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Li m u

T gia nm 1990 tr li y chng ta chng kin s bng n trong s dng Internet v n c nh hng rt ln ti cc c nhn, cng ty v c c quan gio dc. Cuc cch mng ny lm thay i ng k cch thc t chc ch o ca cc doanh nghip vi khch hng v gia cc doanh nghip vi nhau. Nhng khong cch a l c coi l gii hn cung cp hng ho v dch v sp v cc cng ty c ln li bn rn xy dng cc gii php giao dch v thch nghi vi phng thc kinh doanh mi. Mng Internet vi nhng c tnh thch ng trong tng lai nh d truy cp, thng tin thi gian thc v gi thp l mt cng c iu khin thun tin cho nhng gii php giao dch. Xa hn na, nhng li th cnh tranh c d d v ha hn i vi cc cng ty thc hin d n thng mi in t (Electronic Commercer) l:

M rng th trng.

Tng hiu qu v chnh xc trong sut qu trnh ra Gim bt nhng lao ng nng nhc. Gi c mi th s thp hn. S h tr v cc dch v i vi khch hng tt hn. Truyn thng tc khc ti nhng khch hng v cc i tc Ci thin li sut li nhun thng qua dy truyn cung cp D bo tt hn i vi nhng nhu cu v hng ho v dch

lnh x l, iu khin kim k, qung co, mua hng, vv.


kinh doanh.

c t ng ho.

v ca khch hng. Nh vy, giao dch thng mi in t l g ? Chng ta cp ti Thng mi in t vi nhng gii php thng mi. Khi ni n Thng mi in t thng hiu lm s b gii hn din ra qu trnh mua v bn hng, cc dch v trn mng Internet.

Trn thc t, nhng gii php thng mi l mt s lng ln qu trnh tin hnh kinh doanh v chuyn giao tin trn Internet. Chng xc nh nhng hnh thc mi v kinh doanh. Ngoi cung cp cc dch v mua v bn hng, nhng gii php thng mi c th cung cp h thng cc dch v xy dng mt s h thng mnh ca mt t chc, nh th n h tr qu trnh bn hng v cung cp ton b qu trnh qun l thanh ton. Nhng dch v c cung cp tr gip xy dng nn tng cho cc gii php thng mi thnh cng l:

Dch v khch hng: Cung cp trnh din, truy cp v thng qua cc dch v ti nhng ngi s dng h thng thng mi.

Dch v ng dng: Cc qu trnh cung cp thng tin bi ngi dng c s da trn cng vic kinh doanh v d liu logic. Cung cp cc dch v Web, bo mt ng dng v cc dch v nh l mt im tch hp cc dch v d liu v lu tr.

Dch v lu tr: Thc hin qun l ngi dng, x l sp t, trao i thng tin, thc y v chy qung co, x l c s d liu da trn logic kinh doanh v cc dch v khc c lin quan n thng mi.

Dch v d liu: Cung cp cc dch v nhm mc ch hng ti lu tr d liu, n gin ho s truy cp chng trnh v kh nng k tha d liu.

Dch v h iu hnh: Ch yu bao gm th mc, bo mt, qun l v dch v truyn thng. Dch v pht trin: Cung cp nhng cng c cn thit cho s pht trin cc thnh phn, pht trin d liu t chc kinh doanh, pht trin nhm, v h tr pht trin cuc sng.

Mt vi c tnh chung ca mt gii php thng mi dng cho mt hoc nhiu hn nhng dch v k trn bao gm :

Kt ni tt c: Cung cp truy cp khp ni ti h thng thng qua mt giao din ph bin. Tip th: Cng b cc sn phm v cc dch v. Vic bn hng: To ra danh sch n hng bn hng cho nhng sn phm . Phng thc thanh ton: Cho php dng th tn dng v cc phng thc thanh ton khc song song vi chuyn giao tin in t.

Thi hnh: X l n t hng v phn phi sn phm. H tr: Cung cp trc thi gian v gi th gip khch hng nhm thu ht to ra nhiu khch hng hn. Qun l kim k: Duy tr v bo co kim k tnh trng. Truyn thng an ton: Truyn thng nhanh, hiu qu, ng tin cy i vi khch hng v cc i tc.

Chng I: Nghin cu m u
I. Tng quan
Cng ty thng mi chu (ACC: Asia Commerce Company) l mt t chc cung cp tt c cc thit b my tnh, cc thit b phn cng mng, cc thit b tin hc khc v cc dch v mng cho th trng. Trong khi mng Intranet ang nhanh chng c cc cng ty k thut thch ng s dng chuyn giao thng tin ti ngi lao ng, cc khch hng v cc i tc ca h v c bit vi s bng n ca Internet nh hin nay. Nh vy, Cng ty thng mi chu c mt k hoch: Xy dng mt mng Intranet v cung cp dch v thng mi in t . Bi vic kt ni mng Intranet ca cng ty vi mng my tnh ton cu (Internet) phc v cho nhu cu m rng kinh doanh ca h trn khp th gii.

II. L do chn ti

1. Thch hp
Sau 4 nm hc ti Khoa Cng ngh in t - Thng tin Vin i hc M H Ni. Ti nhn thy rng ti ny rt ph hp vi kh nng ca ti.

2. p ng c cc yu cu ca cng ty

M rng cng vic kinh doanh ca cng ty. D dng trong qun l. Gim bt chi ph. C nhiu thun li hn. D hn trong vic qung co v phn phi sn phm ca cng ty ti khch hng. Phc v khch hng tt hn.

III. Thc hin ti


1. Nhim v

- Xy dng mng Intranet cho Cng ty thng mi chu - Pht trin mt ng dng Web cho vic qun l v kinh
doanh trc tuyn.

2. Yu cu v con ngi
lm d n ny i hi ngi thc hin phi c kh nng phn tch h thng, qun tr c s d liu, thit k Web v kh nng lp trnh.

3. Nhng yu cu v k thut
Phn cng: Trong h thng ny, cc thit b phn cng ti thiu cn c l: 1. Mt mng Intranet 2. Truy cp t xa 3. Sever 4. Database Server 5. Clients Phn mm: Trong h thng ny, cc yu cu v phn mm nh sau: 1. WindowNT Server 4.0 hoc cao hn 2. SQL Nghin cu hoc cao hn Server 7.0 tng quan v mng my tnh v TMT 3. Internet Explorer 40 hoc cao hn (15 ngy) dng h thng mng ti c bt u t thng 3/2004 v kt thc vo 15/06/2004. Intranet (1 thng) N bao gm cc giai on nh sau y. Hon thnh d n 2: Pht trin mt ng dng TMT (1,5 thng) Kim tra v chy chng trnh (15 ngy)

4. K hoch thc hin n 1: Xy Hon thnh d ti

5. Chi ph thc hin ti


D n ny lm h tr nhng yu cu ca Cng ty thng mi chu . Nhng c lng v chi ph yu cu nh sau: Phn cng: Phn mm: Ngun cp in: Ngy cng: 20.000 USD 1500 USD 570 USD 2200 USD 24.270 USD

Tng cng:

VI. Kt lun
Sau nhng iu tra nghin cu, phn tch v c lng nhng yu cu, nhim v ti quyt nh thc hin ti: Xy dng mng Intranet v pht trin ng dng thng mi in t.

Chng II: M t ti
I. Tng quan v ti
1. Tng quan
Cng ty thng mi chu l mt t chc cung cp tt c cc thit b my tnh, cc thit b phn cng mng, cc thit b tin hc khc v cc dch v mng cho th trng. Trong khi mng Intranet ang nhanh chng c cc cng ty k thut thch ng s dng chuyn giao thng tin ti cc nhn vin, cc khch hng, cc i tc ca h v c bit vi s bng n ca Internet nh hin nay. Nh vy, Cng ty thng mi chu c mt k hoch thc hin: Xy dng mt mng Intranet v pht trin mt ng dng thng mi in t . Bi v, vic kt ni mng Intranet ca cng ty vi mng my tnh ton cu (Internet) phc v cho nhu cu m rng kinh doanh ca cng ty trn khp th gii.

2. Cc yu cu
Thit k mt mng Intranet v pht trin mt ng dng thng mi in t cho cng ty thng mi in t chu (ACC: Asial Commercial Company). Cc yu cu ny c chia thnh cc giai on thc hin nh sau:

2.1. Giai on 1: Thit k mt mng Intranet


xy dng mt mng Intranet chng ta i theo ba bc nh sau: Bc 1: Xy dng Intranet Backbone Bc 2: Hon thnh Intranet Bc 3: Kt ni Internet

2.2. Giai on 2: Pht trin mt ng dng Thng mi in t


Trong phn ny, pht trin mt ng dng thng mi in t chng ta cn thit k v trin khai mt ng dng Web phc v cho vic qun l v bn hng qua mng ca cng ty.

B cc ca trang Web nh sau:

a. Trang ch
Trang ch c nhng chc nng sau y: ng nhp ngi dng: Ch nhng nhn vin ca cng ty ACC. Hai thc n th xung (Pull down menu) l cc thit b my tnh v cc thit b mng: Dng cho khch hng chn la cc sn phm. Th tc tm kim: Dng cho khch hng mun tm kim sn phm. Tr gip: Mn hnh hin th tr gip khi no chng ta yu cu. Trnh by nhng sn phm qung co.

b. Cc trang Web lin quan khc


Cc trang ny cho php hin th tt c cc sn phm v dch v ca cng ty cng nh cho php khch hng xem xt, la chn sn phm v t hng qua mng.

c. Cc Module chng trnh


Qun l Khch hng Qun l Sn phm Thu thp v Qun l n t hng

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II. Tng quan v mng my tnh


1. M hnh OSI
1.1. Tng quan v m hnh OSI
Trong khi thit k cc nh thit k t do chn la kin trc mng ring ca mnh. T dn n tnh trng khng tng thch gia cc mng, l: phng php truy cp ng truyn khc nhau, s dng h giao thc khc nhauS khng tng thch gy tr ngi cho s tng tc ca ngi s dng cc mng khc nhau. Trong khi nhu cu trao i thng tin ca ngi s dng ngy cng tng. Chnh v l do ny, nm 1984 T chc tiu chun Quc t ISO (International Organization for Standarlization) a ra m hnh tham chiu cho vic kt ni cc h thng m (Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection). M hnh ny l c s kt ni cc h thng m phc v cho cc ng dng phn tn.
APPLICATION

Tng vt l (Physical layer)

REPRESENTATION SESSION TRANSPORT NETWORK DATA LINK PHYSICAL

Tng lin kt d liu (Data link layer) Tng mng (Network layer) Tng giao vn (Transport layer) Tng phin (Session layer) Tng trnh din (Presentation layer) Tng ng dng (Application layer)

APPLICATION

Hnh 1.1: M hnh OSI Chc nng ca mi tng trong m hnh OSI

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Tng vt l (Physical): C nhim v truyn dng bt khng c cu trc qua ng truyn vt l, truy cp ng truyn vt l bng phng tin c, hm, th tc.

Tng lin kt d liu (Data link): Cung cp phng tin truyn thng tin qua lin kt vt l m bo tin cy, gi cc khi d liu (Frame) vi cc ch ng b ho, kim sot li v kim sot lung d liu cn thit.

Tng mng (Network): Thc hin chn ng v chuyn tip thng tin vi cng ngh chuyn mch thch hp, thc hin kim sot lung d liu cn thit.

Tng giao vn (Transport): Thc hin vic truyn d liu gia hai u nt (End to End), thc hin c vic kim sot li v kim sot lung d liu gia hai u nt. Cng thc hin vic ghp knh (Multiplexing), tch hay ghp d liu nu cn thit.

Tng phin (Session): Cung cp phng tin qun l truyn thng gia cc ng dng, thit lp duy tr, ng b ho v hu b cc phin truyn thng gia cc ng dng.

Tng trnh din (Presentation): Chuyn i c php d liu p ng nhu cu truyn d liu ca cc ng dng qua mi trng OSI.

Tng ng dng (Application): Cung cp cc phng tin ngi s dng c th truy nhp vo mi trng OSI, ng thi cung cp cc dch v thng tin phn tn.

1.2. Tng vt l Chc nng ca tng vt l:


Tng vt l l tng th nht v thp nht trong m hnh OSI. Tng ny truyn lung bt th qua phng tin vt l (nh cp mng). Tng vt l lin kt cc giao din hm, c, quang v in vi cp.

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Tng ny cng chuyn ti nhng tn hiu truyn d liu do cc tng trn to ta. Tng vt l nh ngha phng php kt ni cp vi card mng. Chng hn, n nh ngha r b ni c bao nhiu chn v chc nng ca mi chn. Tng ny cng nh ngha r k thut truyn no s c dng gi d liu ln cp. Tng vt l chu trch nhim truyn bt (0 v 1) t my tnh ny sang my tnh khc. cp ny, bn thn bt khng c ngha r rt. Tng vt l nh ngha r m ho d liu v s ng b ho bt, bo m rng khi my ch gi bit 1, n c nhn bit 1 ch khng phi bit 0. Tng ny cng nh ngha r mi bit ko di bao lu v c din dch thnh xung in hay xung nh sng thch hp cho cp mng nh th no.

Giao thc lin quan n lp ny:

CCITT X.21: Kt ni 15 chn cho mng chuyn mch knh. CCITT X.21 BITS: Kt ni 24 chn tng ng vi chun EIA RS_232 C. 802.3: (IEEE 802.3) Chun Ethernet. 802.4: (IEEE 802.4) Chun Token. 802.5: (IEEE 802.5) Chun Token Ring.

1.3. Tng lin kt d liu Chc nng ca tng lin kt d liu:


Tng lin kt d liu l tng th 2 trong m hnh OSI, n c nhim v gi khung d liu (data frame) t tng mng n tng vt l. u nhn, tng lin kt d liu ng gi d liu th (d liu cha x l) t tng vt l thnh tng khung d liu. Khung d liu l mt cu trc logic c t chc m d liu c th c t vo. Tng lin kt d liu chu trch nhim chuyn khung d liu khng li t my tnh ny sang my tnh khc thng qua tng vt l. N cho php tng mng truyn d liu gn nh khng phm li qua kt ni mng.

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Thng thng, khi tng lin kt d liu gi i mt khung d liu v ch tn hiu bo nhn t my nhn. Tng lin kt d liu ca my nhn s d tm bt c vn no c kh nng xy ra trong qu trnh truyn. Khung d liu no khng c bo nhn hoc b h tn trong qu trnh truyn s b gi tr li.

Giao thc ca tng lin kt d liu:

Giao thc ca tng lin kt d liu bao gm giao thc lin kt d liu ng b v giao thc lin kt d liu khng ng b. Trong giao thc lin kt d liu ng b gm c nh hng k t v nh hng bt. S truyn nh hng k t c s dng ch yu i vi trng hp truyn khi cc k t, nh file ca cc k t ASCII. Khi khng c bt bt u hoc ngng li trong truyn ng b, mt phng php la chn c thc hin truyn ng b k t cn c thnh lp. thc hin c my pht cn tng hai hoc hn cc k t iu khin truyn. Cc k t iu khin ny c hai chc nng. Trc ht chng cho php my thu thu c bit ng b. Hai l chng cho php my thu bt u phin dch dng bit nhn c vi ranh gii chnh xc. S truyn ng b hng bt. Cn thit cho mt cp cc k t ti ni bt u v kt thc ca mi khung cho s ng b khung, c ni hp li vi s b sung cc k t DLE t c d liu trong sut. Bin php ny l mt s iu khin truyn hng k t tng i khng hiu qu cho truyn d liu nh phn. Hn na, khun thc ca nhng k t iu khin truyn bin i cho tp hp cc k t khc nhau, tuy nhin ngay c khi cc ni dung khung c th bt u bng s nh phn.

1.4. Tng mng Chc nng ca tng mng:


Tng mng chu trch nhim lp a ch cc thng ip, din dch a ch v tn logic thnh a ch vt l. Tng ny quyt nh ng i t my tnh ngun n my tnh ch. N quyt

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nh d liu s truyn trn ng no da vo tnh hnh mng, u tin dch v v cc yu t khc. N cng qun l lu lng trn mng chng hn nh chuyn i gi, nh tuyn, v kim sot s tc nghn d liu. Nu b thch ng mng trn b nh tuyn (Router) khng th truyn c on d liu m my tnh ngun gi i, tng mng trn b nh tuyn s chia d liu thnh nhng n v nh hn v gi i. Ti tng mng ca my nhn s rp ni li d liu ban u m my ngun gi i.

dch v mng.

Giao thc ca tng mng:

IOS 847: Giao thc tng mng v c t a ch ca kt ni ISO 8208: Giao thc tng mng c t cho c s dch v kt ni nh hng trn c im k thut CCITT X.25. CCITT X.25: c t cho kt ni d liu cc thit b u cui i vi cc mng chuyn mch gi. CCITT X.21: c t cho truy xut mng chuyn mch knh.

1.5. Tng giao vn Chc nng ca tng giao vn:

Tng giao vn cung cp mc ni kt b sung bn di tng phin. Tng ny bo m gi d liu truyn khng phm li, theo ng trnh t, khng b mt mt hay sao chp. N ng gi thng ip, chia thng ip di thnh nhiu gi v gp cc gi nh thnh mt b. Tng ny cn cho php gi d liu c truyn hiu qu trn mng. Tng giao vn ti u nhn m gi thng ip, lp ghp li thnh thng ip gc v gi tn hiu bo nhn.

Giao thc ca tng giao vn:

ISO 8072: nh ngha dch v tng giao vn ca m hnh OSI. ISO 8073: c t giao thc tng giao vn ca m hnh OSI.

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1.6. Tng phin Chc nng ca tng phin:

Tng phin cho php hai chng trnh ng dng trn cc my tnh khc nhau thit lp, s dng v chm dt mt kt ni gi l phin lm vic (session). Tng ny thi hnh th tc nhn bit tn v thc hin cc chc nng cn thit (nh bo mt). N cho php hai chng trnh ng dng giao tip vi nhau qua mng. Tng phin cung cp s ng b ho (synchronization) gia cc tc v ngi dng bng cch t nhng im kim tra (check point) vo lung d liu. Bng cch ny, nu mng khng hot ng th ch c d liu truyn sau im kim tra cui cng mi phi truyn li. Tng ny cng thi hnh kim sot hi thoi gia cc qu trnh giao tip, iu chnh bn no truyn, khi no v trong bao lu, v.v.

Giao thc ca tng phin:

ISO 8326: nh ngha dch v tng phin ca m hnh OSI, bao gm lp vn chuyn 0,1,2,3 v 4. ISO 8327: Cc c im k thut giao thc lp phin ca m hnh OSI.

1.7. Tng trnh din Chc nng ca tng trnh din:


Tng trnh din quyt nh dng thc dng trao i d liu gia cc my tnh mng. Ngi ta c th gi y l b dch mng. my tnh gi, tng ny din dch d liu t dng thc do tng ng dng gi xung sang dng thc trung gian m ng dng no cng c th nhn bit. my tnh nhn, tng ny din dch dng thc trung gian thnh dng thc thch hp cho tng ng dng ca my tnh nhn. Tng ny cng chu trch nhim chuyn i giao thc, din dch d liu, m ho d liu, thay i hay chuyn i b k t v m rng lnh ho. N cng qun l cc cp nn d liu nhm gim s bt cn truyn.

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Giao thc ca tng trnh din:

ISO 8822.23.24: c im k thut lp trnh din. ISO 8649/8650: c im k thut v giao thc cc ng dng ph bin v cc phn t dch v.

1.8. Tng ng dng Chc nng ca tng ng dng:


Tng ng dng ng vai tr nh ca s dnh cho hot ng x l ca trnh ng dng nhm truy nhp cc dch v mng. Tng ny biu din nhng dch v h tr trc tip cc ng dng ngi dng, chng hn phn mm chuyn tp tin, truy nhp c s d liu v E-mail. Tng thp hn h tr nhng tc v c thc hin mc ng dng. N c nhim v x l truy nhp mng chung, kim sot lung v phc hi li.

Giao thc ca tng ng dng:

x.400: c im k thut lp ng dng m hnh OSI i vi qu trnh truyn thng ip in t (th in t- Electronic mail). FTAM: c im k thut lp ng dng OSI i vi truy cp v qun l chuyn tp tin. FTP: Giao thc chuyn tp tin.

1.9. Nhng c im ca m hnh OSI


By tng ca m hnh tham chiu OSI c th chia ra thnh hai loi: nhng tng trn v nhng tng thp hn. Nhng tng trn ca m hnh OSI xoay quanh cc vn ng dng v ni chung c thc thi ch trn phn mm. Tng cao nht, tng ng dng l gn gi vi ngi s dng hn ht. C nhng ngi s dng ln tng ng dng u x l tng tc vi phn mm ng dng m trong bao gm mt thnh phn truyn thng. Gi tin tng cao i khi c s dng tham chiu ti tng trn khc trong m hnh OSI. Nhng tng thp ca m hnh OSI nh ngha phng tin vt l ca mng v cc tc v lin quan, nh a bt d liu ln card mng v

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cp. Tng vt l v tng lin kt d liu c thc thi trn phn cng v phn mm. Cc tng thp khc ni chung ch thc thi trong phn mm. Tng thp nht, tng vt l l gn gi vi mi trng mng vt l. M hnh OSI cung cp mt c cu t chc nhn thc cho truyn thng gia cc my tnh, nhng chnh bn thn n khng phi l mt phng php ca truyn thng. Thc t truyn thng c th c thc hin bi vic s dng nhng giao thc truyn thng. Trong phm vi ca mng d liu, mt giao thc h iu hnh thit lp mt nh dng cho nhng qui tc v qui c nhm qun l sao cho nhng my tnh trao i thng tin qua mt mi trng mng. Mt giao thc thc hin cc chc nng ca mt hoc nhiu lp trong m hnh OSI. Mt tnh cht m rng ca nhng giao thc truyn thng tn ti, nhng tt c c hng ti chia thnh mt trong s cc nhm giao thc nh sau: giao thc mng cc b, giao thc mng din rng, giao thc mng v giao thc nh tuyn. Nhng giao thc mng cc b hot ng ti lp lin kt d liu v lp vt l ca m hnh OSI, chng xc nh truyn thng qua cc phng tin khc nhau ca mng cc b. Nhng giao thc mng din rng hot ng ti lp th ba ca m hnh OSI v xc nh truyn thng qua cc phng tin khc nhau ca mng din rng. Nhng giao thc nh tuyn l cc giao thc lp mng chu trch nhim xc nh ng dn v chuyn lu lng chuyn mch. Cui cng, cc giao thc mng l cc giao thc lp trn khc nhau c tn ti trong mt b giao thc c qui nh.

1.10. M hnh OSI v truyn thng gia nhng h thng


Thng tin chuyn t mt phn mm ng dng trong mt h thng my tnh ti mt phn mm ng dng trong mt h thng khc phi i xuyn qua cc lp ca m hnh OSI. Nu cho v d mt phn mm ng dng trong h thng A c thng tin truyn ti mt phn mm ng dng trong h thng B, chng trnh ng dng trong h thng s chuyn thng tin qua lp ng dng (lp 7) ca h thng A. Sau lp ng dng ca h thng A s chuyn thng tin cho lp trnh din (lp 6), sau chuyn tip d liu ti lp phin (lp 5), v c nh th cho

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ti lp vt l (lp 1). Ti lp vt l ca h thng A, thng tin c t vo mi trng mng lp ny v c gi ngang qua mi trng ti h thng B. Lp vt l ca h thng B ly thng tin t mi trng vt l h thng A v sau lp ny di chuyn thng tin ln trn lp lin kt d liu (lp 2), sau chuyn chng c chuyn ln lp mng (lp 3), v c nh th n khi thng tin c chuyn n lp ng dng (lp 7) ca h thng B. Cui cng, lp ng dng ca h thng B chuyn thng tin ti chng trnh ng dng nhn hon thnh qu trnh truyn thng.

1.11. Cc lp m hnh OSI v s trao i thng tin


M hnh OSI l kin trc chia truyn thng mng thnh by tng. Mi tng bao gm nhng hot ng, thit b v giao thc mng khc nhau. Phn tng nhm nh r chc nng v dch v cc cp khc nhau. Mi tng OSI c nhng chc nng mng nh r, v cc chc nng ca mi tng giao tip vi chc nng ca tng ngay bn trn hoc ngay bn di n. Chng hn, tng phin phi tng tc vi tng trnh din v tng giao vn. Tng thp nht (1 v 2) nh ngha phng tin vt l ca mng v cc tc v lin quan, nh a bt d liu ln card mng v cp. Tng cao nht nh ngha cch thc chng trnh ng dng truy cp cc dch v truyn thng. Tng cng cao, nhim v ca tng cng tr nn phc tp. Mi tng cung cp dch v hoc hot ng chun b d liu chuyn giao qua mng n my tnh khc. Cc tng c phn chia bng nhng ranh gii c gi l giao din. Mi yu cu u c chuyn t tng ny qua giao din ri n tng tip theo. Mi tng xy dng da trn tiu chun v hot ng ca tng bn di. Mc ch ca mi tng l cung cp dch v cho tng ngay bn trn v bo v tng trn trnh khi nhng chi tit v cc dch v thc s c thi hnh nh th no. Cc tng c thit lp theo cch thc qua mi tng hot ng nh th n ang giao tip vi tng i tc ca n trong my tnh khc. y l dng giao tip o hay cn gi l giao tip logic gia nhng tng ng mc. Tht s l giao tip xy ra gia

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cc tng k cn nhau trn mt my tnh. mi tng, c mt phn mm thi hnh mt s chc nng mng nht nh theo mt tp hp giao thc nht nh. Trc khi d liu c chuyn t tng ny qua tng khc, n c chia thnh nhiu gi (packet). Gi l n v thng tin c truyn nh mt khi thit b ny ti thit b khc trong mng. Mng chuyn gi t tng phn mm ny sang tng phn mm khc theo th t tng. mi tng, phn mm b sung thng tin nh dng hay a ch (address) cho gi, iu ny lm cho gi c chuyn giao ng ni trn mng. u nhn gi i qua cc tng theo th t ngc li. Mi phn mm tin ch trn tng tng s c thng tin ny trn gi, tc b thng tin i ri chuyn ln tng tip theo. Khi gi c chuyn n tng Applicatin, mi thng tin a ch b tc i v gi li dng thc ban u m my nhn c th c c. Ngoi tr tng thp nht trong m hnh mng, khng tng no c th chuyn trc tip thng tin sang i tc ca mnh trn my tnh khc. Thng tin trn my tnh u gi phi c chuyn qua mi tng thp hn. Thng tin ny sau truyn qua cp mng n my tnh nhn ri c chuyn ln tng tng mng ca my tnh , cho ti khi n c cng tng gi thng tin trn my tnh u gi. V d, nu gi thng tin t tng Network ca my tnh A, thng tin s c di chuyn xung tng Data link v Physical ca my tnh ny v truyn qua cp, chy t tng Physical v Data Link my nhn, n ch ca n l tng Network trn my tnh B. Khi gi thng tin t tng mng my tnh A sang tng mng my tnh B c th l a ch mng v khng chng cng c mt s thng tin kim li c thm vo gi. Tng tc gia cc tng k cn din ra qua mt giao din. Giao din nh r tng mng di s cung cp nhng dch v no cho tng trn, v nh r nhng dch v ny s c truy nhp nh th chng ang giao tip trc tip vi tng tng ng trn my tnh khc.

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1.12. OSI v TCP/IP

Hnh1.12 a: OSI v TCP/IP S tip nhn ca TCP/IP khng mu thun vi nhng tiu chun OSI bi v chng pht trin ng thi. Trong mt s trng hp, TCP/IP b sung cho OSI, v ngc li. Vi s khc nhau quan trng c tn ti do ny sinh t nhng yu cu c bn ca TCP/IP, l: Mt tp hp chung ca cc ng dng. To ng ti ng. Cc giao thc khng kt ni ti mc ni mng. Kt ni ph bin. Chuyn mch gi. S khc nhau gia kin trc OSI v TCP/IP l TCP/IP lin quan n cc lp trn mc vn chuyn v nhng vn ti mc mng. OSI c c hai lp phin v lp trnh din, trong khi TCP/IP kt hp c hai trong mt tng ng dng. Do yu cu cho mt giao thc khng kt ni cng i hi TCP/IP kt hp tng vt l v tng lin kt d liu ca m hnh OSI trong mt mc mng. TCP/IP cng kt hp tng trnh din v

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tng phin ca m hnh OSI trong tng ng dng ca TCP/IP. Hnh 1.12b din t cu trc phn lp ca TCP/IP so vi m hnh 7 lp ca OSI. TCP/IP gi nhng phn t mc mng khc nhau l nhng mng con (subnetworks).

Hnh1.12 b: OSI v cu trc phn lp TCP/IP OSI v TCP/IP khng phi l khng tng thch, nhng c hai u khng hon ton tng thch. C hai m hnh ny u c mt kin trc phn lp. Kin trc m hnh OSI th c nh ngha nghim khc hn nhiu v cc lp c lp hn so vi TCP/IP. Mt vi s quan trng ho to khong cch kt hp mc mng, mc d n sm tr thnh hin nhin m s tranh ci din ra lp lun hon ton l thuyt, trong khi s thi hnh ca m hnh OSI kt hp hai mc lin kt v vt l trn mt b iu khin thng minh (nh l card mng). S kt hp ca hai tng ch trong mt tng c mt li ch ch yu: n cho php mt mng con s c thit k c lp vi bt k giao thc mng, bi v TCP/IP khng nh ti cc chi tit. y cho php quyn s hu cc mng c lp thc thi cc giao thc TCP/IP cho kt ni bn ngoi nhng h thng khp kn. Cch tip cn lp em n tn TCP/IP. Lp giao vn s dng Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) hoc mt trong s vi bin i nh l trnh nghi thc gi d liu ngi s dng (UDP: User Datagram Protocol). C nhiu giao thc khc ang s dng nhng TCP v UDP l ph bin nht. Tuy nhin y, ch c mt giao thc cho mc mng

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l giao thc Internet (IP: Internet Protocol). y l iu m bo h thng ca kt ni ph bin, mt trong nhng mc ch thit k quan trng nht. y mt s lng ng k s thc y t pha cng chng s dng n vic t b m hnh OSI v bt c s pht trin cc giao thc truyn thng trong tng lai. iu ny lm cho TCP/IP c chiu c n trong s tranh ci tu thuc vo nhng l lun hin nhin: TCP/IP c mt thit lp chc nng ngi qun l. Hng ngn ng dng hin nay s dng TCP/IP v n cung cp tt cc giao din cho chng trnh ng dng ti liu. TCP/IP l c s cho hu ht cc h thng UNIX, n dnh c s phn phi rng ln ca th trng h iu hnh (ngoi cc my s dng mn hnh n nh l PC v Macintosh). TCP/IP l nh cung cp c lp. S tranh ci kh cng thng chng li TCP/IP ca chnh chnh ph M, nhng ngi bo tr chng trong ln u tin lm chng ta ngc nhin. Chnh s tranh lun ca h cho l TCP/IP khng phi l mt tiu chun c chp nhn ton cu, trong khi OSI c cng nhn. DoD cn bt u di chuyn ht cc h thng thit lp t giao thc TCP/IP. Mt tho hip hu nh chc chn xy ra, vi mt vi kha cnh chp nhn OSI trong khi vn pht trin b giao thc TCP/IP.

2. Cu hnh mng (Network topology)


2.1.Tng quan
Cu hnh c lin quan ti cc bin php ca mng my tnh l kt ni cp v cc thnh phn khc ca mng l kt ni vt l. Mi topology ph hp vi tng c im nhim v v n c nhng u im v nhc im ring. Chn la cu hnh ph thuc vo: Khun mu v s lng thit b s dng. K hoch ng dng v tc truyn d liu.

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Yu cu v thi gian p ng. Chi ph. Nhng kiu khc nhau ca b iu hp cp mng, h iu hnh mng v cc thnh phn khc, iu i hi cc topology khc nhau. Topology mng c th quyt nh thng tin c truyn gia tt c cc my tnh trong mng. i vi cc thng tin khc nhau yu cu topology khc nhau v iu c nh hng rt nhiu n mng. Topology mng c gi tn cn c vo phn loi mng khc nhau ca cc my tnh c kt ni. Topology mng nh hng ti kh nng ca mng. N c th quyt nh n cc thit b s dng, lm sao cc my tnh c kh nng tng tc vi nhau trn mng. Cc topology khc nhau yu cu cc phng php tng tc khc nhau v cc phng php ny nh hng rt ln n mng. Tuy nhin mi topology thch hp vi cc c im nhim v v chng c cc u im v nhc im ring.

2.2. Ba kiu topology chnh ca mng my tnh.


Bus Star Ring

Cu hnh Bus dng mt phn on ng trc (theo chiu di ca cp) m tt c cc host c kt ni trc tip vo . Cu hnh Ring ni mt host vo v tr k v host sau cng vng ra v tr u tin. iu ny to ra mt vng vt l ca cp. Cu hnh Start ni tt c cc cp vo mt im trung tm tp trung. im ny thng l mt hub hay mt Switch. a. Bus topology: Trong cu hnh Bus tt c cc thit b mun lin lc vi nhau c kt ni qua mt cp di. Khng c im phn phi trung tm trong trng hp ny. Cu hnh ny yu cu mt t dy cp hn so vi cu hnh Start. Cu hnh Bus c mt nhc im chnh: s thit hi ti bt

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k thnh phn no ca cp Bus lm v hiu ho ton b phn on m cc my tnh kt ni ti bus qua nhng u ni.

Hnh 2.2a: Bus Topology Phn on bus thng c gi l ng trc chnh bus (backbone bus). Cp ng trc chnh hoc phn on cp ny phi c kt thc ti c hai u nt ngn nga s di ngc tn hiu t im u v kt thc ca cp. Cc Terminator (in tr cui) l mt b phn c t mi u cp hp th cc tn hiu t do nhm ngn chn khng cho tn hiu di. Vic hp th tn hiu s lm thng cp v cho php my tnh c th gi tn hiu. S kt ni khc nhau ca ng trc chnh bus c gi l phn on (segment), ng thi qua cc Repeater to thnh mt s m rng ca cu hnh Bus. Cp bus mang thng bo truyn dc theo cp. Trong khi thng bo i n, ti mi trm lm vic my tnh kim tra a ch ni gi n bao gm nh xem xt thng bo nu nhn thy n c ph hp. Nu a ch khng ph hp, trm lm vic khng lm g hn. Nu trm lm vic nhn thy a ch ph hp cha ng trong thng bo, trm lm vic x l thng bo. Thng bo c truyn dc theo cp v c th ti tt c cc my tnh kt ni ti cp . Nu mt trm lm vic khng hot ng n khng nh hng ti v tr khc t n.

Nhng c im: 25

1. Tt c cc trm lm vic kt ni ti cng phn on cp 2. Thng thng s dng cho thc hin Ethernet 3. Cp c hon thnh ti mi im kt thc. 4. S ni dy thng thng c thc hin t im n im. 5. Trm lm vic hoc cp mc li s lm cho ton b mng LAN khng hot ng. 6. Nu s dng 2 dy, thng thng l cp ng trc.

N lm vic nh th no?
Cp bus mang thng bo truyn dc theo cp. Trong khi i n trm lm vic, my tnh trm lm vic kim tra a ch ni gi n bao gm thng bo xem xt n c ph hp hay khng. Nu a ch khng ph hp, trm lm vic khng lm g hn. Nu trm lm vic thy a ch ph hp cha ng trong thng bo, trm lm vic s x l thng bo. Thng bo c truyn dc theo cp v c th ti tt c cc my tnh kt ni ti cp. Hnh v 2.2.a cho thy rng mt s my tnh kt ni ti cp bus, trong trng hp ny, thc hin bng Thin Ethernet. Mi my tnh c mt card mng v thit lp gn trc tip ti cp mng bus thay cho Tconnector. Trong nhng h thng bus, tt c trm cho php truy cp ti cng mi trng cp. Bi vy cc trm ca n c th truyn khi cc trm khc cng mun truyn. Nh vy c 2 yu cu t ra cho mt qu trnh truyn trn mt mng bus: 1. Mt trm phi nghe xc nh xem trm khc c truyn hay khng trc khi bt u mt qu trnh truyn. Nu mng bn th trm phi li li v ch i mt khong thi gian ngu nhin trc khi truyn tr li.

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2. Mt trm no truyn cn theo di mng thy cc trm khc bt u truyn.

C 2 cch thc hin lp t dy cho mng bus:


1. 10 base 2 (thin-net, mng r hn) tr khng 50-ohm, cp s dng u ni BNC, my thu pht cung cp card. 2. 10 base 5 (Thick Net) tr khng 50-ohm, cp s dng kiu kt ni 15-pin AUID v trm thu pht bn ngoi.

Nhc im:
1. Gii hn v di cp v s trm lm vic. 2. Kh cch ly li mng. 3. Mt cp hng nh hng ti tt c cc trm lm vic. 4. Khi s trm lm vic tng ln th tc ca mng gim xung. b. Ring topology Trn mng hnh vng Ring tn hiu c truyn i trn vng theo mt chiu duy nht. Mi trm ca mng c ni vi vng qua mt b chuyn tip (Repeater) c nhim v nhn tn hiu ri chuyn tip n trm k tip trn vng. Nh vy tn hiu c lu chuyn trn vng theo mt chui lin kt im - im gia cc Repeter. Do cn c giao thc iu khin vic cp pht quyn c truyn d liu trn vng mng cho trm c nhu cu. tng tin cy ca mng ta c th lp t thm cc vng d phng nu vng chnh c s c th vng ph s c s dng. Tn hiu cn di chuyn t thit b ny n thit b khc v truyn tr li bi mi thit b cho d liu i ti n trn vng trn. Thit b cn s dng gi thng tin duy nht khi chng c iu khin ca token. Token l mt gi d liu m i hi cc thit b c iu khin. Cc thit b tip nhn c chn lc ln trn token v sau

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dn sch n khi cn dng cho s dng khc c th nhn thng bo.

Hnh 2.2b: Ring Topology Trong mng vng, cc trm lm vic kt ni ti vng v th nu bt k trm lm vic no b li c th b qua.

Nhng c im:
1. Cc trm lm vic kt ni ti vng. 2. Li cc trm lm vic c th b qua. 3. Yu cu cp hn so vi Bus. 4. Cc u ni s dng hng ti mt vi vn mc tiu. 5. Thng s dng thc hin token ring ti 4 v 16 mbps. 6. Bn dy thng thng STP hoc UTP.

u im:
1. S hng cp nh hng gii hn n nhng ngi s dng. 2. S truy cp ngang bng nhau cho tt c ngi s dng. 3. Mi trm lm vic c tc truy cp ti vng. 4. S lng trm lm vic tng ln hiu sut gim khng ng k.

Nhc im: 28

1. Lp t dy tn km. 2. Cc kt ni kh. 3. Cc card b iu hp t.

c. Start topology

Hnh 2.2c: Star Topology Mng hnh sao c tt c cc trm c kt ni vi mt thit b trung tm c nhim v nhn tn hiu t cc trm v chuyn n trm ch. Tu theo yu cu truyn thng trn mng m thit b trung tm c th l b chuyn mch (switch), b chn ng (Router) hoc b phn knh (Hub). Vai tr cc thit b trung tm ny thc hin vic thit lp cc lin kt im - im (point to point) gia cc trm.

u im:
1. D tng trm lm vic mi. 2. iu khin tp trung. 3. Mng tp trung/b kim tra hub.

Nhc im:
1. Li Hub lm t lit tt c cc trm kt ni ti Hub . 2. Cc Hub khng t bng thin Ethernet.

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3. H iu hnh mng
Ngy nay, cc mng my tnh gi phn quan trng trong cuc sng ca chng ta. Hiu qu ca mng dn dn khng nh trong tt c cc lnh vc nh l: khoa hc, gio dc, thng mi, qun s v vui chi gii tr . Nh chng ta bit, mt mng my tnh c t hai my tnh tr ln c kt ni vi nhau bi mt cp truyn thng v vi mc ch chia s ti nguyn. Hn na, cng vi cc my tnh kt ni trong mng, n cn thit c cc h iu hnh trn phm vi ton b mng m c cc chc nng qun l d liu v tnh ton, x l thch hp h thng nh th gi l h iu hnh mng (NOS: Network Operating System).

3.1. Th no l mt h iu hnh mng


Mi my tnh trong mng c h iu hnh ring ca mnh. H iu hnh mng n gin l mt ph t cho h iu hnh cc b, n cho php nhng my ng dng tng tc vi nhng my phc v. H iu hnh mng khng tht s l mt h iu hnh nhng l mt tp hp phn tn ca phn mm h thng nhm h tr s dng cc my ch trn mt mng. Cc my ch cung cp cc dch v rng khp mng hoc cc ng dng nh: lu tr tp tin v qun l my in. H iu hnh mng l chng trnh phn mm qun l, iu khin thit b phn cng v l giao din giao tip gia ngi v my.
Remot e File Syste m
N e tw ork Printe r

Network Operatin g Syste

RAM

Modems Communication

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Protoc ols

A sync hronous H ost

Hnh 3.1: Cc ti nguyn iu khin bi NOS


3.1.1. Cc chc nng ca HH H iu hnh mng c cc chc nng ch yu sau: Cung cp phng tin lin lc gia cc tin trnh, gia nhng ngi s dng v gia cc ti nguyn ni chung ca ton mng. Ta c th k n cc kha cnh sau: Chuyn d liu gia cc tin trnh. ng b ho cc tin trnh. Cung cp phng tin lin lc gia ngi s dng, mc thp c th to, lu chuyn v hin th cc thng bo nng trc tuyn, mc cao c th l nhn tin (paging) hoc th tn in t (E-mail). H tr cho cc HH ca my trm cho php truy nhp ti my ch t cc my trm. Cc HH mng hin i u cung cp cc h tr cho cc HH khc nhau chy trn cc my trm, khch. V d: HH Unix cung cp cc chng trnh chy trn DOS tn l NFS (Network File System) khi ng trn DOS cc my PC c th s dng h thng tp ca cc my ch UNIX. Cung cp dch v nh tuyn v cng ni. Cho php truyn thng gia cc giao thc mng khc nhau. V d: Mt my trm trn Novell Netware vi giao thc IPX/SPX khng th chy trc tip cc ng dng trn TCP/IP nh mt s cc ng dng Internet. Tuy vy cc Modul chuyn i giao thc bin cc gi

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tin IPX/SPX thnh cc gi tin TCP?IP khi cn gi t mng Netware ra ngoi v ngc li th mt my chy Netware c th giao tip c vi Internet. Kin trc ca Netware c ODI (Open Datalink Interface) l phn chuyn i v chng (bao gi) cc giao thc khc nhau. Dch v danh mc v tn (Name/ Directory Services) c th khai thc tt ti nguyn trn mng, ngi s dng cn nhn thy mt cch d dng cc tn ti nguyn (thit b, tp) ca ton mng mt cch c th. V th mt dch v cung cp danh mc ti nguyn l v cng quan trng. ng nhin vic ngi s dng nhn thy cc ti nguyn no cn ph thuc vo thm quyn ca ngi . Mi khi vo mng, khi ngi s dng c mng nhn din, h c th nhn thy nhng ti nguyn c php s dng. Trong Novelln dch v chnh l NDS (Netware Directory Service). Trong Windows NT hay Window95 chnh l chc nng Browser m ta thy c ci t trong Explorer. Trong UNIX vi lnh mount ta c th kt ni tn ti nguyn ca mt h thng con vo h thng ti nguyn chung. Bo mt: Chc nng ny m bo vic kim sot cc quyn truy nhp mng, quyn s dng ti nguyn ca mng. Cc phng php c p dng: Dng cc dch v a iu khin bo mt. Chia a cng ca my ch thnh cc phn c gi l volume hay partition sau gn volume c php cho ngi dng. nh cc thm quyn trn tp v directory. C nhiu loi thm quen nh: quyn c c, ghiv c p dng cho a s cc HH mng. Mt s HH quy nh kh chi tit nh quyn c xo, c sao chp, quyn xem th mc, quyn to th mc. Cc quyn ny li c xem xt cho n tng nhm i tng nh c nhn, nhm lm vic hay tt c mi ngi. Thm quyn vo mng hay thc hin mt s dch v c nhn din qua tn ngi s dng v mt khu.

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M ho cc gi tin trn mng. Mt s HH cn cho php m ho phn cng kim sot vic s dng thit b.

Cung cp phng tin chia s ti nguyn Nhng ti nguyn trn mng c th cho php nhiu ngi c s dng. ng k nht l a (tp v th mc) v my in (My tnh qun l hng i ca my in). HH mng phi c cc cng c cho php to ra cc ti nguyn c th chia s c. Cc ti nguyn chia s c phi l cc ti nguyn c lp vi mi ng dng. Chnh v vy n phi c cung cp cc trnh iu khin (driver) ph hp vi mng: My in, modem,l cc ti nguyn nh th. Trn mng cng cn c cc cng c can thip vo hot ng ca ti nguyn mng. V d, nh ch mt tin trnh truy cp mng t xa, thay i th t hng i trn my in mng To tnh trong sut (Iranspaneney) ngi s dng khng nhn thy kh khn trong khi s dng cc ti nguyn mng cng nh cc ti nguyn ti ch. Sao lu d phng i vi bt k h thng no, chy trn mi trng no, vn sao lu d phng cng quan trng c th phc hi thng tin ca h thng sau mt s c mt d liu. Tuy nhin trong mi trng mng th vic sao lu c th thc hin c mt cch t ng qua mng. Chnh v th cc HH mng u cung cp cng c sao lu nh mt chc nng c bn. C nhiu phng php sao lu. Trn Novell cho php soi gng (mirroring) cc a m ta c th t trong khi ci t h thng. Novell c c mt dch v tn l SMS (Storage Management Services) cung cp cc cng c sao chp, phc hi d liu khng ch ca ngi s dng m c d liu ca h thng. V d NDS NT c chc nng Replicate khng nhng i vi a m cn mc th mc v nh k. iu rt cn thit khng ch trn mng cc b m ngay c trn mng din rng. Cc cng c qun l mng: Cc tin ch gim st v qun l ti nguyn mng.

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Qun tr mng l mt cng vic c bit tn cng sc, nht l i vi cc mng ln. C 5 ni dung qun tr mng: Qun tr cu hnh mng m bo cc kt ni l hp tu thuc vo nhu cu kt ni vi ngi s dng. Cu hnh bao gm cc thit b v cc phn mm c s dng vi mc ch kt ni hay theo di hot ng ca mng. Qun tr hiu qu mng, nh gi c hiu qu s dng thit b c th b sung, hon chuyn thit b tu thuc theo nhu cu ca ngi s dng. Qun tr ngi hay nhm ngi dng mng: cp, hu b hay hn ch quyn ca ngi s dng. Tnh khi lng s dng cho ngi hoc nhm ngi dng mng ( lm ho n ). Trong c c ni dung t chc thng tin trn cc a dng chung (cp, don rc, phn b ng khng gian a cho c nhn v nhm lm vic ). Pht hin li v sa li mng. Trn mng rng vic nh v c li l iu khng n gin, n ph thuc rt nhiu vo kin thc v kinh nghim ca ngi qun tr. Mt khi pht hin c li cn c lp khu vc li khi ly lan trn mng. Qun tr an ninh mng chng nhng truy nhp bt hp php vo mng c th ph hoi thng tin hay hot ng bnh thng ca mng. Trong cc vn trn c th phn loi thnh 2 nhm: Qun tr hot ng mng. Qun tr vic s dng mng.

Thng thng v s hiu qu cc HH mng khng kim tt c cc chc nng qun tr ny m c cc phn mm chuyn dng qun tr mng. Tuy nhin mt s chc nng thng c tch hp vo HH v d qun tr ti khon, qun tr hiu qu. t nht th cc cng vic sau y thng c sn trong cc HH mng. -

Khai bo ngi s dng v cp quyn hn. To cc nhm lm vic. Theo di trng thi hot ng ca ngi s dng trn mng.

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3.1.2. c im ca h iu hnh mng - Trc ht l mi trng nhiu ngi dng. c im ny dn n cc nhu cu lin lc gia nhng ngi s dng, nhu cu bo v d liu v ni chung l bo v tnh ring t ca ngi s dng. - Mng cn l mi trng a nhim, c nhiu cng vic thc hin trn mng. c im s pht sinh cc nhu cu chia s ti nguyn, nhu cu lin lc gia cc tin trnh nh trao i d liu, ng b ho. - L mi trng phn tn, ti nguyn (thng tin, thit b) nm cc v tr khc nhau, ch kt ni thng qua cc ng truyn vt l. iu ny pht sinh cc nhu cu chia s ti nguyn trn ton mng nh s phn tn cn c trong sut n khng gy kh khn cho ngi s dng. - C nhiu quan nim cng nh cc gii php mng khc nhau. iu ny sinh nhu cu giao tip gia cc mng khc nhau. - Lm vic trn mi trng mng chc chn s phc tp hn mi trng my n l. V th rt cn c cc tin ch gip cho vic s dng v qun tr mng d dng v hiu qu.

3.2. Thit k v thc thi mt h iu hnh iu hnh mng.


C hai phng php thit k v thc thi mt h iu hnh mng: bo v s c lp ca cc h iu hnh cc b c sn trn cc my tnh ca mng. Ti thi gian , h iu hnh c thc hin nh l mt tp hp cc chng trnh tin ch chy trn cc my tnh khc nhau trn mng. Phng php ny d thc hin nhng phn mm th khng c sn. B qua h iu hnh c sn trn my tnh v thc thi hon ton h iu hnh trn mng gi l h iu hnh phn tn. Phng php ny c hiu qu hn cho h thng v kha cnh h thng nhng phc tp hn.

35

3.3. Ph bin h iu hnh mng


C nhiu h iu hnh mng. Mi h iu hnh mng c nhng u im v nhc im thch hp cho c ch ca mng my tnh . Trc ht chng ta gii thiu c ch ca mng. 3.3.1. C ch ca mng C ba kiu c ch chnh: C ch mng da trn my phc v. C ch mng ngang hng. C ch mng a nhim.

a. C ch mng da trn my phc v


Nu mi trng c hn 10 ngi dng, mng ngang hng chc chn s khng tho ng. V th, hu ht cc mng u c my phc v chuyn dng. My phc v chuyn dng l my ch hot ng nh mt my phc v ch khng kim lun vai tr ca my khch hay trm lm vic. My phc v c tnh chuyn dng v chng c ti u ho phc v nhanh nhng yu cu ca khch hng trn mng, cng nh bo m an ton cho tp tin v th mc. Mng da trn my phc v tr thnh m hnh chun cho hot ng mng. V mng pht trin nhanh c v quy m ln lu lng nn phi cn n nhiu my phc v thay v ch c mt. Phn phi tc v gia nhiu my phc v s bo m mi tc v s c thi hnh theo cch thc hiu qu nht c th c.

Hnh 3.3.1 a: S ca mng da vo my phc v c im: 36

C an ton v bo mt cho ngi s dng. Cc ti nguyn trong vng rng ln v ph hp. Qun l tp trung trong iu khin nht qun mng. Cn c mt ngi hiu bit tt v l chuyn gia.

u im:
1. liu. 2. 3. 4. 5. Tnh bo mt v an ton cao. D liu m bo chc chn c thng C th h tr hng ngn ngi s dng. Phn cng ca trm lm vic c th gii Nhng d liu tp trung trong my ch. Bi vy, n d dng qun l v iu khin chia s d

xuyn sao lu d phng.

hn trong s ph hp vi ngi s dng.

Yu cu v phn cng:
1. ch. 2. 3. 4. RAM: ln hn hoc nh nht l 12MB. CPU: b x l nh nht 486. Khng gian a thay i ph hp vi s Cc ti nguyn cn chia s nm trn my

cn thit ca t chc

b. C ch mng ngang hng


Mi trm u c quyn bnh ng nh nhau v u c th cung cp ti nguyn cho cc trm khc. Cc ti nguyn cung cp c c th l tp (tng ng vi thit b l a), my in. Ni chung trong cc mng ngang hng khng c vic bin mt my tnh thnh mt trm lm vic ca mt my tnh khc. Trong mng ngang hng, thng thng cc my s dng chung mt h iu hnh. Win 3.1, win95, NT Workstation, AppleShare, Lanstic v Novell Lite l cc h iu hnh mng ngang hng.

37

Hnh 3.3.1 b: S ca mng ngang hng

c im:
1. 2. nhau. 3. 4. Ngi s dng mi my tnh phi gii t Mi ngi s dng phi t qun l h gii quyt vn an ton v bo mt. thng ca chnh mnh. Phm vi ti a l 10 my tnh. Tt c ngi s dng u c v tr nh

Mt s yu cu:
1. 2. 3. 4. i s dng. 5. 6. C ti thiu b x l 386. Thay i khong trng a trong s ph Trong mi trng mng ngang hng, mi Mc ch s dng chng hu nh l cc S dng cc ti nguyn b sung h Ti nguyn chia s c t my ca ngmy tnh cn phi: ti nguyn h tr ngi dng cc b. tr mi ngi s dng t xa truy cp cc ti nguyn.

hp vi s cn thit ca ngi s dng.

V d: Window cho nhm lm vic ca Microsoft, mt vi


NetWare ca Novell.

38

c. K thut a nhim
K thut a nhim thc hin mt chng trnh V d: WindowsNT Server, Unix. u tin vi nhiu mc quyn u tin.

3.3.2. V d mt vi h iu hnh mng ph bin a. NetWare


NetWare l mt h iu hnh khch/ch (client-server) ca Novell. N l h iu hnh ph bin, c bit cho cc mng ln vi hng trm my tnh. Tuy nhin, n c s dng cho mng nh.

c im:
1. 2. 3. trn DOS. 4. Tt c cac phin bn ca NetWare c c tnh h thng. S dng cho mng nh D thc hin. Cc file ca NetWare khng chy

Nhc im:
1. 2. Phc tp hn mng ngang hng. C th m rng c hn mng ngang hng.

b. Windows for workgroup


L mt h iu hnh ca Microsoft cho mng ngang hng nh. N cho php mt nhm ngi chia s a, my in nhng khng cho php chy trn mt vi ng dng. Windows for workgroup lm vic tt nht trn cc mng, n c cc my tnh chy cc chng trnh window. Windows for workgroups

u im
1. 2. c s dng rng ri. D dng c thc thi.

c. Unix
Unix l mt h iu hnh a nhim, a ngi s dng vi mong mun khi u cho cc my vi tnh nhng thc thi trn mt phm vi

39

rng ca my mc t cc my vi tnh mnh n cc my tnh siu mnh. N c th tr thnh h iu hnh c nh hng trn mt phm vi a dng rng ln ca trm lm vic v h thng a ngi s dng. - N cung cp a dng nhng c ch cho truyn thng lin qu trnh v ng b. - Trong Unix, tt c cc chng trnh ngi dng v phn mm ng dng s dng h thng gi giao din truy nhp ti nguyn trn a, b nh ca my in, v.v. Trong h thng gi giao din trong Unix cung cp mt tp hp nhng h thng gi.

Giao din ca h iu hnh Unix


1. Cho php bn chy cc chng trnh ng dng. 2. c chy khi mt ngi s dng nhng biu tng trong mt my ch Unix. 3. Giao din ca h iu hnh Unix hin ra vi mt du nhc v ch i ngi s dng nh vo mt cu lnh v khi cu lnh kt thc, cu lnh giao din mn hnh xut hin tr li.

u im
1. 2. 3. Cho php nhiu ngi s dng truy cp ti nguyn Tit kim thi gian x l. Dch v tt cho cc php bin i. h thng v nhiu chng trnh chy ng thi.

Nhc im
1. 2. C nhiu phin bn khc nhau, nhng khng nht Yu cu cu hnh phc tp. qun nn gy kh khn cho nhng ngi s dng.

d. WindowsNT
- WindowsNT l mt h iu hnh a nhim, n ngi s dng pht trin bi Microsoft cho cc my tnh c nhn, trm lm vic, v cc my ch. N khai thc kh nng hin thi sc mnh hin ti ca b vi x l v cng l mt trong s nhng iu quan trng u tin

40

m nhng h iu hnh tin cy to ln trn nguyn tc thit k hng i tng. - Mt c im quan trng nht ca h iu hnh ny l, mc d n vn cn d nh h tr ngi dng tng tc n, n l h iu hnh a nhim. Hai s pht trin chnh thc y nhu cu cho h iu hnh ny: vi s pht trin nhanh chng v kh nng nh ca b vi x l, cng vi h tr cho b nh o, nhng ng dng tr thnh phc tp v h tr nhau hn. - Nhiu yu t nh hng thit k ca Windows NT. N cung cp nhiu kiu GUI da trn cc sn phm Window gn y, bao gm s s dng cc ca s window, cc thc n th xung, v im kch tng tc.

u im
1. D khi s dng. 2. H tr mnh m cho phn mm window.

Nhc im:
1. Yu cu cu hnh phc tp ca my mc. Nh c cp trong s bt u khi chng ta thit lp mt mng, chng ta cn phi c mt h iu hnh mng. Da vo c ch ca mng, nhng c im, u im v nhc im ca mi h iu hnh, chng ta chn la windowsNT l h iu hnh mng trong ti ca chng ta.

3.4. Quan h gia h iu hnh v m hnh OSI.


NOS kt ni t lp th ba n lp th 7 ca m hnh OSI. NOS c kha cnh chnh: Application Interface Protocol (AIP) Giao thc mng con. Trnh iu khin mng. NOS tip xc vi phn cng mng cc b qua trnh iu khin mng. Trnh iu khin mng lm vic nh mt cu ni gia cc mng (NIC) v cc giao thc mng con.

41

Application Interface Protocol (AIP)

S chia s tp tin v my in ca my ch WindowsNT c thc hin bi khi thng ip my phc v (SMB: Server Message Block). Giao thc ny c pht trin bi IBM cho h iu hnh mng, chng trnh mng my tnh c nhn IBM, v s dng trong h iu hnh qun tr mng cc b LAN. Mt vi chc nng ca Server Message Block: 1. M tp tin di nhng m hnh khc nhau. 2. Cung cp tn chung tng ng tn quy c UNC (Universal naming convention) cho ti nguyn dng chung nh l server- th mc v dch v my in. 3. ng tp tin m u. 4. c cc khi d liu t cc tp tin m u. 5. Lu tr cc khi d liu trong cc tp tin m u. 6. Ti mt danh sch cc th mc. 7. Thc hin dch v-c s d liu. 8. Cung cp nhng dch v kt ni mc cao.

Giao thc mng con

Giao thc mng con kt ni t lp 3 n lp 5 ca m hnh OSI. Cc lp ny cung cp cc dch v mng c s truyn d liu trn mt mng cc b (LAN: Local Area Network). Giao thc mng con gi mt phn quan trng trong kh nng thc thi ca mt h iu hnh. Giao thc mng con nhanh thu c nhng kt qu nhanh trong mt h iu hnh mng. Mt khc, giao thc mng con chm lm cho mt h iu hnh s chm. Hn na, mt giao thc mng con nhanh trn mng cc s chm trn mng din rng (WAN: Wide Area Network). Nn tng nhng mng con s dng bi WindowsNT l NETBEUI cho cc lp 3, 4, 5 trong m hnh OSI; IPX cho lp 3; TCP v UDP cho lp bn. Chi tit k thut ca nguyn bn NetBIOS bao gm 17 lnh cho hm iu khin lin kt nh to, duy tr, v xo kt ni mng. NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface). NetBEUI cp th tc giao thc

42

vn chuyn thc t. Trong khi , NetBIOS cp ti cc cu lnh chng trnh hoc AIP. Bi vic khc bit giao thc vn chuyn t API, NetBIOS c th h tr trn giao thc khc vi NetBEUI. Nh v d, NetBIOS API c th h tr trn IPX/SPX v TCP/IP. y rt quan trng nu cc chng trnh ng dng c bn NetBIOS c hm trong mt mi trng mng lin kt, c lin kt bi cc thit b trc tip. NetBEUI khng c kh nng iu khin trong IPX v giao thc IP c th lm nhim v ny. NetBEUI h tr cho cc mng cc b n l khng c cc router bao gm nhiu nhng trm lm vic nh. Trong phin bn u tin ca WindowsNT (version 3.1), Giao thc NetBEUI l chng giao thc nn tng ca WindowsNT. Trong phin bn tip theo (WindowsNT 3.5), cc giao thc IPX/SPX c pht trin t tnh trng ca NetBEUI. My ch WindowsNT h tr TCP/IP. y l iu rt quan trng bi v TCP/IP l giao thc vn chuyn ca lp mng v lp vn chuyn trong mi trng phn phi a sn phm. Nh vy, WindowsNT c th s dng trong mi trng phn phi a sn phm. TCP/IP l giao thc chun h tr trn my tnh Unix, cc my tnh ln, cc trm lm vic k thut v cc my ch nn. Giao thc TCP/IP cho php WindowsNT kt hp vi mng TCP/IP hin ti v Internet. Cc chng trnh ng dng FTP, TELNET, X_WINDOWS, Gopher, v WWW (Word Wide Web) c th chy trn WindowsNT Server v thc hin tng tc ti cc thnh phn tng ng. H TCP/IP trn nn h thng khc nh l Unix, VMS, NetWare, v MVS. Cc giao thc IPX c bt ngun t XNS giao thc Xerox (Chun mng Xerox) WindowsNT Server h tr IPX, nh vy WindowsNT Server c th pht trin trong mt mng c s NetWare. Bi v IPX, PXP, v SPX c bt ngun t XNS, nh vy chng cng c hn ch ca XNS i vi cc chng trnh ng dng.

43

Giao thc IPX cung cp kh nng truyn d liu trn cc mng LAN kt hp vi nhau. IPX khng kt hp dch v (gi d liu). SPX cung cp mt dch v mch o kt hp nh hng i vi chng trnh ng dng cn SPX.

Trnh

iu

khin

mng

(Network

driver)
- Trnh iu khin mng l mt chng trnh kt hp tt c cc phn ca lp th 2 v 3 trong m hnh OSI. - Mt trnh iu khin mng cung cp mt giao din gia NIC v trn cc lp giao thc. - Trnh iu khin mng cung cp kh nng giao tip gia card mng v b i hng mng (Network redirector) chy trn my tnh. B i hng l mt phn mm ca phm mm mng, chp nhn cc yu cu nhp/xut nhng tp tin xa, ri gi hay i hng chng qua mng n my tnh khc. Ngi qun tr mng dng mt trnh tin ch thng gi l chng trnh setup ci t trnh iu khin. Trong khi ci t, trnh iu khin c lu trong a cng my tnh.

4. Cc thit b mng
4.1. Phng tin truyn dn
4.1.1 Tng quan Phng tin truyn dn l ng dn vt l gia my pht v my thu trong mt h thng truyn d liu. Phng tin truyn dn c th phn thnh loi dn ng hoc khng dn ng. Trong c hai trng hp, truyn thng to thnh nhng sng in t. Vi loi dn ng, cc sng c h tr dc theo mt mi trng c, nh l cp ng i dy xon, cp ng trc, v.v. Khng gian bn ngoi v bu kh quyn l v d ca phng tin khng dn ng, n cung cp mt phng tin truyn cc tn hiu in t nhng chng khng nh cc phng tin dn ng: phng tin ny truyn dn thng tham chiu ti truyn dn khng dy.

44

4.1.2 Cp xon i

a. M t vt l
Cp i dy xon l cp gm hai dy ng cch ly in xon qun vo nhau trnh gy nhiu cho cc i dy khc v t nhng ngun khc khc nh mt, rle v my bin th, c th ko di ti vi km m khng cn khuch i. Mt s dy xon i thng c nhm chung vi nhau v c qun kn thnh si cp. S lng dy xon i thc t trong si cp khc nhau. Cc dy trong mt i c dy t 0,016 n 0,036 inch. Gii tn trn dy cp xon t khong 300400 Hz, tc truyn t kbps n vi Mbps.

b. ng dng
Nhn chung cp xon i l phng tin truyn dn cho c tn hiu tng t ln tn hiu s. N l phng tin thng c s dng nht trong mng in thoi cng nh cc ngi nh lm vic cho truyn thng vi nhng ta nh. Trong h thng in thoi, tp hp in thoi ca cc c nhn nhng ni ring l c kt ni ti tng i in thoi cc b, hoc end office bi dy cp xon i. Chng tham chiu ti cc vng ngi thu bao in thoi. Bn trong mt ton nh vn phng, mi in thoi cng c kt ni n mt cp xon i, cc cp xon i i n cc to nh trong h thng tng i nhnh ring r, hoc mt phng tin trung tm trong vn phng cui. Nhng h thng cp xon i c thit k h tr lu thng ting ni s dng tn hiu tng t. Tuy nhin, bng phng tin mt modem, nhng phng tin ny c th iu khin lu thng d liu s vi d liu va phi. Cp xon i cng l phng tin chung nht s dng cho tn hiu s. kt ni ti mt chuyn mch d liu s hoc chi nhnh tng i s ring trong mt to nh, mt tc d liu 64 Kbps l ph bin. Cp xon i cung s dng ph bin trong mt to nh cho nhng mng cc b h tr cc my tnh c nhn. Tc d liu cho kt qu in hnh trong ln cn ca 10 Mbps. Tuy nhin, gn y, cc mng cp xon i vi tc d 100 Mbps c th pht trin, mc d chng gii hn hu ht trong iu kin s cc thit b

45

v phm vi a l ca mng. Vi khong cch ng dng di, cp xon i c th s dng tc d liu 4 Mbps hoc hn. Cp xon i r hn nhiu so vi cc phng tin khc s dng phng tin truyn dn dn ng (cp ng trc, cp quang) v d dng trong cng vic. N hn ch hn trong iu kin ca tc d liu v khong cch.

c. Cc c im truyn dn
Cp xon i c th s dng truyn c tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s. i vi cc tn hiu tng t, b khuch i yu cu t 5 n 6 km. i vi cc tn hiu s, yu cu cc b lp t 2 n 3 km. So snh vi vic s dng cc phng tin truyn dn dn ng ph bin khc (cp ng truc, cp quang), cp xon i c hn ch v khong cch, bng tn, v tc d liu. Nh th hin hnh 4.1.2 s suy gim ca cp xon i l mt hm rt mnh ca tn s. Nhng s suy gim khc cng rt mnh i vi cp xon i. Mi trng kh nh hng ti s giao thoa v tp m bi v n d ghp ni vi cc trng in t. V d mt dy chy song song ti mt dy ngun AC s hot ng tch cc trn 60 Hz. Xung ting n cng d dng xm nhp vo trong cp xon i. Vi bin php gim bt s suy gim. Li chn bo v bn ngoi dy bn bng kim loi hoc lp bo v gim bt s giao thoa. S xon ca dy gim bt giao thoa ca tn s v s dng cc di xon khc nhau trong i dy k nhau gim bt s xuyn m. i vi tn hiu tng t t im ti im (point - to- point), mt bng tn c th ln ti khong 250 KHz. Trng hp ny thch hp vi mt s knh truyn ting ni. i vi khong cch di tn hiu s t im ti im, tc d liu c th ln n vi Mbps; i vi khong cch rt ngn, tc d liu t ti 100 Mbps hin nay dnh c trong cc sn phm c sn v phng din thng mi. Cp hai loi cp i dy xon: 1. Unshielded Twisted Pair 2. Shielded Twisted Pair

46

Loi c bc kim loi tng cng chng nhiu gi l

cp STP (Shield Twisted Pair). Loi ny trong v bc kim c th c nhiu i dy. V l thuyt th tc truyn c th t 500 Mb/s nhng thc t thp hn rt nhiu (ch t 155 Mbps vi cp di 100m). Loi khng bc kim loi gi l UTP (UnShield Twisted Pair), cht lng km hn STP nhng rt r. Cp UTP c chia lm 5 hng tu theo tc truyn. Cp loi 3 dng cho in thoi. Cp loi 5 c th truyn vi tc 100Mb/s rt hay dng trong cc mng cc b v va r va tin s dng. Cp ny c 4 i dy xon nm trong cng mt v bc. 30 22 gauges 10 3 Optical 1 0.3 0.1 1KHz 1MHz 1GHz 1THz 1000THz fiber twisted pair 3/8 Coaxial cable

Hnh 4.1.2: ng tiu biu

suy gim ca cc phng tin dn -

4.1.3. Cp ng trc a. M t vt l: Cp ng trc cng nh cp xon i, gm c hai dy dn c li lng vo nhau, li ngoi l li kim loi, nhng n c thit lp khc cho php n hot ng trn mt phm vi rng ln ca cc tn s. N bao gm mt dy dn hnh tr rng pha ngoi bao quanh mt dy dn n bn trong.

47

Dy dn bn trong c gi trong ng v tr bi nhng vng cch ly c bit bnh thng hoc mt h thng cht in mi. Dy dn pha ngoi c bao bc bi mt lp chong bn ngoi. Mt cp ng trc n c ng knh t 0,4 n 1 inch. V lp bo v, cu trc ng tm, cp ng trc t nhiu d b nh hng ti giao thoa v nhiu xuyn m hn l cp xon i. Cp ng trc c th s dng trn khong cch di v h tr hn trm lm vic trn mt ng phn phi so vi cp xon i. b. Cc ng dng: Cp ng trc c th l phng tin truyn dn a nng v ang c s dng ph bin trong mt s a dng ca cc ng dng; quan trng nht ca nhng iu l: Phn phi truyn hnh. Truyn in thoi ng di Nhng lin kt cc my tnh c khong cch ngn. Dng cho cc mng cc b. Cp ng trc c nhanh chng ph bin nh nhng phng tin phn phi cc tn hiu truyn hnh ti truyn hnh cp cho cc nh ring. T nhng s bt u va phi vi truyn hnh anten cng cng (AVT: Antenna Television), thit k cung cp n vng xa, cp truyn hnh cui cng s t n hu nh l rt nhiu cc ngi nh v cc vn phng vi in thoi, mt h thng cp truyn hnh c th mang hng t hoc ngay c hng trm knh truyn hnh trong mt phm vi ln n trn 16 km. Coaxial Cable vi truyn thng tr thnh mt phn quan trng ca mng in thoi c khong cch ng di. Hin nay, n ng trc s cnh tranh ngy cng tng t cp quang, sng cc ngn v v tinh. Vic s dng FDM (frequency-division multiplexing), mt cp ng trc c th mang trn 10.000 knh ting ni ng thi.

48

Coaxial Cable cng thng s dng cho nhng kt ni phm vi ngn gia cc thit b. S dng tn hiu s, Coaxial Cable c th s dng cung cp cc knh I/O tc cao trn cc h thng my tnh. Phm vi ng dng khc cho cp ng trc l cc mng cc b. Cp ng trc c th h tr mt s ln cc thit b vi s a dng ca d liu v cc kiu truyn thng, trn khong cch bao quanh mt to nh n gin hoc cc to nh phc tp. c. Cc c im truyn dn: Cp ng trc c th s dng truyn c tn hiu tng t v cc tn hiu s. C th thy c thng qua hnh 4.1.2. Cp ng trc c cc tn s c trng cao hn cp xon i, v chnh v l do n c s dng c hiu qu ti cc tn s v tc d liu cao. V tm bo v n, cu trc ng trc, cp ng trc t b nh hng bi giao thoa v s xuyn m hn cp xon i. Nhng rng buc ch yu trn thi hnh l s suy gim, nhit ting n, v s iu bin qua li ting n. Sau cng s c mt duy nht khi cung cp cc knh (FDM) hoc cc di tn s ang c s dng trn cp. i vi truyn ng di ca cc tn hiu tng t, cn c khuch i trn mi km, vi yu cu hn ch khong cch nu cc tn s cao c s dng. Phm vi c th s dng c cho tn hiu tng t m rng ti khong 400MHz. i vi cc tn hiu s, cc b lp cn c ti mi km hoc nh th, vi cn hn ch khong i vi cc d liu tc cao. 4.1.4 Cp quang a. M t vt l Si quang gm mt si thu tinh cc mnh, gi l li, c bao bc bi mt lp thu tinh ng tm gi l lp v bc (cladding). i khi cc si c lm bng cht do. Cht do d lp t hn nhng khng th mang xung nh sng i xa nh thu tinh. Mi si thu tinh ch truyn tn hiu theo mt hng nht nh do cp c hai si nm trong v bc ring bit. Mt si truyn v mt si

49

nhn. Lp cht do gia c bao bc tng si thu tinh trong khi si kevlar to chc chn. Si levlar b ni cp si quang c t gia hai si cp. C hai loi Cp quang Loi a mode (multimode fiber): khi gc ti thnh dy dn n mt mc no th c hin tng phn x ton phn. Nhiu tia sng c th cng truyn min l gc ti ca chng ln. Cc cp a mode c ng knh khong 50 Loi n mode (singlemode fiber): khi ng knh dy dn bng bc sng th cp quang ging nh mt ng dn sng, khng c hin tng phn x nhng ch cho mt tia i. Loi ny c ng knh khong 8 v phi dng diode laser. Cp quang a mode c th cho php truyn xa ti hng trm km m khng cn phi khuch i. b. ng dng: Dng truyn cc xung nh sng trong lng mt si thy tinh phn x ton phn. Mi trng cp quang rt l tng v: Xung nh sng c th i hng trm km m khng gim cng sng. Di thng rt cao v tn s nh sng dng i vi cp quang khong 1014- 1016 An ton v b mt Khng b nhiu in t

Ch c hai nhc im l kh ni dy v gi thnh cao. pht xung nh sng ngi ta dng cc n LED hoc cc diode laser. nhn ngi ta dng cc photo diode, chng s to ra xung khi bt c xung nh sng. Mt trong nhng t ph k thut quan trng trong truyn d liu tr nn pht trin trn thc t ca h thng truyn thng cp quang. Cp quang c s thch th quan tm s dng trong truyn thng ng di v ng dng s dng n trong qun i c gia tng.

50

S tip tc ci tin trong thc hin v s suy gim trong gi c, cng vi ni mng c b. c im sau phn bit cp quang vi cp xon hoc cp ng trc: Kh nng ln hn: Tim nng v bng tn v chnh v tc d liu ca cp quang rng ln; tc d liu 2 Gbps trn mi km c trnh din. So snh kh nng ny vi thi hnh ln nht ca hnh trm Mbps trn khong 1Km i vi cp ng trc v mt vi Mbps trn 2Km hoc ti 100Kbps trn vi trc mt i vi cp xon i. Kch thc nh v trng lng nh sng: Cp quang mng hn ng k so vi cp i dy xon hoc cp ng trc. S suy gim thp: S suy gim thp hn ng k ca cp quang so vi cp ng trc v cp xon (hnh 5.2) v khng thay i trong mt phm vi rng. S cch ly in t: cc h thng cp quang khng nh hng bi cc trng in t bn ngoi. Nh vy, h thng khng nh hng ti giao thoa, xung ting n, hoc s xuyn m. Bi th cho nn, nhng si quang khng bc x nng lng, bi v chng gy ra giao thoa nh. Cng vi cc thit b khc v nh th cung cp mt an ton cao cho bo mt t vic nghe trm. Khong cch lp ln hn. Nn dng cp quang trong cc trng hp: Cn truyn d liu i xa vi vn tc cc nhanh trn phng tin cc k an ton. Khng nn dng cp si quang khi: C ngn sch eo hp v khng c sn chuyn gia lp t v ni cc thit b vi cp si quang.

51

c. Cc c im truyn dn: Trong cp si quang, si quang truyn tn hiu d liu dng s (digital data signal) hnh thai xung nh sng iu bin. y l cch gi d liu tng i an ton do xung in khng c truyn i qua cp si quang. iu ny c ngha l khng th lp thit b nghe trm vo si quang v nh cp d liu, mt tnh trng vn c th xy ra vi cp ng truyn d liu di dng tn hiu in t. Cp si quang truyn khi lng ln d liu vi vn tc rt cao do tn hiu khng b suy yu trong qa trnh truyn v do trong sch (khng b nhiu) ca tn hiu. Cc cuc truyn trong cp si quang khng d b nhiu in v i vi vn tc cc nhanh (tc truyn trong thc t hin ti l 100 Mbps, v cc cng trnh nghin cu chng minh cp si quang c th truyn vi vn tc ti a 200.000 Mbps). Chng c th mang tn hiu- xung nh sng- i xa hng km.
Attenuation (dB/km) (Max) Core Bandwidth Fiber type (MHz/km) (m) (Max) 5.0 Single-Mode 8.1 85 or 125 125 2.3 0.5 0.25 5000 850 nm (m) diameter 850 nm 1300 nm Clading diameter 1500 nm

50

125

2.4

0.6

0.5

600 13000 nm 1500 1300 nm 200 85 nm 1000 1300 nm 300 850 nm 500 1300 nm

GradedIndex

62.5

125

3.0

0.7

0.3

100

140

35

1.5

0.9

52

Step Index

200 or 300

380 or 440

6.0

Bng 1: Cc c im si quang in hnh 4.2 Cc thit b ghp ni


4.2.1 Card giao tip NIC( Network Interface Card) l mt card c cm trc tip vo my tnh. Trn c cc mch in gip cho vic tip nhn (receiver) hoc/v pht (transmitter) tn hiu ln mng. Ngi ta thng dng l tranceiver ch thit b (mch) c c hai chc nng thu v pht. Transceiver c nhiu loi v phi thch hp i vi c mi trng v do c u ni. V d vi cp gy card mng cn c ng giao tip theo kiu BNC, vi cp UTP cn c u ni theo kiu gic in thoi K5, cp ny dng ng ni kiu AUI, vi cp quang phi c nhng transceiver cho php chuyn tn hiu in thnh cc xung nh sng v ngc li. d ghp ni, nhiu card c th c nhiu u ni v d nh BNC cho cp gy, K45 cho UTP hay AUI cho cp bo. Trong my tnh thng sn cc khe cm b sung cc thit b ngoi vi cm cc thit b ghp ni. Cc b giao tip mng c th c thit k ngay bn trong bn mch chnh ca my tnh hoc dng tm giao tip mng NIC (Network Interface Card). Mt NIC c th c cm vo mt Slot ca my tnh. Trong NIC c mt b thu pht (Transceiver) vi mt s u ni chuyn tn hiu thnh tn hiu mng i hi. 4.2.2 B chuyn tip (Repeater) y l thit b trung gian thc hin chc nng chuyn tip lp vt l. N cng dng ti to li cc tn hiu a n my tnh v truyn dn m rng. Repeater khng th dng kt ni cc mng c cng ngh v giao thc khc nhau. N ch kt ni cc mng LAN c cng ngh ging nhau nhng c th khc nhau v mi trng truyn dn. Nh vy

53

Repeater lm vic lp vt l ca m hnh OSI v n trong sut i vi cc giao thc. Tn hiu truyn trn cc khong cch ln c th b suy gim. Nhim v ca cc repeater l hi phc tn hiu c th truyn tip cho cc trm khc. Mt s repeater n gin ch l khuch i tn hiu. Trong trng hp c tn hiu b mo cng s b khuch i. Mt s repeater c th chnh c tn hiu.

Main network Segment

Repeater

Hnh 4.2.2: Repeater Mt vi c tnh ca b chuyn tip: Lu lng tng trn cc on mng. C khong cch gii hn. Gii hn s lng c th s dng. Truyn lan li trong mng. Khng th qun tr hoc iu khin s truy cp t xa. Khng th to vng quay li bi chnh n (phi l nhng 4.2.3 Cu ni (Bridge) L thit b hot ng ti lp kt ni d liu (Datalink) c mc ch kt ni mng LAN ny n mng LAN khc m thc hin c tt c cc khung (fram) d liu truyn t mt mng LAN v gi n mt mng LAN d liu a ch ny a Bridge truy nhp vo mt mng. ti. V mt vt l, Bridge l mt my tnh mang hai NIC hoc hn. Mi NIC cho php

vng n duy nht)

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Cng nh Repeater, Bridge ch dng cho kt ni cc mng LAN c cng cng ngh, lm vic lp kt ni d liu, khng truyn d liu c li t mng ny sang mng khc cng nh thc hin cc chc nng vt l (ngha l c th s dng kt ni m rng mng vi cc mi trng truyn dn khc nhau). C hai kiu Bridge c s dng: Mt kiu thch hp i vi mng BUS Mt kiu thch hp vi mng vng. 4.2.4 B nh tuyn (Router) Router l mt thit b khng phi ghp ni cc thit b trong mt mng cc b m dng ghp ni cc mng cc b vi nhau thnh mng rng. Router thc s l mt my tnh lm nhim v chn ng cho cc gi tin hng ra ngoi. Khc vi Repeater v Bridge, Router l thit b ni mng c lp phn cng, n c dng kt ni cc mng c chung giao thc. Chc nng c bn nht ca router l cung cp mt mi trng chuyn mch gi (packet switching) ng tin cy lu tr v truyn s liu. thc hin iu , n thit lp cc thng tin v cc ng truyn hin c trong mng, v khi cn n s cung cp hai hay nhiu ng truyn gia hai mng con bt k to ra kh nng mm do trong vic tm ng i hp l nht v mt phng din no . Chn ng tng ng vi lp 3 ca m hnh OSI, Router mnh hn Bridge v n x l c lp th 3. Bridge gii hn kim tra a ch MAC nhng Router c th kim tra c a ch mng v th Router trong mt mng bao gm a ch mng v ng dn. N c kh nng lin kt c vi cc mng c hnh dng v th tc thng tin khc nhau. Do , n phi hiu giao thc truyn no trc khi thc hin chc nng chn ng. Router c th thc hin cc gii php chn ng ti u v quyt nh khung gi tr khc nhau. Mt khung gi tr l mt cng thc da trn cc tham s sau:

C th n c ni nhn hay khng ? Phi c bao nhiu bc nhy n ni nhn d liu.

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Thi gian tr n c ni nhn d liu. Chi ph cho s di chuyn theo ng truyn dn trong sut tuyn. Kh nng di chuyn d liu (di tn) ca nhng ng khc nhau. Tnh trng ca nhng lin kt sut ng dn.

B nh tuyn c phn thnh hai loi chnh sau: - Loi tnh: Trong loi ny ngi qun l phi cp nht bng tay. - Loi ng: N t ng xc nh, pht hin l trnh v th n c cu hnh rt t. Trong loi ng th bng s c ci t mt cch t ng bng mt vi giao thc nh tuyn. 4.2.5 B tp trung (HUB) HUB l mt loi thit b c nhiu u cm cc u cp mng. HUB c th c nhiu loi cm khc nhau ph hp vi kiu gic mng RJ45, AUI hay BCN. Nh vy ngi ta s dng HUB ni dy theo kiu hnh sao. u im ca kiu ni dy ny l tng c lp ca cc my. Nu dy ni ti mt my no tip xc khng tt cng khng nh hng n my khc. c tnh ch yu ca HUB l h thng chuyn mch trung tm trong mng c kin trc hnh sao vi vic chuyn mch c thc hin theo hai cch: store-and-forward hoc on-the-fly. Tuy nhin h thng chuyn mch trung tm lm ny sinh vn khi li xy ra chnh trung tm, v vy hng pht trin trong sut nhiu nm qua l kh li lm tng tin cy ca HUB. C 3 loi HUB nh sau: + HUB th ng (Passive HUB): L HUB ch m bo chc nng kt ni hon ton khng x l li tn hiu. Khi khng th dng HUB tng khong cch gia hai my trn mng.

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+ HUB ch ng (Active HUB): L HUB c chc nng khuch i tn hiu chng suy hao. Vi HUB ny c th tng khong cch truyn gia cc my. + HUB thng minh (Intelligent HUB): L mt loi HUB nhng c kh nng to ra cc gi tin mang tin tc v hot ng ca mnh v gi ln mng ngi qun tr mng c th thc hin qun tr t ng. HUB chuyn mch (Switching HUB) L cc b chuyn mch thc s. Khc vi HUB thng thng, thay v chuyn mt tn hiu n t mt cng cho tt c cc cng, n ch chuyn tn hiu n cng c trm ch. Do vy Switch l mt thit b quan trng trong cc mng cc b ln dng phn on mng. Nh c switch m ng trn mng gim hn. Ngy nay switch l cc thit b mng quan trng cho php tu bin trn mng chng hn lp mng o. Switch thc cht l mt loi bridge, v tnh nng k thut, n l loi bridge c tr nh nht. Khc vi bridge l phi i n ht frame ri mi truyn, switch s ch cho n khi nhn c a ch ch ca frame gi ti v lp tc c truyn i ngay. iu ny c ngha l frame s c gi ti LAN cn gi trc khi n c switch nhn xong hon ton. 4.2.7 Ca kt ni (Gateway) Gateway l mt thit b thc hin cc chc nng dn ng. N c th hot ng ti bt k lp no trong m hnh OSI v cung cp s dch chuyn gia hai giao thc khng ging nhau. N c kh nng gim st hon ton thng tin vo ra, c th chuyn i c php d liu, kt ni cc mng hon ton khc nhau. Mt Gateway lin kt hai h thng khng s dng cng: Giao thc truyn thng mng. Cu trc nh dng d liu Ngn ng Kin trc mng

57

Tuy nhin Gateway c nhng hn ch sau: Khng t mt lng d liu qu ln ln cc mng truyn thng mng. Ch chuyn dnh cho cc tc v nn chng thi hnh tng tc v c th mt cch rt c hiu qu. C th chm. Chi ph t. 4.2.8 Modem (MOdulation/DEModulation) Modem l mt thit b thc hin kt ni mt my tnh ti cc mng my tnh khc s dng in thoi thng thng. N c chc nng chuyn i tn hiu s thnh tng t v ngc li kt ni my tnh qua ng in thoi. Tuy nhin, n khng th dng trong cc mng my tnh xa vi nhau v trao i d liu trc tip hay khng phi thit b lin lc nh Router. Tuy vy, Modem c th dng kt hp vi Router v ni qua mng in thoi nh chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN). N c th trao i th in t, chuyn tp, fax v trao i d liu. 4.2.9 Multiplexor- Demultiplexor B dn knh c chc nng t hp nhiu tn hiu cng gi trn mt ng truyn. ng nhin ti ni nhn cn phi tch knh.

4.3 Thit b u cui (trm lm vic) Client:


Mt my tnh c nhn c ni mng hoc mt thit b u cui, chia s cc dch v vi cc my tnh c nhn khc. Cc dch v c lu tr hoc c qun tr bi mt server.

Server
Mt my tnh hoc thm tr l mt chng trnh phn mm c dng cung cp nhng dch v ti cc client, nh l lu tr tp tin (file server), cc chng trnh (application server), chia s my in (print server), fax (fax server) hoc chia s modem (modem server).

58

5. Cc phng thc truy cp ng truyn vt l


Trong mng cc b, tt c cc trm kt ni trc tip vo ng truyn chung. V vy tn hiu t trm a ln ng truyn s c cc trm khc nghe thy. Mt vn khc l, nu nhiu trm cng gi tn hiu ln ng truyn ng thi th tn hiu s chng ln nhau v b hng. V vy cn phi c mt phng php t chc chia s ng truyn vic truyn thng c ng n. C hai phng php chia s ng truyn chung thng trc c dng trong cc mng cc b: Truy cp ng truyn mt cch ngu nhin, theo yu cu. ng nhin phi c tnh n vic s dng lun phin v trong trng hp do c nhiu trm cng truyn tin dn n tn hiu b trm ln nhau th phi truyn li. C c ch trng ti cp quyn truy nhp ng truyn sao cho khng xy ra xung t

5.1. Phng php a truy nhp s dng sng mang c php hin xung t CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Colliision Detection).
Giao thc CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) - a truy nhp c cm nhn sng mang c s dng rt ph bin trong cc mng cc b. Giao thc ny s dng phng php thi gian chia ngn theo thi gian c chia thnh cc khong thi gian u n v cc trm ch pht ln ng truyn ti thi im u ngn. Mi trm c thit b nghe tn hiu trn ng truyn (tc l cm nhn sng mang). Trc khi truyn cn phi bit ng truyn c ri khng. Nu ri th mi c truyn. Phng php ny gi l LBT (Listening before talking). Khi pht hin xung t, cc trm s phi pht li. C mt s chin lc pht li nh sau: Giao thc CSMA 1-kin tr. Khi trm pht hin knh ri trm truyn ngay. Nhng nu c xung t, trm i khong thi gian ngu

59

nhin ri truyn li. Do vy xc sut truyn khi knh ri l 1. Chnh v th m giao thc c tn l CSMA 1-kin tr. (1) Giao thc CSMA khng kin tr khc mt cht. Trm nghe ng truyn, nu knh ri th truyn, nu khng th ngng nghe mt khong thi gian ngu nhin ri mi thc hin li th tc. Cch ny c hiu sut dng knh cao hn. (2) Giao thc CSMA p-kin tr. Khi sn sng truyn, trm cm nhn ng truyn, nu ng ri th thc hin vic truyn vi xc sut l p<1 (tc l ngay c khi ng ri cng khng hn truyn m i khong thi gian tip theo li tip tc thc hin vic truyn vi xc sut cn li q=1-p). (3) Ta thy gii thut (1) c hiu qu trong vic trnh xung t v hai trm cn truyn thy ng truyn bn s rt lui ch trong nhng khong thi gian ngu nhin khc nhau s quay li tip tc nghe ng truyn. Nhc im ca n c th c thi gian khng s dng ng truyn sau mi cuc gi. Gii thut (2) c gng lm gim thi gian cht bng cch cho php mt trm c th c truyn d liu ngay sau khi mt cuc truyn kt thc. Tuy nhin nu lc li c nhiu trm ang i truyn d liu th kh nng xy ra xung t s rt ln. Gii thut (3) vi gi tr p c chn hp l c th ti thiu ho c c kh nng xung t ln thi gian cht ca ng truyn. Xy ra xung t thng l do tr truyn dn, mu cht ca vn l: cc trm ch nghe trc khi truyn d liu m khng nghe trong khi truyn, cho nn thc t c xung t th nhng cc trm khng bit do vn truyn d liu.

c th pht hin xung t, CSMA b xung cc qui tc sau y:


Khi mt trm truyn d liu, n vn tip tc nghe ng truyn. Nu pht hin xung t th n ngng ngay vic truyn, nh m tit kim thi gian v di thng, nhng n vn tip tc gi tn

60

hiu thm mt thi gian na m bo rng tt c cc trm trn mng u nghe c s kin ny (nh vy phi tip tc nghe ng truyn trong khi truyn pht hin ng (Listening White Talking)) Sau trm s ch trong mt khong thi gian ngu nhin no ri th truyn li theo qui tc CSMA. Giao thc ny gi l CSMA c pht hin xung t (Carrier sebse Multiple Access with Conllision Detection vit tt l CSMA/CD), dng rng ri trong LAN v MAN.

5.2. Phng php Token Bus


Nguyn l chung ca phng php ny l cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn cho cc trm ang c nhu cu truyn d liu, mt th bi c lu chuyn trn mt vng logic c thit lp bi cc trm . Khi mt trm nhn c th bi th s c php s dng ng truyn trong mt thi gian nht nh. Trong khong thi gian n c th truyn mt hay nhiu n v d liu. Khi truyn xong d liu hoc thi gian ht th trm phi chuyn th bi cho trm tip theo. Nh vy, cng vic u tin l thit lp vng logic (hay cn gi l vng o) bao gm cc trm c nhu cu truyn d liu c xc nh theo v tr theo mt chui k t m trm cui cng ca chui s lin tip sau bi trm u tin. Mi trm s bit a ch ca trm lin trc v k sau n. Th t ca trm trn vng logic c th c lp vi th t vt l. Cc trm khng hoc cha c nhu cu truyn d liu khng c vo trong vng logic. Vic thit lp vng logic khng kh nhng vic duy tr n theo trng thi thc t ca mng mi l kh. C th phi thc hin cc chc nng sau: B xung mt trm vo vng logic: cc trm nm ngoi vng logic cn c xem xt mt cch nh k nu c nhu cu truyn d liu th c b xung vo vng logic.

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Loi b mt vng khi vng logic: khi mt trm khng c nhu cu truyn d liu th cn b n ra khi vng logic ti u ho vic truyn d liu bng th bi. Qun l li: mt s li c th xy ra nh trng hp a, hoc t vng logic. Khi to vng logic: khi khi to vng mng hoc khi t vng logic cn phi khi to li vng logic.

5.3. Phng php Token Ring


Phng php ny cng da trn nguyn tc dng th bi cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn. Nhng y th bi lu chuyn theo vng vt l ch khng theo vng logic nh i vi phng php token bus. Th bi l mt n v truyn d liu c bit trong c mt bit biu din trng thi ca th (bn hay ri). Mt trm mun d liu phi ch cho ti khi nhn c th bi ri. Khi trm s i bit thnh bn v truyn mt n v d liu i cng vi th bi i theo chiu ca vng. Lc ny khng cn th bi ri na do cc trm mun truyn d liu phi i. D liu ti trm ch c sao chp li, sau cng vi th bi tr v trm ngun. Trm ngun s xo b d liu i bit thnh trng thi ri v cho lu chuyn th trn vng cc trm khc c nhu cu truyn d liu c php truyn. S quay tr li trm ngun ca d liu v th bi nhm to kh nng bo nhn t nhin: trm ch c th gi vo n v d liu (phn header) cc thng tin v kt qu tip nhn d liu ca mnh. Chng hn cc thng tin c th l: trm ch khng tn ti hoc khng hot ng, trm ch tn ti nhng d liu khng c sao chp, d liu c tip nhn, c li. Trong phng php ny cn gii quyt hai vn c th dn n ph v h thng l mt th bi v th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng trn vng. C nhiu phng php gii quyt cc vn trn, di y l mt phng php c khuyn ngh gii quyt cc vn trn:

62

i vi vn mt th bi c th quy nh trc mt trm iu khin ch ng. Trm ny s theo di, pht hin tnh trng mt th bi bng cch dng c ch ngng thi gian (time- out) v phc hi bng cch pht i mt th bi ri mi. i vi vn th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng, trm iu khin s dng mt bit trn th bi nh du khi gp th bi bn i qua n. Nu n gp th bi bn vi bit nh du c ngha l trm ngun khng nhn li c n v d liu ca mnh do th bi bn thnh ri v cho th bi chuyn tip trn vng. Trong phng php ny cc trm cn li trn mng s ng vai tr b ng, chng theo di pht hin tnh trng s c trn trm ch ng v thay th trm ch ng nu cn.

III. Intranet
Intranet l mt m hnh my tnh, n cung cp mt c s h tng c quy m v linh hot m mi t chc c nhu cu cn thit kinh doanh. Trong khi cc trang Intranet c th lin kt vi Internet, mt Intranet khng phi l c th d nh hng bi qun chng chung. Nhng Intranet cung cp nn tng gp nhau t nhng b trnh duyt, nhng b trnh duyt ny c chy trn cc Intranet. Nhng Intranet s dng cng cc giao thc truyn thng v cc lin kt siu vn bn ti Web v nh vy cung cp mt hng ph bin chun ca thng tin bn trong v m rng ng dng ti nhng v tr kinh doanh t xa. Mt Intranet l vic trong cng ty ca bn tr gip mi ngi chia s thng tin ngang qua mt mng, bao gm d liu, cc ti liu, cc tp tin, cc ghi nh v cc kiu khc ca thng tin, n c th chia s gia gia cc b phn khc nhau hoc cc n v kinh doanh, hoc thm tr gia nhng thanh vin ca cng mt nhm. Mt Intraner l mt h thng thng tin ni b da vo cng ngh trn Internet, cc dch v web, cc giao thc truyn thng TCP/IP v HTTP v xut bn HTML. Intranet l mt cng ngh cho php mt t chc t nh ngha mt thc th ton vn, mt nhm, ni m mi

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ngi bit n vai tr ca h, v mi ngi ang lm vic trn s ci tin v s lnh mnh ca t chc. Nhng Intranet ang ln ln ln gia doanh nghip trn ton th gii. Nhng Intranet cung cp mt cch cho doanh nghip ca bn t chc thng tin ni b trong mt cch m c th chia s gia tt c nhng ngi lao ng ca bn.

1. Giao thc TCP/IP


Mc d m hnh tham chiu OSI c chp nhn rng ri khp ni, nhng chun m v k thut mang tnh lch s ca Internet li l TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol). M hnh tham chiu TCP/IP v chng giao thc TCP/IP to kha nng truyn d liu gia hai my tnh bt k t bt c ni no trn th gii, vi tc gn bng tc ca nh sng. M hnh TCP/IP c tm quan trng trong lch s, gn ging nh cc chun cho php in thoi, nng lng in, ng st, truyn hnh v cng ngh bng hnh pht trin cc thnh. B Quc phng M gi tt l DoD (Department of Defense) to ra m hnh tham chiu TCP/IP v mun mt mng c th tn to trong bt c iu kin no, ngay c khi c chin tranh ht nhn. DoD mun cc gi d liu xuyn sut mng vo mi lc, di bt c iu kin no, t bt k mt im n im khc. y l bi ton thit k cc k kh khn m t lm ny sinh ra m hnh TCP/IP, v vy tr thnh chun Intern pht trin.

1.1. Kin trc giao thc TCP/IP


Khi bn bit v m hnh phn lp TCP/IP, lun ghi nh rng n l ngun gc ca Internet, n s gip bn gii thch ti sao nhng iu no li l nh vy. M hnh TCP/IP c bn lp: lp ng dng, lp vn chuyn, lp Internet (lin kt mng) v lp truy xut mng. iu quan trng cn ghi nh l c vi lp trong m hnh TCP/IP c tn trng vi cc lp trong m hnh OSI nhng khng nn ln ln cc lp gia hai m hnh, v lp ng dng c cc chc nng khc nhau ng vi mi m hnh.
Application Transport Internet Network Access

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Hnh 1.1: M hnh 4 lp TCP/IP Lp ng dng Cc nh thit k TCP/IP cm thy rng cc giao thc mc cao nn bao gm cc chi tit ca lp trnh by v lp phin. n gin, h to ra mt lp ng dng kim sot cc giao thc mc cao, cc vn ca lp trnh by, m ho v iu khin hi thoi. TCP/IP tp hp tt c cc vn lin quan n ng dng vo trong mt lp, v m bo d liu c ng gi mt cch thch hp cho lp k tip. Lp vn chuyn Lp vn chuyn cp n cc vn cht lng dch v nh tin cy, iu khin lung v sa li. Mt trong cc giao thc ca n l TCP/IP, TCP/IP cung cp cc phng thc linh hot v hiu qu cao v t li. TCP/IP l giao thc c to cu ni (connection-oriented). N tin hnh hi thoi gia cc segment. To cu ni khng c ngha l tn ti mt mch thc s gia hai my tnh (nh vy s l chuyn mch knh circuit switching), thay v vy n c ngha l cc seggment ca lp 4 di chuyn ti v lui gia hai host cng nhn kt ni tn ti mt cch lun l trong mt khong thi gian no . iu ny c coi nh l chuyn mch gi (packet switching). Lp Internet Mc tiu ca lp Internet l truyn cc gi bt ngun t bt k mng no trn lin mng v n c ch trong iu kin c lp vi ng dn v cc mng m chng tri qua. Giao thc c trng khng ch lp ny c gi l IP. Cng vic xc nh ng dn tt nht v hot ng chuyn mch gi din ra ti mi lp ny. Cng c th t duy chng trong cc thut ng ca h thng bu chnh. Khi chng ta gi th, bn s khng bit lm cch no th n c ni cn gi (c nhiu con ng c th), nhng bn ch cn n n l c. Lp truy xut mng

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Tn ca lp ny c ngha kh rng v c phn hi ri rm. N cng c gi l lp host-to-network. N l lp lin quan n tt c cc vn m mt gi IP yu cu to mt lin kt vt l thc s, v sau to mt lin kt vt l khc. N bao gm cc chi tit k thut LAN v WAN, v tt c cc chi tit trong lp lin kt d liu cng nh lp vt l ca m hnh OSI.

1.2. Hot ng ca TCP v IP


Cho thy rng ton b phng tin truyn thng c th gm nhiu mng, nhng mng thnh phn thng thng c tham chiu ti nh nhng mng con. Mt vi sp xp ca giao thc truy nhp mng, nh l token ring c s dng kt ni mt my tnh ti mt mng con. Giao thc ny cho php my ch gi d liu ngang qua mng con ti my ch khc hoc trong trng hp mt my ch trn mng con khc ti mt router. IP c thc hin trong tt c cc h thng cui v cc router, hot ng nh mt s chuyn tip di chuyn mt khi d liu t mt my ch, xuyn qua mt hoc nhiu router, ti mt my ch khc. TCP c thc hin ch trong cc h thng cui, n cn theo di nhng of the blacks ca d liu m bo mi th c chuyn giao ng tin cy ti ng dng thch hp. truyn thng thnh cng, mi thc th trong ton b h thng phi c mt a ch duy nht. Tht vy, hai lp a ch cn c. Mi my ch trn mt mng con cn phi c mt a ch Internet ton cu; iu ny cho php d liu s c chuyn giao cho my ch thch hp. Mi qu trnh vi mt my ch phi c mt a ch duy nht bn trong my ch; iu ny cho php giao thc t my ch ti my ch (TCP) chuyn giao d liu cho qu trnh thch hp. Nhng a ch mi ny c bit nh nhng cng (port).

nh a ch lp Internet
a ch lp Internet c biu din bng mt s 32 bt gi l a ch IP. Mi card mng trong mt nt h tr chng giao thc IP phi c

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mt a ch IP c cp cho n. a ch IP l mt a ch logic c lp vi phn cng mng hoc kiu mng nm di.

Cc a ch IP
a ch IP gm hai phn: a ch nhn dng mng (netid) v a ch nhn dng my ch (hostid), nh minh ho hnh di y. Nhng bt quan trng nht c s dng nm xc nh c bao nhiu bit dng cho netid v hostid. Nm lp a ch hin ti c nh ngha l: lp A, B, C, D v E. Trong nhng s lp ny, a ch lp A, B v C c th c s dng cp cho cc mng. Lp D l lp d tr cho mutilcasting v c s dng bi cc giao thc c bit truyn thng ip n mt nhm cc nt c chn. Lp E dng s dng trong tng lai. S a ch ho nh danh cc trm (host) trong lin mng c gi l a ch IP. Mi a ch IP c di 32 bits (i vi IP4) c tch thnh 4 vng (mi vng 1byte), c th c biu th di dng thp phn, bt phn, thp lc phn hoc nh phn. Cch vit ph bin nht l dng k php thp phn c du chm tch gia cc vng. Mc ch ca a ch IP l nh danh duy nht cho mt host bt k trn lin mng. C hai cch cp pht a ch IP, n ph thuc vo cch ta kt ni mng. Nu mng ca ta kt ni vo mng Internet, a ch mng ch c xc nhn bi NIC (Network Information Center). Nu mng ca ta khng kt ni Internet, ngi qun tr mng s cp pht a ch IP cho mng ny. Cn cc host ID c cp pht bi ngi qun tr mng. Khun dng a ch IP: mi host trn mng TCP/IP c nh danh duy nht bi mt a ch c khun dng

<Network number, Host number>


Network number: Phn nh danh a ch mng Host number: Phn nh danh a ch cc trm lm vic trn mng V d: 128.4.70.9 l mt a ch IP

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Do t chc v ln ca cc mng con ca lin mng c th khc nhau, ngi ta chia cc a ch IP thnh 5 lp k hiu A, B, C, D, E vi cu trc c xc nh nh hnh v.
bits Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E
0 1 2 3 4 0 8 16 31 24

prefix

suffix

1 0

prefix

suffix

1 1 0

prefix

suffix

1 1 1 0

multicast address

1 1 1 1 0

reserved for future use

Cc bit u tin ca byte u tin c dng nh danh lp a ch (0-lp A; 10 lp B; 110 lp C; 1110 lp D; 11110 lp E). Lp A cho php nh danh ti 126 mng (s dng byte u tin), vi ti a 16 triu host (3 byte cn li, 24 bits) cho mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c s trm cc ln. Ti sao li c 126 mng trong khi dng 8 bits? L do u tin, 127.x (01111111) dng cho a ch loopback, th 2 l bt u tin ca byte u tin bao gi cng l 0, 1111111 (127). Dng a ch lp A (network number.host.host.host). Nu dng k php thp phn cho php 1 n 126 cho vng u, 1 n 255 cho cc vng cn li. Lp mng. B cho Dng php ca nh lp B danh ti 16384 mng (10111111.11111111.host.host), vi ti a 65535 host trn mi (network number.Network number.host.host). Nu dng k php thp phn cho php 128 n 191 cho vng u, 1 n 255 cho cc vng cn li.

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Lp C cho php nh danh ti 2.097.150 mng v ti a 254 host cho mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c t trm. Lp C s dng 3 bytes u nh danh a ch mng (110xxxxx). Dng ca lp C (network number.Network number.Network number.host). Nu dng dng k php thp phn cho php 129 n 233 cho vng u v t 1 n 255 cho cc vng cn li. Lp D dng gi IP datagram ti mt nhm cc host trn mt mng. Tt c cc s ln hn 233 trong trng u l thuc lp D. Lp E d phng dng cho tng lai. Nh vy a ch mng cho lp A t 1 n 126 cho vng u tin, 127 dng cho a ch loopback, B t 128.1.00 n 191.255.0.0, C t 192.1.0.0 n 233.255.255.0 V d: + 9.6.7.8 a ch lp A c a ch mng 9.0.0.0, a ch host l 6.7.8 + 128.1.0.1 a ch lp B c a ch mng 128.1.0.0, a ch host l 0.1 + 150.150.5.6 a ch lp C c a ch mng 192.1.1.0, a ch host l 1 + 200.6.5.4 a ch lp C c a ch mng 200.6.5, a ch mng l 4 Subneting Trong nhiu trng hp, mt mng c th c chia thnh nhiu mng con. Vng subnetid c ly t vng hostid, c th i vi 3 lp A, B, C nh sau:
Lp A Lp B Lp C Netid 0 31 Netid 0 26 27 Netid Subnetid 78 78 31 hostid 15 16 Subnetid 15 16 23 24 hostid 23 24 Subneti d hostid

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B sung vng subnetid V d: 17.1.1.1 a ch lp A c a ch mng 17, a ch subnet 1, a ch hosrt 1.1 129.1.1.1 a ch lp B c a ch mng 129.1, a ch subnet 1, a ch host 1.

1.3. ng dng
B giao thc TCP/IP gm c: SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol): Cung cp Management Information Base (MIB) gim d liu c trong SNMP. WinSock (Windows Sockets): Cung cp giao din tiu chun gia cc ng dng da trn socket v cc giao thc TCP/IP. Net BT (NetBIOS over TCP/IP): Cung cp cc dch v NetBIOS, bao gm tn, datagram, v cc dch v trong phin lm vic. Giao thc ny cn cung cp giao din chun gia cc ng dng da trn NetBIOS v nhng giao thc TCP/IP. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Cung cp cc dch v phn phi trn gi c bo m, nh hng kt ni. UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Cc dch v phn phi trn gi khng kt ni, khng c bo m. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Truyn thng c bit gia cc my ch. Cc bn bo co, thng bo v li sai theo phn phi gi. IP (Internet Protocol): Cung cp a ch v chc nng nh tuyn. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Quy chiu a ch IP n a ch lp con iu khin truy cp. Hnh 1.3 m t mt vi giao thc ph bin c qui nh bi m hnh tham chiu TCP/IP. Ti lp ng dng, bn s thy cc tc v mng khc nhau m bn c th khng nhn ra, nhng mt ngi dng Internet c th s dng hng ngy. Bn s kim tra tt c chng trong ti liu ny. Cc ng dng y bao gm: S giao thc TCP/IP

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FT P

HTTP

SMT P

DN S

DN S

TFTP

TCP

UDP

IP

Internet

Yours LAN

Many LANs And WANs

Hnh1.3: S giao thc TCP/IP


FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Giao thc truyn tp t mt my tnh ny n my tnh khc. Dch v ny l mt trong nhng dch v c bn ca Internet. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Giao thc truyn n gin. L mt giao thc trc tip bo m truyn th in t gia cc my tnh trn Internet. DNS (Domain Name System): Xc nh cc a ch theo s t cc tn ca my tnh kt ni trn mng. TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol):

2. Cc dch v mng
Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin v nhu cu ca x hi, cc dch v thng tin trn mng Intranet ang ngy cng pht trin.

2.1. Mail
E-mail, dch v gi v nhn cc thng ip in t, hin ang l mt trong nhng dch v ph bin nht trn Internet. E-mail c s dng hu ht cc dch v thng mi trc tuyn, v i vi nhiu ngi,

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y l nguyn nhn chnh h gia nhp Internet hoc dch v trc tuyn. gi E-mail, bn phi bit a ch ngi nhn. a ch ny bao gm phn nhn din ngi dng, tip n l du @, sau na l a im my tnh ngi nhn. V d, a ch e-mail ca tng thng M l president@whitehouse.gov. Ba k t cui cng cho thy y l tn vng do chnh ph chu trch nhim trn Internet. Khi truy cp Internet thng qua nh cung cp dch v a phng hoc mt trong nhng dch v trc tuyn thng mi ln, bn c th trao i e-mail m khng phi tr cc ph in thoi ng di. E-mail c li im l cho php bn truy xut nhiu thng ip ngay ti vn phng. Bn cng c th gi mt thng bo ging nhau n nhiu ngi cng lc.

2.2. World Wide Web


WWW l dch v a truyn thng ca Internet, cha mt kho ti liu vn bn a nng khng l c vit bng ngn ng HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). Hypertext (vn bn a nng) l phng php trnh by vn bn, hnh nh, m thanh v video lin kt vi nhau trong mt trang Web kt hp khng theo th t. Dng thc hypertext cho php ngi dng duyt qua cc ch theo th t bt k. C nhiu cng c v giao thc gip bn khm ph Internet. Nhng cng c ny xc nh v tr v chuyn ti ti nguyn gia cc my tnh.

2.3. News
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) l mt giao thc chun Internet dnh cho vic phn phi, truy vn, truy xut v gi mc tin. USENET l dch v ph bin ca NNTP. N cung cp bng thng bo (bulletin board), phng hi thoi (chat room) v Network News l mt h thng to ln vi trn 5000 hi ngh ang din ra gi l nhm tin (newsgroup), c t chc 24h/ngy v 365ngy/nm. truy cp nhng nhm tin ny, hy ti xung mt chng trnh c bit trn Internet cho php bn gia nhp bt k nhm tin no bn mun. Hu

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ht cc b duyt thng mi, k c Microsoft Internet Explorer, u c chc nng ny. Sau bn c th gia nhp nhm tin bn quan tm v lin lc thng qua mt h thng thng ip tng t nh e-mail. S khc nhau gia Network News v e-mail l Network News din ra mt din n cng cng gi l nhm tin (newsgroup). Bn c th ch xem cuc hi thoi ang din ra m khng cn tham gia, iu ny gi l s n np v c tnh cht khuyn khch i vi ngi mi tham gia. Mun gia nhp cuc m lun, bn nu mt ch trong nhm tin v tr thnh thnh vin trong din n. Nh vi e-mail, Network News thng l phng tin lin lc thn mt t cn nhc n ni dung. Tuy nhin, mt s nhm tin c qun l bi mt ngi gim st c th quyt nh khng ng nhng thng ip phn hi khng thch hp cho din n. Network News hot ng vi tc rt cao, thng tin xut hin nhanh chng v lin tc. Ngi qun tr nhm nh r thi gian tn ti ca thng ip vn cn xut hin trc khi b xo khi h thng. Thng thng thng ip c lu tr khng lu hn mt tun. Nhm tho lun v phng hi thoi c th l ngun thng tin v ngun h tr tuyt vi trong cc vn k thut. Chng c th l ngun thng tin v s thch, gii tr v du lch, ni tranh lun chnh tr, v cung cp c hi gp g nhiu ngi cng s thch.

2.4. Gopher
Mc d FTP hot ng tt trong vic chuyn tp tin, nhng khng hu hiu lm vic vi nhng h thng tp tin ph bin trn nhiu my tnh. Mt h thng chuyn tp tin mi nht gi l Gopher c pht trin gii quyt vn ny. Gopher l cng c c s dng rng ri trn Internet. y l chng trnh da trn menu cho php bn duyt thng tin m khng cn bit ti liu c th c t u. N cho php bn tm kim danh sch cc ti nguyn v sau gip gi ti liu cho bn. Gopher l mt trong nhng h thng duyt ton din nht v c tch hp nhm cho php bn truy cp nhng chng trnh khc, nh FTP v Telnet.

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Cc my tnh Gopher c lin kt vi nhau vi cc bng ch dn c phn b thnh mt h thng tm kim gi l Gopherspace. Gopherspace ch yu cung cp mt h thng menu phc v cho vic truy cp v cho php tm kim vi nhiu phng tin tm kim. Ph bin nht trong s ny i tc vi Archie ca Gopher (tn l Veronica) v h thng tm kim danh mc my phc v thng tin mng din rng (WAIS)

2.5. Archie
Tm kim tp (Archie). Archie l mt dch v ca Internet cho php tm kim theo ch s cc tp kh dng trn cc Server cng cng ca mng. Bn c th yu cu Archie tm cc tp c cha cc xu vn bn no hoc cha mt t no . Archie s tr li bng tn cc tp tho mn yu cu ca bn v ch ra tn ca cc Server cha cc tp . p dng Archie, bn phi chn mt Archie Server no , nn chn Server gn nht v mt a l. Sau c th dng Telnet truy nhp ti Server v tin hnh tm kim tp mong mun.

2.6. Telnet
Telnet l mt trong nhng giao thc Internet u tin. Bn c th s dng Telnet hot ng nh mt terminal xa ni vo my ch trn Internet, my tnh ca bn hot ng nh th bn phm c ni vi my tnh xa. Bn c th chy cc chng trnh trn mt my tnh u kia th gii, nh th bn ang ngi trc my ny vy. H thng my ch/terminal ny pht trin ti h thng UNIX da trn k t trong nhng ngy u ca Internet. Microsoft Windows NT v Windows 95 ci t chng trnh Telnet nh thnh phn ca cc tin ch TCP/IP. Chng trnh ny cho php bn hot ng hoc nh mt terminal VT-52 hoc nh terminal VT-100 ni vo h thng c th truy nhp bng giao thc TCP/IP, k c nhng my tnh c truy nhp bng giao thc TCP/IP, k c nhng my tnh c truy nhp thng qua Internet.

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2.7. Internet Relay Chart


Internet Relay Chart l phng tin ni chuyn cng cng, n c th s dng bi bt c ai trn NET vo bt k mt thi gian no. Trong Internet Remote Chart c nhiu, nhiu cuc tr chuyn vo bt c thi gian no ca nhiu t chc xung quanh mt ti c bit hoc mt tng no . Nh bn c th tng tng, Internet Relay Chart c s dng rng ri bi mt s lng ln mi ngi trn th gii. Thc vy, c nhiu ngi c nhng cuc ni chuyn thng xuyn trn Internet Relay Chart vi bn b. Ni chung, nhng cuc ni chuyn trn Internet Relay Chart l cng khai, tuy nhin bn c th sp xp nhng cuc ni chuyn ring t vi nhng ngi m bn chn la, c th kt ni in thoi ni chuyn.

IV. Xy dng Intranet


1. Phn tch nhng iu kin cn thit
Ngy nay, cc mng Intranet nhanh chng c cc cng ty k thut thch ng s dng chuyn giao thng tin ti cc ngi lao ng, khch hng v cc i tc. Nh vy, nhiu t chc c k hoch xy dng Intranet vi mc ch chia s thng tin, gim ti thiu "paper chase, c chun b y mt nn dn ch cho truyn thng gia nhng ngi lao ng nu mi ngi truy cp n mng, vic lm-qun l lc lng, mt s pht trin nhanh th trng cho cng ngh Internet v thc y tng thm cung cp vi mc ch kinh doanh trc tuyn hoc thng mi in t. Cng ty thng mi chu (ACC: Asia Commercial Company) ang tm kim trn Intranet mt iu kin thun li cho lm kinh doanh trc tuyn ca h bi vic bn hng ho tt, cc sn phm v dch v xuyn qua cc Web site ca h. Bi v cng ty ACC l mt cng ty ln, do vic thit k ca mt mng Intranet c mt vi cc c im sau:

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1.1. Kh nng kt ni
Cung cp kh nng kt ni ti tt c cc b phn ca cng ty, v dch v ng nhp truy cp cho nhng ngi s dng c nhu cu truy cp t bn ngoi ti mng. V cho kt ni Internet, chng ta phi xy dng mt h thng h tr thng tin trung tm gi l POP (Point of Present), mt h thng bo mt, mt h thng qun l truy cp Internet, v mt h thng tng tc lu tr v.v

1.2. Tnh ton vn ca h thng


Mt mng Intranet phi c tnh ton vn h thng c th chng li c s tn cng t bn ngoi vo, v c kh nng khc phc c tt cc li v phn cng v phn mm. Cc thit b bo v cn c gi cc phn ca h thng b nh hng khi s tn cng t bn ngoi vo cng nh nhng tn cng t bn trong. V qun l mng cng cn c nh vy. H thng mng phi c tnh sn sng cao, n c xy dng da trn cc server. H thng sao lu d phng cng quan trng i vi tnh ton vn ca h thng.

1.3. Cc dch v cung cp


H thng mng ca cng ty cung cp ti ngi s dng cc dch v nh sau: Electronic Mail, Netnews, World Wide Web, Web hosting, FTP, Telnet, Gopher, Video Conference v.v, v c bit l dch v thng mi in t (Electronic Commerce).

2. Nn tng cu trc mng


H thng mng ca cng ty l mt mng din rng, v vy n c cu trc phc tp bao gm nhng mng con c chc nng khc nhau, nh: mng con dnh cho ngi s dng truy cp, mng con dch v, mng dnh cho qun tr v.v. C mt vi c tnh cu trc mng nh sau:

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2.1. c tnh m rng


Tnh m rng c ngha l chng ta c th m rng mng theo cc hng khc nhau, nh : m rng theo chiu ngang v chiu thng ng. M rng theo chiu thng ng c ngha l chng ta c th nng cp v m rng dung lng cc thit nh l: cc server, cc thit b mng, h thng sao lu d phng, v.v. Phng php ny cng c s dng cho cc dch v nh E-mail v News v.v. M rng theo chiu ngang c ngha l chng ta c th tng cng s ngi s dng cho bt k dch v no.

2.2. Bo mt h thng
Cng vi mi trng pht trin rng ln, nhiu loi ngi s dng v c bit, mng ca cng ty c kt ni vi Internet, nh vy s tn cng vo mng l rt cao. Do vy, tnh bo mt h thng mng l mt vn rt quan trng. Qun tr mng, iu hnh mng v d liu ca cng ty cn c bo v v lun bo v s tn cng t bn ngoi vo cng nh s tn cng t bn trong. Ngi qun tr mng, iu hnh mng v d liu ca cng ty phi l nhng ngi c kh nng bo v khi s tn cng t bn ngoi vo. Nh vy, chng ta cn xy dng cc gii php an ton cho mng nh: lc gi d liu, u quyn, Firewall v.v.

2.3. Phn loi ph thuc chc nng


a. Mng truy cp: Mng truy cp l mng chung chia s, n c kt ni ti cc h thng mng khc vi cc h iu hnh khc nhau nh l: TCP/IP, Windows NetBeui, Novell Netware v.v, m c kh nng chia s d liu. Thm vo , n cng l mng truy cp t xa. b. Mng dch v: Mng dch v l mng ca nhiu dch v nh l: dch v Mail, dch v News, dch v Web, DNS, v dch v Database v.v. c. Mng qun tr:

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Mng qun tr l mng ca cc dch v qun tr nh l : qun tr mng, qun tr truy cp, qun tr bo mt v.v. d. DMZ mng: Mng DMZ l DeMilitarized Zone, n bao gm cc dch v h tr ngi s dng Internet.

3. Cc bc xy dng Intranet
3.1. Bc 1, Xy dng Intranet backbone
y l mt phn rt quan trng trong cu trc mt mng Intranet ca mt cng ty. Nhng yu cu cho bc 1 ny c cp sau y: - Vic xy dng ng trc chnh trong h thng mng ca mt cng ty l nn tng cng ngh cao xy dng nhng h thng khc. V v c bn, dng kt ni tt c cc my tnh v cc thit b mng ti nhng khu vc khc nhau trong mt cng ty thnh mt h thng. - Xy dng h thng dch v nh l: H thng tn min (DNS: Domain Name System), Web, th in t (E-mail)

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Cu trc ca bc 1 nh sau:

Hnh 3.1a: S cu trc bc Xy dng Intranet backbone


Cu trc logic ca bc 1 nh sau:
Mng Trc chnh

Qun l Mng

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Hnh 3.1b: S cu trc logic bc Xy dng Intranet backbone

3.2. Bc 2, Hon thnh Intranet


Sau khi hon thnh xong Intranet Backbone v cc dch v c bn ca cng ty, chng ta cn i n bc 2 - Hon thnh Intranet. Nhng yu cu ca bc 2 l: - Hon thnh tt c cc phn ca ng trc chnh ti tt c cc khu vc ca cng ty. Chng ta bo m rng s im kt ni v chuyn mch l thch hp vi cc my tnh ti tt c cc khu vc. - Tm hiu nhu cu ca nhng h thng c s d liu xy dng cc ng kt ni thch hp. V cn ch n kh nng m rng cng sut cn li ca cc b chuyn mch (Switches) v cc b tp trung (Hubs) trong tng lai cu tng phn ring l trong cng ty. - Hon thnh h thng qun tr mng, h thng truy nhp mng, mng xng sng, v h thng dch v mng. Nhng phn lp mng ny xy dng cht ch vi nhng yu cu trn, c bit l an ton d liu v an ton mng. - Pht trin nhng dch v nh l: Th in t (Mail), tin tc (News), hi tho (conference), din n (forum) vv. - Xy dng c s d liu trung tm cho qun tr v hot ng ca cng ty

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Cu trc ca bc 2 nh sau:

Hnh 3.2 a: S cu trc bc hon thnh Intranet

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Cu trc logic ca bc 2:

ng trc tc cao (High speed backbone)

truy cp mng

(my tnh c nhn v truy nhp t xa)

iu khin truy cp h thng v h thng truyn i

Dch v v qun l h thng

Hnh 3.2 b: S cu trc logic bc hon thnh Intranet

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3.3. Bc 3, Kt ni Internet
Sau khi kt thc bc 2, ta s pht trin bc 3 Kt ni Internet (Connecting to the Internet). Nhng yu cu ca bc 3 l: - T chc: Nhng bin php (phng tin) h thng mng iu khin tt c cc hot ng ca nhng ngi dng ni b cng ty v s truy cp t bn ngoi vo. - Ch cng b trn mng cc thng tin cng cng nh: Web, Email, News,vv. iu khin tt c nhng truy cp ti c s d liu ca cng ty. - Bc 3 l bc thit k tt c cc dch v trn Internet, m bo s truy nhp t trong ra v t bn ngoi vo. - S dng bc tng la (FireWall) bng cc thit b phn cng hoc phn mm nhm: + Ngn chn nhng ngi dng ni b truy nhp bt hp php n cc d liu khng c phn quyn s dng + Bo v d liu ni b v cc my tnh khi s tn cng t bn ngoi vo. Vi nhng yu cu trn ta c m hnh sau:

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Cu trc ca bc 3 nh sau:

Hnh 3.3 a: S cu trc bc Kt ni Internet

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Cu trc logic ca bc 3 nh sau:

Interne t

DNS DNS Server Server

FireWall FireWall

DNS DNS Server Server

Access Networ k

PSTN

DNS DNS Server Server

Proxy Proxy

Cache Cache

Internal Service And Management network

Hnh 3.3 b: S cu trc logic bc Kt ni Internet

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V. Thng mi in t
1. Khi nim c bn v TMT
Thng mi in t (TMT) l mt lnh vc tng i mi, trong qu trnh pht trin c nhiu tn gi: + Thng mi trc tuyn (Online Trade). + Thng mi iu khin hc (Cybertrade). + Thng mi khng giy t (Paperless Commerce). + Kinh doanh in t (Electronic Business). Gn y, tn gi thng mi in t (Electronic Commerce) c s dng nhiu v tr thnh quy c chung a vo vn bn php lut quc t. Cho d cc tn gi khc vn c th c dng, c hiu vi cng mt ni dung. Theo ngha rng hn n gin hn ( c chp nhn ph bin) th TMT l vic trao i thng tin thng mi thng qua phng tin in t. Ni chung khng cn phi in giy t trong bt c cng on no ca ton b qu trnh giao dch. Nh vy, Thng mi trong Thng mi in t khng ch l bun bn hng ho v dch v theo cch hiu thng thng m bao qut mt phm vi rng hn nhiu. Do , vic p dng TMT s lm thay i trng thi hot ng kinh t. TMT ang pht trin nhanh trn phm vi ton cu. Tuy nhin hin nay ang p dng ch yu cc nc cng nghip pht trin. Nhng cc nc cng nghip ang pht trin cng bt u tham gia. Cch nhn nhn, nh gi, chun b trin khai theo cc bc i khc nhau. Tu thuc tng c im v mc tiu ca mi quc gia s p dng nh th no c hiu qu tt nht.

2. Qu trnh pht trin ca TMT


n nay, TMT tri qua cc qu trnh pht trin sau:

2.1. Giai on 1
Cc doanh nghip tham gia TMT bng cch xy dng cc trang Web v kt ni vi Internet khch hng c th truy cp vi mi thi gian (24/24)h.

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Thit k trang Web ny chnh l nh nhng trang gii thiu sn phm, qung co dch v, qung co hng ho Mt s hng, cc cng ty cng thit lp n t hng hoc gi mua hng, nhng cng on x l thng tin cn nhiu th cng. Giai on ny ca TMT to ra cc bc lin kt hon ton mi quan h gia cung v cu. Trong giai on ny, cng cha p ng c thng tin trc tuyn hai chiu gia ngi mua v ngi bn. Do , TMT cn phi pht trin cao hn.

2.2. Giai on 2
Trong giai on ny, ngi ta tch hp c h thng thng tin kinh doanh in t EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) vi my ch Web cung cp dch v Internet trn Web. Khch hng t hng v phn tch cc thuc tnh t hng. Sau lp h s khch hng vi h thng d liu khch hng. Chng trnh s t ng gi E-mail cho hng n tng khch hng. Tuy nhin v mt thng tin trong giai on ny vn cha p ng c yu cu ca khch hng. Bi v trn mng Internet cha mt khi lng khng l cc Web site ca nhiu loi hnh doanh nghip, khch hng yu cu c c nhanh nht nhng thng tin m h cn. V vy yu cu ca khch hng t ra l phi ng b ho cc h thng thng tin kinh doanh in t vi qu trnh x l h thng mt cch t ng v ch cn tp trung vo vic gii quyt mt cch ti u.

2.3. Giai on 3
Giai on ny s khng nh hng vo cc Web site m s nh hng vo khch hng. Cc cng ty s chuyn thng tin trc tuyn ti tng khch hng bt c u v bt c lc no (thng qua cc my tnh c nhn, my tnh xch tay, in thoi di ng). H thng kinh doanh in t trong giai on ny s t ng bit khch hng cn nhng thng tin g. My tnh s t ng bin dch nhng thng tin v gi ti khch hng. Trong giai on ny, phn mm cho php cc ng dng t ng lin kt vi nhau m khng cn s can thip ca con ngi, s c cc ng dng t ng v thng minh c hai u giao

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dch c th t ng truy nhp v trao i vi nhiu ngun thng tin cng mt lc vi nhiu my ch ca cc cng ty trn Internet v ang ng b ho cc thng tin ny.

3. c tnh h thng ca TMT


3.1. c tnh hiu qu cao
c tnh c bn nht ca TMT l c tnh hiu qu cao, tc l vic a ra mt phng thc dch v hiu qu cao cho cc bn mua v bn bn tin hnh giao dch. Mua bn hng trn mng em n cho ngi tiu dng cch thc mua hng thun tin, nhanh chng, mang n cho nh kinh doanh mt tp hp ngi tiu dng c tim lc ln v tri rng trn khp th gii. V vy, bt k l i vi cc cng ty c quy m ln, quy m va v nh hoc thm tr nhng h kinh doanh c th th TMT cng l c hi i vi h. Tnh hiu qu cao ca TMT th hin rt nhiu phng tin. TMT c th m rng th trng, tng s lng khch hng, thng qua vic lin kt vi kho d liu trn mng, cc cng ty c th ghi li tnh hnh mi ln truy cp ca khch hng, mi ln mua hng v trng thi mua hng cng nh s thch ca khch hng vi sn phm. Nh vy, thng qua vic thng k nhng s liu , cc cng ty c th bit c khch hng yu thch, mun mua loi sn phm no nht, t a ra nhng thng tin c li i vi sn xut v pht trin sn phm. Kinh doanh trn mng c th tit kim cho cc doanh nghip mt lng ln chi ph nh khng cn nhn vin bn hng, khng cn nhng ca hng thc, hn na c th phc v c ngy, tng lng tiu th, nng cao tho mn ca khch hng v danh ting cho doanh nghip TMT l mt phng thc giao dch mi c thnh cng nhiu ni. V d, mt cng ty dch v ca M thit lp mt phng n TMT ton din ng thi cn ly n lm c s xy dng mt ca hng trn mng. Do tit kim c chi ph thu ca hng, chi ph nhn vin bn hng v.v. nn doanh nghip ny c th bn hng triu u sch, tr chi a CD vi gi r. Ton b nhn vin qun l kinh doanh ca mt cng ty siu th trn mng ph khp Thu S ch c 8 ngi,

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kinh doanh hng ngn mt hng, kinh doanh mi vi thng c hng vn khch hng, vic lu tr hng ho vn chuyn giao hng ca cng ty u do bu in m nhn.

3.2. c tnh thun tin


Trong mi trng TMT nhng hn ch v thi gian v khng gian m giao dch truyn thng gp phi c khc phc, khch hng khng cn b gii hn v v tr a l ch c th chn la i tng giao dch, tm kim hng ho cn mua mt s nh cung cp nht nh trong mt khu vc nht nh nh trc na. Khch hng khng nhng c th tm kim i tc, la chn hng ho trn phm vi rng ln, thm tr trn phm vi ton cu m iu quan trng hn nhn quan ca h khng ch tp trung vo gi c ca sn phm, trn mt ngha no th cht lng phc v tt hay xu tr thnh mt nhn t quan trng quyt nh s thnh bi ca hot ng thng mi. Sau khi cc doanh nghip a vic phc v khch hng ln mng th nhng dch v trc y khch hng phi tn kh nhiu cng sc mi p ng, ngy nay ch cn s dng mt phng thc v cng n gin v thun tin l c th c. V d nh chuyn mt khon tin t ti khon sang ti khon sc, kim tra tnh trng thu chi ca th tn dng, kim tra tnh hnh giao nhn hng ho, thm ch tm mua nhng hng ho him c, nhng vic ny u c th c hon thnh mt cch thun tin v chnh xc m khng cn phi ra khi nh. C th thy rng, dch v khch hng m TMT cung cp vn c mt c tnh r rng, l c tnh thun tin. Tnh thun tin ca TMT mang li rt nhiu li ch cho khch hng v cc cng ty.

3.2. c tnh tp hp
TMT mi xut hin, s dng mt lng ln cng ngh mi nh my vi tnh v mng thng tin. Tuy nhin, vn dng cng ngh mi trong TMT khng c ngha l h thng thng tin v thit b vn c ca doanh nghip s b loi b hon ton. Gi tr thng mi ch thc ca h thng TMT l ch n c th phi hp iu ho vic vn dng cng

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ngh mi vi vic s dng ci to cc thit b cng ngh vn c, lm cho ngi s dng c th li dng ti nguyn cng ngh sn c ca h c hiu qu hn, t doanh nghip c th hon thnh vic sn xut, tiu th sn phm, phc v khch hng vi hiu qu cao hn. Tnh tp hp ca TMT cn th hin tnh thng nht v hon chnh khi gii quyt cng vic, n c th quy phm ho quy trnh x l cng vic, thao tc ca cng nhn v vic x l thng tin in t tp hp thnh mt th hon chnh khng th tch ri. Nh vy, n khng nhng nng cao hiu sut s dng nhn cng v thit b m cn nng cao tin cy trong vn hnh h thng.

3.4. c tnh m rng c


Mun cho TMT vn hnh bnh thng c th phi m bo tnh m rng c ca h thng TMT. S ngi s dng trn mng c th tnh n hng chc triu, hn na tc tng li rt nhanh. C ti liu nu r ch n thng 02 nm 1998, s ngi s dng mng Internet trn ton cu t ti 113 triu v c tnh mi nm s tng gp i. S ngi s dng mng ln v tc tng nhanh yu cu h thng TMT phi c tnh m rng thch hp vi n, cho h thng TMT phi c tnh m rng thch hp vi n, cho h thng vn c th vn hnh bnh thng khi s ngi s dng tng ln vo nhng gi truy cp cao im. Nu h thng TMT khng th m rng c mt cch thun li v kp thi theo s tng ln ca s ngi s dng th tc truy cp ca khch hng s b gim i nhanh thm ch cn dn n t lit ton h thng, t nh hng n doanh thu ca doanh nghip, tn hi n uy tn v hnh nh ca doanh nghip. V vy, TMT trn mng phi thch ng c vi tnh hnh tng trng v s ngi s dng v lu lng nghip v phi c c tnh m rng c.

3.5. c tnh an ton


Trong TMT tnh an ton l vn trng tm phi c xem xt v gii quyt. i vi khch hng th d vt phm trn mng c sc hp dn th no i na, nu h khng tin tng vo tnh an ton ca giao dch th h s khng dm tin hnh cc giao dch trn mng.

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Nht l giao dch gia cc doanh nghip li cng phi c tnh an ton cao. Hnh vi gian ln, nghe trm, virus v cc xm nhp tri php ca cc Hacker vo h thng thng tin u l nhng k ch nguy him ca TMT. V vy, TMT trn mng cn phi a ra mt phng n gii quyt an ton t im ti im, bao gm c ch m ho, c ch k tn, qun l an ton kiu phn b, kim sot truy nhp, bc tng la, an ton cho Server WWW, phng chng virus v.v gip cc doanh nghip xy dng v thc hin cc phng n ny, nhiu cng ty trn th gii lin tc nghin cu tiu chun v phng n k thut cho giao dch in t an ton v a ra nhng giao thc tiu chun nh SSL (Lp cm an ton- Secure Socket Layer) v SET (Giao dch in t an ton- Secure Electronic Trasaction). Vic a ra cc giao thc v tiu chun ny s gip doanh nghip xy dng mt mi trng TMT an ton.

3.6. c tnh hp tc
Hot ng thng mi l mt qu trnh iu tit hot ng, n cn c s hp tc gia ngi bn v khch hng, nh sn xut v nh cung cp, nh tiu th v i tc. nng cao hiu qu ca hot ng TMT trn mng, mt s t chc a ra giao thc tng tc thng tin lin quan. TMT c th c tin hnh trn c s ca nhng giao thc . Phng n gii quyt ca TMT truyn thng (nh Email) tuy c th tng cng thng tin v trao i gia cc nhn vin trong ni b cng ty vi nhau, nhng n ch c chc nng iu tit s hp tc ca mt b phn nh. S dng mng Extranet lin kt cc nh cung cp, ngi mua hng v cc n v hp tc lin quan vi h thng qun l ca doanh nghip, ng thi iu tit s hp tc ca mt b phn nh. S dng mng Extranet lin kt cc nh cung cp, ngi mua hng v cc n v hp tc lin quan vi h thng qun l ca doanh nghip, ng thi iu tit cc hot ng, c th gip doanh nghip rt ngn chu k nghin cu v sn xut, lm cho sn phm nhanh chng a ra th trng, t trnh c nhng nhc im ca vic chuyn giao thng tin trn giy t tn nhiu cng sc, t l li ln, chi ph cao, nng cao hiu qu v li ch cho doanh nghip.

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4. Qu trnh giao dch v chc nng dch v ca TMT


4.1. Dch v qung co, tuyn truyn trn mng
TMT c th gip doanh nghip da vo cc Server Web v cc b qut ca khch hng gii thiu nhng thng tin v doanh nghip, v sn phm v dch v ca h trn mng Internet. Khch hng c th da vo nhng sn phm cn thit mt cch nhanh chng, cn cc doanh nghip th c th s dng trang ch trn mng v th in t tuyn truyn qung co trn phm vi ton cu.

4.2. Dch v t vn v m phn giao dch


Mng Internet hin i cung cp nhiu hnh thc trao i thng tin gn nh cho nhng ngi s dng nh th in t, tp tin (newgroup), tr chuyn (Chat), hi ngh bng trng (White Board Conference) v gp g trn mng v.vTMT c th gip cc doanh nghip da vo Email, nhng tp tin khng trc tip v nhng nhm tr chuyn trc tip tm hiu nhng thng tin v th trng v sn phm, m phn thng mi, nu c nhu cu cao hn th c th s dng hi ngh bng trng trao i cc thng tin hnh nh kp thi.T vn v m phn trn mng trong TMT khc phc c nhng hn ch v khng gian v thi gian ca vic m phn trc tip trc y, a ra nhiu hnh thc m phn xa rt thun tin.

4.3. Dch v mua hng trn mng


Da vo h thng th in t,TMT c th thc hin vic t hng trn mng kp thi. Trn cc trang Web gii thiu hng ho c lin quan,c th ng thi a ra nhng tng v vic t hng v hp thoi t hng. Khi khch hng in xong ni dung n t hng th h thng thng tr li xc nhn n t hng m bo nhn c ng n t hng. Thng tin t hng cng c th s dng phng thc bo mt cho thng tin nghip v ca ngi bn v khch hng khng b l ra ngoi.

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4.4. Dch v thanh ton trn mng


Mt khu ht sc quan trng l TMT phi tr thnh mt quy trnh hon chnh thc hin vic thanh ton ng hn trn mng. Gia khch hng v doanh nghip c th s dng th tn dng, tin in t, th thng minh v.v. thanh ton trn mng. Dng phng thc thanh ton in t trc tip trn mng khng nhng lm hai bn mua bn tit kim nhiu nhn vin v cc chi ph khc, lm cho vic thanh ton tin hng linh hot thun tin hn, m cn tng tc tru chuyn vn. ng nhin,trong h thng TMT phi thc hin dch v thanh ton trn mng, cn phi c mt quy ch kim sot vic truyn thng tin mt cch an ton v c tin cy cao trnh cho thng tin giao dch b xuyn tc, b l ra ngoi v cc hnh vi phi php khc nh gi mo thng tin v.v

4.5. Dch v qun l ti khon in t


Thanh ton trn mng nht nh phi c mt h thng tin t c in t ho h tr cc t chc ti chnh nh ngn hng, doanh nghip pht hnh th tn dng v doanh nghip bo him v.vmun c dch v thanh ton trn mng, cn vic qun l cc ti khon in t l b phn cu thnh c bn. M s th tn dng hay m s ti khon ngn hng u l hnh thc biu th ca ti khon in t v tin cy ca n phi c m bo bng cc bin php k thut. ng dng ca cc bin php nh bng chng s ho, ch k s ho, bo mt d liu v.vbo m tnh an ton ca cc nghip v i vi ti khon in t.

4.6. Dch v chun sn phm v tra tm trn mng


Sau khi khch hng thanh ton tin hng th doanh nghip se nhanh chng chuyn hng ho n tay khch hng. i vi nhng giao dch yu cu cung cp hng ho thc th doanh nghip c th thng qua h thng phn phi ti ch hoc ni gn nht giao hng ti nh hoc cng c th u thc cho cng ty vn ti hoc bu in chuyn hng ho hoc gi hng n tn tay khch hng. Khch hng c th thng qua mng bit c ngay tnh hnh vn chuyn v

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thi gian n ca nhng hng ho m mnh t mua. i vi nhng sn phm thng tin, l sn phm thch hp nht c chuyn trc tip trn mng nh phn mm, n phm in t, dch v thng tin, tm kim kho d liu v.vn c th thng qua mng cung cp mt dch v hon ho, kp thi trc tip t ngi bn n ngi s dng.

4.7. Dch v trng cu kin khch hng


Trong TMT doanh nghip c th dng cc hnh thc nh la chn, hoc in vo ch trng trn trang Web thu nhp kin phn hi ca khch hng v doanh nghip v sn phm ca doanh nghip mt cch rt thun tin. Nh th c th gip doanh nghip kp thi bit c thng tin phn hi ca khch hng, lm cho cng tc th trng ca doanh nghip c th hnh thnh mt qa trnh tun hon tt. kin phn hi ca khch hng khng nhng c th nng cao cht lng ci tin sn phm, pht hin c hi kinh doanh trn th trng, xy dng hnh nh tt p cho doanh nghip.

4.8. Dch v qun l hot ng giao dch


Qun l ton b giao dch lin quan n iu tit v qun l nhiu phng din nh nhn lc, vt lc cng nh qun l doanh nghip vi doanh nghip, doanh nghip vi khch hng v qun l ni b doanh nghip. Do , qun l giao dch c th xem l qun l ton b qu trnh hot ng ca TMT, bao gm nhng quy nh lin quan n th trng, qun l vic thu thu, trng ti gii quyt cc tranh chp v.vS pht trin ca TMT i hi mt mi trng v mt c ch qun l tt v mt h thng dch v ng dng phong ph a dng, m bo TMT c ng dng phong ph a dng v rng ri hn.

5. Bo mt v an ton cho cc giao dch TMT


Cch mng Cng ngh thng tin vi s ra i ca my vi tnh c nhn (PC) v phng tin truyn thng in t hin i to nn mt cuc cch mng Internet trong thp nin va qua. S ra i ca phng trao i d liu in t EDI (Electronic Data Interchange),

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Email v Internet tc ng n mi mt ca i sng x hi c bit l giao dch thng mi. Giao dch mang tnh thng mi thng qua phng tin in t ngy cng tr thnh ph bin. Vi Vit Nam, mc d nm trong khu vc kinh t nng ng nht, nhng thi gian qua TMT ch yu pht trin trong hot ng kinh doanh ca mng ni b hoc chuyn dng ca cc doanh nghip, t chc, ngn hng, hng khng Phng tin thng tin lin lc in t em n c hi v cch thc mi trong kinh doanh. Do vy, mi ngi tham gia thu c li ch do TMT em li th phi c khung php l y v ph hp vi cc vn ny sinh trong mi trng o. Phn ny cp ti nhng vn bo mt v bo m an ton cho cc giao dch (Bo v cng ty, nhn hiu, tn min v ti liu xut bn khng b sao chp trn a ch Web).

5.1. Bo v b mt thng mi ca cng ty


B quyt b mt thng mi v cc tng khng c bo v bi bng sng ch hoc lut v bn quyn. Kh bo v chng tr khi c mt tho thun v gi b mt ngn bt c cng tc vin, bn i tc, nh thu ph hoc ngi tiu dng no tm cch khai thc cc tng m mt cng ty mun bo v. Trn thc t, s bo v c m bo bng nhng cam kt gi b mt v cc iu khon v khng cnh tranh trong cc hp ng, cng nhng iu khon trng pht trong trng hp tho thun b vi phm. Ngoi ra mt s nc cung cp nhng phng tin bo v nh: Gi kn nhng phong b c gn xi, ng du ngy thng cha ng nhng chi tit v cc b mt thng mi ti vin ti sn cng nghip quc gia. Mt c s tng ng l h thng IDDN (S k thut lin k gi) c chc nng nhn dng ngi ch cc tc phm k thut s v t iu kin cho vic s dng chng. Theo h thng ny, mt IDDN nhn dng mt tc phm s ho c th c lin on quc t k gi giao cho; mt ngi ch s hu c quyn c lin on quc t lin k gi giao cho, mt ngi ch s hu c quyn c cp mt giy chng nhn IDDN km theo tc phm, phiu

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ny c con s ca IDDN, nhan ca tc phm, nhng iu kin c bit v s dng, khai thc v bt c ngun sng to gc no. Sau , nhng ngi s dng c tnh dy chuyn cc tc phm s ho c th c tin hnh theo ng cc quyn s hu tr tu, nh c vic nhn dng cc ch s hu mi giai on, nhng ng gp sng to ca h v nhng iu kin c quy nh cho vic s dng tc phm ca h. Con s IDDN quc t ca h phi c i km theo tc phm trong s ti sn xut v biu din ca chng v nh vy ngi ch s hu c th lun lun c nhn dng. Lin on k gi tin hnh cc cuc kim tra v bt c vic s dng hoc ti sn xut bt hp php no trn mng Internet.

5.2. Bo v nhn hiu


Lut php cc nc hu ht u bo v cc nhn hiu khi chng c tnh phn bit v khng di tr. Ngi ta thng tranh th c s bo v nhn hiu thng qua vic ng k vi mt c quan ca chnh ph. Thi gian bo v ti thiu i vi nhn hiu theo hip nh ca WTO v kha cnh lin quan n thng mi quyn s hu ti sn l 7 nm. K t ngy ng k u tin v c th tip tc ng k v thi hn. Nhn hiu c bo v c th bao gm mt hoc nhiu loi sn phmt v ngi nm nhn hiu c quyn s hu. Cn nh rng mt thit k c th c bo v ng thi bng c lut bn quyn v nhn hiu. Nhng nhn hiu m r rng c bit n, thm ch nu chng khng l ch ca mt n ng k u c bo v.

5.3. Bo v cc n phm trn Web


Theo cng c BERNE c k nm 1886 v c sa i ln cui vo nm 1996, bt c sng to tri thc ban u no u c s hu, u cung cp cho ngi ch c c quyn v khai thc v cung cp nhng quyn ring sau y: Trnh by, ti sn xut, pht thanh, m phng, ghi m/hnh, tng thut cng khai, quyn tip tc, quyn o c. S bo v ko di trong sut cuc i ca tc gi v 50 nm sau khi tc gi qua i. Theo hip nh TRIPS ca t chc thng mi th

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gii WTO, cc chng trnh my tnh nn c coi l tc phm vn hc v c bo v theo cc lut l v bn quyn quc gia. Mt tin l php l mt s nc Chu u v Bc M xc nh bng vic s ho mt sng to tr tu m mnh khng c quyn lm ti sn xut phi php. Mng Internet c tnh o phng tin truyn thng. iu ny cng vi tnh quc t ca n khin cho nhng phn bit truyn thng gio tc phm tr tu, cc thit k hoc mu ngy cng t lin quan. Ni dung ca mng Internet v c bn cng c tnh o phng tin c phi hp hnh nh, m thanh, thit k, mu, vn bn nn khng th i su vo cc quyn lin quan.

6. Cc hnh thc hot ng ca TMT


Cc hnh thc hot ng ca TMT

6.1. Th in t
Cc doanh nghip, cc c quan nh ncs dng th in t gi th cho nhau mt cch trc tuyn thng qua mng, gi l th in t (Electronic Mail- Email). Thng tin trong th in t khng phi tun theo mt cu trc nh trc no.

6.2. Cc hnh thc thanh ton TMT


a. Phng thc lu thng ca tin in t: Mt b phn kinh t c cu thnh t nhng con ngi chn thc, h ch to ra nhng my mc thc s sn xut ra nhng sn phm p ng trc tip nhu cu ca con ng. Xt v b ngoi, tin t bn thn l mt vt c trng v c k hiu ho, n c th tho mn cc k hiu k ton trn ti khon ngn hng. Tnh cht quan trng ca tin t i vi hot ng thc tin x hi loi ngi th mi ngi u bit, n chng minh s tn ti ca mt loi gi tr, c bit l trong x hi ngy nay, nu khng c ng tin s hn ch rt ln hot ng ca con ngi. Con ngi ngay t khi thc hin trao i ban u hnh thnh c khi nim v chc nng c bn ca

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ng tin, ng thi thng qua qu trnh hot ng c th hnh thnh nn quan im v cch nhn l tng i vi sc sn xut, gi tr, trao i v tin t. Nhng quan im v cch nhn ny tr thnh hin thc nh vo nhng phng thc k thut tng ng trong thi i khoa hc k thut pht trin nh v bo ngy nay v mt phng php n gin hn bt u ng vai tr trung gian trao i, l tin in t. * Tin in t: Tin in t l khi nim dng ch hnh thc s dng s liu in t, mt loi hnh thi tin t s dng my tnh hoc th tn dng tin hnh chuyn vn tin t. TMT nh du nn vn minh ca x hi hin i. Vo th k 21, n s ng v tr hng u trong thng mi quc t v i sng x hi. Hin nay, chnh ph cc nc ang tch cc thc y pht trin v tin in t l trng tm ca TMT, tng bc pht huy c tc dng to ln trong hot ng ti chnh quc t. * Phng thc lu thng ca tin in t: Trn mng Internet, ngoi phng thc thanh ton bng th tn dng, khch hng cn c th s dng phng thc thanh ton bng tin mt s ho, khch hng c th chuyn i s tin thc sang tin t trn Internet, tc tin mt s ho bn ch cn chuyn tin t ti khon ca bn sang ti khon tin mt s ho hoc bt c mt ng tin mt no khc sang ng ti cng s ho (ng tin cng ny khng tn ti thc s, n ch th hin khi nim v mt loi tin c gi tr nh, l mt loi thng tin tru tng), c lu trn a cng ca bn. Khi bn s dng ng tin trn mng Internet mua hng ho hoc dch v, vic giao dch s do mt ngn hng ph trch thanh ton (cng c th l mt t chc doanh nghip) x l v chuyn i s tin s ho sang ti khon ca khch. Tin s ho khng c hnh thi vt cht c th, nu bin php an ton mng c gii quyt tt, kh c th n cp hay gi mo th i vi c ngi mua v ngi bn, s dng phng thc ny s gim bt nhng ri ro do s dng tin mt mang li.

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Hin nay, c rt nhiu phng thc thanh ton khc nhau trn th gii c thc hin theo quy tc quy nh nhanh. Mt s phng thc thanh ton nh tin mt, sc ngn hng, sc du lch, th tn dng u l nhng tin mang mnh danh ca nh nc. Mt s khc nh tin vng hay nhng vt c gi tr trong mt s iu kin c th c th c s dng nh mt loi tin. V d, trong mt s giao dch ln, cc tri phiu kho bc nh nc di hn ca M do tn dng chnh ph m bo c s dng nh tin mt, nhng tri phiu chnh ph khc cng nh vy. Cc c phiu do cng ty pht hnh cng c th em ra giao dch, c phiu th trng c th nh gi gi tr ca cng ty mt cch hu hiu. Nhng nhn vin ca cng ty khi c thng bng cch c quyn u tin mua c phiu, nhng c phiu c gi tr trch ra c th c dng lm phng tin thanh ton. Nu m rng khi nim v phng thc thanh ton, c th a ra nhiu phng thc thanh ton khc ngoi tin mt. Tuy vy, trong mi trng mng ho, phn ln cc phng thc thanh ton u c thng tin in t ho, s lng cc d liu c thu thp lu tr v x l chnh xc bng my tnh. N khng n gin nh vic xy dng phn mm my tnh c nhn ch dng mt modem (iu ch/gii iu ch) hoc kt ni Internet l c th s dng th tn dng. Tnh an ton tr thnh mt vn quan trng ca TMT, c bit n l mt khu mu cht m bo cho h thng thanh ton trong TMT hot ng thnh cng. Tin in t c s dng thun tin, an ton nh tin mt. Ngi s dng mi khi tiu dng, ch cn tr i s tin tiu dng tng ng trong s tin sn c trn th. Mun tin in t cng c ghi r gi tr trn b mt nh cc ng tin hu hnh l tin giy v tin kim loi trc y cn gii quyt cc vn k thut quan trng sau: Tnh an ton: Phi m bo an ton tuyt cho s lu chuyn ca vn v giao dch trn mng cng nh s gia tng ca tin in t. Tnh chn thc: C ngi bn v ngi mua u phi xc nhn c chnh xc s tin m h s dng hoc nhn c.

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Tnh giu tn: Trong phng thc thanh ton bng tin in t c th x l khi lng ln cc cuc giao dch c gi tr nh vi n v xu hoc nh hn na. Hin nay, tin in t c mt s hnh thc khc nhau, trong

thng gp nht l tin mt in v th thng minh. * Phng thc thanh ton bng tin mt in t (E-cash): Quy trnh thanh ton qua E-cash nh hnh 6.2.a. Ngi s dng m rng mt ti khon E-cash ti ngn hng m dch v E-cash, mua Ecash, sau s dng phn mm u cui ca E-cash PC v nhn mt s lng E-cash nht nh lu trn a cng t ngn hng E-cash, thng thng khng t hn 100 USD. Ngi tiu dng thanh ton vi nhng thng gia chp nhn E-cash nhng chi ph hng ho mua. Nhng thng gia chp nhn thanh ton bng E-cash s kt ton vi ngn hng pht hnh, ngn hng E-cash s chuyn s tin m ngi tiu dng mua sn phm tr cho cc thng gia.
`
Mua v bn qua mng

Ngi s dng

Thng gia

Gi nhn E-cash

E-cash

Ngn hng E-cash

Hnh 6.2 a : Qui trnh thanh ton bng E-cash


Phng thc thanh ton E-cash c nhng c im sau: Ngn hng v thng gia c cc cam kt v quan h giao quyn; ngi tiu dng, thng gia v ngn hng E-cash u phi s dng phn mm E-cash; thch hp vi khi lng mua bn nh; kim chng t cch do E-cash thc hin, tc l khi ngn hng E-cash s dng ch k s ho khi cho vy E-cash, mi ln giao dch, thng gia s chuyn E-cash cho ngn hng E-cash, E-cash s kim tra tnh hiu lc ca ngi s dng (khng gi mo hay cha s dng v.v.); ngn hng E-cash s m nhn

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chuyn tin gia ngi s dng v cc thng gia, c c im ca tin mt nhng cng c nhng mt hn ch nh cn c mt kho d liu ln lu tr cc thng tin giao dch hon thnh ca ngi s dng v s th t E-cash nhm trnh tiu dng trung lp. * Phng thc th thng minh: Phng thc tin in t ny do cng ty Mondex phi hp cng cc i tc Master card AT&T, HP v mt s ngn hng ln nghin cu ra, l mt loi k thut tin in t khng s dng phng thc giao lin mng. Sn phm ca cng ty Mondex l loi th thng minh c c tng ng nh th tn dng. Th thng minh c mt b vi x l bn trong. Ngi s dng c th m ti khon ti ngn hng s dng loi tin in t ny, nhp tin mt vo ngn hng, sau thng qua mt thit b th c vit c bit hoc thit b ATM rt tin trong th thng minh. Mondex s dng thit b bo mt m bo an ton cho khch hng, nh tiu th v ngn hng. S tin in t trong th thng minh khi c s dng khng th no s dng li s tin in t na. Phng thc giao dch bng tin in t ca Mondex rt ging vi ng tin truyn thng. S dng my c v vit th thng minh khng nhng c th chuyn tin in t ny sang th khc m cn lu tr nhng thng tin v mi ln giao dch trn th. Nhng nh kinh doanh chp nhn s dng th thng minh khng cn bit ngun gc ca ngi s dng th. Khi nh kinh doanh lu tr s tin in t tch lu nhu ln ti ngn hng, ngn hng s ch nm gi c thng tin v ngi tiu dng. V vy, ngi tiu dng c th bo v c cc b mt ring t ca mnh. b. Th tn dng: Thanh ton bng th tn dng c nhiu hnh thc nh thanh ton gin tip trn mng, thanh ton trc tip trn mng v.v. Hin nay, thanh ton bng th tn dng trn mng c cc hnh thc chnh nh sau: * Hnh thc thanh ton qua trung gian H thng First Vitual Corp (FVC):

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Ngi s dng m ti khon thng qua ngi mi gii trn mng, ngi mi gii trn mng c c s ti khon v s th tn dng ca ngi s dng, ngi s dng dng ti t hng, ngi bn s cung cp ti khon ca ngi mua cho ngi mi gii, ngi mi gii sau khi kim tra t cch ca ngi bn s chuyn cc thng tin ca th tn dng cho ngn hng, hon thnh qu trnh thanh ton xem hnh 6.2b. Qu trnh thanh ton ny c th thc hin c l da vo s tin tng ca c ngi mua v bn i vi ngi th ba (ngi mi gii), ngi mua m ti khon khng thng qua mng, cc thng tin v th tn dng cng khng c chuyn qua mng, bn th ba ngi mi gii s dng E-mail xc nhn t cch ca ngi s dng, trnh s gi mo, ngi bn c th yn tm v khng c ri ro, mt khc chi ph giao dch rt thp, thch hp vi giao dch c kim ngch nh.

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S ti khon ngi s dng Ngi s dng Thng mi

E-mail

S ti khon c chuyn cho ngi trung gian

Ngn hng

Thng tin v th tn dng

Ngi trung gian

Hnh 6.2 b : M hnh thanh ton qua trung gian


Phng n m cng ty FVC a ra v h thanh ton c a vo s dng t thng 10 nm 1994. Tnh ti ngy 30/03/1996, c hn 3300 thng gia v 215000 ngi tiu dng thuc 166 quc gia s dng h thng ny. Thng 3 nm 1997, cng ty FVC cng b h thng ny c 350.000 ngi s dng. * M hnh thanh ton n gin c bo mt Cybercash: Khi s dng m hnh ny thanh ton cc khon chi ph, s th tn dng ca ngi thanh ton c bo mt, k thut bo mt c p dng l S/SHTTP, SSLCh c cc nh cung cp cc nghip v hoc h thng x l thanh ton ca bn th ba mi c th nhn bit c cc thng tin b mt ny. Cc hnh thc thanh ton ny mang li nhiu tin li cho ngi s dng v khi mua hng ch cn s th tn dng, Phng thc ny cn truyn a mt lot cc thng tin v bo mt u quyn, kim chng v nhng thng tin lin quan, chi ph giao dch tng i cao. Do vy, khng thch hp vi cc giao dch c kim ngch nh. Quy trnh thanh ton Cybercash nh hnh 6.2 c. Ngi s dng Cybercash sau khi t hng vi thng gia Cybercash, tin in t

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sau khi c bo mt thng tin trn th tn dng s chuyn cho my Server ca thng gia; my Server ca thng gia s kim tra tnh hiu lc ca cc thng tin tip nhn c, sau chuyn cc thng tin mt ca th tn dng cho Server ca Cybercash; Server ca thng gia khng c c cc thng tin trn th tn dng ca ngi s dng; Server Cybercash sau khi kim tra cc t cch ca thng gia s chuyn cc thng tin mt trn th tn dng n ni an ton ngoi mng Internet gii m, sau chuyn cc thng tin th tn dng qua mt mng an ton ti ngn hng ca thng gia; ngn hng thng gia thng qua cc knh in t thng thng gia cc ngn hng ngn hng pht hnh xc nhn v cui cng chuyn cho Server Cybercash, Server Cybercash thng bo cho Server ca thng gia l giao dch hon tt hay b t chi, sau thng gia s thng bo cho ngi s dng. Ton b qu trnh ch din ra trong khong 15-20 giy, mi bc giao dch cc bn u phi k di dng s ho xc nhn t cch ca mnh, ngi s dng v thng gia u phi s dng phn mm Cybercash, ch k ca ngi s dng v ngi kinh doanh c ng k theo h thng, bn thn khng th thay i. Th tn dng ca ngi s dng sau khi c bo mt s c lu tr trn my. K thut bo mt c tiu chun ho, s dng sau khi c bo mt s c lu tr trn my. K thut bo mt c tiu chun ho, s dng nhm kho mt (cng khai/c nhn) to ch k s.
Server Cybercash thng gia H thng x l th tn dng truyn thng

Server
Ti tin in t Cybercash ca ngi s dng

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Hnh 6.2 c: Quy trnh thanh ton Cybercash


Cybercash hin lu hnh nhiu loi th tn dng nh Visa Card, Master Card v.vHin nay, cc h thng c giao quyn x l Cybercash gm c Globe Payment System v.vcng ty IBM cng cung cp h thng c bo mt n gin, s dng cc h thng TMT IBM c: Cng ty c phiu Charles Schwab (thu nhp sau mt nm s dng h thng ny vt tng thu nhp ca 13 nm trc ), L.L.Beans (Cng ty bu chnh ln nht ca M), h thng t v ca cng ty hng khng Nht Bn, ngn hng Ph S Nht Bn * M hnh SET (Giao dch in t an ton): Thc cht, s dng phng thc thanh ton SET dng ch vic truyn a thng tin gia cc bn giao dch u s dng giao thc SET, m bo tnh an ton. Ti tin in t c SET thc hin ti u cui ngi s dng. N c th thng tin vi phn mm in t ca qu in t, hon thnh vic bo mt v gii m s liu, qun l cc giy t chng nhn v kho mt m i vi vic xin php chp nhn v lu tr cc giy chng nhn, ng thi c th ghi li cc giao dch. Qu in t l Server thanh ton ca thng gia trn tuyn, n phi c kh nng x l thng tin yu cu v chp nhn n t hng ca ngi cm th (thng qua Gateway thanh ton), pht v thu nhn cc thng tin bo mt, lu gi cc kho ch k v trao i kho, giy chng nhn yu cu v nhn, thng tin vi kho d liu lu tr v in vo cc n t hng, lu tr v ghi chp x l. Do phn mm u khch hng v thng tin thanh ton cho nn qu in t ch c c thng tin mua hng v thng tin thanh ton cho nn qu in t ch c thng tin mua hng ca ngi tiu dng, cn thng tin thanh ton s c chuyn hon ton cho Gateway thanh ton. Gateway thanh ton l giao din gia h thng ti chnh ngn hng v mng Internet, thng qua n chuyn i s liu gia giao thc SET vi giao thc v h thng giao dch th ngn hng, tc l Gateway thanh ton SET thc hin trn gc ti chnh. Gateway

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thanh ton i hi phi cn tip nhn v xc nhn cc thng tin thanh ton t ngi cm th chuyn n thng gia, u tin phi thng qua c cu pht hnh thu nhn n v th, tc l yu cu v u quyn tip nhn i vi h thng thng tin ca nh pht hnh th, sau chuyn quyn cho thng gia thng gia hon thnh n t hng, cui cng nhn tin thanh ton t ngn hng pht hnh th ri chuyn cho thng gia. Gateway thanh ton c bn cung cp kh nng chuyn i giao thc v thng tin cho thng tin phn hi t h thng x l th, ng thi thc hin tt c cc chc nng mt m ca SET. Gateway thanh ton c tc dng lin kt, lin kt ngi cm th vi mng trao i thng tin gia cc thng gia vi cc h thng mng khp kn truyn thng vi cc h thng thng tin khc ca c cu ti chnh.

6.3. Trao i d liu in t


Trao i d liu in t EDI l vic trao i cc d liu di dng c cu trc (c cu trc c ngha l cc thng tin trao i c cc i tc tho thun vi nhau tun th theo mt khun dng no ) t my tnh in t ny sang my tnh in t khc, gia cc cng ty v cc n v tho thun bun bn vi nhau, theo cch ny, s t ng hon ton khng cn c s can thip ca con ngi. EDI ngy cng c s dng rng ri trn ton th gii, ch yu phc v cho mua v phn phi hng (gi n hng, cc xc nhn, cc ti liu gi hng, ho n) ngi ta cng dng cho cc mc ch khc, nh thanh ton tin khc bnh, trao i cc kt qu khm nghimEDI ch yu c thc hin thng qua cc mng ngoi vi nhau v thng c gi l mng thng mi. Cng c khi EDI hn hp (Hybrid EDI) dng cho trng hp ch c mt bn i tc dng EDI, cn bn kia th vn dng cc phng thc thng thng (nh Fax, th tn qua bu in). Trc khi c Internet c EDI, khi y ngi ta dng mng gi tr gia tng (Value Added Network-VAN) lin kt cc i tc EDI vi nhau, ct li ca VAN l mt h thng th in t cho php cc my tnh in t lin lc c vi nhau v hot ng nh mt phng tin lu tr v tm kim khi ni vo VAN, mt doanh nghip vn c th c

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lin lc vi nhiu my tnh in t nm ngoi thnh ph trn khp th gii. Ngy nay, EDI ch yu c thc hin thng qua mng Internet. phc v cho bun bn gia cc doanh nghip thun li hn vi chi ph truyn thng khng qu tn km, ngi ta xy dng mt kiu mng mi gi l Mng ring o (Virtual Private Network) l mng ring dng Intranet ca mt doanh nghip nhng c thit lp da trn chun trn Web v truyn thng qua mng Internet. Hai mng Intranet lin kt, trao i thng tin vi nhau c gi l mt mng Extranet gia hai doanh nghip. Mng ring o c cc khi phn cng hoc phn mm dng m ho thng tin, i lc c tc dng nh mt tng la bo v thng tin gia cc i tc vi nhau. TMT c tnh phi bin gii, v bn cht tnh phi bin gii l trao di d liu in t (EDI) gia cc doanh nghip cc quc gia khc nhau. Cng vic trao i EDI thng l cc ni dung sau: o Giao din kt ni. o t hng. o Giao dch gi hng. o Thanh ton.

6.4. Truyn dung liu in t Dung liu (Content) l ni dung ca hng ho, m khng phi l
bn thn vt mang ni dung . V d: Tin tc, nhc, phim v cc chng trnh phn mm v.v. Trc y, dung lng c trao i di dng hin vt bng cch a vo a, vo bng, sch bo, vn bnng gi vo bao b v chuyn n tay ngi s dng hoc n im phn phi (nh ca hng, quy bo,) ngi s dng n mua v nhn trc tip. Ngy nay, dung lng c s ho v truyn gi theo mng, gi l giao thc s ho (Digital Delivery). Cc t bo, cc t liu cng ty, cc catalog sn phm ln lt c a ln web site, ngi ta gi l xut bn in t. Khong 2850 t bo c a ln web, cc sch cng c a ln web v gi l sch in t cc chng trnh pht thanh, truyn hnh ca nhc, gio dccng

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c s ho truyn qua Internet, ngi s dng ti xung v s dng thng qua mn hnh v thit b m thanh ca my tnh in t. t mua ch trn my bay, rp ht qua Internet gi l v in t. Ngi tiu dng Internet lin lc trc tuyn vi c quan tn dng, ngn hng bit cc thng tin v bo him v s liu pht cht v ti chnh ca mnh (tin tit kim, tin gi).Vi gc kinh t thng mi, cc loi thng tin kinh t v kinh doanh trn Internet u phong ph v mt nhim v quan trng ca cng tc thng tin ngy nay l khai thc Web v phn tch tng hp.

6.5. Bn l hng ho hu hnh


n nay, danh sch cc hng ho bn l qua mng c m rng, t ho, ti qun o, tv xut hin mt lot cc hot ng gi l mua hng in t hay mua hng trn mng. mt s nc, Internet bt u tr thnh cng c cnh tranh bn l hng hu hnh. Tn dng tnh a phng tin ca mi trng Web v Javangi bn xydng trn mng cc ca hng o (gi l o bi v ca hng c tht nhng ta ch xem ton b quang cnh ca hng v hng ho cha trong trn mn hnh, tng trang mn hnh mt). c th mua, bn hng, khch hng tm trang Web ca ca hng,xem hng ho hin th trn mn hnh, xc nhn mua v tr tin bng thanh ton in t. Lc u, vic mua bn nh vy cn dng s khai; ngi mua chn hng ri t hng thng qua mu cng t hng ngay trn Web. Nhng c trng hp, mun la chn gia nhiu loi hng cc trang Web khc nhau (ca cng mt ca hng) th hng ho miu t nm mt trang, n t hng li nm mt trang khc, gy nhiu phin toi. khc phc, giai on sau xut hin loi sn phn mm mi, cng vi hng ho ca ca hng trn mn hnh c thm xe mua hng gi mua hng ging nh gi mua hng hay xe mua hng tht m ngi mua thng dng khi vo ca hng siu th. Xe hoc gi hng ny i theo ngi mua sut qu trnh chuyn t trang Web ny n trang Web khc chn hng, khi tm c hng va , ngi mua hng nhn phm hy b vo gi, cc xe hng, gi mua hng ny c nhim v t ng tnh tin thanh ton vi khch hng mua hng. Hin nay, cc

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hng bn hng c h thng phn mm hn gi l thng im in t c tnh nng cao hn, cho php ngi mua giao tip thoi mi hn vi ca hng v hng ho. V hng ho l hu hnh, nn tt yu sau ca hng phi dng ti cc phng tin gi hng theo kiu truyn thng a hng ti tn tay ngi tiu dng. Mt trong nhng thun li ca mua hng trn mng l khch hng c ca hng ti nh m khng cn phi ch thn i ti ni c ca hng tht.

7. Phn loi ng dng ca TMT


7.1. Phn loi theo i tng giao dch ca TMT
* Thng mi in t gia doanh nghip vi doanh nghip: Gia doanh nghip cung cu v doanh nghip hp tc s dng mng trao i thng tin, chuyn giao cc loi chng t, thanh ton tin hng, t thc hin in t ho ton b qu trnh hot ng thng mi (EDI). Thng qua mng chuyn dng hoc mng gi tr gia tng trao i d liu. C th ni, y l loi hnh thng mi in t xut hin sm nht v ng dng in hnh nht. c bit l vi nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca mng Internet ngy cng nhiu doanh nghip v cng ty bt u s dng mng Intranet v Extranet hot ng thng mi. * Thng mi in t gia doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng: ng dng in hnh ca TMT gia doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng l vic mua hng trn mng, tc in t ho vic tiu th. N ra i v pht trin nhanh chng cng vi s xut hin ca mng WWW. Hin nay, trn Internet xut hin cc loi trung tm thng mi, cung cp thng tin v dch v t mua cc loi hng tiu dng t hoa ti, sch, phn mm, n my vi tnh, xe hi v.vNgi tiu dng c th thng qua cc my tnh ni mng Internet ti gia nh chn cc loi hng ho mnh cn m khng phi n ch hoc ca hng mua.

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* Thng mi in t gia doanh nghip v chnh ph Hnh thc hot ng TMT ny c th bao qut cc nghip v gia doanh nghip v cc t chc chnh ph. V d Hoa K, bn k khai chi tit thu mua ca Chnh ph c th c thng bo trn mng Internet, doanh nghip c th p ng nhu cu mua hng ca chnh ph bng phng thc in t ho. Tuy hin nay ng dng trn lnh vc ny cn t, nhng mt khi chnh ph ch thn i u trong vic s dng k thut TMT th nghip v TMT ny s pht trin rt nhanh. Chnh ph Hoa K tuyn b k t thng 01 nm 1997, thng qua EDI hon thnh nhim v mua hng nm ca chnh ph v n cui nm 1999 s hu b chng t trn giy. *Thng mi in t gia ngi tiu dng v chnh ph: Hin nay, loi ng dng TMT ny cha xut hin, nhng cng vi s pht trin ca TMT gia ngi tiu dng vi doanh nghip v gia doanh nghip vi chnh ph, chnh ph s c th m rng TMT n vic chi tiu cho phc li v thu thu. V d: C quan qun l v thu thu c th thng bo thu thu nhp c nhn v k khai thu cc loi thu khc trn mng. Trong giai on pht trin ban u ca TMT hin nay, ng dng ch yu ca n l hot ng gia cc doanh nghip v gia cc doanh nghip vi ngi tiu dng. Tuy nhin vi s pht trin ca TMT khng th b qua tim lc ca hot ng TMT gia doanh nghip v chnh ph, ngi tiu dng v chnh ph. * Thng mi in t trong ni b doanh nghip: Doanh nghip dng cc bin php an ton nh bc tng la cch ly mng ni b (Intranet) ca doanh nghip vi mng Internet, t lm cho mng Intranet tr thnh mt cng c thng mi an ton, hiu qu, dng x l t ng cc quy trnh cng tc v cc thao tc nghip v, thc hin dng chung thng tin ca kho d liu trong ni b doanh nghip, cung cp knh thng tin v lin h trong ni b doanh nghip mt cch nhanh chng. ng dng thng nghip ca mng Intranet trong doanh nghip c th tng x l hot ng thng mi ca doanh nghip v c th a ra nhng phn ng nhanh

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nhy hn vi s bin ng ca th trng, cung cp dch v ton din hn, u vit hn, hiu qu hn cho khch hng.

7.2. Phn loi theo ni dung ca TMT


Mua hng in t v thng mi l hot ng TMT c ni dung l hng ho thc. i vi hot ng TMT ny, nhng thng tin tin giao dch nh kho hng, t hng v thanh ton tin hng u c th thc hin qua mng, nhng hng ho cui cng c a n tay ngi mua th li phi da vo dch v bu in truyn thng hoc nh vo nhng cng ty vn ti giao hng. Mua hng v TMT s kt hp cc phng tin ca giao dch in t vi hnh thc thng mi truyn thng, gim ti thiu cc khu trung gian trong qu trnh lu thng hng ho v cng l bc thay i ln trong phng thc thng mi truyn thng. Dch v sn phm thng tin trn mng l loi hnh TMT c ni dung l cc sn phm hoc dch v thng tin v hnh. V d nh t mua cc phn mm my vi tnh, s dng cc tr gii tr trn mng, truy cp vo kho d liu, dch v t vn thng tin trn mng v.vTon b qu trnh TMT ny u c th thc hin thng qua mng. Ngn hng in t v dch v tin t l hot ng cung cp dch v thanh ton in t nhanh gn, thun tin thng qua cc ngn hng trn mng v cc t chc ti chnh lin qua. y l mt trong nhng iu kin tin quyt thc hin TMT vi ngha ch thc ng thi cng l nguyn nhn c bn cho vic in t ho tin t.

7.3. Phn loi da vo mi trng thc hin TMT


TMT trn mng Internet. Ngi bn thng qua mng Internet a tin, qung co sn phm v tiu th hng, cung cp dch v trc v sau bn hng trn mng v.v. V d ca hng o, mua hng trn mng, dch v thng tin trn mng u thch hp vi vic trin khai trn mng Internet.

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TMT trn mng Internet. Thng qua mng Intranet hon


thnh vic pht, trao i, phn hi thng tin trong ni b doanh nghip, tin hnh qun l, iu chnh cc quy trnh nghip v v cc yu t nhn lc, vt lc v.v., tng cng qun l i vi CSDL v h thng file c lin quan ca doanh nghip, thng qua cc bin php k thut nh bc tng la v thit lp quyn hn truy cp m bo an ton cho nhng thng tin c mt ca doanh nghip.

8. Tip th mt Web site TMT


Mt bc quan trng trong tin trnh to cc dch v TMT thnh cng l pht trin mt thit k chuyn khu hiu qu v bit r cch v ni c th tip th chuyn khu ca bn.

8.1. Khch hnh mun g trong mt web site TMT


Cc khch hng l nhng quan to phn xt s thnh cng ca chuyn khu. Nu chuyn khu ca bn p ng c cc nhu cu ca khch hng bng cch cung cp cho h cc thng tin cn thit mt cch n gin d hiu, h xem chuyn khu ca bn nh mt ngun chnh tm thng tin v sn phm.

8.2. Th no l mt Web site thnh cng


Cc khch hng n Web site ca bn ly thng tin hoc mua mt sn phm. H khng quan tm n cc chi tit thm m ca Web site. Nhng bn vn phi quan tm n dng v ca Web site bi n l th hin b mt trc tuyn ca cng ty. Vic to dng nhn hiu l hnh tng m bn p dng cho logo, cc t bm, cc sn phm cch ng gi. Vic to dng nhn hiu nh ngha hnh nh ca bn. Web site ca bn phi phn nh cch to dng nhn hiu hin hnh. to dng mt chuyn khu Web thnh cng, bn dng hnh nh to dng nhn hiu lm c s thit k Web. St nhp vo thit k v b cc ca cc Web site tt c cc sn phm nhn hiu hin hnh, k c lc mu.

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Hy b cht thi gian thit k b cc web site ca bn sao cho d iu hng. Mt web site c b cc ti s gy ln ln cho khch tham quan. Nu bt khch tham quan phi thao tc trn ba c nhp n c thng tin m h cn hoc phi mt n trn 20giy ti xung mt trang, khch tham quan t s di b web site ca bn. Hin nay, hu ht cc Web site thnh cng u ang dng b cc th h th 3, tc l thanh iu hng trn u hoc bn mp ca s n gin ho tin trnh truy cp thng tin. Chng dng mt thanh iu hng trn u truy cp cc thao tc ch nh: cc sn phm, phn h tr, mua hng trc tuyn, thng tin cng ty v cc bn bn Web site. Cc cng ty ln hoc cc cng ty c mt hng a dng s dng thanh iu hng trn u gip khch tham quan d dng truy cp tng sn phm ca h. Trn mp trang, thanh iu hng c dng truy cp cc ch cp th hai. Nu mt khch tham quan chn cc sn phm t nh trang, thanh iu hng cnh s hin th tt c cc tn ca cc sn phm cng ty. Sau , mt khch hng tham quan c th nhp ln tn ca sn phm m h quan tm n chuyn khu ro tr trc tuyn dnh cho sn phm . Sau thnh iu hng cnh s c cp nht bng thng tin c th theo mt hng . Phn gia trang c dnh hin th thng tin v sn phm hoc ch . Phn iu hng nh phi c nht qun qua chuyn khu Web. Phn iu hng cnh s thay i da trn trn v tr m khch tham quan ang trong chuyn khu Web. Theo cch ny, khch tham quan c th d dng truy cp cc ch con t thanh iu hng cnh v nhanh chng di sang cc ch chnh thng qua thanh iu hng.

8.3. Cch qung co mt web site TMT trn Internet


Qung co Web c th c dng hng khch hng tim nng n web site ca bn. Qung co Web thng c thc hin thng qua cc Vic qung co Internet cung cp kh nng phn hi thng v tp trung hn so vi phng tin khc. Bi kh nng tng trong khi lt trn Web s lc c to theo nhng ngi hin biu ng. k tt hn tc c hu quan tm

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n thng tin c lin quan n doanh nghip ca bn, y l mt hot ng sinh li bi thanh ton da trn s lng ngi p ng ln trang cha biu ng ca bn. iu ny c xem l s lng n tng hoc nhn cn m biu ng ca bn nhn. Cc chuyn khu Internet ph dng c cc s liu thng k v dn s ca cc chuyn khu h v s lng cc n ch ca mi trang. Khng gian biu ng thng c mua cho mi s lng trang ch nh v mt thi lng nh. Di y, l cch lm vic ca qung co Web: Bn mua khng gian biu ng t mt cng cho. Chuyn khu tnh tin da trn s lng khch nhp ln cc trang c cha biu ng ca bn. Lng khch tham quan trang cng nhiu, chi ph cho biu ng cng cao. Nhiu cng cho, nh cc ng c tm kim, c th nng ng chn cc biu ng hin th da trn nhp d liu ca ngi tiu dng. S lng trung bnh cc p ng nhp qua i vi mt biu ng chung l 1%. Nhp qua m ch ngi vo mt trang Web, xem biu ng ca bn c th cung cp cc thng tin v chi ph Web v cc chuyn khu p ng nhu cu dn s ca bn.

8.4. Cch dng tnh nng khai thc d liu ca web site TMT
Khai thc d liu l mt cng c tuyt vi phn tch thng tin bn hng v gia tng tnh hiu qu ca cc web site. Khai thc d liu l mt lot cc cng c phc hp tm kim qua cc c s d liu ln nht nh danh thng tin hu ch nh cc xu hng cng ngh v cc khun mu khch hng. Mt cng dng chung ca tnh nng khai thc d liu l nh danh cc thi quen mua ca khch hng. Nu c mt ca hng tp ho trc tuyn, bng cch dng tnh nng khai thc d liu, bn c th thy nhng ngi mua b u phng li thng mua km mt nho. Bn c th dng kiu thng tin ny gi nh khch hng trc tuyn nh mua cc sn phm kt hp. Theo di cc khun mu mua hng ca khch hng v cung cp cc

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kiu khuyn mi hoc nu bt cc sn phm cho cc nh phn phi da trn sn phm m nh phn phi ang mua hm nay hoc mua trong qu kh. Mt nh ch to cc t h s cng bn ng kim t. Khi mt nh phn phi n cc Web site ca nh ch to mua mt t h s, chuyn khu c th t ng hin th ng kim t ph dng. Nh cung cp cc sn phm kt hp da trn cc khun mu mua hin hnh hoc qu kh ca khch hng, bn c th gia tng li tc ca tng giao dch bn hng. Khai thc d liu gip bn nhy bn hn vi cc kiu ngh bn ph tr. Bn c th bt u bng cch nu tt c cc ng kim i km vi mt s cc t h s. Sau mt thi gian v nh xem li thng tin cc khun mu bn hng, bn c th thy phn ln cc khch hng u t mua cng mt hoc hai khun mu ng kim vi tng kiu dng t h s. Bn c th thy phn ln cc khch hng tr li mua cc inh vt tng. Nh tinh chnh cc bn hng ph tr, bn c th cho cc nh cc nh phn phi thy cc sn phm kt hp ph dng nht nh ng kim v cc inh vt tng khi h chn mt sn phm chnh nh cc t h s. iu ny gia tng kh nng cc nh phn phi s mua sn phm ph tr trn chuyn khu. Ngi ta thy rng nh tu bin i chng, cu hnh c th cc dch v ring l cho khch hng bng cch nu tn cc sn phm kt hp ph dng hoc nu tn cc sn phm m h thng t mua, kinh nghim mua sm ca khch hng cng tr nn d hn v mang tnh c nhn hn. Nh , doanh thu s tng, li tc tng v bn c th cung cp cho khch hng cc dch c tt hn, mang tnh c nhn hn.

9. Tm quan trng ca Thng mi in t


Ngy nay TMT tr thnh mt ngnh kinh t mi nhn trn th gii v xut hin nhiu trung tm thng mi v th trng chng khon ln trn th gii. Hin nay nh vo s pht trin ca cc phng tin truyn thng, c bit l s pht trin ca tin hc to iu kin cho mi ngi c th giao tip vi nhau mt cch nhanh chng v d dng hn thng qua cc dch v Internet. V l mt mi trng truyn thng rng khp th gii nn thng tin c th gii thiu ti tng thnh vin mt cch

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nhanh chng v thun li. Chnh v vy to iu kin thun li cho TMT thng qua Internet. V Thng mi in t nhanh chng tr nn ph bin trn th gii tr thnh mt cng c rt mnh m bn hng v qung co hng ho ca cc nh cung cp. i vi khch hng, c th c th la chn, so snh hng ho ph hp c v loi hng ho, dch v gi c, cht lng v phng thc giao hng cho khch hng. C rt nhiu kin cho rng Thng mi in t l s thay i ln nht trong kinh doanh k t sau cuc cch mng cng nghip. Thng mi in t khng ch m ra nhng c hi kinh doanh mi, nhng sn phm v dch v mi, nhng ngnh ngh kinh doanh mi m bn thn n thc s l mt phng thc kinh doanh mi: Phng thc kinh doanh in t. Thng mi in t chuyn ho cc chc nng kinh doanh, t nghin cu th trng v sn xut sn phm n bn hng, dch v sau bn hng t phng thc kinh doanh truyn thng n phng thc kinh doanh in t. Theo Andrew Grove - Intel th trong vng nm nm, tt c cc cng ty s tr thnh cng ty Internet, hoc s khng l g c. Tuy cu ni ny c phn phng i nhng n phn nh v c bn tm quan trng v s nh hng ca Thng mi in t n kinh doanh trong thi i hin nay.

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VI. Chng trnh


1. Lu h thng

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2. Thuyt minh chng trnh


2.1. Xc minh chng trnh
Tn chng trnh: Ngn ng s dng: Pht trin: Xy dng mng Intranet v pht trin ng dng Thng mi in t. HTML, ASP, SQL Server. Nguyn Th Ho. Lp K3C-Khoa CN in t-Thng tin Vin i hc M H Ni. Gio vin hng dn: Thc s Nguyn Thu Anh Khoa in t Vin thng- H BK H Ni Kch thc chng trnh: Ngy bt u: Ngy kt thc: 3.98 MB 03/2004 30/05/2004

2.2. Hng dn iu hnh chng trnh


i vi nhn vin cng ty: Nhng ch dn iu hnh chng trnh i vi nhn vin cng ty c miu t nh s sau:
Trang ch

Ti khon

ng nhp

Ngi dng Ngi qun tr

Cp nht d liu

Thu thp n t hng mi

Nhn bo co s lng hng c sn

Cp nht D liu

Sa D liu

Xo D liu

To ngi dng mi

Xo ngi Dng

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Hnh 2.2.a: S ch dn iu hnh chng trnh cho nhn vin cng ty


i vi khch hng: Nhng ch dn s dng chng trnh dnh cho khch hng c m t bng s sau y:
Trang ch

Tm kim sn phm

Hai menu th xung

Tr gip

Thit lp sn phm

Computer

Network

Hin th sn phm

n t hng

Quan st gi hng

Gi mua hng

Cp nht s lng

ng k khch hng mi

Kim tra gi hng

Xo b sn phm

ng k mi

ng k khch hng c u tin

CHN LA PHNG THC THANH TON

Log out

Hnh 2.2.b: S ch dn s dng chng trnh cho khch hng 2.3. Nhng yu cu v iu hnh h thng

Yu cu v phn cng

Trong h thng y, yu cu ti thiu v phn cng nh sau:

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Mt mng Intranet Remote Access Sever Database Server Clients

Yu cu v phn mm
Trong h thng y, yu cu v phn mm nh sau: 1. 2. 3. WindowNT Server 4.0 hoc cao hn SQL Server 7.0 hoc cao hn Internet Explorer 40 hoc cao hn

2.4. Gii hn chng trnh - Chng trnh ny yu cu Windows NT Server 4.0 hoc cao hn. Chng trnh ny yu cu mt mng Intranet, Remote Access, Server (WindowNT Server4.0 hoc cao hn) SQL Database server, Clients. Chng trnh ny yu cu IE 4.0 hoc cao hn. Chng trnh ny h tr thanh ton th tn dng ngn hng nhng khng th thc hin c. Cn mt chuyn vin qun l chng trnh ny.

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3. c im u vo
3.1. c im tp
Trong ti thit k s dng SQL Server lu tr d liu. Nh vy cc file d liu: Ecommerce_Data.mdf. File ny bao gm cc bng d liu s dng iu khin u vo: Bng danh mc cc sn phm (Categories). Bng sn phm (Products). Bng nh cung cp (Suppliers). Bng khch hng (Customers). Bng n t hng (Orders). Bng ngi s dng (Users). Nh vy, c im ca cc bng d liu nh sau: Bng danh mc nhm sn phm (Categories):
Database file name Table name File ID File organization Access mode Record key Ecommerce Categories Ecommerce_Data.mdf Sequential Sequential CategoryID

Bng sn phm (Products):


Database file name Table name File ID File organization Access mode Record key Ecommerce Products Ecommerce_Data.mdf Sequential Sequential ProductID

Bng nh cung cp (Suppliers):


Database file name Table name File ID File organization Access mode Ecommerce Suppliers Ecommerce_Data.mdf Sequential Sequential

Record key

SupplierID

Bng khch hng (Customers):


Database file name Table name File ID File organization Access mode Record key Ecommerce Customers Ecommerce_Data.mdf Sequential Sequential CustomerID Ecommerce Orders Ecommerce_Data.mdf Sequential Sequential OrderID Ecommerce Users Ecommerce_Data.mdf Sequential Sequential UserName

Bng n t hng (Orders):


Database file name Table name File ID File organization Access mode Record key

Bng ngi s dng (Users):


Database file name Table name File ID File organization Access mode Record key

3.2. c im bn ghi
c im ca cc bng d liuCategory, Products, Suppliers, Customers, Orders v Users ca file d liu Ecommerce_Data..mdf c s dng cho d liu u vo v iu khin c thit k nh sau: Bng danh mc nhm sn phm (Category):
STT 1 2 3 4 STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tn trng CategoryID CategoryName CategoryDes Picture Tn trng ProductID ProductName SupplierID CategoryID ProductDes ProductDetail Price InputPrice Kiu d liu number nvarchar nvarchar Image Kiu d liu nvarchar nvarchar number number nvarchar nvarchar money money di 5 50 100 16 di 16 50 5 5 100 3000 8 8

Bng sn phm (Products):

9 10 11

QuantityInStock Photo BigPhoto

number image image

5 16 16

Bng nh cung cp (Suppliers):


STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tn trng SupplierID SupplierName Tel Fax Address City ZipCode Country Kiu d liu number nvarchar nvarchar number nvarchar nvarchar nvarchar nvarchar di 5 50 30 30 100 100 20 30

Bng khch hng (Customers):


STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Tn trng CustomerID Password CustomerName Tel Fax Address Email City ZipCode Country CustomerName1 Tel1 Fax1 Address1 City1 ZipCode1 Country1 Kiu d liu number nvarchar nvarchar nvarchar number nvarchar nvarchar nvarchar nvarchar nvarchar nvarchar nvarchar number nvarchar nvarchar nvarchar nvarchar di 8 20 30 30 30 100 100 20 30 30 30 30 30 100 100 20 30

Bng n t hng (Orders):


STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tn trng OrderID CustomerID ProductID ProductName Price Quantity OrderDate Kiu d liu number number nvarchar nvarchar money number datetime di 8 8 16 30 8 5 8

Bng ngi s dng (Users):


STT 1 2 Tn trng UserName Password Kiu d liu nvarchar nvarchar di 10 20

4. c im u ra
4.1. c im tp
Trong ti ny chng ta s dng cc bng d liu Category, Products, Suppliers, Customers, Orders v Users ca file d liu Ecommerce_Data.mdf cho cc h tr i vi ngi s dng v khch hng (user/customer). Chng c thit k nh sau: Bng danh mc nhm sn phm Categories:
Database file name Table name File ID File organization Access mode Record key Ecommerce Categories Ecommerce_Data.mdf Sequential Sequential CategoryID Ecommerce Products Ecommerce_Data.mdf Sequential Sequential ProductID Ecommerce Suppliers Ecommerce_Data.mdf Sequential Sequential SupplierID Ecommerce Customers Ecommerce_Data.mdf Sequential Sequential

Bng sn phm (Products):


Database file name Table name File ID File organization Access mode Record key Database file name Table name File ID File organization Access mode Record key Database file name Table name File ID File organization Access mode

Bng nh cung cp (Suppliers):

Bng khch hng (Customers):

Record key Database file name Table name File ID File organization Access mode Record key

CustomerID Ecommerce Orders Ecommerce_Data.mdf Sequential Sequential OrderID

Bng n t hng (Orders):

Bng ngi s dng (Users):


Database file name Table name File ID File organization Access mode Record key Ecommerce Users Ecommerce_Data.mdf Sequential Sequential UserName

4.2. c im bn ghi
c im ca cc bng d liu Category, Products, Suppliers, Customers, Orders v Usersca file d liu Ecommerce_Data..mdf c s dng vi d liu hiuu ra v iu khin c thit k nh sau: Bng danh mc nhm sn phm (Category):
STT 1 2 3 4 STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Tn trng CategoryID CategoryName CategoryDes Picture Tn trng ProductID ProductName SupplierID CategoryID ProductDes ProductDetail Price InputPrice QuantityInStock Photo BigPhoto Kiu d liu number nvarchar nvarchar Image Kiu d liu nvarchar nvarchar number number nvarchar nvarchar money money number image image di 5 50 100 16 di 16 50 5 5 100 3000 8 8 5 16 16

Bng sn phm (Products):

Bng nh cung cp (Suppliers):

STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Tn trng SupplierID SupplierName Tel Fax Address City ZipCode Country

Kiu d liu number nvarchar nvarchar number nvarchar nvarchar nvarchar nvarchar

di 5 50 30 30 100 100 20 30

Bng khch hng (Customers):


STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Tn trng CustomerID Password CustomerName Tel Fax Address Email City ZipCode Country CustomerName1 Tel1 Fax1 Address1 City1 ZipCode1 Country1 Kiu d liu Number Nvarchar Nvarchar Nvarchar Number Nvarchar Nvarchar Nvarchar Nvarchar Nvarchar Nvarchar Nvarchar Number Nvarchar Nvarchar Nvarchar Nvarchar di 8 20 30 30 30 100 100 20 30 30 30 30 30 100 100 20 30

Bng n t hng (Orders):


STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tn trng OrderID CustomerID ProductID ProductName Price Quantity OrderDate Kiu d liu Number number nvarchar nvarchar money number datetime di 8 8 16 30 8 5 8

Bng ngi s dng (Users):


STT 1 2 Tn trng UserName Password Kiu d liu nvarchar nvarchar di 10 20

4.3. Biu b tr in

(Date 25/May/2004)

(Date 25/May/2004)

5. S cu trc chng trnh (ISP-Jackson structure


program chart) 5.1. i vi bng Khch hng (Customer)
a. Cp nht d liu
UPdate data

Danh sch chc nng: C1


38 2.

Proce ss 2 Proce ss 4 Proce ss 6 Proce ss 8 Proce ss 1 0 1 1 9 7 5 3

1. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

C2

C3

C4

C5

Nhp m khch hng. Nhp Password. Thng bo li. Nhp tn khch hng. Thng bo li. Nhp s in thoi. Thng bo li. Nhp s Fax. Thng bo li. Nhp a ch. Thng bo li. Nhp Email. Thng bo li. Nhp thnh ph. Thng bo li. Nhp m s bu in. Thng bo li. Nhp tn nc. Thng bo li.

Danh sch iu kin C1. Kim tra tnh hp l ca m khch C2. Kim tra tnh hp l ca Password. C3. Kim tra tnh hp l ca tn khch C4. Kim tra tnh hp l ca s in C5. Kim tra tnh hp l ca s Fax. C6. Kim tra tnh hp l ca a ch. C7. Kim tra tnh hp l ca a ch C8. Kim tra tnh hp l ca thnh ph.

hng. hng. thoi.

Proce ss 12 Proce ss 14 15 1 3

C6

C7

Proce Email. ss 1 6 Proce ss 18 1 9 1 7

C8

C9

in.

C9. Kim tra tnh hp l ca m bu

S cu trc chng trnh cp nht d liu i vi bng khch hng (tip theo)
1 8 Proce ss 2 0 Proce ss 2 2 Proce ss 23 Proce ss 2 cp nht. 6 Proce ss 28 Proce ss 30 Proce ss 3 2 Proce ss 34 Proce ss 3 6 3 7 35 3 3 31 2 9 2 7 25 23 21

C1 0

Danh sch chc nng 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. Nhp tn khch hng 1. Thng bo li. Nhp s in thoi1. Thng bo li. Nhp s Fax1. Thng bo li. Nhp a ch 1. Thng bo li. Nhp thnh ph 1. Thng bo li. Nhp m bu in 1. Thng bo li Nhp t nc 1. Thng bo li. Click nt Update

C1 1

C12

C1 3

C1 4

36. Cp nht bn ghi ny. 37. Thng bo li. Danh sch iu kin C10. Kim tra tnh hp l ca tn nc. C11. Kim tra tnh hp l ca tn khch hng1. C12. Kim tra tnh hp l ca s in thoi 1. C13.Kim tra tnh hp l ca s Fax1. C14. Kim tra tnh hp l ca a ch 1. C15. Kim tra tnh hp l ca thnh ph 1. C16. Kim tra tnh hp l ca m bu in 1. C17. Kim tra tnh hp l ca nc 1. C18. Kim tra s nhn bn ca m khch hng.

C1 5

C16

C1 7

C18

b. Sa bn ghi
Edit data

Danh sch chc nng 1. Nhp m khch hng. 2. Tm kim bn ghi cha m C1
9

Proce ss 2 4 Proce ss 5 Proce ss 7 8 6 3

KH. 3. Thng bo li. 4. Hin th bn ghi i vi sa tt c cc trng. 5. Click nt Edit sa cha.

C2

6. Thng bo li. 7. Cp nht sa cha bn ghi ti bng CSDL. 8. Thng bo li. 9. Thng bo li. Danh sch iu kin C1. Kim tra tnh hp l ca m khch hng C2. Kim tra tnh hp l cc trng sa cha ca bn ghi C3. Kim tra bn sao ca m khch hng

C3

c. Xo bn ghi
DElete data

Danh sch chc nng C1 1. Nhp m khch hng


2

Proce ss 3 5 6 Proce ss 7 8 4

2. Thng bo li 3. Tm kim bn ghi cha m khch hng 4. Thng bo li 5. Hin th bn ghi i vi cc trng sa

C2

6. Click nt Delete xo 7. Xo bn ghi ny 8. Thng bo li

Danh sch iu kin C1. Nu gi tr m khch hng l hp l? C2. Kim tra chc chn bn ghi ny s c xo

5.2. i vi bng sn phm (Product)


a. Cp nht d liu
Update data

Process

C1

26

3 C2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. nht. 23. 24. CSDL. 25.

Proces s 4
Process

5 C3

6
Process

7 C4 9 C5

8
Process

10
Process

11 C6 C7

12
Process

13

14
Process

15 C8

Danh sch chc nng Nhp m sn phm. Nhp tn sn phm. Thng bo li. Nhp m nh cung cp. Thng bo li. Nhp m nhm sn phm. Thng bo li Nhp sn phm chi tit. Thng bo li. Nhp sn phm chi tit. Thng bo li. Nhp n gi. Thng bo li. Nhp gi. Thng bo li. Nhp s lng trong kho. Thng bo li. Nhp hnh nh. Thng bo li. Nhp hnh nh ln. Thng bo li. Kch nt Update cp Thng bo li. Tng bn ghi vo bng

16
Process

17 C9

18

19 C1 0 C1 1

Process

20
Process

21

23 C1 2 Process 24 25

22

Thng bo li. Danh sch iu kin C1. Kim tra tnh hp l ca m sn phm. C2. Kim tra tnh hp l ca tn sn phm. C3. Kim tra tnh hp l ca m nh cung cp. C4. Kim tra tnh hp l ca m danh mc sn phm.

C5. Kim tra tnh hp l ca din gii sn phm. C6. Kim tra tnh hp l ca chi tit sn phm. C7. Kim tra tnh hp l ca gi. C8. Kim tra tnh hp l ca gi nhp. C9. Kim tra tnh hp l ca s lng hng trong kho. C10. Kim tra tnh hp l ca hnh nh sn phm. C11. Kim tra tnh hp l ca hnh nh ln. C12. Kim tra s nhn i ca m sn phm.

b. Sa d liu
Edit data

Danh sch chc nng

1. 2. 3.

Nhp m sn phm.

Tm kim bn Proce ghi 1 ss Thng bo li


2 3

C1

4.

Hin th bn ghi sa

cha i vi tt c cc trng. 5. 6.
4 Kch nt Edit sa cha.

Thng bo liProce
ss 5 6

C2 7. Cp nht bn ghi sa vo bng d liu.

8. 9.

Thng bo li

Thng boProce li
ss 7 8

C3 Danh sch iu kin C1. Kim tra tnh hp l ca m sn phm. C2. Kim tra tt c cc trng sa cha ca bn ghi. C3. Kim tra s nhn i ca m sn phm.

c. Xo d liu
DElete data

Danh sch chc nng C1 1.


2

Proce ss 3 5 6 Proce ss 7 8 4

Kim tra m sn phm. Thng bo li. Tm kim bn ghi ny. Thng bo li. Hin th bn ghi vi cc trng sa cha. Kch nt Delete xo. Xo bn ghi ny. Thng bo li.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

C2

7. 8.

Danh sch iu kin C1. Nu m sn phm l hp l? C2. Kim tra chc chn bn ghi s c xo.

5.3. i vi bng Nh cung cp (Supplier)


a. Cp nht d liu
Update data

Process

C1

22

2 Proces s 4
Process

3 C2

5 C3

6
Process

7 C4 9 C5

8
Process

10
Process

11 C6

12
Process

13 C7

14
Process

15 C8

16
Process

17 C9

Danh sch chc nng 1. Nhp m nh cung cp 2. Nhp tn nh cung cp 3. Thng bo li 4. Nhp s in thoi 5. Thng bo li 6. Nhp s Fax 7. Thng bo li 8. Nhp a ch 9. Thng bo li 10. Nhp Email 11. Thng bo li 12. Nhp thnh ph 13. Thng bo li 14. Nhp m bu in 15. Thng bo li 16. Nhp t nc 17. Thng bo li 18. Click nt Update cp nht 19. Thng bo li 20. Tng bn ghi trong bng CSDL 21. Khng tng bn ghi trong bng CSDL

18

19 C1 0

Process

Danh sch iu kin C1. Kim tra tnh hp l ca m nh cung cp.

20

21

C2. Kim tra tnh hp l ca tn nh cung cp. C3. Kim tra tnh hp l ca s in thoi. C4. Kim tra tnh hp l ca s Fax. C5. Kim tra tnh hp l ca a ch. C6. Kim tra tnh hp l ca Email. C7. Kim tra tnh hp l ca thnh ph. C8. Kim tra tnh hp l ca m bu in. C9. Kim tra tnh hp l ca t nc. C10. Kim tra tnh hp l ca m nh cung cp. b. Sa d liu
Edit data

Danh sch chc nng 1. Nhp m nh cung cp. 2. Tm kim bn ghi. C1


9

Proce ss 2 4 Proce ss 5 Proce ss 7 8 6 3

3. Thng bo li. 4. Hin th bn ghi i vi cc trng sa cha. 5. Kch nt Edit sa bn ghi.

C2

6. Thng bo li. 7. Cp nht bn ghi sa vo bng c s d liu. 8. Thng bo li. 9. Thng bo li. Danh sch iu kin C1. Kim tra tnh hp ca m nh cung cp. C2. Kim tra tnh hp l ca tt c cc trng sa cha ca bn ghi. C3. Kim tra s nhn bn ca m nh cung cp.

C3

c. Xo d liu
DElete data

Danh sch chc nng C1 1. Nhp m nh cung cp.


2

Proce ss 3 5 6 Proce ss 7 8 4

2. Thng bo li 3. Tm kim bn ghi. 4. Thng bo li 5. Hin th bn ghi i vi sa cha tt c cc trng. 6. Kch nt Delete xo

C2

7. Xo bn ghi hin ti 8. Thng bo li Danh sch iu kin C1. Nu m nh cung cp l hp l? C2. Kim tra chc chn bn ghi c xo.

5.4. i vi bng n t hng (Order) Update data


a. Cp nht d liu
1
Process

C1

16

2 Proces s 4
Process

3 C2

5 C3

6
Process

7 C4 9 C5

8
Process

10
Process

11 C6

12
Process

13 C7

14

15

Danh sch chc nng 1. Nhp m n t hng. 9. Thng bo li. 2. Nhp m khch hng. 10. Nhp s lng. 3. Thng bo li. 11. Thng bo li. 4. Nhp m sn phm. 12. Kch nt Update cp nht. 5. Thng bo li. 13. Thng bo li. 6. Nhp tn sn phm. 14 Tng bn ghi vo bng c s d liu. 7. Thng bo li. 15. Khng tng bn ghi vo bng c s d liu. 8. Nhp gi. 16. Thng bo li. Danh sch iu kin C1. Kim tra tnh hp l i vi m n t hng. C2. Kim tra tnh hp l i vi tn khch hng. C3. Kim tra tnh hp l i vi m sn phm. C4. Kim tra tnh hp l i vi tn sn phm. C5. Kim tra tnh hp l i vi gi hng. C6. Kim tra tnh hp l i vi s lng hng. C7. Kim tra tnh hp l i vi m n t hng.

b. Sa d liu
Edit data

Danh sch chc nng 1. Nhp m n t hng. 2. Tm kim bn ghi. C1


9

Proce ss 2 4 Proce ss 5 Proce ss 7 8 6 3

3. Thng bo li. 4. Hin th bn ghi sa cha vi tt c cc trng. 5. Kch nt Edit sa cha. 6. Thng bo li

C2

7. Cp nht bn ghi sa cha vo bng d liu. 8. Thng bo li 9. Thng bo li Danh sch iu kin C1. Kim tra tnh hp l ca m n t hng. C2. Kim tra tnh hp l ca cc trng trng sa cha ca bn ghi. C3. Kim tra s nhn bn ca m n t hng.

C3

c. Xo d liu
DElete data

Danh sch chc nng C1 1. Nhp m n t hng.


2

Proce ss 3 5 6 Proce ss 7 8 4

2. Thng bo li. 3. Tm kim bn ghi. 4. Thng bo li 5. Hin th bn ghi sa cha ca tt c cc trng. 6. Kch nt Delete xo.

C2

7. Xo bn ghi. 8. Thng bo li Danh sch iu kin

C1. Nu m n t hng l hp l? C2. Kim tra chc chn bn ghi c xo.

5.5. i vi bng Sn phm v dch v


a. Cp nht d liu
Update data

Process

C1

12

2 Proces s 4
Process

3 C2

5 C3

6
Process

7 C4 9 C5

8
Process

10

11

Danh sch chc nng 1. Nhp CategoryID 2. Nhp CategoryID 3. Thng bo li 4. Nhp CategoryDes 5. Thng bo li 6. Nhp hnh nh 7. Thng bo li 8. Click nt Update cp nht 9. Thng bo li 10. Tng bn ghi ny ti bng CSDL 11. Khng tng bn ghi ny ti bng CSDL 12. Thng bo li Danh sch iu kin C1. Kim tra tnh hp l ca m danh mc nhm sn phm. C2. Kim tra tnh hp l ca tn m danh mc nhm sn phm.

chi tit.

C3. Kim tra tnh hp l ca m danh mc nhm sn phm C4. Kim tra tnh hp l ca hnh nh. C5. Kim tra bn sao ca m danh mc nhm sn phm.

b. Sa d liu
Edit data

Danh sch chc nng 1. Nhp m danh mc nhm sn phm. C1


9

Proce ss 2 4 Proce ss 5 Proce ss 7 8 6 3

2. Tm kim bn ghi ny. 3. Thng bo li. 4. Hin th bn ghi i vi cc trng sa cha. 5. Click nt Edit sa cha.

C2

6. Thng bo li. 7. Cp nht bn ghi sa ti bn CSDL 8. Thng bo li, v khng cp nht sa cha bng CSDL. 9. Thng bo li. Danh sch iu kin C1. Kim tra tnh hp l ca m danh mc cc sn phm. C2. Kim tra tnh hp l cc trng sa cha ca bn ghi. C3. Kim tra bn sao ca m danh mc cc sn phm.

C3

c. Xo d liu
DElete data

Danh sch chc nng 1. Nhp m danh mc sn phm. C1


2

Proce ss 3 5 6 Proce ss 7 8 4

2. Thng bo li. 3. Tm kim bn ghi ny. 4. Thng bo li. 5. Hin th bn ghi sa i vi cc trng. 6. Kch nt Delete xo. 7. Xo bn ghi ny.

C2

8. Thng bo li. Danh sch iu kin C1. Nu m danh mc sn phm l hp l? C2. Kim tra chc chn bn ghi s c xo.

5.6. i vi bng User


a. Cp nht d liu Danh sch chc nng 1. Nhp m ngi s dng 2. Nhp Password 3. Thng bo li 4. Click nt Update cp nht 5. Thng bo li 6. Tng bn ghi ti bng CSDL 7. Thng bo li v khng cp nht d liu ti bng CSDL 8. Thng bo li

Update data

Process

C1

2 Proces s 4
Process

3 C2

5 C3

Danh sch iu kin C1. Kim tra tnh hp l ca tn ngi s dng C2. Kim tra tnh hp l ca Password. C3. Kim tra tnh hiu lc ca tn ngi s dng. b. Sa d liu
Edit data

Danh sch chc nng: 1. Nhp m tn ngi s dng. 2. Tm kim bn ghi ny. C1
9

Proce ss 2 4 Proce ss 5 Proce ss 7 8 6 3

3. Thng bo li. 4. Hin th bn ghi vi cc trng sa. 5. Click nt Edit sa. 6. Thng bo li.

C2

7. Cp nht bn ghi sa ti bng CSDL. 8. Thng bo li v khng cp nht sa cha ti bng CSDL. 9. Thng bo li.

C3

Danh sch iu kin: C1. Kim tra tnh hp l ca tn ngi s dng. C2. Kim tra tnh hp l cc trng sa cha ca bn ghi. C3. Kim tra bn sao ca tn ngi s dng.

c. Xo d liu
DElete data

Danh sch chc nng: C1


2

Proce ss 3 5 6 Proce ss 7 8 4

1. Nhp m tn ngi s dng. 2. Thng bo li. 3. Tm kim bn ghi ny. 4. Thng bo li. 5. Hin th cc bn ghi sa cha cc trng. 6. Kch nt Delete xo. 7. Xo bn ghi. 8. Thng bo li.

C2

Danh sch iu kin: C1. Nu tn ngi s dng l hp l? C2. Kim tra chc chn bn ghi s c xo.

6. Danh sch
6.1. Danh sch chng trnh
Do c th ca ti nn ni dung ca phn ny c trnh by trong a CD.

6.2. Danh sch bo co


Danh sch bo co s lng hng c sn:

(Date 25/June/2004)

Ho n bn hng:

(Date 25/June/2004)

Ti liu tham kho


1. T hc SQL Server 21 ngy. (Ryan K.Stephens) 2. T hc ASP 3.0 trong 21 ngy (Scott Michell and James

AlKinson)
3. MSDN (Microsoft)

4. Xy dng Intranet
5. Mng cn bn (Bin dch VN-GUIDE) 6. D liu v truyn thng my tnh (William Stallings) 7. Thng mi in t (Efram Turban, Jaelee, David King,

H.Michel Chung)
8. T hc TCP/IP trong 14 ngy, xut bn ln 2 (Tim Packer)

Thut ng vit tt
Intranet: L mng Internet ni b c thit k s dng ni b
cng ty, trng i hc, hay mt t chc. Intranet l mng dng ring. S dng cng ngh Internet trong mt cng ty lm cho truyn thng v hp tc ni b d dng hn nhiu.

Internet l mt kt ni nhng mng my tnh t khp ni trn th


gii. Ti nguyn v cc thit b dng chung cc kt ni ny. Internet i khi c gi l Cyberspace (khng gian iu khin) hoc Information Super Highway.

WWW (World Wide Web) l dch v a phng tin ca Internet,


mt kho lu tr khng l cc ti liu Hypertext c vit bng HTML.

Server: My ch - Mt my tnh x l cc yu cu v d liu, th in


t, truyn tp, v cc dch v mng khc t cc my tnh khc (v d, my khch).

Cliens: Mt chng trnh s dng cc dch v ca mt chng trnh khc. Client l chng trnh s dng lin lc v nhn d liu hay yu cu t my ch. Gateway: Cng mng- Phn mm hay phn cng ni gia hai ng dng hay mng l ra th khng tng thch sao cho c th truyn d liu gia cc my tnh khc nhau. Router: B nh tuyn- Phn cng kt ni hai hay nhiu mng. Mt Router hot ng nh l mt thit b sp xp v phin dch khi n xem xt cc a ch v chuyn cc bt thng tin n cc a ch n thch hp. Email: Electronic mail (email) Th in t - Cc thng ip, thng l
text, c gi gia nhng ngi s dng thng qua mng.

TCP/IP: Transmission Control protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Mt


giao thc iu khin truyn thng gia tt c cc my tnh trn Internet. TCP/IP l mt tp cc lnh quy nh cc gi thng tin c gi i nh th no trn mng. N bao gm c kh nng kim tra li m bo cc gi d liu n a ch theo mt th t nht nh. Domain Name: Tn min - Tn ring dnh cho mt Internet site.

Banner: Tt- Khng gian trong mt trang web s dng qung co. Electronic commerce: Thng mi in t Mt lot cc hot ng
kinh doanh trc tuyn bao gm vic gii thch sn phm v dch v v cung cp mt c ch cho khch hng mua cc sn phm v dch v t mt web site. Thng mi in t bao gm kho hng v mua hng trc tuyn.

Firewall: Bc tng la Mt kiu an ton c lm t s kt hp mt


b m phn mm v phn cng m nhiu cng ty v t chc t gia cc mng ni b v Internet. Bc tng la ch cho php nhng dng thng ip c th t Internet vo v ra khi mng ni b. N bo v mng ni b trc cc tin tc v nhng k dt nhp, nhng k c th tm cch s dng Internet t nhp vp cc thng tin .

HyperText Transport Protocol (HTTP): Giao thc truyn siu vn


bn Mt phng php m qua cc tp siu vn bn c truyn trn Internet.

Internet Protocol (IP): Giao thc TCP/IP dng gi gi thng tin.


Xem thm TCP/IP.

Internet Service Provider (ISP): Nh cung cp dch v Internet


Cn c gi l cc nh cung cp truy nhp. H thng my tnh u xa ny l mt h thng kt ni PC ca bn n v thng qua kt ni n Internet (cc ISP m bn truy nhp bng modem v ng dy in thoi thng c gi l cc dch v quay s).

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