Lowering Sulfur in Fuels and Transition to Lead-Free Petrol: EU Trends and CIS Refining Challenges

Petr Steiner Manager, Refining, Eastern Europe & CIS

International Fuel Quality Center

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All about Energy

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International Fuel Quality Center

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EU Fuels Policy
European Commission Parliament Council Emissions Directive 98/69 Fuels Directive 98/70
Revision proposal for Directive 98/70

Environmental Parameters 01/01/2000

Biofuels Directive 2003/30/EC

Sulfur for gasoline and diesel fuel, aromatics for gasoline 01/01/2005 100% market 10 ppm Sulfur 01/01/2009

Auto Oil 1
1993

Auto Oil 2

Directive 2003/17 Review process

Environmental parameters 01/01/2005 10ppm sulfur

1996 1997 1998

EN 228-1998 228EN 590-1998 590-

2000 2001
EN 228-1999 228EN 590-1999 590-

2003 2004 2005

EN 228-2004 228EN 590-2004 590-

2009

EN 228-1993 (gasoline) 228(gasoline) EN 590-1993 (diesel fuel) 590-

C.E.N.

EN 14 274 (FQMS) EN 14 275 (sampling) EN 14 214 (FAME)

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EU Gasoline Specifications
EN 228: Entry to force Vehicle emission Standard equivalent Aromatics [vol%] max Olefins [vol%] max Benzene [vol%] max Oxygen [wt%] max Sulfur [ppm] max RVP [kPa] summer Lead [g/dm3] max Use of additives 1993/1995 Dir 98/70 2000 Dir 98/70 2005 Proposal MEP Dorette Corbey (Nov 2007) 2009

Euro II
5.0 1,000 / 500 35 - 100 0.013

Euro III
42 18 1.0 2.7 150 60 / 70 (arctic) None

Euro IV
35 18 1.0 2.7 50 (10)* 60 / 70 (arctic) None

Euro V
35 18 1.0 2.7 (regular petrol)1 3.7 (low biofuel petrol)2 10 56 / 66 (arctic) + 4 kPa waiver for arctic3 None MMT banned from 2010

*2005 introduction of 10 ppm sulfur - Fuel must be geographically available in an appropriately balanced manner
(1)Regular (2)Low (3)Petrol

petrol: Petrol blended with 0-5 vol% biofuel biofuel petrol: Petrol blended with 5-10 vol% biofuel with a minimum 3 vol% bio content

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EU Diesel Specifications
EN 590: Entry to force PolyAromatics [vol%] max Sulfur [ppm] max Cetane number min Density at 15C [kg/m3] 1993/1996 2,000 / 500 46 - 49 820 - 860 360 Dir 98/70 2000 11 350 51 845 360 Dir 98/70 2005 11 50 (10)* 51 845 360 Proposal MEP Dorette Corbey (Nov 2007) 2009 6 10 51 845 360 Full alignment of gas oils used for non-road and inland waterways with on-road diesel by Dec. 31, 2009
*2005 introduction of 10 ppm sulfur - Fuel must be geographically available in an appropriately balanced manner

Distillation T95 [C] max

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Market Share of Gasoline with 10 ppm Sulfur Content in EU-27 (2006)

FI Market Share 10ppm Gasoline >80% market share 30-80% market share 10-30% market share <10% market share No data Non EU27 Member State IE UK Use of tax incentive for 10 ppm sulfur fuel BE LU FR (RON98) DE CZ AT SI SK HU RO DK SE

EE LV LT

NL

PL

BU IT PT ES EL

Source: IFQC

CY MT

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Market Share of Diesel with 10 ppm Sulfur Content in EU-27 (2006)

FI Market Share 10ppm Diesel >80% market share 30-80% market share 10-30% market share <10% market share No data Non EU27 Member State IE UK Use of tax incentive for 10 ppm sulfur fuel BE LU FR (Motorways ) DE CZ AT
SI

SE

EE LV

DK

LT

NL

PL

SK HU RO

BU IT PT ES EL

Source: IFQC

CY MT

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Overall CIS Situation - Fuel Quality

Gasoline
11 countries unleaded 3 countries ultra-low sulfur legislation regional range sulfur level regional range aromatics level regional range benzene level regional range RVP at 37.8C (min-max) TJ still leaded 50 (10) ppm {BY, RU, UA} 50 - 1,000 ppm 35 - 55 vol% 1.0 - 5.0 vol% 35 - 100 kPa

Diesel
3 countries ultra-low sulfur legislation regional range sulfur level (on-road) regional range sulfur level (off-road) regional range cetane number regional range density at 15C (on-road) regional range density at 15C (off-road) 50 (10) ppm {BY, RU, UA} 10 - 2,000 ppm 500 - 6,500 ppm 45 - 51 830 - 860 kg/m3 830 - 860 kg/m3

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Russia - State Fuel Specifications

Gasoline
Specification GOST 2084-77 GOST R 51105-97 Grades A-72 / AI-93 Normal-80 / Regular-92 / Premium-95 / Super-98 Sulfur level Lead level 1,000 (500) 500 0.013 0.010

(EN 228:1993)
GOST R 51866-2002

Regular Euro-92 / Premium Euro-95 / (May 07 - EN 228:2004) Super Euro-98

150 - 50 - 10

0.005

Diesel
Specification GOST 305-82 (summer, winter, arctic) Grades Type I / Type II / Premium Sulfur level 2,000 - 5,000 - 2,000 2,000 - 4,000 - 2,000 350 - 50 - 10

GOST R 52368-2005 Type I / Type II / Sulfur-free (temperate, winter, arctic)

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Belarus - State Fuel Specifications

Gasoline
Specification GOST 2084-77 GOST 31077-2002 Grades A-72 / A-76 / AI-93 / AI-95 Normal-80 / Regular-92 / Premium-95 / Super-98 Regular / Premium Sulfur level Lead level 1,000 (500) 500 50 - 10 0.013 0.010 0.005

(EN 228:1993)
STB 1656-2006

(EN 228:2004)

Diesel
Specification Grades Sulfur level 2,000 - 5,000 - 2,000 2,000 - 4,000 - 2,000 50 - 10 GOST 305-82 Type I / Type II / Premium (summer, winter, arctic) STB 1658-2006 (temperate, arctic) Type I / Sulfur-free

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Ukraine - State Fuel Specifications

Gasoline
Specification DSTU 4063-2001 DSTU 4839:2007 Grades A-80 / A-92 / A-95 / A-98 Regular Euro-92 / Premium Euro-95 / Super Euro-98 Sulfur level Lead level 500 50 - 10 0.013 0.005

(EN 228:2004)

Diesel
Specification DSTU 3868-99 DSTU 4840:2007 Grades Type I / Type II / Type III Type IV / Type V Type I / Sulfur-free Sulfur level 500 - 1,000 - 2,000 5,000 - 6,500 50 - 10

(EN 590:2004)

GOST 305-82 used only for military purposes since Oct. 2003

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Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan - State Fuel Specifications

Gasoline
Specification GOST 2084-77 GOST R 51105-97 Grades A-72 / A-76 / AI-93 / AI-95 Normal-80 / Regular-92 / Premium-95 / Super-98 Sulfur level Lead level 1,000 (500) 500 0.013 0.010

Uzbekistan still uses GOST 2084-77 leaded grade A-76

Diesel
Specification GOST 305-82 (summer, winter, arctic) Grades Type I / Type II / Premium Sulfur level 2,000 - 5,000 - 2,000 2,000 - 4,000 - 2,000

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Armenia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan - State Fuel Specifications

Gasoline
Specification GOST 2084-77 GOST R 51105-97 Grades A-72 / A-76 / AI-93 / AI-95 Normal-80 / Regular-92 / Premium-95 / Super-98 Sulfur level Lead level 1,000 (500) 500 0.013 0.010

Tajikistan still uses GOST 2084-77 leaded grade A-76

Diesel
Specification GOST 305-82 (summer, winter, arctic) Grades Type I / Type II / Premium Sulfur level 2,000 - 5,000 - 2,000 2,000 - 4,000 - 2,000

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Fuel Quality Program Evolution

Sulfur Elimination & Additional Composition Controls -----Advanced Emission Control systems

Lead Removal

Volatility Controls & Oxygenate Introduction -----Catalytic Converters

Initial Benzene & Sulfur Reduction

Olefin & Aromatic Content Limits

Introduction of Renewable Fuels (Biofuels)

Objective: Control Emissions of Traditional Air Pollutants

Objective: Energy Security & CO2 Reduction

Current Status Japan North America W. Europe Middle East L.America Africa Most Asia Pacific
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Overall CIS Situation - Refining

59 refineries in the region, capacity 7.92 million bpd regional utilization rate 66% (5.21 million bpd) Russia utilization rate ~80% rest of CIS below 50% (except: Mozyr (BY), Lisichansk (UA), Bukhara (UZ) )

recent upgrades - only diesel units (hydroprocessing) current upgrades - both diesel (hydroprocessing) and gasoline (isomerization) future upgrades - more into gasoline quality and increasing residue processing Russia export: crude oil ~50%; refinery products ~35% Russia export: high quality diesel to EU, lower quality products to CIS

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Actual quality vs. legislation Issues

Refiners ability to produce clean fuels Export of high quality clean fuels Old car parc Poor fuel quality monitoring Adulteration of fuels

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CIS Regional Outlook up to 2015

Refinery upgrades mostly finished Newer car parc (imports & domestic production) Proper fuel quality monitoring Lead phase-out finished by 2009 (?) Further tightening of specifications Chasing European legislation Probable leapfrogging Introduction of alternative fuels
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http://www.ifqc.org

Thank You !
Manager, Refining, Eastern Europe & CIS psteiner@ifqc.org +32 2661 3080

Dr Petr Steiner

http://www.ifqcbiofuels.org

http://www.hartwrfs.com

http://www.hart-isee.org

Executive Director, IFQC, Europe & Africa sdixson@ifqc.org +32 2661 3080

Sandrine Dixson-Declve

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