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S GD v T Tha Thin Hu

Trng THPT chuyn Quc Hc


Nhm 4






Lp 10 Ha
Nin Kha: 2010 2013
Hu, 10-2010
- Nguyn Vit K Long
- Phm Th Ngc Ha
- Nguyn Th Khnh Vy
- Nguyn Vn Vit Vn
- Nguyn Th Thanh Ha
- Nguyn Th Phng Tho
- Mai Trn Phc Lc
- Nguyn nh Thin Ph
Lin kt ha hc


2 Lin kt ha hc
MC LC
I. Khi nim v lin kt ha hc ........................................................................................ 4
II. V sao cc nguyn t phi lin kt vi nhau? ................................................................. 4
III. Cc kiu lin kt chnh ............................................................................................... 4
IV. Quy tc bt t (Octet) ................................................................................................. 4
V. Electron ha tr ............................................................................................................... 5
I. Lin kt ion .................................................................................................................... 5
Hnh 4.10. S phn cc ion ....................................................................................................... 7
II. Lin kt cng ha tr ....................................................................................................... 8
III. Lin kt kim loi ........................................................................................................ 14
Hnh 4.11. Mng tinh th kim loi ........................................................................................... 14
Hnh 4.11. Kh electron trong kim loi ..................................................................................... 15
IV. Cc mi lin kt yu ................................................................................................. 15
Lai ha gia obitan 2s v obitan 2p ................................................................................. 18
Lai ha sp
3
...................................................................................................................... 19
Lai ha sp
2
...................................................................................................................... 20
Lai ha sp ........................................................................................................................ 21
.............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
........................................................................................................................................... 29
Hnh 4.6. T hp cc AO to MO ............................................................................................ 29
Bc lin kt (tnh cho lin kt 2 tm):
2

-

=
e e
BLK
lk
................................................. 29
Bc lin kt tng th nng lng lin kt tng v di lin kt gim. .......................................... 29
- Sau khi phn b e vo cc MO m vn cn cc e c thn th phn t c tnh thun t
(paramagnetic, c t tnh), ngc li tt c e u ghp i th nghch t (diamagnetic, khng c t
tnh). .................................................................................................................................... 29
Hnh 4.7. MO cc phn t ca nguyn t chu k I ...................................................................... 30
- Cc phn t hai nguyn t ca nhng nguyn t chu k II:C 2 trng hp: .................... 30
Hnh 4.8. Mc nng lng cc MO phn t 2 nguyn t chu k II .............................................. 31
Hnh 4.9. MO mt s hp cht khc ......................................................................................... 36


Li ni u


3 Lin kt ha hc


Nhm 4 lp 10 Ha trng THPT chuyn Quc Hc, vi ti tiu lun ca mnh l
Lin Kt Ha Hc, chng ti hy vng c th chuyn ti nhng ni dung c bn
v ph hp vi kin thc ph thng nng cao v cc mu cht, trng tm c bn ca
ni dung ny. Xin c chia tiu lun ny lm 2 phn: L thuyt v bi tp
Phn l thuyt bng nhng kin thc ca mnh cng vi vic tham kho mt s ti
liu, chng ti mun truyn ti phn ni dung ca Lin Kt Ha Hc mt cch ngn
gn, y v d hiu. Nhng phn kin thc trong tiu lun cng c gii hn trong
chng trnh chuyn lp 10.
Phn bi tp L nhng bi, nhng bi tp m mi thnh vin trong nhm thu thp
v ng gp, i cng bi l bi gii. Nhng bi tp ny, theo chng ti nhn xt l
khng phi d, nhng cng khng qu kh nu tm hiu l thuyt k cng.
Nhm chng ti rt hn hnh nhn c s gp ca thy c v bn c b sung
nhng im khuyt hay sa cha nhng nhm ln v sai st. Xin cm n qu thy c
v cc bn dnh thi gian theo di tiu lun ny.

Nhm 4 lp 10 Ha, THPT chuyn Quc Hc
Nin kha 2010 2013

4 Lin kt ha hc
A. Khi qut v lin kt ha hc
I. Khi nim v lin kt ha hc
Lin kt ha hc l s kt hp gia cc nguyn t to thnh phn t hoc tinh
th bn hn
II. V sao cc nguyn t phi lin kt vi nhau?
- i vi cc nguyn t kh him, do cc phn lp bo ha nn cu hnh
electron vng bn. Do cc nguyn t c th tn ti c lp tng nguyn
t ring bit
- i vi cc nguyn t khc kh him, do cc phn lp cha bo ha nn cu
hnh electron cha bn vng, do cc nguyn t khng th tn ti c lp
tng nguyn t ring bit m phi lun lin kt vi nhau to thnh nhng
phn t hoc tinh th bn hn
III. Cc kiu lin kt chnh
C 2 kiu lin kt chnh:
- Hoc c s chuyn e t nguyn t ny sang nguyn t khc, lc lin kt
c hnh thnh l lin kt ion
- Hoc c s gp chung e, lc lin kt c hnh thnh l lin kt cng ha tr
IV. Quy tc bt t (Octet)
Chng ta u bit iu kin thng, cc
nguyn t kh tr (hay kh qu) nh Xe, Ar, Ne,...
u rt bn v mt ha hc Ngi ta khng nh
c rng s bn vng l do s bo ha
electron v ha tr - tc l lp ngoi cng ca
nguyn t mi nguyn t . S electron v ha tr
bo ha ny l 8
Liuyxo a ra quy tc sau y, thng c gi
l quy tc bt t hay octet:
Khi to ra thm mt phn t (c t hai nguyn t tr ln) nguyn t thu thm
Gilbert Newton Lewis
(1875-1946)

5 Lin kt ha hc
hoc mt bt hoc gp chung electron nguyn t c 8 electron v ha tr
(hay lp ngoi cng)
C mt s ngoi l i vi quy tc ny.
Sau khi lin kt ha hc hnh thnh m v ha tr ca nguyn t ch c 2e
nh Li
+
, Be
2+

Cng c trng hp khi lin kt ha hc c hnh thnh, v ha tr ca
cc nguyn t ch c s electron khc 8e v khc 2e. Thc t quy tc ny ch p
dng ch yu cho nguyn t chu k II
By gi ta xt cc trng hp hnh thnh lin kt ha hc, p dng c quy
tc bt t.
V. Electron ha tr
Electron ha tr hay electron ngoi cng l nhng electron cc orbital ngoi
cng v c th tham gia vo cc lin kt ca nguyn t. Electron ha tr cc
nguyn t nhm chnh nm lp ngoi cng, trong nguyn t nhm ph (kim loi
chuyn tip) electron ha tr c ti lp ngoi cng v lp d k cn.
Cc electron ha tr c th hay khng tham gia vo lin kt ca nguyn t, ph
thuc vo trng thi ha hc ca nguyn t, khi tham gia chng c gi l
electron lin kt. V d, clo trong HCl c 1 electron ha tr tham gia lin kt,
nhng HClO
4
c 7 electron lin kt.

B. Cc dng lin kt ha hc ch yu
I. Lin kt ion

1. Ion, s to thnh ion
Ion: l nhm nguyn t hoc nguyn t mang in tch
V d: NH
4
+
, SO
3
2-
, Na
+
, Cl
-
,...
C th phn loi ion da vo in tch (ion dng v ion m hay cation v
anion) hoc da vo s nguyn t c trong ion (ion n nguyn t v ion a phn
t)

6 Lin kt ha hc
Ion dng:
V d: Nguyn t Na c cu hnh e 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
, c nhiu hn nguyn t Ne
(1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
) mt electron, v vy n d dng nhng 1 e lp ngoi cng. Khi
nguyn t Na nhng mt electron, v nguyn t ch cn 10 electron trong khi
s proton trong ht nhn vn l 11, nh vy l d ra 1 in tch dng v nguyn
t Na khng cn trung ha v in na m bin thnh mt ht mang in, l
ion dng (Na
+
)
S tng qut: M M
n+
+ ne
Gi tn: ion + tn kim loi tng ng.
Ion m
V d: nguyn t clo c 17e v 17p (1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
), t hn nguyn t kh him
gn n nht l agon 1 electron (Ar: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
), do n d dng nhn thm
1 e cho 8 electron ngoi cng ng vi cu hnh ns
2
np
6
. Khi nhn thm e, s e
v tng ln 18 trong khi s p trong nhn vn l 17. Nh vy l d ra 1 in tch
m. Nguyn t clo khng cn trung ha v in na m bin thnh mt ht
mang in m, l ion m clorua (Cl
-
)
S tng qut: X + me X
m-

Gi tn: ion + gc axit tng ng
2. S to thnh lin kt ion
c 8e lp v ha tr, nguyn t kim loi mt s e ha tr vn c tr
thnh cation, nguyn t phi kim thu hay nhn thm e tr thnh anion.
Khi hai ion tch in tri du ht nhau (bng lc ht tnh in) to ra hp cht
lin lt ion.
V d: xt s to thnh lin kt trong NaCl khi t Na trong Cl
2

- S to thnh ion:
Na Na
+
+ 1e
Cl + 1e Cl
-

- Lc ny gia Na
+
v Cl
-
c lc ht to thnh lien kt ion NaCl (ng vi
NaCl)
Na
+
+ Cl
-
NaCl (NaCl)
Lc ht Lin kt ion

7 Lin kt ha hc
- S Li-ut (Lewis)
Na + Cl [Na]
+
[ Cl ]
-
Na Cl

- PTPU: 2Na + Cl
2
2NaCl
- Ta c kt lun:
Electron chuyn t nguyn t kim loi sang nguyn t phi kim to thnh cc
ion tch in tri du, cc ion ny ht nhau to thnh hp cht ion
nh ngha: Lin kt ion l lin kt ha hc c hnh thnh nh lc ht tnh
in gia cc ion tri du
Lc hiu m in X 1,7
3. S phn cc ion:
nh ngha: S phn cc ion l s chuyn dch m my e ngoi cng so vi
ht nhn ca mt ion di tc dng ca in trng ca ion khc.

Hnh 4.10. S phn cc ion
Do s phn cc ion ny m cc m my ca cation v anion khng hon ton
tch ri nhau m che ph nhau mt phn Khng c lin kt ion 100%.
Trong lin kt ion c mt phn lin kt cng ha tr.

4. Cc yu t nh hng n s to thnh lin kt ion
C 3 yu t:
- Nng lng ion ha
- i lc electron
- Nng lng ca mng li tinh th
a) Nng lng ion ha
Nguyn t c nng lng ion ha cng nh cng d tch electron v tr
thnh ion dng (cation)
V d: Nng lng ion ha th nht ca nguyn t Na, Li, Be ln lt l
496 kJ/mol, 500 kJ/mol, 900 kJ/mol. Theo th nguyn t Na d bin
thnh ion dng hn nguyn t Li v nguyn t Li d bin thnh ion dng
hon nguyn t Be
b) i lc electron
- Trong qu trnh cho nhn electron gia cc nguyn t cn c s ta
nhit. Nng lng ta ra gi l i lc electron.


+ -



8 Lin kt ha hc
- nh ngha: i lc electron l nng lng ta ra khi mt nguyn t
kt hp vi electron tr thanh ion m.
- Ai lc electron ca mt nguyn t cng ln th nguyn t cng d
nhn electron tr thnh on m.
- V d: i lc electron ca cc nguyn t Cl, Br, I ln lt l 389
kJ/mol, 342 kJ/mol, 295 kJ/mol. Theo cc s liu trn th clo d bin
thnh ion m hn brom v brom d bin thnh ion m hn iot
c) Nng lng mng li
- Khi cc ion c to thnh, chng ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in
to thnh hp cht. Qu trnh ny ta ra mt lng nhit ln.
- Nng lng ta ra khi cc io kt hp vi nhau to thnh mng
li tinh th c gi l nng lng mng li.
- Nng lng mng li cng ln th tinh th to thnh cng bn.
5. bn ca hp cht ion
- Mun xt xem cc ion ngc du ht nhau mnh yu ti mc no,
ngi ta a ra mt i lng gi l nng lng phn li (k hiu l E
pl
)
ca mt cp ion
- nh ngha: nng lng phn li l nng lng cn thit ph hy tinh
th ion to thnh cc ion t do
|E
mng li
|=|E
phn li
|
- Nng lng phn li t l thun vi in tch ca cc ion: in tch ca
cc ion cng ln, chng ht nhau cng mng nn nng lng cn thit
ph hy tinh th ion cng ln. Do nng lng phn li cng ln.
- Nng lng phn li t l nghch vi kch thc ion: Kch thc ion cng
ln th chng ht nhau cng yu.
6. Ha tr ca cc nguyn t
Ha tr ca mt nguyn t trong hp cht ion (gi tt l in ha tr) bng
in tch ca ion
V d 1: NaCl
in ha tr ca Na l 1+, ca Cl l 1-
V d 2: BaO
in ha tr ca Ba l 2+, ca O l 2-
II. Lin kt cng ha tr

I. S to thnh lin kt cng ha tr bng cp electron chung

1. i vi cc n cht

9 Lin kt ha hc
V d 1: H
2

H + H H H H H

Gp chung e 1 cp e chung
Nh s gp chung 1 electron nn trong phn t H
2
, mi nguyn t H tr
nn c 2 electron, t cu hnh electron ca He
V d 2: Cl
2

Cl + Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl

Gp chung e 1 cp e chung
V d 3: N
2

N N N N N N +

C 3 cp e chung
2. i vi hp cht
V d 1: HCl
H
+
Cl H Cl H Cl

Mi nguyn t hidro v mi nguyn t clo gp 1e to thnh mt cp
electron chung. Trong phn t HCl, mi nguyn t u c cu hnh
electron ca kh him
V d 2: CH
4

+
H
H
H
H
C
+
+
+
C
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
H

nh ngha: Lin kt cng ha tr l lin kt gia hai nguyn t bng
mt hoc nhiu electron chung m cp electron chung ny l do s gp
chung ca hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt.

II. Tnh cht ca lin kt cng ha tr
1. Bc ca lin kt
nh ngha: Bc ca lin kt l s cp e gp chung bi hai nguyn t
trong mt phn t
a. Bc mt (cn gi l lin kt n)
Lin kt c bc mt khi ch c mt lin kt gia hai nguyn t
V d: HH, HCl,

10 Lin kt ha hc

C
H
H
H
H

b. Bc hai
Lin kt c bc hai khi c hai cp electron chung gia hai nguyn t
V d:
C O
(CO
2
)
C C
(C
2
H
4
)
c. Bc ba (cn gi l lin kt ba)
Lin kt c bc ba khi c 3 cp electron chung gia hai nguyn t
V d:
N N
(N
2
)
C C
(C
2
H
2
)
2. di lin kt
- di lin kt l khong cch gia cc ht nhn ca hai nguyn
t lin kt vi nhau
- Cc yu t nh hng n di lin kt
- Kch thc nguyn t: Kch thc nguyn t cng ln, di
lin kt cng ln
- Bc ca lin kt: Bc ca lin kt cng thp, di lin kt cng
ln
3. Gc lin kt
L gc to bi hai na ng thng xut pht t ht nhn ca mt
nguyn t v i qua ht nhn ca hai nguyn t khc lin kt trc tip
vi hai nguyn t trn.
V d: Trong phn t nc, gc lin kt HOH=104
o
28
4. Nng lng lin kt (K hiu: E
lk
)
nh ngha: Nng lng lin kt l l nng lng ta ra khi to thnh
mt lin kt ha hc t nhng nguyn t c lp, thng c tnh bng
kJ/mol lin kt
V d: i vi qu trnh to thnh HCl t H
2
v Cl
2
, nng lng ta ra l
431 kJ/mol. l nng lng lin kt HCl
Nng lng phn li, k hiu l D, l nng lng cn thit ph v
mt lin kt ha hc, tch phn t thnh cc nguyn t.
V d: i vi qu trnh

11 Lin kt ha hc
HCl H + Cl
Nng lng cn cung cp l 431 kJ/mol. l nng lng phn li lin
kt HCl
Nh vy nng lng lin kt bng nng lng phn li nhng tri du
III. Lin kt cng ha tr phn cc v khng phn cc
1. Lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc
Lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc l lin kt cng ha tr m cp e
chung phn b ng u gia hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt
Lc hiu m in 0 X 0,4
V d: H
2
, Cl
2
, O
2
, N
2

2. Lin kt cng ha tr phn cc
Lin kt cng ha tr phn cc l lin kt cng ha tr m cp e chung
b lch v pha nguyn t c m in ln hn
Lc hiu m in: 0,4 X 1,7
V d: Trong phn t HCl c X=0,96, v clo c m in ln hn ca
hidro nn cp electron chung s b lch v pha clo
Lin kt trong clo l lin kt c cc, mt u l cc m, mt u l
cc dng.
Ngi ta k hiu: (c l en ta)
+ ch mt phn in tch dng; - ch mt phn in tch m
3. Lin kt cho nhn

V d 1: O
3

O
O O
(1)
(3) (2)
O
O O

Gia (1) v (2) gp chung e hnh thnh cp e chung, ng vi 2 lin
kt cng ha tr. Mt trong hai nguyen t oxi ny (1 hoc 2) a mt
cp e cho (3) dng chung, ng vi s hnh thnh lin kt cho nhn (hay
lin kt phi t), biu din bng mt mi tn.
nh ngha: Lin kt cho nhn l lin kt gia hai nguyn t bng mt
hoc nhiu cp e chung ny l do mt nguyn t ng gp.
Vi d 2: SO
2

Hng 1: S trng thi c bn 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
3d
0

S
O O
S
O O

Hng 2: S trng thi kch thch (S*: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
3d
1
)
S
O O
S
O O


12 Lin kt ha hc
Gia S v O hnh thnh 2 cp e chung
IV. Lin kt cng ha tr v s xen ph obitan
V d 1: H
2


Hai nguyn t hidro tham gia lin kt: Gia hai hidro xut hin lc y
gia hai ht nhn vi nhau v gia hai e vi nhau, ng thi cn c lc ht
gia ht nhn vi electron.
Khi lc y v lc ht cn bng, lin kt c hnh thnh, cp e chung
tp trung hai vng xen ph v ti electron chu lc ht mnh nht ca
c hai ht nhn

Hai electron tham gia gp chung hnh thnh lin kt phi c spin i
song
V d 2: Cl
2


V. Momen lng cc
1. Khng c ranh gii r rng gia lin kt cng ha tr v lin kt ion
Cl
2
HCl LiCl
Cl Cl

H Cl

LiCl
Lin kt cng ha tr
khng phn cc (in
cc m v dng
trng nhau)
Lin kt cng ha tr
phn cc (lng cc)
Lin kt ion
Suy ra lin kt cng ha tr phn cc l s chuyn tip gia lin kt cng
ha tr khng phn cc v lin kt ion
Tuy nhin
- Lin kt cng ha tr thun ty xut hin phn t n cht
- Lin kt ion thun ty xut hin mt s tinh th ion
Cn thng thng trong lin kt cng ha tr s c mt phn tnh cht
ca lin kt ion v ngc li

13 Lin kt ha hc
2. Momem lng cc (k hiu: , n v: D (c l bai/de-bye)
- biu th cho s phn cc ca lin kt v ca phn t
- Gi tr momem cng ln, phn t cng phn cc (=0, phn t
khng phn cc)

phn t
bng tng hnh hc cc ca cc lin kt trong phn t
V d 1: CO
2

1
=
2
(nhng ngc hng)
phn t CO
2
=0
Vy phn t CO
2
khng phn cc
V d 2: H
2
O
Gc lin kt HOH=104,5
o
, di lin kt gia
O v H l d
OH
=d
Xc nh khong cch gia hai nguyn t H
theo d v
H2O
theo
1
v
2

Gii:
Khong cch gia hai nguyn t:
104, 5 / 2 104, 5
sin 2 sin
2 2
o o
a
a d
d
= =

Xc nh
H2O
2 2
H2O 1 2 1 2
2 os104, 5
o
c u u u u = +

T suy ra tnh cht ion hay cng ha tr ca lin kt
'
4, 8
thucnghiem
n
d
u
=

Trong d l di lin kt, n l in tch hiu dng, n<1 v n cho
bit % tnh cht ion ca lin kt
V d 3: n=0,3=30%, vy lin kt c 30% tnh cht ion v 70% tnh cht
cng ha tr
Kt lun: Lin kt tri tnh cng ha tr hn



14 Lin kt ha hc
VI. Ha tr ca cc nguyn t
Ha tr ca mt nguyn t trong phn t cng ha tr bng s lin kt m
nguyn t c th to thnh vi cc nguyn t khc
V d: HNO
3

H O N
O
O
Cng ha tr ca O l 1 v 2, N l 4
III. Lin kt kim loi
1. Cc tnh cht ca kim loi:
- Khng trong sut
- C nh kim
- Dn nhit, dn in tt
- Do
2. Cu to kim loi v lin kt kim loi

Hnh 4.11. Mng tinh th kim loi
- Mng tinh th kim loi c to thnh t:
o Nhng ion dng nt mng tinh th
o Cc e ha tr t do chuyn ng hn lon trong ton b tinh th kim loi
kh e Lin kt c tnh khng nh ch rt cao (lin kt rt nhiu tm):

15 Lin kt ha hc

Hnh 4.11. Kh electron trong kim loi

IV. Cc mi lin kt yu
I. Tng tc yu Vanderwaals (Van ec van)
nh ngha: tng tc yu van der waals l lc ht tnh in gia cc
phn t do s phn cc tam thi trong phn t
Phn loi
- Lc nh hng: xut hin trong cc phn t c cc nh dn
xut halogen
- Lc khuch tn: cc phn t khng cc
Lc ht van der waals cng thuc loi lc tng tc yu, nh hng dn
nhit si tng t nh lc H c lin kt van der waals th nhit si
cao hn.
II. Lin kt Hidro
V d: H
2
O c CTCT

Lin kt OH phn cc, phn t H
2
O l phn t phn cc
Gia cc phn t H
2
O xut hin tng tc tnh in
O H
H
H O
H

Vy lin kt hidro c hnh thnh bng lc ht tnh in gia H (mang
mt phn +) ca phn t ny vi X (mang mt phn -) ca phn t kia,
vi X c m in cao nh F, O, Cl, N, ...)
- iu kin xut hin lin kt hidro gia cc phn t
- Phi c H lin kt vi nguyn t X (O, F, Cl, N)
- X phi cn cp e khng lin kt
V d: Biu din lin kt hidro trong ancol etylic

16 Lin kt ha hc
O
C
2
H
5
H O H
C
2
H
5

- nh hng ca lin kt hidro:
- Lm nhit si, nhit nng chy tng cao
- Cht c th hnh thnh lin kt hidro vi nc th tan d trong nc

C. Cc l thuyt v lin kt
I. Thuyt VB (Thuyt lin kt ha tr)
phn trn ta xt lin kt cng ha tr theo quan nim ca thuyt lin
kt ha tr (thng gi tt l thuyt VB). Mt trong nhng lun im c bn
ca thuyt VB l: Mi lin kt ha hc gia hai nguyn t c m bo
bi mt i e c spin i song do hai nguyn t gp chung. Da vo
quan nim ny, Heiler- London gii thch c mt cch nh lng lin
kt ha hc trong phn t hidro. S thnh cng cng l mt thnh tu
ln ca ha hc vo nhng nm 20 ca th k ny
Tuy nhin khi m rng vic p dng kt qu gii thch lin kt ha
hc trong cc h khc th kt qu khng ph hp. Chng hn phn t H
2
O,
thc nghim o c gc lin kt HOH bng 104,5
o
. Nu gi thit rng
trong H
2
O, nguyn t oxi a ra hai obitan p xen ph vi hai obitan 1s ca
hai nguyn t hidro th gc lin kt phi l 90
o
. R rng s gii thch
khng ph hp vi thc nghim. Nguyn nhn c th l ch: Kt qu thu
c vi H
2
l kt qu ca mt trng hp n gin nht, v H c cu hnh
e l 1s
1
, trong H
2
c s xen ph 2AO 1s to lin kt. Trng hp H
2
O th
O c 2AO 2p khc xa v nhiu mt vi AO 1s.
p dng c thuyt VB cho cc h khc H
2
, c cc lun im hay
thuyt c b sung vo thuyt VB. Thuyt lai ha l mt trong s cc
thuyt b sung
Lin kt sigma () v lin kt pi ()
Lin kt sigma l lin kt ha hc c
hnh thnh do s xen ph trc, do hai
nguyn t hai u lin kt c th quay

17 Lin kt ha hc
quanh trc mt cch t do.
Lin kt ny rt bn nn rt kh xy ra cc phn ng phn ct lin kt sigma
(tr trng hp nhit rt cao).
Gia hai nguyn t ch c ti a mt lin kt sigma. Nu xut hin thm mt
lin kt th l lin kt pi (hay lin kt bi).
- S phn cc ca lin kt sigma Khi hai nguyn t ng nht lin kt vi
nhau bng lin kt sigma th khng xy ra s phn cc. Vd: H-H;Cl-Cl.
- Tri li, khi 2 nguyn t khng ng nht vi nhau m lin kt vi nhau
bng lin kt sigma th s xy ra s phn cc v pha nguyn t ca nguyn
t no c s m in ln hn. Lm xut hin mt u mang in tch m
(sigma -), v mt u mang in tch dng( sigma +).
Trong ha hc, lin kt pi (hay lin kt ) l lin kt cng ha tr c to
nn khi hai thy ca mt electron orbital tham gia xen ph vi hai thy ca
electron orbital khc tham gia lin kt (s xen ph nh th ny c gi l
s xen ph bn ca cc orbital). Ch mt trong nhng mt phng nt ca
orbital i qua c hai ht nhn tham gia lin kt.
K t Hy Lp trong tn ca lin kt ny m ch cc orbital p, v s i
xng orbital trong cc lin kt pi cng l s i xng ca cc orbital khi xt
dc theo trc lin kt. Cc orbital p thng tham gia vo loi lin kt ny.
Tuy nhin, cc orbital d cng c th thc hin lin kt p.
Cc lin kt pi thng yu hn cc lin kt sigma do s phn b electron
(mang in m) tp trung xa ht nhn nguyn t (tch in dng), vic
ny i hi nhiu nng lng hn. T gc nhn ca c hc lng t, tnh
cht yu ca lin kt ny c th c gii thch bng s xen ph vi mt
mc t hn gia cc orbital-p bi nh hng song song ca chng.
Mc d bn thn lin kt pi yu hn mt lin kt sigma, song lin kt pi l
thnh phn cu to nn cc lin kt bi, cng vi lin kt sigma. S kt hp
gia lin kt pi v sigma mnh hn bt k bn thn mt lin kt no trong hai
lin kt y. Sc mnh c gia tng ca mt lin kt bi khi em so vi mt
lin kt n (lin kt sigma) c th c biu th bng nhiu cch, nhng r
rt nht l bi s co di ca cc lin kt.
V d: trong ha hc hu c, di ca
lin kt carbon-carbon ca ethane l 154
pm, ethylene l 133 pm v acetylene l 120
pm.
Ngoi mt lin kt sigma, mt i nguyn t lin kt qua lin kt i v lin
kt ba ln lt c mt hoc hai lin kt pi. Cc lin kt pi l kt qu ca s
xen ph cc orbital nguyn t vi hai vng xen ph. Cc lin kt pi thng

18 Lin kt ha hc
l nhng lin kt tri di trong khng gian hn cc lin kt sigma. Cc
electron trong cc lin kt pi thng c gi l cc electron pi. Cc mng
phn t lin kt bi mt lin kt pi khng th xoay quanh lin kt ca chng
m khng lm gy lin kt pi y, do vic lm ny ph hy nh hng song
song ca cc orbital p cu thnh.
II. S lai ha
S lai ha cc obitan nguyn t l s t hp mt s cc obitan trong
nguyn t c chng y obitan lai ha ging nhau nhng nh hng
khc nhau trong khng gian.
V d: Trong phn t CH
4
, khi nguyn t cacbon (C) tham gia lin kt
vi bn nguyn t H to thnh phn t CH
4
th obitan 2s trn ln vi ba
obitan 2p to thnh bn obitan mi ging ht nhau gi l bn obitan lai ha
sp
3
. Bn obitan lai ha sp
3
xen ph vi bn obitan 1s ca bn nguyn t H
to thnh bn lin kt C - H ging nhau.
Nguyn nhn ca s lai ho l cc obitan ha tr cc phn lp khc
nhau c nng lng v hnh dng khc nhau cn phi ng nht to c
lin kt bn vi cc nguyn t khc.
Lai ha gia obitan 2s v obitan 2p
Khi obitan 2s ca nguyn t cacbon t hp vi 1 hoc nhiu obitan 2p th
s xy ra ba trng hp sau:
Obitan 2s + 1 Obitan 2p 2 Obitan lai ha sp + 2 Obitan 2p cn li
Obitan 2s + 2 Qbitan 2p 3 Obitan lai ha sp
2
+ 1 Obitan 2p cn li
Obitan 2s + 3 Obitan 2p 4 Obitan lai ha sp
3

Obitan lai ha s c dng trong lin kt sigma vi nguyn t khc, cc
obitan cn li c dng cho lin kt pi. Obitan lai ha sp thng c dng
lin kt vi 2 nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t, obitan lai ha sp
2
thng
lin kt vi 3 v obitan lai ha sp
3
thng lin kt vi 4 nguyn t hoc
nhm nguyn t.

19 Lin kt ha hc
Lai ha sp
3



4 obitan lai ha sp
3

Lai ha sp
3
l s t hp 1 obitan s vi 3 obitan p ca mt nguyn t tham
gia lin kt to thnh 4 obitan lai ha sp
3
nh hng t tm n 4 nh ca
hnh t gic u, cc trc i xng ca chng to vi nhau mt gc 109.5
Lai ha sp
3
c gp cc nguyn t O, N, C trong cc phn t H
2
O,
NH
3
, CH
4
v cc ankan.
V d: phn t metan CH
4

Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t C trng thi kch thch:

Obitan 2s lai ha vi 3 obitan 2p to thnh 4 obitan lai ha sp
3


4 obitan lai ha sp
3
xen ph vi obitan 1s ca nguyn t hyro to thnh 4
lin kt sigma.
chuyn thnh
Gc lin kt trong phn t CH
4
l 10928"

20 Lin kt ha hc
Lai ha sp
2



3 obitan lai ha sp
2



M hnh phn t C
2
H
4

Lai ha sp
2
l s t hp 1 obitan s vi 2 obitan p ca mt nguyn t tham
gia lin kt to thnh 3 obitan lai ha sp
2
nm trong mt mt phng, nh
hng t tm n nh ca tam gic u. Gc lin kt l 120.
Lai ha sp
2
c gp trong cc phn t BF
3
, C
2
H
4
...
V d: phn t etilen C
2
H
4
:
Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t C trng thi kch thch:

Obitan 2s lai ha vi 2 obitan 2p to thnh 3 obitan lai ha sp
2


Ba obitan lai ha sp
2
to 1 lin kt sigma gia hai nguyn t cacbon v 2
lin kt sigma vi hai nguyn t hyro. Mi nguyn t cacbon cn 1 obitan
p khng tham gia lai ha s xen ph bn vi nhau to lin kt pi.

21 Lin kt ha hc
Lai ha sp

M hnh phn t C
2
H
2

Lai ha sp l s t hp 1 obitan s vi 1 obitan p ca mt nguyn t tham
gia lin kt to thnh 2 obitan lai ha sp nm thng hng vi nhau hng v
2 pha, i xng nhau. Gc lin kt l 180.
Lai ha sp c gp trong cc phn t BeH
2
, C
2
H
2
, BeCl
2
...
V d: phn t C
2
H
2

Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t C trng thi kch thch:

Obitan 2s lai ha vi 1 obitan 2p to thnh 2 obitan lai ha sp

Hai obitan lai ha sp to 1 lin kt sigma gia hai nguyn t cacbon v 1
lin kt sigma vi 2 nguyn t hyro. Hai obitan p cn li xen ph bn vi
nhau tng i mt to ra 2 lin kt pi.
Ngoi 3 kiu lai ha thng gp trn, cn c mt s dng lai ha thng
gp nh sp
3
d, sp
3
d
2

Lai ha sp
3
d (lai ha lng thp tam gic)
1 obtian s + 3 obitan p + 1 obitan d 5 obitan lai ha hng v 5 nh
ca mt t din u, gc lai ha: 120
o
(to bi trc ca cc obitan lai ha
nm ngang), 90
o
(to bi obitan lai ha trc)
V d: PCl
5
: P: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
3d
0
C*: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
3p
3
3d
1


22 Lin kt ha hc

Lai ha sp
3
d
2

1 obitan s + 3 obitan p + 2 obitan d 6 obitan lai ha hng v 6 nh
ca hnh bt din u, gc lai ha: 90
o

V d: SF
6

S: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
S*: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
3p
3
3d
2



23 Lin kt ha hc

Cc kiu lai ha v cu hnh khng gian phn t cng gc lin kt
Xen ph trc, xen ph bn
- Xen ph trc xy ra gia hai obitan c trc trng nhau to thnh lin kt bn
(lien kt sigma)
- Xen ph bn xy ra gia hai obitan c trc song song vi nau to thnh lin
kt pi km bn hn (d b ph v trong cc phn ng ha hc)



24 Lin kt ha hc


a), b) Xen ph trc

c) Xen ph bn

III. M Hnh s y gia cc i electron v ha tr hay m hnh VSEPR
- Cng thc phn t ca mt cht ch cho ta bit s nguyn t trong phn t
m khng cho bit c hnh dng ho hc ca phn t, ngha l cha bit
c mt s tnh cht suy ra trc tip t cc c trng hnh hc ca phn t.
V d cc phn t H
2
0 v H
2
S c dng gc nn trng thi lng, chng l
nhng dung mi tuyt vi i vi cc cht ion trong khi cc
cht tng t chng nh C0
2
hay CS
2
c dng thng v ch dng lm dung
mi cho cc phn t cng ho tr. Trong thc t bit s m nguyn t X kt
hp vi nguyn t trung tm A cha xc nh cu trc phn t AX
m

v chnh s electron ho tr tng cng N.e mi ng vai tr quyt nh.
- Xut pht t tng cc cp electron ho tr ca mt nguyn t lun y
ln nhau, R.J.Gillespie a ra quy tc tin on s nh hng cc lin
kt xung quanh mt nguyn t trung tm ca phn t hoc ion gi l
"thuyt s y cc cp electron ca nhng lp ho tr", vit tt l VSEPR
(t Ting Anh: Valence Shell Electronic Pair Repusions).
- Ni dung: Mi cp electron lin kt v khng lin k t (cp electron t do)
ca lp ngoi u c tr thng k cng mt khong cch n ht nhn,
trn b mt qu cu m ht nhn nm tm. Cc electron tng ng s v
tr xa nhau nht lc y ca chng gim n cc tiu.
- M hnh VSEPR: Xt phn t AX
m
E
n
trong nguyn t X lin k t v i
nguyn t trung tm A b ng nh ng lin k t v n cp electron khng
lin kt hay cp electron t do E. Khi tng m + n xc nh dng hnh hc

25 Lin kt ha hc
ca phn t :
m + n = 2 phn t thng
m + n = 3 phn t phng tam gic
m + n = 4 phn t t din
m + n = 5 phn t thp i y tam gic (lng thp tam gic)
m + n = 6 phn t thp i y vung (bt din)
m + n = 7 phn t thp i y ng gic



26 Lin kt ha hc


IV. M hnh lin kt b un cong
C s xy dng m hnh ny l cng nhn C c ha tr 4; s nh hng
cc ha tr ny to ra t din u m tm l nguyn t C c xt; (tc C
c lai ha sp
3
)
p dng c s ny i vi cc lin kt trong cc phn t ankan thu c kt
qu hin nhin ph hp thc nghim.
i vi cc phn t c lin kt bi (kp), cn a vo khi nim lin kt b
un cong. Cn lu l mi ha tr nh hng ni trn ca C tng ng
nh mt AO.
to ra lin kt gia hai nguyn t C trong C
2
H
4
, mi nguyn t C dng 2
trong 4 ha tr nh hng t din to 2 lin kt vi 2H. Mi C cn li 2 ha
tr (tc 2AO); cc AO ny b bin i to ra 2 lin kt b un cong gia 2
nguyn t C (xem hnh A di y).

27 Lin kt ha hc

A B
M hnh lin kt b un cong
A Trong phn t C
2
H
4

B Trong phn t C
2
H
2

C s tng ng gia cc m hnh cp trn.
Hnh sau y minh ha kt lun .

A B
Minh ha s tng ng gia hai m hnh
a) M hnh lai ha m t lin kt trong C
2
H
4

b) M hnh lin kt b un cong cng xt vi C
2
H
4
V. Thuyt Obitan phn t (Thuyt MO)
a. Ni dung c bn ca phng php MO:
- Theo thuyt MO th phn t phi c xem l mt ht thng nht bao gm cc
ht nhn v cc e ca cc nguyn t tng tc. Trong mi electron s
chuyn ng trong in trng do cc ht nhn v cc electron cn li gy ra.
- Tng t nh trong nguyn t, trng thi ca electron trong phn t c xc
nh bng cc MO. Mi mt MO cng c xc nh bng t hp cc s lng
t c trng cho nng lng, hnh dngca orbital.




28 Lin kt ha hc
l 0 1 2 3
AO trong nguyn t s p d f
MO trong phn t o t o m
- Cc MO khc nhau bi s phn b mt electron tng i so vi trc lin
nhn:
o o - dc theo trc lin nhn
o t - nm hai bn trc lin nhn
- Cc MO c hnh thnh do s t hp tuyn tnh (cng hay tr) cc AO (tc
l s xen ph)
o S t hp cng cc AO s to thnh cc MO lin kt (o, t) c nng
lng nh hn nng lng ca cc AO tham gia t hp ban u.
o S t hp tr cc AO s to thnh cc MO phn lin kt (o* ,t* ) c
nng lng ln hn nng lng ca cc AO tham gia t hp ban u.
o MO khng lin kt (o
0
, t
0
) do cc AO chuyn nguyn vn m thnh.
Cc MO ny khng nh hng ti lin kt. Nng lng ca cc MO khng
lin kt bng nng lng ca cc AO to thnh n.



29 Lin kt ha hc

Hnh 4.6. T hp cc AO to MO
o S MO to thnh bng tng s AO tham gia t hp
- S to thnh cc MO t cc AO c th biu din bng gin nng lng
- iu kin ca cc AO tham gia t hp c hiu qu:
o Cc AO tham gia t hp phi c mc nng lng bng hoc gn bng nhau
.
o Cc AO phi c mt electron ln.
o Cc AO phi c cng tnh i xng i vi trc ni ht nhn .
- S phn b e trn cc MO cng tng t nh trong nguyn t a e, tun theo
cc nguyn l vng bn, ngoi tr Pauli v quy tc Hund.
b. Cc c trng lin kt:
- Lin kt c quyt nh bi cc e lin kt (e nm trn cc MO lin kt) m
khng b trit tiu. C mt cp e lin kt b trit tiu bi mt cp e phn lin
kt tng ng
- Mt bc lin kt ng vi mt cp e lin kt khng b trit tiu
Bc lin kt (tnh cho lin kt 2 tm):
2

-

=
e e
BLK
lk

Bc lin kt tng th nng lng lin kt tng v di lin kt gim.
- Sau khi phn b e vo cc MO m vn cn cc e c thn th phn t c tnh
thun t (paramagnetic, c t tnh), ngc li tt c e u ghp i th nghch
t (diamagnetic, khng c t tnh).
=> Tm li, vic m t cu trc phn t gm cc bc:
o Bc 1: Xt s to thnh MO t cc AO
o Bc 2: Sp xp cc MO to thnh theo th t nng lng tng dn
o Bc 3: Xp cc e vo cc MO
o Bc 4: Xt cc c trng lin kt: bc lin kt, t tnh.

30 Lin kt ha hc
b.p dng phng php MO
- Cc phn t hai nguyn t ca nhng nguyn t chu k I


Hnh 4.7. MO cc phn t ca nguyn t chu k I
- Cc phn t hai nguyn t ca nhng nguyn t chu k II:C 2 trng
hp:
o Cc phn t ca nguyn t u chu k (t Li
2
N
2
): Do c bn knh
nguyn t ln nn c xo trn nng lng do tng tc y gia cc cp
MO: (
2s

2s
*
) <=> (
x

x
*
).

31 Lin kt ha hc


Hnh 4.8. Mc nng lng cc MO phn t 2 nguyn t chu k II



32 Lin kt ha hc


Phn t, ion Li
2
Be
2
B
2
C
2
N
2

+
2
N
Tng s e ha tr 2 4 6 8 10 11
-
X
o
- -
Z Y
t t ,

33 Lin kt ha hc



o Cc phn t ca nguyn t cui chu k (O
2
Ne
2
): Do bn knh
nguyn t nh nn khng c xo trn nng lng.
TD: *O
2
( e = 16 , khng xo trn nng lng)(chn trc x l trc lin nhn) :

1s
2

1s
*2

2s
2

2s
*2

x
2
(
y
2

z
2
)(
y
*1

z
*1
) . BLK = (10-6) = 2; c 2e c thn:
thun t.
X
o
|| |
Z Y
t t ,
| | || || || || || ||
-
S
o
|| || || || ||
S
o
|| || || || || ||
Bc lin kt 1 0 1 2 3 2,5
di lin kt () 2,67 1,59 1,24 1,10 1,12
Nng lng lk
(kJ/mol)
105 289 599 940 828
T tnh nghch t thun t nghch t nghch t thun t

34 Lin kt ha hc
*N
2
( e = 14 , xo trn nng lng)(chn trc x l trc lin nhn) :

1s
2

1s
*2

2s
2

2s
*2
(
y
2

z
2
)
x
2
. BLK = (10-4) = 3. Tt c e ghp i: nghch
t.
Phn t, ion
+
2
O
2
O

2
O
2
F

2
F
2
Ne
Tng s e 15 16 17 18 19 20
-
x
o
| ||
- -
z y
t t ,
| | | || | || || || || || ||
z y
t t ,
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
x
o
|| || || || || ||
-
s
o
|| || || || || ||
s
o
|| || || || || ||
Bc lin kt 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0
di lin kt () 1,12 1,21 1,26 1,41
Nng lng lk
(kJ/mol)
629 494 328 154
T tnh thun t thun t thun t nghch t thun t
- Cc phn t hai nguyn t khc loi ca nhng nguyn t chu k II: Cc
MO to thnh tng t trng hp phn t 2 nguyn t cng loi chu k II. Ch cn
c mt nguyn t c bn knh ln (Li N) th phn t c xo trn nng lng.
*Ch : N
2
; CO ; CN
-
; NO
+
c cng thc e phn t ging ht nhau.
Phn t, ion N
2
CO CN

NO
+

Tng s e 14 14 14 14

35 Lin kt ha hc
-
x
o

- -
z y
t t ,

x
o
|| || || ||
z y
t t ,
|| || || || || || || ||
- s
o
|| || || ||
s
o
|| || || ||
Bc lin kt 3 3 3 3
di lin kt
()
1,10 1,13 1,14 1,06
Nng lng lk
(kJ/mol)
940 1073 1004 1051
T tnh nghch t nghch t nghch t nghch t



36 Lin kt ha hc

Hnh 4.9. MO mt s hp cht khc

D. Tinh th
V mt cu to c th chia cc cht rn thnh hai nhm ln: cc cht tinh
th v cc cht v nh hnh
Hn 95% ton b cht rn u l tinh th. Thch anh trong sut v
graphit mu en, hot thch mm v kim cng siu cng, nhng ht
ng, ht mui v nhng nh thch, nham thch, kim loi v qu, ...
u l nhng tinh th
c im ni bt ca cc vt rn tinh th l cc ht (ion, nguyn t, phn
t) to nn tinh th c sp xp u n, tun hon theo mt trt t xc
nh trong khng gian gi l mng tinh th
Hn na, cc vt rn tinh th c nhit nng chy hon ton xc nh.
Cc vt rng v nh hnh ta thng gp l thy tinh, cao su, nha, ...
Trong cht v nh hnh, cc ion, nguyn t, phn t to nn cht c
sp xp mt cch hn n. Cc cht v nh hnh khng c nhit nng
chy xc nh. Khi un nng n mm ra, nho dn ri ha lng
Tht ra, khng c ranh gii r rt gia cht rn tinh th v cht rn v
nh hnh: trong nhng iu kin thch hp, mt cht c th tn ti trng
thi tinh th hay trng thi v nh hnh.
C th quy cc tinh th thnh 4 loi ty theo kiu lin kt gia cc ht
trong tinh th.

I. Tinh th nguyn t
Tinh th c to nn bi cc nguyn t nm cc nt ca mng tinh
th, lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt cng ha tr

37 Lin kt ha hc
Ta ly tinh th kim cng lm v d. Tinh th kim cng to nn t cc
nguyn t cacbon.
Nguyn t cacbon c 4 electron ngoi cng.Trong tinh th kim cng,
mi nguyn t cacbon lin kt vi bn nguyn t cacbon ln cn gn nht
bng bn cp electron chung. Cc nguyn t cacbon ny nm trn bn nh
ca mt t din u (lai ha sp
3
). Mi nguyn t cacbon nh li lien kt
vi 4 nguyn t cacbon khc,...
Lc lin kt cng ha tr rt ln, v vy cc tinh th nguyn t u bn
vng, kh cng, kh nng chy, kh bay hi.
Kim cng, silic, gemani, silic cacbua (SiC),... l nhng tinh th nguyn
t, kim cng c cng ln nht so vi cc cht khc.
Than ch (graphit)
Kim cng v than ch u c cu to nn t nhng nguyn t
cacbon. Tinh th kim cng c cu trc nh xt trn, tinh th than ch
c cu trc lp.

Cu trc tinh th than ch
Trong mi lp, cc nguyn t cacbon lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt
cng ha tr theo kiu sp
2
(gc lin kt CCC bng 120
o
).
Lin kt trong mi lp rt bn vng. Tuy nhin lin kt gia cc lp li
rt yu lm cho cc lp c th trt ln nhau, do m than ch mm v d
tch ra thnh vy nh.
Tuy cng c to nn t nhng nguyn t cacbon nhng do cch sp
xp khc nhau trong mng li tinh th m kim cng v than ch c tnh
cht khc hn nhau: kim cng th trong sut, than ch th en; kim cng
th cng, than ch th mm
II. Tinh th phn t
Tinh th phn t c to nn t cc phn t, lin kt vi nhau bng
tng tc van ec van.
Ta ly tinh th nc lm v d.
Trong tinh th nc , mi phn t nc lin kt vi bn phn t nc
ln cn nm trn bn nh ca mt t din u. Mi phn t nc nh li

38 Lin kt ha hc
lin kt vi bn phn t ln cn nm bn nh ca mt t din u khc
v c tip tc nh vy.
V lc ht gia cc phn t yu hn nhiu so vi lien kt cng ha tr v
lc ht tnh in gia cc ion (yu hn hng chc ln) cho nn nc d
nng chy, d bay hi. 0
o
C, nc b phn hy mt phn. Cc phn
t nc dch chuyn li gn nhau lm cho t khi ca nc (lng) ln hn t
khi ca nc , v vy nc ni ln mt nc lng.
Do lin kt hidro nn tinh th nc c cu trc t din, m cu trc t
din l cu trc rng: l c im ca nc (thng thng khi cc
cht ng c, cht trng thi rn c t khi ln hn cht trng thi
lng).
Cc tinh th naphtalen (bng phin), iot, tuyt cacbonic (CO
2
),... l
nhng tinh th phn t, chng cng d b nng chy, bay hi. Ngay nhit
thng, mt phn tinh th naphtalen v iot b ph hy. Cc phn t
tch ri ra khi tinh th khuch tn vo khng kh lm cho ta d nhn ra
mi ca chng.
Cn lu rng, trong tinh th phn t, cc phn t vn tn ti nh nhng
n v c lp (mi phn t vn chim mt nt ca mng tinh th)

III. Tinh th ion
Tinh th ion c to nn bi cc ion, lin kt vi nhau bng lc ht tnh
in.
Ta ly tinh th NaCl lm v d.
Trong tinh th NaCl, cc ion Na
+
v Cl
-
c phn b lun phien u
n trn cc nh ca mt hnh lp phng. Xung quanh mi ion u c 6
ion ngc du gn nht
V lc ht tnh in gia cc ion ngc du ln nn tinh th ion rt bn
vng. Cc hp cht ion u kh rn, kh bay hi, kh nng chy, v d
nhit nng chy ca NaCl l 800
o
C

39 Lin kt ha hc
Dung dch ca cc hp cht ion ha tan trong nc v cc hp cht ion
nng chy u dn in v ion l nhng phn t mang in, khi c th
chuyn ng t do

IV. Tinh th kim loi
Trong s 109 nguyn t bit th c hn 80 nguyn t l kim loi.
Tr thy ngn, tt c cc kim loi u l cht rn nhit thng v
u c cu to tinh th.
Trong tinh th kim loi, cc ion dng chim nhng nt ca mng tinh
th. V cc nguyn t kim loi c nng lng ion ha thp, cc electron
ngoi cng lin kt yu vi ht nhn nn d tch ra khi nguyn t v
chuyn ng tng i t do trong ton mng li tinh th to thnh mt
bin electron. Cc electron mang in th m ht tt c cc ion mang in
th dng v lin kt ht nhn vi nhau, l lin kt kim loi.
Tt c cc tnh cht c trng ca kim loi nh dn in, dn nhit, d
dt mng, d ko di,... l do lin kt kim loi quyt nh.
Lin kt kim loi kh vng chc nn cc kim loi u kh nng chy,
kh bay hi.
trn, ta nu bn kiu mng tinh th in hnh: mng tinh th
nguyn t, phn t, ion, kim loi
Trn thc t, c nhiu cht c mng tinh th hn tp, chng hn nhiu
mui silicat va c mng tinh th ion va c mng tinh th cng ha tr...



Tinh th kim loi




40 Lin kt ha hc

E. Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1:
1. C 5 l cha ring l tng dung dch ca cc cht H
2
SO
4
, HCl, NaCl, NaBr,
NaClO. Nu phng php hoa hc phn bit cc dung dch ni trn.
2. Hy sp xp (c gii thch) cc axit ca clo theo th t:
a) Tnh axit gim dn
b) Tnh oxy ha tng dn
c) bn gim dn
3. Nu cu trc hnh hc ca cc gc axit ng vi cc axit ni trn
(Trng THPT chuyn Lm ng-Olympic 30-4 ln th VI)
Gii:
1. Thc hin trn tng lng nh mu cht dng lm mu th
- u tin dng BaCO3 nhn ra hai axit:
BaCO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2
BaCO
3
+ 2HCl BaCl
2
+ H
2
O +CO
2

Cc cht cn li khng phn ng c vi mui rn.
- Dng dung dch KI nhn ra c NaClO v NaClO l mui c tnh oxy ha
mnh).
NaClO + H
2
O + 2KI I
2
+ NaCl + 2KOH
I
2
sinh ra lm xanh giy tm h tinh bt
- Sau dng dung dch AgNO
3
s phn bit c cc mui Cl
-
v Br
-
:

41 Lin kt ha hc
NaCl + AgNO
3
AgCl + NaNO
3

NaBr + AgNO
3
AgBr + NaNO
3

2. Cc axit c oxy ca clo c dng chung l HClO
n
(n: Nguyn dng 1, 2, 3, 4).
Cc axit ln lt l HClO, HClO
2
, HClO
3
, HClO
4

a) Tnh axit gim dn nh sau:
HClO
4
, HClO
3
, HClO
2
, HClO
Gii thch: Do s oxy ha ca nguyn t trung tm clo gim dn t +7 xung +1.
ng thi s nguyn t oxy lin kt gim dn lm cho lin kt HO cng t phn
cc.
b) Tnh oxy ha tng dn nh sau:
HClO
4
, HClO
3
, HClO
2
, HClO

3. Gii thch: Cng c t cng thc cng hng Tnh oxy ha tng dn.
c) bn tng dn nh sau:
HClO
4
, HClO
3
, HClO
2
, HClO
Gii thch: Do khong cch ClO tng dn.
4.
Axit HClO HClO
2
HClO
3
HClO
4

Anion ClO
-

-
2
ClO

-
3
ClO

-
4
ClO

Trng thi lai
ha
O lai ha sp
3
Cl lai ha sp
3
Cl lai ha sp
3
Cl lai ha sp
3

Cu trc
hnh hc
ng thng
Hnh gc
(gp khc)
Hnh thp tam
gic
Hnh t din

42 Lin kt ha hc

Bi 2:
a) Th no l lin kt sigma, lin kt pi theo quan im thuyt c hc lng t?
Bng hnh v, m t s xen ph gia cc obitan nguyn t hnh thnh lin
kt trong phn t: CO
2
, C
2
H
4
, N
2
, C
2
H
2
, (CN)
2
.
Bng cch dng s xp cc e vo lng t ca lp ngoi cng, hy gii
thch s to thnh phn t CO theo thuyt c hc lng t.
b) Th no l s lai ha cc obitan nguyn t? Dng thuyt obitan lai ha, hy cho
bit kiu lai ha ca cc nguyn t trung tm trong: PCl
5
, BeH
2
, SF
6
, SO
2
Cl
2
.
(Trng THPT Nguyn Th Minh Khai, tp H Ch Minh-Olympic 30-4 ln th VI)
Gii:
a) Lin kt sigma: lin kt hnh thnh do s xen ph dc theo trc ca 2
obitan, mi obitan cha 1e vi spin tri chiu.
Lin kt pi: lin kt hnh thnh do s xen ph bn ca 2 obitan p c trc
song song nhau, mi obitan cha 1e vi spin tri chiu.
S to lin kt trong phn t CO theo thuyt c hc lng t:


C O



b) S lai hoa cc obitan nguyn t: s t hp ca cc obitan ca cng 1
nguyn t to ra cc obitan nguyn t ng nht c nng lng bng
C

O


43 Lin kt ha hc
nhau. S lai ha obitan nguyn t ch xy ra khi c s tham gia to thnh
lin kt.
PCl
5
P: lai ha sp
3
d
BeH
2
Be: lai ha sp
SF
6
S: lai ha sp
3
d
2

SO
2
Cl
2
S: lai ha sp
3



Bi 3:
1. Cc lin kt no sau y c lin kt ion - cng ha tr; lin kt ion - cng ha tr
- phi tr: Fe(HCO
3
)
2
, CaOCl
2
, Mg(NO
3
)
2
, K
2
SO
4
, NaIO
4

2. a) M t s hnh thnh lin kt phn t metan. Cho bit cu trc ca nguyn
t v gc lin kt.
b) Hy gii thch l do v sao trong phn t H
2
O, NH
3
cc gc lin kt HOH
(104
o
,29) v HNH (107
o
) li nh hn gc t din.
(THPT G Vp - TP H Ch Minh Olympic 30-4 ln th VI)

Gii:
1. Lin kt ion cng ha tr: Fe(HCO
3
)
2
, CaOCl
2


O C
O
O
Fe O
C O
O H


Ca Cl
O Cl

[ Cl ]
-
Ca
2+
[ O Cl ]
-


Lin kt ion - cng ha tr - phi tr: Mg(NO
3
)
2
, K
2
SO
4
, NaIO
4

44 Lin kt ha hc

Mg
2+
2 O N O
-
O


Mg
O
O
N
N
O
O
O
O


2K
+
O O
2-
S
O O

K O
S
O K
O
O


Na O
I
O
O
O

2. a) hnh thnh 4 lin kt (CH) trc ht nguyn t C phi chuyn t
trng thi c bn 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
sang trng thi kch thch 1s
2
2s
1
2p
3



Sau 4 obitan 2s, 2p
x
, 2p
y
, 2p
z
c t hp li to ra 4 obitan lai ha sp
3
,
mi obitan c 1 e, s ph 4 obitan 1 e ny vi 4 obitan ca 1 e 1s ca
nguyn h H dn n s hnh thnh 4 lin kt (CH). Trc ca lin kt
hng tm n 4 nh t din u vi gc l 109
o
28.
b) Trong phn t H
2
O v NH
3
, nguyn t trung tm l O v N tng ng
u trng thi lai ha sp
3
.
phn t NH
3
c 3 obitan lai ha sp
3
c dng to ra 2 kin kt
(NH) tng ng cn 1 obitan lai ha c 2 e.
- phn t H
2
O c 2 obitan lai ha sp
3
c dng to ra 2 lin kt
(OH) tng ng, 2 obitan lai ha cn li u c 2e.
- Phn t NH
3
c hnh chp tam gic vi gc lin kt HNH = 107
o
. Phn t
H
2
O dng ch V c gc HOH = 104
o
29. S sai lch vi gc t din
109
o
28 c gii thch:
+ Do 2 i e khng lin kt chim vng khng gian ln s chn p 2 i
in t lin kt gn nhau nn gc lin kt cn 104
o
29.
+ NH
3
ch c 1 i in t nn s chn p t, nn gc l 107
o
25.
Hnh v:
C*

45 Lin kt ha hc


N
XX
H
H
H

O
H H
XX XX

Bi 4:
1. Cho bit s lai ha no xy ra khi hnh thnh phn t NH
3
, H
2
O. So snh
ln cc gc ha tr: HNH vi HOH
2. a) Lin kt H c hnh thnh trn c s no.
b) Trong cc cht sau, d on:
- Cht no d ha lng nht: F
2
, NH
3
, CO
2
, CH
4

- Cht no d tan trong nc nht: H
2
, CH
4
, NH
3

- Cht no c nhit si cao nht: CO
2
, SO
2
, HF
Gii thch cc trng hp trn
(THPT Hng Vng Olympic 30-4 ln th VI)

Gii:
1. H
2
O, NH
3
: sp
3
; HNH: 107,1
o
, HOH: 104,5
o

2. a) Lin kt hidro l lin kt yu hnh thnh c cc phn t ht nhau, Trong
H linh ng ca nguyn t ny lin kt vi nguyn t c m in ln
(F, O, N, Cl,...) v cn c cp e cha dng n ca phn t kia
Lin kt hidro lin phn t k hiu ...
b) Cht d ha lng l cc phn t kh d to lin kt HNH
3
d ha lng
nht
Cht d tan nht trong nc l cht ni lin kt H vi H
2
O bn cht
nhtNH
3
d tan trong nc.
Cht c nhit si cao nht: HF
Bi 5:
Trnh by s hnh thnh lin kt ha hc trong cc phn t: NO
2
, N
2
O
4
, H
2
S,
SO
3
bng thuyt lai ha obitan.
(TH chuyn Nguyn Bnh Khim, Vnh Long Olympic 30-4 ln th VI)
Bi 6:
Da vo l thuyt lai ha cc obitan, em hy gii thch s to thnh cc ion
phn t:

46 Lin kt ha hc
[Co(NH
3
)
6
]
+3
, [MnCl
4
]
2-
, [Pt(NH
3
)
2
Cl
2
].
(THPT Thoi Ngc Hu, An Giang Olympic 30-4 ln th VI)
Bi 7:
1. Vit cc cng thc cu to c th ng vi cng thc phn t C
2
H
6
O, cho bit:
+ Cht no th lng, th kh
+ Cht no c nhit si cao hn
+ Cht no d tan trong nc hn? C gii thch
2. Cho bit trng thi lai ha ca cc nguyn t trung tm trong cc phn t (v
ion) sau: NH
4
+
, CS
2
, NH
3
, BF
3
, SO
2
. Cho bit phn t no l phn t phn cc?
Khng phn cc? (THPT chuyn Lng Vn Chnh, Ph Yn Olympic 30-4
ln th VI)
Bi 8:
1. Dng thuyt obitan lai ha, hy gii thch lin kt ha hc trong O
3
, NH
4
+

2. Cho bit trng thi lai ha ca cc nguyn t trung tm trong cc phn t sau:
AsCl
5
, BeF
4
2-
, BF
4
-
, BCl
3
, PCl
3
, IF
7

Nu cu trc khng gian ca cc phn t .
3. a) Ti sao canxi ch c mt trng thi ha tr l 2, cn Fe li c nhiu trng thi
ha tr?
b) Hy so snh tnh kh ca Ca vi Fe, tnh bazo ca Fe(OH)
2
v Fe(OH)
3
. Nu
th d minh ha.
(THPT Hong L Kha, Ty Ninh Olympic 30-4 ln th VI)
Bi 9:
Nguyn t A c electron sau cht ca cu hnh biu din bng cc s lng t sau:
n=2, l=1, m
l
=+1, m
s
=+1/2
1. Vit cu hnh electron ca A, xc nh v tr ca nguyn t A trong bng h
thng tun hon.
2. Vit cng thc cu to ca cc cht AH
3
, AO
2
. Nu trng thi lai ha ca A
trong cc cht trn.
3. Vit cng thc cu to ca cc cht AH
4
NO
3
v AH
3
AlCl
3
.

Xc nh loi lin
kt trong mi phn t trn.
(THPT Chuyn L Qu n, Nng Olympic 30-4 ln th VI)
Bi 10:
a) Trong dung dch ru etylic v phetol c th tn ti nhng lin kt hiro
khc nhau gia cc phn t. Hy biu din cc lin kt hiro v cho bit dng
lin kt hiro no bn vng hn c?

47 Lin kt ha hc
b) So snh nhit si (t
o
s) ca cc cp cht sau:
1. H
2
O v HCl 3. C
2
H
5
OH v CH
3
OCH
3

2. SO
2
v O
2
4. CH
3
COOH v HCOOCH
3

c) Gii thch ti sao khi mch cacbon tng, ha tan trong nc ca
ru v ca axit gim.

Gii:
a) Cc dng lin kt horo gia cc phn t trong dung dch ru etylic v
phenol.
Ru - ru: ...H - O ... H - O ... H - O ...

C
2
H
5
C
2
H
5
C
2
H
5


Phenol - phenol: ...H - O ... H - O .. H - O ...

C
6
H
5
C
6
H
5
C
6
H
5


Ru - phenol: ...H - O ... H - O v ... H - O ... H - O

C
6
H
5
C
2
H
5
C
2
H
5
C
6
H
5


Dng: H - O ... H - O

C
2
H
5
C
6
H
5

bn vng nht v nguyn t H trong nhm (OH) ca phenol c tnh cht
axit ln hn ru C
2
H
5
OH, cn nguyn t O trong (OH) ca ru li c
tnh baz ln hn phenol.

b) 1. H
2
O v HCl c CTPT: H O v H - Cl
H
Do
o
>
Cl
lin kt - O - H b phn cc nhiu hn lin kt H - Cl,
nguyn t H ca H
2
O linh ng hn, bi vy mi lin kt hiro lin phn
t H
2
O bn cht hn H
2
O si nhit cao hn.
2. SO
2
v O
2
c CTPT: O = S O (M = 64) v O = O (M = 32)
; ;

48 Lin kt ha hc
Do MCO
2
> MO
2
lc Vanderwaals gia cc phn t SO
2
mnh hn gia
cc phn t O
2
v SO
2
c tnh phn cc hn t
o
s ca SO
2
> t
o
s ca O
2
.
3. C
2
H
5
OH v CH
3
-O-CH
3
c H trong nhm OH ca ru linh ng hn
cc nguyn t H trong CH
3
OCH C
2
H
2
OH c th to c lin kt hidro
lin phn t vi chnh n, cn CH
2
OCH th khng t
o
s (C
2
H
2
OH) > t
o
s
(CH
3
OH
3
)
4. Tng t cu 3 t
o
s (CH
3
COOH) > t
o
s (HCOOCH)
c) Khi mch cacbon tng trong ru v trong axit th tnh k nc ca gc
hirocacbon tng gim s ha tan trong nc.
Bi 11:
Vit CTCT ca cc hp cht sau: Na
2
O
2
, Pb
3
O
4
, FeCr
2
O
4
, BaO
2
, Ca(NO
3
)
2
,
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
, Na
2
SO
4
, Na
2
S
2
O
3
, NH
4
NO
3
, K
2
Cr
2
O
7
, Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.

Gii:



Bi 12:
a) Lin kt hidro l g?
b) Hp cht no sau y to ra c li kt hidro gia cc phn t. Gii thch.
C
2
H
6
, C
2
H
5
Cl, C
2
H
5
NH
2
, CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
, CH
3
COOH, CH
3
CHO

49 Lin kt ha hc
c) Da vo s to thnh lin kt hidro gia cc phn t, hy cho bit trong cc
cht sau y:
* Cht no c nhit si cao nht?
C
2
H
5
- OH, CH
3
COOH, CH
3
-CHO
* Cht no d tan trong nc nht?
(C
2
H
5
)
2
O, C
2
H
2
-OH, CH
3
CO-C
2
H
5
.
Gii:
a) Lin kt hidro l lin kt to bi lc ht tnh in gia:
- Phn dng l nguyn t H mang in dng (do H ni vi mt nguyn t c
m in ln nh Cl, N, O, F)
- Phn m l nguyn t c m in ln (cn i e t do) ca mt phn t
khc.
b) Trong cc hp cht cho, ch c C
2
H
5
-NH
2
v CH
3
-COOH to c lin
kt H gia cc phn t. Cn cc phn t C
2
H
6
, C
2
H
5
Cl, CH
3
COO-C
2
H
5
,
CH
3
CHO mc d cha cc nguyn t m in ln (Cl, O) nhng khng to
c lin kt hidro v nguyn t H khng ni trc tip vi Cl, O m lin kt vi
C:
N O H - O
C
2
H
5
- N - H N - C
2
H
5

CH
3
- C C - CH
3

H H O - H O
c) * Ch c C
2
H
5
-OH v CH
3
-COOH cha H linh ng (ni vi O) to c
lin kt hidro gia cc phn t, nhng M = 60 ca CH
3
-COOH, ln hn M =
46 ca C
2
H
5
-OH nn CH
3
-COOH c nhit si cao nht (ngoi ra lin kt H
gia cc phn t CH
3
-COOH bn hn)
* Ch c C
2
H
5
-OH tan nhiu trong nc v c th lin kt H vi nc


50 Lin kt ha hc
O - H O - H O - H O - H O - H
C
2
H
5
H C
2
H
5
H C
2
H
5

Bi 13:
Nhit si ca C
2
H
5
-Cl, C
2
H
5
-OH, CH
3
COOH v CH
3
-COOC
2
H
5
tng ng
bng: 12,5
o
C; 78,3
o
C; 118
o
C; 77,1
o
C. Hy gii thch v sao PTL ca C
2
H
5
-OH
(M=46); CH
3
COOH (M=6) nh hn ca C
2
H
5
Cl (M=64,5); CH
3
COOC
2
H
5

(M=88) nhng nhit si li cao hn v v sao nhit si ca axit axtic
CH
3
COOH cao hn ca ru tylic C
2
H
5
-OH?
Gii:
Do C
2
H
5
-OH v CH
3
COOH c th to thnh lin kt hidro gia cc phn t
cn C
2
H
5
-Cl v CH
3
-COO-C
2
H
5
(khng c H linh ng) khng to c lin
kt hidro nn CH
3
-COOH v C
2
H
5
OH c nhit si cao hn C
2
H
5
-Cl v CH
3
-
COO-C
2
H
5
. Ngoi ra s to lin kt hidro gia cc phn t CH
3
-COOH bn
hn gia cc phn t ru C
2
H
5
-OH nn nhit si ca CH
3
-COOH cao hn
ca ru C
2
H
5
-OH:
O - H O - H O - H
C
2
H
5
C
2
H
5
C
2
H
5

(Lin kt H gia cc phn t axit xem cu 12)
Bi 14:
Cho ba nguyn t X, Y, Z thuc cng mt chu k nh trong h thng tun hon
(Z
x
< Z
y
< Z
z
). S hiu nguyn t ca Y bng trung bnh cng s hiu nguyn
t ca X v Z. Electron cui cng ca nguyn t Y c gi tr cc s lng t l:
l = 1; m = 1; s = +
1
2
.
(Quy c: s lng t t nhn gi tr t -l qua 0 n +l)
1. Xc nh s hiu nguyn t v gi tn ba nguyn t trn, bit rng ch c hai
trong ba nguyn t ny c kh nng to hp cht kh vi hodro.

51 Lin kt ha hc
2. Vit cng thc phn t, cng thc Lewis, cho bit bn cht lin kt v c
im cu to (hnh hc phn t v kh nng ime ha) ca cc phn t hnh
thnh gia tng cp nguyn t Al v Cl, P v Cl. T c im cu to phn t
cho bit hai cht no c th to cp axit - baz lewis.
Gii:
* AlCl
3
: - Hp cht gia X v Z c cng thc phn t l AlCl
3

- Cng thc cu to:
- Bn cht lin kt l lin kt cng ha tr.
- c im cu to phn t: C kh nng nh hp to Al
2
Cl
6
v xung
quanh Al mi c 6e cha t c cu bn ging kh him nn 2 phn t AlCl
3
c
khuynh hng lin kt vi nhau bng 2 lin kt phi tr:

- Hp cht gia Y v X c cng thc phn t l:
* PCl
3
: - Bn cht lin kt l lin kt cng ha tr.
c im cu to phn t: C cu trc hnh thp y tam gic
vi nguyn t P trng thi lai ha sp
3
.


* PCl
5
:

52 Lin kt ha hc


Bn cht lin kt l lin kt cng ha tr.
c im cu to phn t: C cu trc hnh lng
thp y tam gic vi nguyn t P trng thi lai
ha sp
3
d.

* Cp axit - baz Lewis
- AlCl
3
l phn t cng ha tr, vi Al cn thiu 2e t c cu bn (8e) trong
khi PCl
3
cn 1 i electron cha lin kt c th cho to lin kt cho -
nhn vi AlCl
3
nn AlCl
3
l axit Lewis cn PCl
3
l baz Lewis.

Bi 15:
a) Pht biu n gin v cht thun t?
b) O
2
v NO c tnh thun t khng? Thuyt lin kt ha tr gii thch s c
mt ca tnh cht ny cc phn t trn nh th no?
2. So snh momem lng cc ca cc phn t sau: NF
3
; NH
3

Gii:

53 Lin kt ha hc
1. a) Mt cht thun t l cht m cc phn t ca n (hay cc nguyn t, ion
hp phn) c cha mt hay vo electron c thn. Cht s b ht vo trong t
trng.
b) N
2
; NO l cc cht thun t.
Theo thuyt lin kt ha tr, ni chung ngi ta dng lin kt 3 electron biu
din cc phn t c electron c thn. Lin kt 3 electron ny ch bn bng
bng 2 electron. Cu trc electron ca 2 phn t trn l:
O O ; N = O
2. Phn t NH
3
v NF
3
u c cu trc thp, nguyn t nit lai ha sp
3
v cn
mt cp electron cha lin kt.
Momem lng cc tng hp ca ba lin kt N - H nh hng cng chiu vi
momem lng cc gy ra bi cp electron cha lin kt, trong khi vi phn t
NF
3
; momem lng cc tng ca ba lin kt N - F nh hng ngc chiu, do
:
uNH
3
> uNH
3


Bi 16:
1. Hy v vect momen lng cc ca cc lin kt trong cc phn t sau:
HF, H
2
O, NH
3
, SO
2
, CH
4
, B
2

2. M t dng hnh hc, trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm trong cc
phn t v ion sau:
BeF
2
, BCl
3
, H
2
O, H
3
O
+
, NH3
+
, NO
3
-

3. Trong cc phn t sau, hy sp xp theo chiu tng dn gc lin kt.
NH
3
, CO
2
, H
2
S, H
2
O, SO
2
, SO
3
, CH
4
.

54 Lin kt ha hc
4. So snh nhit nng chy v tan trong nc ca cc cht sau. Gii
thch. KCl , KBr, KI
Gii:
1. V vect moment lng cc













55 Lin kt ha hc
2.
Cng thc Dng hnh hc Trng thi lai
ha
F Be F ng thng sp
Cl
B
Cl Cl
Tam gic phng sp
2

Gp khc (ch V) sp
3

Thp tam gic sp
3



T din u sp
3



Tam gic phng sp
2

3. Gc lin kt tng dn:
H
2
S < H
2
O < NH
3
< CH
4
< SO
2
< SO
3
< CO
2

92
o
105
o
107
o
109,28
o
119
o
120
o
180
o

4. Nhit nng chy v tan ca nc.
Ta c: E
pl
=
n
+
x n
-
d

M kch thc Cl
-
< Br
-
< I
-

Nn E
pl
KCl > E
pl
KBr > E
pl
KI


56 Lin kt ha hc
Do : KCl KBr KI
Nhit nng chy gim
tan trong nc tng.
Bi 17:
Cho bit trng thi lai ca nguyn t trung tm v cu to hnh hc ca cc phn
t v ion sau: CO, ClF
3
, I
-
3
, PF
3
Cl
2

V hnh cc dng v cho bit dng bn nht, v sao ClF
3
b bin dng, I
-
3
c b
bin dng nh vy khng?
Gii:
CO: Nguyn t C trng thi lai ha sp, O khng lai ha:

ClF
3
: Cl trng thi lai ha sp
3
d


4: TD - N 6: TD - N 1: TD - TD
2: N - N 3: TD - N
2: N - N
C cu (I) bn nht.
Do lc y ca 2 cp e t do lm bin dng: FClF < 90
o


57 Lin kt ha hc

I
-
3
: nguyn t I trung tm trng thi lai ha sp
3
d v cc dng:

I
-
3
: khng b bin dng nh ClF
3
, 3 nguyn t I thng hng.
PF
3
Cl
2
: nguyn t P trung tm trng thi lai ha sp
3
d.

Dng (III) bn nht do cc nhm th ln c khuynh hng chim v tr xch o
gc ca chng ln hn 90
o
.
Bi 18:
1. So snh v gii thch tr s khc nhau ca mi i lng di y:
Cht: Sl
2
O F
2
o
Gc lin kt: 110
o
103
o

phn cc phn t: 0,78 D 0,30 D
2. Cho bit trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm v cu to hnh hc ca
mi phn t v ion sau y: ClF
3
, BeF
5
, XeF
5
, NO
2
, NO
2
+
, NO
2
-


58 Lin kt ha hc

Gii:
1. Trong c hai phn t Cl
2
O v F
2
O nguyn t O u trng thi lai ha sp
3
vi
cu to nh sau:

Lin kt O - Cl phn cc v pha O, cn lin kt O = F th phn cc v pha F.
Do vy khong cch gia 2 cp electron lin kt trong phn t Cl
2
O nh hn, lc
y tnh in mnh hn nn gc lin kt ln hn.
Trong phn t Cl
2
P lng cc lin kt v lng cc electron t do cng chiu,
cn trong phn t F
2
O lng cc electron t do ngc chiu. Do vy trong phn
t Cl
2
O in tch m trn O nhiu hn phn t phn cc hn nn tr s lng cc
ca Cl
2
O ln hn F
2
O.
2. Trng thi lai ha v cu to hnh hc:



Cl lai ha sp
3
d Br lai ha sp
3
d
2
Cl lai ha sp
3
d
2

ClF
3
: dng ch T ClF
3
: dng thp
vung
BrF
5
: dng vung
phng



N lai ha sp
2
N lai ha sp
2
N lai ha sp
NO
2
: dng ch V NO
2
-
dng ch V NO
+
2
: dng ng
thng


59 Lin kt ha hc
Bi 19:
Vit cng thc cu to ca Cu
2
(OH)
2
CO
3
, Mg
2
C
3
, CaC
2
, Al
4
C
3
. Ti sao s thy
phn cc cacbua trn sn phm to thnh li khng ging nhau?
Gii:

Khi thy phn cc cacbua trn: Do CaCl
2
c nhm - C C- nn to C
2
H
2
.
Mg
2
C
3
c nhm - C - C C - nn to C
3
H
4
. Cn Al
4
C
3
ch to CH
4
.
Bi 20:
Clotriflorua (ClF
3
) l tc nhn flo ha rt mnh c dng tch urani ra khi
cc sn phm khc c trong thanh nhin liu ht nhn qua s dng.
a) Vit cu trc chm Lewis ca ClF
3
.
b) Da trn thuyt lin kt ha tr hy v cc dng hnh hc phn t c th c
ca ClF
3
.
c) M t r dng hnh hc phn t tn ti trong thc t ca ClF
3
, gii thch v
sao n tn ti dng ny.
d) Tnh dn in ca ClF
3
lng ch hi thp hn nc. Tnh cht ny c gii
thch l do s t ion ha ca ClF
3
to ion ClF
+
2
v Cl
-
4
. V v m t cu trc
ph hp tng ng ca hai ion ny.
Gii:
a) Cng thc Lewis ca ClF
3
:


60 Lin kt ha hc
b) Trong phn t ClF
3
, nguyn t clo trng thi lai ha sp
3
d, cc dng hnh
hc phn t c th c:

c) Dng ch T, do tng tc y gia cc i electron t do v i electron lin
kt l t nht, nn bn nht

Bi 21:
Dng thuyt ni ha tr, hy cho bit c cu lp th (biu din bng hnh v) v
trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm cc phn t v ion sau:
SF
6
, NH
3
, Icl
3
, H
2
SO
4
, SO
2
, CO
2-
3
, SO
2-
3
Gii:
SF
6
: S trng thi lai ha sp
3
d
2
, c cu bt din.

NH
3
: N trng thi lai ha sp
3
c cu t din

61 Lin kt ha hc


Icl
3
: I trng thi lai ha sp
3
d, c cu lng thp tam gic.

H
2
SO
4
: S trng thi lai ha sp
3
, c cu t din

SO
2
: S trng thi lai ha sp
2
, c cu phng

CO
2-
3
: C trng thi lai ha sp
2
, c cu phng

SO
2-
3
: S trng thi lai ho sp
3
c cu t din

62 Lin kt ha hc



Bi 22:
Cho 3 nguyn t Am R, X (Z
A
< Z
R
< Z
X
) u phn nhm chnh v khng
cng chu k trong bng HTTH (h thng tun hon). Tng s lng t chnh ca
electron cui cng ca 3 nguyn t A, R, X (k hiu ln lt l: e
A
, e
R
, e
X
) bng
6; tng s lng t ph ca chng bng 22; tng s lng t bng -2 v tng s
lng t spin bng -1/2; trong s lng t spin ca e
A
l +1/2.
a) Gi tn 3 nguyn t cho.
b) Cho bit dng hnh hc ca phn t A
2
R v A
2
X. So snh gc ha tr trong 2
phn t v gii thch.
c) i vi phn t A
2
XR
3
v ion XR
2-
4
, hy vit cng thc kiu Lewis, cho bit
dng hnh hc v trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm.
Gii:
a) V A, R, X khng cng chu k, Z
A
< Z
R
< Z
X
v tng s lng t chnh bng
6 e
A
c n = 1, e
R
c n = 2, e
X
c n = 3. Tng s lng t ph bng 2, trong
l ca e
A
phi l 0 (v n = 1) l ca e
R
v e
X
u bng 1 (v R v X chu k nh,
khng th c l = 2). Tng s lng t t bng -2, trong m ca e
A
= 0 (v l =0),
m ca e
R
v e
X
u bng - 1 (v ng vi l = 1 th m c gi tr - 1, 0, +1). Tng
s lng t spin bng -1/2, trong s ca e
A
bng +1/2 (gii thit) => s ca e
R

v e
X
u bng -1/2. Vy cu hnh electron ca 3 nguyn t nh sau:
A: 1s
1
A l hiro (H)
R: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
R l Oxi (O)

63 Lin kt ha hc
X: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
X l Lu hunh (S)
b) Phn t A
2
R (hay H
2
O) v phn t A
2
X (hay H
2
S) u l phn t c gc:
Trong HOH = 104
o
ln hn HSH =
92
o
v O c m in ln hn, my electron
lin kt trong phn t H
2
O y nhau nhiu hn.
c) Cng thc Lewis, dng hnh hc, trng
thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm ca H
2
SO
3

v ion SO
2-
4
nh sau:
* H
2
SO
3
:
dng thp tam gic: S lai ha sp
3

* SO
2-
4
: dng t din u: S lai ha sp
3

Bi 23:
X c tng s proton v ntron b hn 35, c tng s i s oxi ha dng cc
i v 2 ln oxi ha m l - 1. Tm X.
a) Cho bit 4 s lng t ca electron cui cng X.
b) Vit cng thc cu to Lewis ca hp cht X, vi hiro.
c) Cho bit dng hnh hc phn t trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t nguyn t
trung tm ca hp cht X vi hiro, phn t F
2
O, NO
2
v ion SiF
2-
6
.
Gii:
X c p + n < 35 X phi thuc chu k 2 hoc 3. Gi x l s oxi ha dng cc
i ca X.
Gi y l s oxi ha m ca X.
x + y = 8 (1)

64 Lin kt ha hc
x + 2(-y) = -1 (2)
T (1) v (2) x = 5 v y = 3
Vy X l phi kim ca phn nhm chnh nhm V
Do X ch c th l nit hoc photpho.
a) * N (Z = 7) cu hnh electron 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
c 4 s lng t ca electron cui
cng l n = 2, l = 1, m = + 1, m
s
= +1/2.
* P (Z = 15) cu hnh electron 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
3
3p
3
c 4 s lng t ca electron
cui cng l n = 3, l = 1, m = +1, m
s
= +1/2.
b) NH
3
v PH
3
c cng thc cu to theo Lewis

N
H
H H

P
H
H H

c) NH
3
dng hnh chp tam gic, N lai ha sp
3
gc 170
o
3
PH
3
dng hnh chp tam gic, P lai ha sp
3
gc 94
o

F
2
O dng hnh gc, F lai ha sp
3

NO
2
dng ng gy, N lai ha sp
2

SiF
2-
6
dng bt din 90
o
, S lai ha sp
3
d
2
.
Bi 24:
Mt nguyn t R v mt nguyn t X c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ln lt l
3s
1
v 3s
2
3p
5
.
a. Xc nh cc nguyn t R, X, cng thc hp cht gia chng v loi lin kt hnh
thnh trong hp cht thu c.
b. Xc nh nguyn t A c cu hnh electron ngoi cng l .4s
1
. Xc nh cng
thc hp cht c th c gia AX.
Gii:
a. R, X c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ln lt l .3s
1
v .3s
2
3p
5
nn R,
X ln lt l Na v Cl.

65 Lin kt ha hc
Cng thc hp cht gia chng: NaCl
Loi lin kt hnh thnh trong hp cht thu c: lin kt ion.
b. A c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 4s
1

=> A c th l: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
=> A l K
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s1 => A l Cr

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
1
=> A l Cu
Cng thc hp cht gia A v X l : KCl, CrCl
5
, CuCl, CuCl
2

Bi 25:
Electron cui cng phn b vo cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t A, B ln lt c
c trng bi:
A: n=3, l=1, m= -1, s=1/2
B: n=3, l=1, m=0, s=-1/2
a. Da trn cu hnh electron xc nh v tr ca A, B trong bng tun hon.
b. Cho bit loi lin kt v vit cng thc cu to ca phn t AB
3
.
c. Trong t nhin tn ti hp cht A
2
B
6
. Gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t
ca hp cht ny
Gii:
a. A: n=3, l=1, m= -1, s=1/2
=> phn lp ng vi mc nng lng cao nht l 3p
1
.
=> Cu hnh electron ca A l 1s
2
2p
2
2p
6
3s
1

=> Nguyn t A th 14, chu k 3, nhm III
A
.
=> Nguyn t A l Al
B: n=3, l=1, m=0, s=-1/2
=> Phn lp ng vi mc nng lng cao nht l 3p
5

=> cu hnh electron ca B l 1s
2
2p
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5


66 Lin kt ha hc
=> nguyn t B th 17, thuc chu k 3, nhm VII
A

=> nguyn t B l Cl
b. Loi lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t AlCl
3
l lin kt cng ho tr.
Cu to :

Cl
Cl Al Cl

c. Phn t Al
2
Cl
6
c hnh thnh do s nh hp AlCl
3
, lin kt gia 2 phn t AlCl
3

hnh thnh do vic to lin kt phi tr gia nguyn t Cl vi Al.
Cu to :

Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Al
Cl
Al
Cl


Bi 26:
Cho bit m in ca cc nguyn t sau

Nguyn
t
Be Al P S Cl F
m
in
1,5 1,6 2,2 2,6 3,1 4

Hy cho bit trong cc hp cht BeCl
2
, AlCl
3
, PCl
5
, SF
6
l lin kt cng ho tr hay
lin kt ion?
Gii:
BeCl
2
c X = 3,1 1,5 = 1,6
V X>0,4 nn lin kt trong hp cht l lin kt cng ho tr.
Al Cl
3
c X = 3,1 1,6 = 1,5

67 Lin kt ha hc
V X>0,4 nn lin kt trong hp cht l lin kt cng ho tr
PCl
5
c X = 3,1 - 2,2 = 0,9
V X>0,4 nn lin kt trong hp cht l lin kt cng ho tr
SF
6
c X = 4 2,6 = 1,4
V X>0,4 nn lin kt trong hp cht l lin kt cng ho tr

Bi 27: M t s dch chuyn electron t nguyn t Liti sang nguyn t Flo to
thnh hp cht Liti Florua theo 2 cch
a. Theo cu hnh electron
b. Theo s k hiu Liuyt

Gii:
a. Li[He]2s
1
+ F[He]2s
2
2p
5
Li
1+
1s
1
+ F
-
[He]2s
2
2p
6
b.

Li
+
F
Li
+
F
-


Bi 28:
M t kiu lin kt trong cc hp cht: CaO, CaCl
2
, Ca(OH)
2
, NaClO
3
, Na
2
SO
3


Gii:
Ca
2+
O
2-
Lin kt trong Cao l lin kt ion
Tng t gii cc hp cht cn li

Bi 29:

68 Lin kt ha hc
Xt lin kt cacbon-oxi trong Fomaldenhit H
2
CO v trong Cacbon oxit CO trong phn
t no lin kt cacbon-oxi ngn hn? bn hn? V sao?

Gii:
Ta c: lin kt trong CO: CO
H
2
CO:

O
H C H

Lin kt cacbon-oxi trong CO l lien kt ba, lin kt cacbon-oxi trong H
2
CO l lin
kt i.
Nn phn t CO lin kt cacbon-oxi ngn hn v bn hn v hai ht nhn gn nhau
hn, lc ht gia electron v ht nhn mnh hn, cc nguyn t ko li gn nhau v
kh tch ra hn.

Bi 30:
So snh lin kt nit-nit trong hidrazin H
2
NNH
2
v trong kh ci N
2
O
Trong phn t no lin kt nit-nit ngn hn? bn hn? V sao?

Bi 31:
Trong phn t H
2
O, di lin kt O-H bng 0,96.10
-10
m v gc HOH bng 104,5
0
.
Tnh khong cch gia hai nguyn t H (theo nm)
Gii:






69 Lin kt ha hc
O
H H
0,96.10
-10
m
a

d
O-H
= 0,96.10
10-
m = 0.096nm
Ta c:
Khong cch gia 2
nguyn t:

sin104, 5 104, 5
2
2 sin
2 2
d
a d
d

= =

a=2.0,096.sin52,25
0

a=0,152(nm)
Bi 32:
TRong mi cp lin kt sau y hy nu s lin kt no phn cc hn avf dung mi
tn ch chiu ca s phn cc (t dng sang m) mi lin kt
a. C-O v C-N
b. P-O v P-S
c. P-H v P-N
d. B-H v B-I
Gii:
a. C-O > C-N
+ - + -
b. P-O > P-S
+ - + -
c. P-N > P-H
+ - + -
d. B-I > B-H
+ - + -

70 Lin kt ha hc

Bi 33:
Cho cc phn t sau:
a. CO
2

b. H
2
O
c. NH
3
d. NF
3

Phn t no phn cc phn t no khng phn cc? V sao?

Bi 34:
1. Tnh s electron trong ion: SO
4
2-
, PO
4
3-
, CO
3
2-
, NO
3
-
, NH
4
-
.
2. D on loi lin kt trong cc phn t sau, v sp xp theo th t tng dn phn
cc ca lin kt HCL, CaH
2
, AlBr
3
, CaCl
2
, N
2.
3. Trnh by lin kt cho nhn trong cc phn t v ion sau CO, H
3
O
+
, HNO
3
.
4. Th no l nng lng ion ha ca mt nguyn t? Nguyn t A c nng lng ion
ha ln hn nng lng ion ha ca nguyn t B. Hi nguyn t no d mt electron
hn.
5. Th no l bc lin kt? Th no l s lin kt? Cho v d MgCl
2
, AlCl
3
. Hy cho
bit lin kt trong phn t no mang nhiu tnh cht cng ha tr, trong phn t no
mang nhiu tnh cht ion.
7. Hy cho bit dng ca anion ph thuc vo in tch v bn knh ca cation nh th
no t cho bit anion nh th no th d b bin dnagj.
8. S chuyn tip t lin kt cng ha tr sang lin kt ion v ngc lu c gii
thch nh th no?
Gii:
1. SO
4
2-
: S c Z=16; O c z=8 => S electron trong SO
4
2-
: 16+4.8+2=50
NH
-
4
: N c Z=7; H c Z=1 => S electron trong Nh
4
-
: 7+4-1=10
Tng t tim cc ion cn li

71 Lin kt ha hc
2. Da trn s sai lch v m in gia hai nguyn t suy ra th t tng dn
phn cc ca lin kt:
N N < H Cl < Ca H < Al Br < Ca Cl
3. S hnh thnh lin kt cho nhn (phi tr) trong CO.

C O
+
C
O
C O C O

Sau khi mi nguyn t gp chung hai electron, O t cu hnh bn ca kh him m
C ch mi c su electron lp ngoi cng nn O s cho C mt cp electron ( Trong hai
cp electron cha s dng) v hnh thnh lin kt cho nhn C
Tng t cho cc phn t v ion cn li
4. Nng lng ion ha ca mt nguyn t l nng lng ti thiu tch mt electron
trng thi c bn ra khi nguyn t. Nguyn t c nng lng ion ha cng nh
cng d nhng electron.
5. Bc lin kt l s lin kt cng ha tr gia hai nguyn t.
V d: S=C=S: Bc lin kt gia hai nguyn t C v S l 2.
H-CN: Bc lin kt gia hai nguyn t C v N l 3
S lin kt ca mt nguyn t l s lin kt cng ha tr c nguyn t vi cc
nguyn t khc trong phn t
V d:
H N H
H
S lin k ca N l 3 v H l 1
6. S bin dng ion l do lc ht ca cation ln lp v electron ca anion ngoi lp v
b ko lch v pha cation.
Cc ion Na
+
, Mg
2+
, Al
3+
u c mi electron phn b trn hai lp v nh sau:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
9
.
V c cng s lp electron nhng s in tch cation tng t Na
+
n Al
3+
nn tc
dng bin dng anion tng.
Lin kt trong AlCl
3
mang nhiu tnh cht cng ha tr nht; lin kt trong NaCl
mang nhiu tnh cht ion nht.

72 Lin kt ha hc
7. S bin dng cu anion cng ln khi: bn kch ca cation cng nh v in tch ca
cation cng lp.
Anion cng d bin dng khi: bn kch ca anion cng ln v in tch anion cng
ln
8. S chuyn tip t lin kt cng ha tr sang lin kt cn c gii thch da vo s
chnh lch m in ca hai nguyn t: d chnh lch cng ln th phn cc
cng tng: lin kt cng ha tr chuyn dn sang lin kt ion.
S chuyn tip t lin kt ion sng lin kt cng ha tr c gii thch da vo bin
dng ion. Khi cation c bn kch cng nh v in tch cng ln th lin kt mang
nhiu tnh cht ca lin kt cng ha tr.
Bi 35:
Khi kho st halogen ngi ta th c cc d liu sau:
Halogen X
2
F
2
Cl
2
Br
2
I
2
Chiu di lin kt ( ) 1,42 1,99 2,28 2,67
a.Gii thch s to thnh lin kt trong phn t Halogen.
b. Gii thch s bin thin di lin kt
c. D on nhit nng chy, nhit si ca cc halogen thay i nh th no? Ti
sao?
Gii:
a. Cc nguyn t halogen c cu hnh electron ns
2
np
5
(lp electron ngoi cng c 7
electron) v cu hnh electron trn cc orbitan l:

ns
2
np
5

Cu hnh ny cho thy orbitn p c cha mt electron c thn nn hai orbitan p
ca nguyn t halogen cha ph nhau theo trc to lin kt cng ha tr.
b. Cc nguyn t halogen c kch thc tng dn t F I nn di lin kt tng
dn t F F n I - I
c. Nhit nng chy v nhit si ca halogen tng dn t F
2
n I
2 v
lc lin kt
gia cc phn t halogen l lc ht VanderWaals lc ny tng theo khi lng v kch
thc phn t cc halogen.

73 Lin kt ha hc

Bi 36:
C ba nguyn t X, Y, Z c tng in tchht nhn l 26, tng s electron trong [YZ
4
]
-

l 82. Cho bit in tch ht nhn ca X l 1.
a. Tm tn ba nguyn t X, Y, Z.
b. Vit cng thc cu to cc hp cht m trong phn t c cha c ba nguyn t X,
Y, Z. Cho bit loi lin kt trong cc hp cht ny.
c. So snh tnh bn, tnh oxi-ha, tnh axit ca cc hp cht ny.
Gii:
a. X : H; Y : Cl; Z : O
b.
H O Cl
: HClO
H O Cl O
: HClO
2
H O Cl O
O
: HClO
3
H O Cl O
O
O
: HClO
4
c. Tnh axit v tnh bn : HClO
4
> HClO
3
> HClO
2
> HClO
Tnh oxi ha : HClO > HClO
2
> HClO
3
> HClO
4


Bi 37:
a. So snh si ca H
2
b. Vit cng thc cu to ca H
3
PO
3
, H
3
BNF
3
, SO
2
Cl
2
Gii:

74 Lin kt ha hc
a. H
2
O c si cao hn HF. m in ca F ln hn ca O nn gia cc phn t
HF c mi lin kt hidro bn vng hn. Tuy nhin, mt phn t HF ch lin kt hai
lin kt hidro vi hai phn t HF khc cn mt phn t H
2
O lin kt c ba lin kt
vi ba phn t H
2
O khc do nc si cao hn.
H F H F H F

H O H O H O
H
H H
O
H
H

b.
H
H O
P
O
H
O

H
B
H
H
N
F
F
F

Cl
Cl
S
O
O


Bi 38:
Lc ht Van der Waals l g?
So snh cng lc Van der Waals trong mi hp cht sau y:
a. H
2
v HCl
b. HBr v HF
c. Br
2
v ICl
Gii:

75 Lin kt ha hc
Lc ht Van der Waals l lin kt gia phn t ny vi phn t kia, c ngun gc t
lc ht tnh in c gii thch bi s phn cc ca cc phn t:
Lc Van der Waals trong:
a. H
2
v HCl
Lin kt H Cl phn cc thng trc trong kh H
2
(H H) khng b phn cc
thng trc. HCl c khi lng phn t ln hn H
2
. Vy lc Van der Waals trong
HCl c cng ln hn trong H
2
.
b. HBr v HF
HF b phn cc nhiu hn HBr, tuy nhin khi lng phn t ca HF nh hon so vi
HCl nn ta cha th kt lun c.
c. Br Br khng phn cc trong khi Icl b phn cc v pha Cl. Vy Icl c cng
mnh hon Br
2.

Bi 39:
. Th no l lin kt hidro phn t?

Trong cc cht sau y cht no c mi lin kt hidro phn t vi chinh n. Biu th
cc mi lin kt ra: NH
3
, H
2
S, C
2
H
5
OH, HBr
Gii:
Lin kt Hidro phn t l mi lin kt xy ra gia cc phn t vi nhau khi H linh
ng ca phn t ny b ht bi nguyn t c m in mnh (F, O, N, Cl) ca phn
t kia. Mi lin kt hidro phn t thng c biu th bng ba chm. Mi lin kt
hidro phn t yu hn mi lin kt to phn t ( cng ha tr, ion).
V d: Xt CTCT cc cht NH
3
, H
2
S, C
2
H
5
OH, HBr:
H
N H
H
H
H
C
H
O H H Br
H
S
H H
C
H

Ta thy do N v O c m in ln hn S v Br nn cc nguyn t H trong NH
3
v
nguyn t H trong OH ca C
2
H
5
OH l linh ng v vy: NH
3
v C
2
H
5
OH c mi lin
kt hidro phn t vi chnh n:


76 Lin kt ha hc
Bi 40:
Cho bit dng hnh hc v gii thch s lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm trong
[Ni(CN)
4
]
2-
Gii:
Ion trung tm Ni
2+
(Z
Ni
= 28) c cu hnh electron (xp theo phn mc nng lng)
l: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
8
4p
0
Cc ion phi t CN
-
tc ng mnh ln ion trung tm nn tt c cc electron d
8
ghp i li vi nhau (s dn electron). [Xem hnh v 1]



Do cc ion phi t s dng cp cc orbital vi cp electron ca mnh xen ph
vi cc orbital trng 3d, 4s v 4p ca Ni
2+
=> Trng thi lai ha ca Ni
2+
l dsp
2
[Xem
hnh v 2].







Lai ha dsp
2
ny l s t hp tuyn tnh ca 1 orbital (n-1)d + 1 orbital ns + 2
orbital (n-1)p to thnh 4 HO (hybridisation orbital) dsp
2
, mi HO ny mang 1/4 tnh
cht d + 1/4 tnh cht s + 1/2 tnh cht p. Trc ca 4 HO ny hng v 4 gc ca mt
hnh vung phng c tm l nguyn t trung tm. [Xem hnh v 3]





77 Lin kt ha hc

Bi 41: Gii thch v cho bit trng thi lai ha v dng hnh hc ca cc phn t
Fe(CO)
5
v I

3

Gii:
- Fe(CO)
5
xy ra s lai ha tng t nh [Ni(CN)
4
]
2-
ni trn







- I

3
, I xy ra lai ha sp
3
d to ra 5 orbital lai ha v 2 orbital lai ha lin kt vi 2
orbital ca 2 nguyn t I khc

Dng hnh hc:
Fe(CO)
5
: Lng thp tam gic


I

3
: ng thng






sp
3
d

CO CO CO CO CO
To lk
Fe CO

78 Lin kt ha hc
Bi 42:
So snh v gii thch gc lin kt phn t OF
2
v OCl
2
; OCl
2
v SCl
2
.
Gii:
- Gc lin kt trong phn t OF
2
v OCl
2
: Nguyn t trung tm l O trng thi
lai ho sp
3
, phn t dng ch V. Do lin kt

O-F phn cc v pha F nn 2 i
electron lin kt cch xa nhau cn lin kt O-Cl phn cc v pha O nn 2 i electron
lin kt gn nhau do lc y cc i e ny mnh hn lm gc lin kt trong phn t
OCl
2
ln hn gc lin kt trong phn t OF
2
.

- Gc lin kt trong phn t OCl
2
v SCl
2
: Nguyn t trung tm l O v S u
trng thi lai ho sp
3
, phn t c dng ch V. Do lin kt O-Cl phn cc v pha O
nn 2 i electron lin kt gn nhau cn lin kt S-Cl phn cc v pha Cl nn 2 i
electron lin kt xa nhau do lc y gia cc i e ny yu hn lm cho gc lin
kt trong phn t SCl
2
b hn gc lin kt trong phn t OCl
2
. (gc lin kt trong cc
phn t OF
2
, OCl
2
v SCl
2
ln lt l 105
0
, 111
0
,103
0
).


Bi 43:
Cho nguyn t X c b s lng t l:
n = 3, l = 1,m = 0, s = -1/2
c s oxi ho dng cao nht l a. Nguyn t Y c dng cao nht l b v s oxi
ho m thp nht l c. Hp cht Z c to bi 2 nguyn t X,Y vi Y c s oxi
ho cao nht. Xc nh cng thc phn t Z, trng thi lai ho ca nguyn t trung
tm v cu to hnh hc phn t Z.
Cho bit : |b|+|c| = 8
|c|=1.4 |b|
X,Y cng 1 chu k.
Gii:
Vi 4 s lng t ca X, X l Cl.
Cl thuc 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA.
Nn s oxi ho dng cao nht l ca Cl l +7: a = +7
M: |a| = 1,4 |b|

79 Lin kt ha hc
|b| = |a|/1,4 = 7 / 1,4 = 5
S oxi ho cao nht ca Y l : +5
Theo |b| + |c|= 8 |c|=3 c = -3
S oxi ho m thp nht ca Y l: -3
M X,Y cng chu k, X l Cl Y l P
Hp cht Z ca P, Cl vi P c s oxi ho dng cao nht +5 nn Cl c s oxi ho
l -1, cng thc phn t Z l PCl
5
.
15
P: / 3s
2
3p
3

15
P
*
: / 3s
1
3p
3
3d
1

17
Cl : / 3s
2
3p
5

S hnh thnh lin kt :
Nguyn t P dng 5e c thn ghp i vi 5
e
c thn ca 5 nguyn t Cl to
thnh 5 lin kt cng ho tr gia P v Cl.
Lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm :sp
3
d
Cu to hnh hc : Lng thp tam gic







80 Lin kt ha hc

Mt s cu hi trc nghim n tp
Cu 01. Chn pht biu ng nht:
Lin kt cng ho tr l lin kt
A. gia cc nguyn t phi kim vi nhau.
B. c hnh thnh do s dng chung electron gia hai nguyn t khc nhau.
C. c to nn gia hai nguyn t bng mt hay nhiu cp electron dng chung.
D. trong cp electron dng chung b lch v pha mt nguyn t.
Cu 02. Chn pht biu ng nht:
Lin kt ion l lin kt
A. c hnh thnh bi lc ht tnh in gia cation kim loi v anion gc axit.
B. gia nguyn t kim loi vi nguyn t phi kim.
C. c hnh thnh do nguyn t phi kim nhn electron t nguyn t kim loi.
D. c hnh thnh bi lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du.
Cu 03. Trong cc hp cht sau y:
A. H
2
O C. KBr
B. NH
3
D. H
2
S
Hp cht no l hp cht ion?
Cu 04. Cho bit nguyn t Clo c Z=17, cu hnh electron ca ion Cl
-
l:
A. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
C. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4

B. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
D. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1

Cu 05. Cho bit nguyn t Na, Mg, F ln lt c s hiu nguyn t l 11, 12, 9. Cc ion
Na
+
, Mg
2+
, F
-
c c im chung l:
A. C cng s proton.
B. C cng notron.
C. C cng s electron.
D. Khng c c im g chung.
Cu 06. Cc phn t sau y u c lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc:
A. N
2
, Cl
2
, HCl, H
2
, F
2
.
B. N
2
, Cl
2
, I
2
, H
2
, F
2
.
C. N
2
, Cl
2
, CO
2
, H
2
, HF.
D. NO
2
, Cl
2
, HI, H
2
, F
2
.
Cu 07. Mt nguyn t X c tng s electron lp ngoi cng l 7. Cng thc phn t ca hp
cht gia nguyn t ny vi hiro l:
A. H
2
X C. XH
4

B. XH
3
D. HX
Cu 08. Chn cu ng nht:
m in ca mt nguyn t c trng cho
A. kh nng nhng electron ca nguyn t khi hnh thnh lin kt ho hc.
B. kh nng ht electron ca nguyn t khi hnh thnh lin kt ho hc.
C. kh nng tham gia phn ng mnh hay yu ca nguyn t .
D. kh nng to thnh lin kt ho hc.
Cu 09. Chn cu sai trong cc cu sau:

81 Lin kt ha hc
A. Tinh th it l tinh th phn t.
B. Trong tinh th phn t, cc phn t lin kt vi nhau bng lc tng tc yu gia cc
phn t.
C. Lc lin kt gia cc phn t trong tinh th phn t rt ln.
D. Nc thuc loi tinh th phn t.
Cu 10. Chn cu ng nht trong cc cu sau:
A. Lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc ch c to thnh t cc nguyn t ging nhau.
B. Trong lin kt cng ho tr, cp electron dng chung b lch v pha nguyn t c
m in nh hn.
C. Lin kt cng ho tr c cc c to thnh gia hai nguyn t c hiu m in ln
hn 0,4.
D. Lin kt cng ho tr trong cp electron chung b lch v pha nguyn t c m
in ln hn c gi l lin kt cng ho tr phn cc.
Cu 11. Anion X
2-
c cu hnh electron ging R
+
(c cu hnh electron lp v ngoi cng l
2p
6
) th cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X l:
A. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
B. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2


C. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
D. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5

Cu 12. Kt lun no sau y sai:
A. Lin kt trong phn t NH
3
, H
2
O , H
2
S l lin kt cng ha tr c cc.
B. Lin kt trong phn t BaF
2
v CsCl l lin kt ion.
C. Lin kt trong phn t CaS v AlCl
3
l lin kt ion v c hnh thnh gia kim loi
v phi kim.
D. Lin kt trong phn t Cl
2
, H
2
, O
2
, N
2
l lin kt cng ha tr khng cc.
Cu 13. Cho cc phn t sau: LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl. Trong cc phn t trn, lin kt
trong phn t no mang nhiu tnh cht ion nht.
A. CsCl B. LiCl v NaCl C. KCl D. RbCl
Cu 14. Nguyn t X c cu hnh electron: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5

th ion to ra t nguyn t X s c cu
hnh electron no sau y?
A. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4

B. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

C. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
4p
6

D. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2

Cu 15. Nguyn t X c cu hnh electron: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
Chn cc cu hnh electron
ng vi ion to ra t nguyn t X:
A. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
B. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6

C. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
4p
6
D. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2

Cu 16. Ch ra cc gi tr ln nht ca s lin kt cng ha tr c th c to thnh bi mt
nguyn t c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s
2
3p
4
?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 6
Cu 17. Cation R
+
c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 2p
6
. Lin kt ca nguyn t
R vi nguyn t hir thuc loi lin kt no sau y:

82 Lin kt ha hc
A. Lin kt cng ha tr B. Lin kt cho
nhn
C. Lin kt ion. D. Lin kt hidro.
Cu 18. Dy no trong dy hp cht di y cha cc hp cht c phn cc ca lin kt
tng dn.
A. CO
2
, SiO
2
, ZnO , CaO B. BaCl
2
, ZnSO
4
, CuCl
2
, Na
2
O
C. FeCl
2
, CrCl
2
, NiCl , MnCl
2
D. NaBr , NaCl , KBr , LiF
Cu 19. Cho cc cht sau: MgCl
2
, Na
2
O , NCl
3
, HCl, KCl. Hp cht no sau c lin kt
cng ha tr
A. MgCl v Na
2
O B. Na
2
O v NCl
3

C. NCl
3
v HCl D. HCl v KCl
Cu 20. Cho cc phn t sau: Cl
2
O, NCl
3
, NO , H
2
S, NH
3
. Trong cc phn t trn, phn t
c lin kt phn cc mnh nht l:
A. H
2
S B. NO, NH
3
C. NH
3
D. NH
3
, Cl
2
O
HY CHN PHNG N NG
Cu 21. Phn t ca mt cht c c trng bi :
A- Khong cch trung bnh gia cc phn t
B- Gi tr trung bnh ca gc to bi cc lin kt
C- bn ca lin kt v bn ca phn t
D- Tt c cc yu t trn
Cu 22. Cc lin kt trong phn t Nit c to thnh l do s xen ph ca :
A- Cc obitan S vi nhau v cc obitan P vi nhau
B- 3 obitan P vi nhau
C- 1 obitan S v 2 obitan P vi nhau
D- 3 obitan P ging nhau v hnh dng kch thc nhng khc nhau v nh hng khng
gian vi nhau
Cu 23. Hnh dng phn t CH
4
, BF
3
, H
2
O , BeH
2
tng ng l :
A- T din ,tam gic , gp khc, thng
B- Tam gic , t din , gp khc, thng
C- Gp khc , tam gic, t din , thng
D- Thng , tam gic, t din , gp khc
Cu 24. Phn t H
2
O c gc lin kt bng 104,5
0
do nguyn t Oxi trng thi lai ho :

83 Lin kt ha hc
A- SP ; B- SP
2
; C- SP
3
; D- khng xc nh
Cu 25. Trong cc hp cht sau : NaCl , KF , CH
4
, LiF . Hp cht no c lin kt cng ho
tr
a/ NaCl ; b/ KF ; c/ CH
4
; d/ LiF
Cu 26. Trong mng tinh th kim cng , gc lin kt to bi cc nguyn t C bng
A/ 120
0
; B/ 90
0
; C/ 104,5
0
; D/ 109
0
28
/

Cu 27. Nguyn t Pht pho trong PH
3
trng thi lai ho
a/ SP , b/ SP
2
, c/ SP
3
, d/ khng xc nh
c
Cu 28. Cho tinh th cc cht sau :
Iot , than ch , nc v mui n
Tinh th nguyn t l tinh th
a/Iot b/ than ch c/ nc d/ mui n
Cu 29. Cho tinh th cc cht sau :
Lu hunh ,than ch , nc , mui n
Tinh th Ion l tinh th
a/ Lu hunh b/ than ch c/ nc d/ mui n
Cu 30. Yu t quyt nh tnh cht c bn ca tinh th kim loi l :
a/ S tn ti mng tinh th kim loi
b/ Tnh nh kim
c/ Tnh dn in v dn in tt
d/ S chuyn ng t do ca cc e chung trong ton mng tinh th
Cu 31. Lin kt ion l lin kt ha hc c to thnh:
a. gia cc nguyn t.
b. do s gp chung electron.
c. do lc ht tnh in gia cc phn t mang in tri du.
d. do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du.
Cu 32. Cho cc hp cht: HCl, NaCl, CaO, H
2
O, NH
3
. Cc hp cht c lin kt ion l:
a. HCl, NaCl. b. NaCl, CaO. c. CaO, H
2
O. d. H
2
O, NH
3.

Cu 33. C cc tinh th: it, nc , than ch, mui n. Tinh th nguyn thy l tinh th:
a. it. b. nc . c. than ch. d. mui n.

84 Lin kt ha hc
Cu 34. Cho F(Z=9), Ne(Z=10), Mg(Z=12). Cc ion v nguyn t F
-
, Mg
2+
, Ne c cng:
a. s proton. b. s khi. c. s electron. d. s ntron.
Cu 35. Ion X
2+
c cu hnh e: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
, v tr ca X trong bng tun hon l:
a. chu k 2, nhm VIIIA. b. chu k 2, nhm IIA.
c. chu k 3, nhm VIIIA. d. chu k 3, nhm IIA.
Cu 36. Cho A(Z=11), B(Z=17). Cng thc hp cht v lin kt ha hc c hnh thnh
trong hp cht gia A v B l:
a. A
2
B vi lin kt ion. b. A
2
B vi lin kt cng ha tr.
c. AB vi lin kt ion. d. AB vi lin kt cng ha tr.
Cu 37. Cho N(Z=7), O(Z=8). S electron c trong ion

3
NO l:
a. 29. b. 30. c. 31. d. 32.
Cu 38. S oxy ha ca Clo trong hp cht KClO
3
l:
a. +1. b. +3. c. -1. d. +5.
Cu 39. Anion X
-
c tng s cc ht bng 53, s ht mang in chim 66,04%. Cu hnh e
ca X
-
l:
a. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
. b. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
.
c. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
. d. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
.
Cu 40. Tng s e trong ion

2
3
AB l 32. Tng s proton trong phn t AB
2
l 22. phn t
AB
2
c lin kt:
a. ion. b. cng ha tr. c. phi tr. d. cng ha tr, phi tr.










85 Lin kt ha hc
Cc ti liu tham kho:






- Sch gio khoa ha hc 10 nng cao
- Ti liu gio khoa chuyn ha hc (Tp 1) o Hu Vinh, nguyn Duy
i
- Mt s vn chn lc ca ha hc (Tp 1) Nguyn Duy i, Nguyn
Tinh Dung, Trn Thnh Hu, Trn Quc Sn, Nguyn Vn Tng
- Bi tp ha hc i cng
- Ha hc c bn v nng cao 10
- Tuyn tp 10 nm olympic 30 thng 4 Ha hc 10
- Gii ton ha hc 10 Ng Ngc An, Phm Th Minh Nguyt
- Tuyn tp thi olympic 30-4 mn Ha hc lp 10 ln th VI
- Ha hc v c (Tp 1) Hong Nhm
- Ha hc cc nguyn t (Tp 2) Hong Nhm
- Cu hi l thuyt v bi tp ha hc 10
- Mng internet (www.tailieu.vn, www.wikipedia.org, www.dethi.violet.vn,
...)
- Cng mt s t liu v hnh nh khc














86 Lin kt ha hc


87 Lin kt ha hc
Mc lc
Li ni u .......................................................................................................................... 2
A. Khi qut v lin kt ha hc ........................................................................................ 3
B. Cc dng lien kt ha hc ch yu ............................................................................... 4
I. Lin kt ion ............................................................................................................... 4
II. Lin kt cng ha tr ................................................................................................. 7
III. Lin kt kim loi .................................................................................................... 13
IV. Cc mi lin kt yu ............................................................................................. 14
C. Cc l thuyt v lin kt ................................................................................................ 15
I. Thuyt VB ............................................................................................................... 15
II. S lai ha .............................................................................................................. 17
III. M hnh VSEPR .................................................................................................... 23
IV. M hnh lin kt b un cong ................................................................................. 25
V. Thuyt MO ............................................................................................................. 26
D. Cc tinh th ................................................................................................................... 35
I. Tinh th nguyn t .................................................................................................. 35
II. Tinh th phn t ..................................................................................................... 36
III. Tinh th ion ........................................................................................................... 37
IV. Tinh th kim loi ................................................................................................... 38
E. Bi tp vn dng ........................................................................................................... 39
Cc t liu tham kho ....................................................................................................... 84
Mc lc .............................................................................................................................. 85

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