University of Cali-
fornia, Santa Cruz. She is the author of l|c Compor:or
Spcc:cs Mor:jcs:o: Dogs. |cop|c. or S:gr:cor: O:|crrcss
and S:m:ors. Cyoorgs. or Vomcr: l|c Rc:rvcr::or oj
No:urc.