RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of General Biology lab work with title How to use the Microscope. Created by: Name Registration Number Group Class assistant coordinator. : Muhammad Farid Abdullah : 101 404 165 : III : C (Biology Bilingual)

The report is accepted After being checked and consulted by assistant and

Makassar, November 2nd 2010 Coordinator Assistant Assistant,

(Djumarirmanto, S.Pd) Known by, Advisor

(Suardi) Nim: 081 404 086

(Drs. H. Hamka L., MS.) Nip: 19621231 198702 1 005

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
A. Background Science is a group of knowledge about definite object who has arranged by systematic. Were between one and the other have connection and mutual explained based explained above, so biology is one of branch science who has explained about matter and energy who has connection with human life and process of life. Microbiology is the study of the shape, nature, life and the spread of organism that include microbes. (Microorganisms and microbes). Microbes derived from the word: micros = smallest/ very smallest, bios = life. This discipline is one of the major groups of organisms that differ from other agencies generally. The first microscope to be developed was the optical microscope that found by Hans Jansen and his son, Zacharius was made in 1590 in Middelburg, Netherlands. After that, a Dutch citizen named Anthony van Leuwenhoek (16321723) continues to develop the microscope magnification. Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) is actually not a professional researcher or scientist. A Microscope (from the Greek language: micros, means small and scopein, means to look) is an instrument to see object too small for the naked eye. So, as a new university student to know microscope and how to use it microscope, advice to follow these steps, so can be easy use it. Quick to know and quick to find shades of object. Not just that, we also should know about all of the part of microscope and the function of each other to make us easier to understand the right way in use microscope. And then, there are two kinds of microscope who has can use to observes, namely: there are, Light microscope plain area consists of monocular microscope and binocular or stereo microscope. Microscope binocular and monocular have same nearly function. The others, we also should know how to clean and store the microscope. And before, we do the lab work; we must know the purpose of our lab and equipment to be provided. And begin with objective observation of the weakest. End use of

the microscope also fitted purpose weakest/ shortest. Tube the down lo. And clean the microscope body with a flannel cloth. And lens wet rubbed with lens paper. And do not use plain paper. Because the lens will be scratched and damaged.
B.

Purpose of the Practicum University student can use biology microscope quickly and safely to see simple preparation.

C.

Benefit of the Practicum

1. 2.

Microscope can help us to see very small objects until visible. The students will know more about microscope. Additionally, we

also know the way of using and saving of microscope.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The term microscope comes from the Greek language, micron word that means small and scope meaningful purpose. From two the congeniality, microscope can be interpreted as tools made or used to see in detail the objects that are too small when viewed with the naked eye at close. Study of small objects using this tool is called microscopy, and microscopic word means very small, not easily visible eye. According to the history of the person who first thought of making an instrument called a microscope it was Zacharias Janssen. Janssen own daily work is the one who makes eye glasses. Assisted by Hans Janssen they make a microscope the first time in the year 1590. The first microscope was done at that time able to see things through with a magnification of 150 times its original size. After that, a Dutch citizen named Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) continues to develop the microscope magnification. Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) is actually not a professional researcher or scientist. Actual profession as terster wine in the city of delf, Netherlands. He uses a magnifying glass to observe the fabric fibers. But a great curiosity for the universe makes it on of the founder of microbiology. Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) makes a simple microscope. Microscope Anthony van Leuwenhoek using a very simple way to observe the river water, rain water, saliva, feces, etc. he is interested in small objects that can move that are not visible to the naked eye. He called moving objects called animalcule which he said is a very small animals. These findings make it more enthusiastic in observing these objects with microscope increase further. This is done with the lens hits more and put it on a silver platter. Anthony van Leeuwenhoek eventually makes 250 microscopes that can increase 200-300 times. Then after Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, namely Louis Pasteur (1822 1895). French chemist also discovered the basic principles relating to the nature of microbial life, including the problem of fermentation. Microscope that is divided:
a. Microscope biology (monocular) used to observe the thin transparent objects that

it is irradiating supplied from below with a light or lamp.

b. Microscope stereo (binocular) used for observation of objects that are not too

rough, transparent or not. It is irradiating can be set from above or from below with natural light or lamp. Various types of microscopes used in microbiology laboratories are as follows:
1. Light microscope consist of : a. Bright field Microscopy: type of microscope used to examine the

material culture of the preparations and preparations for wet or stained.

b. Dark field Microscopy: this microscope has a condenser which

prevents the material reflects light at a certain angle, so the object looks larger shines with a dark background.
2. Phase contras microscope: microscope is now rarely used in diagnostic

laboratories. This microscope is a type of light microscope that allows a greater contrast occurs. This microscope also can produce better image contrast.
3. Fluorescence Microscope: Microscope is widely used in clinical

laboratories and is widely used in microbiology and immunology has been developed to detect microbial antigen. 4. Electron Microscopy EM: This microscope has a very short wave light rays generated by an electron from vacuum tubes. By using this microscope, we can see the virus and are very small molecules.
These biological microscopes, general have ocular lens and objective lens with

power magnification following: Objective 4 x and ocular 10 x, total magnification 40 x Objective 10 x and ocular 10 x, total magnification 100 x Objective 40 x and ocular 10 x, total magnification 400 x Objective 100 x and ocular 10 x, total magnification 1000 x The part of optical microscope and the function as follows : 1. Ocular lens : To accept a shadow from objective and it enlarge.

2. Macrometers
3. Micrometers

: Tool for movement the tube to above and to under with roughly. : Tool for movement the tube to above and to under with slowly : Use to hold the microscope. : Tool for movement the thing glass place in the table. : Controller the arm up and down

4. Arm 5. Mechanic Activator 6. Inclination Wick

7. Condensers Controller: Lens that collage the radiance from mirror and come to preparation hole object 8. Leg 9. Mirror 10. Diaphragm 11. Condensor 12. Preparation Table 13. Clip 14. Objective lens 15. Revolver 16. Tube : Tool for stand up microscope. : The tool catcher and bouncer a light. : the tool controls how much the light will enter the liquefier. : The lenses which collect of light from mirror enter to hide of preparation table. : the place for put the object glass. : To pincher and or arrange to place of object glass. : Lens that nearest to the object and use to see the object that will we observe. : Connect the objective lenses and tool to choose the objective lens that will we use. : Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses.

CHAPTER III PRACTICUM METHOD

A. Place And Date Day/ Date Time Place : Tuesday, October 26th 2010 : 14.00 16.00 wita : In the room of biology laboratory at 3rd floor FMIPA UNM
B. Tools And Materials

1. Tools
a. Tools served by laboratory :

1)
2)

Biology Microscope Equipments box, consists of : a) Object glass b) Cover glass

b. Tools served by university student :

1. New safety blade

2. New flannel cloth

3. Cotton cloth 4. Drawing book or quarto paper 5. Pencil and eraser 6. 2. Materials
a. Material served by laboratory :

toothpick

1) 2) 3) 1) 2) 3) 4)

Water Cotton Tissue

b. Material served by university student :

Allium cepa Hibiscus rosa sinensis Cucurbita moschata Hibiscus filioceus C. Work Procedure 1. Preparing microscope

1.1 Put the microscope on the work table exactly in front of you 1.2 Cleaned up the body of microscope with flannel cloth. And didnt

ever rub the lens with a cloth.

1.3 Opened the box equipments, and then you out side the Petri cup

which to contain thing glass and closing glass. Cleaned up thing with cotton cloth or filtered paper.
1.4 On the work table, there are only one microscope, tool box with

contents, and guide book and note materials for practicum. Another that will be stored in other places that had been prepared. 2. Regulate the entry of light into the tube
2.1 Pay attention condition of your lab room, from where the light

coming (front, left or right). Instruct the microscope mirror to the light source. And then, opened the diaphragm or turn around of plate at the middle hold position. Microscope have condenser, setter position near away from preparation table and use flat mirror.
2.2 Arrange of the revolver position so that the objective lens facing on

the preparation table until a sound click.

2.3 Move down the tube until the distance of objective lens and

preparation table 5 10 mm or the tube maximum down.

2.4 Watched by ocular lens with left eye without wink the right one

(need practice) will show the white circle plants. If we didnt get the focus of the object, remove the mirror until we can see the object clearly. If it is too narrow the diaphragm or the hole at plate. If the watched area still hazy so the light didnt enough, opened the diaphragm hole more widely at plate.
2.5 Microscope is ready to watch the object. 3.

Way to regulated lens distance with preparation.

3.1 By hand turning the rugged controller or macrometer the right

position, tube down, objective lens and prepare distance closest, and do on contrary. What is happen? Other microscope model has

the sideways tube or cannot move up and down, so the preparation table will move up and down if the macrometer and micrometer is turning.
3.2 Place the object glass which contents. The lasting object on the

preparation table so the object that will be watched be stay in the center of the tables hole, clip the object glass by the holder so it cannot move.
3.3 Notice the objective lens distance and the object glass is not more

than 10mm. if it longer, the right hand turning macrometer to move down the tube while watched from the side, when the objective lens to forward the object glass until maximum 5-10mm.
3.4 Watched by ocular lens while the hands turning macrometer to

move up the tube slowly. Observe the watch area until there is a shadow. If the tube is up, half turn of macrometer not yet show the shadow its mean its over. Do it again at 3.3 if there is a shadow but still hazy, try to watched again while turning the micrometer up and down until the shadows line or the borders we can clearly.
3.5 Examine the ocular lens (whats zoom?) and objective lens (whats

zoom?). Count the zooming of the shadow we observed.

3.6 If we had watched, move out the prepare. 4.

Make simple preparation.

4.1 Took object glass which have been cleaned, hold in flat position.

4.2 Drop the pure water or aquades one drop in the center.
4.3 By using tweezers, took cotton fibrous and put in the center water

dropping.
4.4 The other hand holds closing glass between thump and index finger

in opposite side.
4.5 The side of the closing glass is touched with object glass near the

dropping of water with angle 45o. Then put down so its close the drop of water exactly. The rest of water which ooze out in the side of glass absorbs filter paper.

4.6 Pair The prepare on the object table and watch like on the steep

3.2, 3.3, 3.4, and 3.5

5.

Changed magnification.
5.1 If the observation 4.6 is success, 3.4 and 3.5, shadow which visible

will grown. Dont changes prepare position and dont touch the tube.
5.2 Turned the controlled until the objective lens is longer (strong) to

straight on the object table and click sound (watch the zoom)
5.3 Watch while turn micrometers until the shadow that appear is

bigger. Watch the shadow.

5.4 If failed to find the bigger shadow move up the tube by turn the

macrometer against the thump direction. Turn again revolver to place the weak object glass position (short) on the first position. Without change prepare position, do again activity 3.3., 3.4., 3.5., and then 5.1., 5.2., 5.3., until success.
5.5 If you will observe another material, so move up the tube. Get out

the preparation which had observed and cleaned the object glass and closing glass.
5.6 Make a new object like the steep on 4.1. Until for 4.6. 5.7 On the end activity of using microscope, paid attention to things

followings:
a) Preparation could not keep on the object table, have to put out. b) The wet preparations have cleaned by filter paper or cotton

cloth (object glass and closing glass). Put in Petri cup and put into equipments box.
c) Cleaned the body of microscope by panel cloth. Move down

the tube in the lower position.

d) Kept the microscope into the microscope box. e) All equipments that had been using are cleaned by cotton cloth

and keep in its box.

f) Yours equipments have to keep by your self for the next

activity. g) Remains of material that is not used again are thrown in the available rubbish box.

CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Result After I have done this experiment, there is observation result that has held is a parts of microscope with it function of each other and picture of microscope.

Information Picture: Ocular lens :To accept a shadow from objective and it enlarge.

2. Macrometers

:Tool for movement the tube to above and to under with roughly. :tool for movement the tube to above and to under with slowly. :Use to hold the microscope. :Controller the arm up and down preparation hole object.

3. Micrometers
4. Arm

5. Mechanic Activator :Tool for movement the thing glass place in the table. 6. Inclination Wick
7. Condensers Controller:Lens that collage the radiance from mirror and come to

8. Leg

:Tool for stand up microscope. :The tool catcher and bouncer a light. :the tool controls how much the light will enter the liquefier. :The lenses which collect of light from mirror enter to hide of preparation table.

9. Mirror 10. Diaphragm 11. Condensor

12. Preparation Table :The place for put the object glass.

13. Clip 14. Objective lens 15. Revolver

16. Tube

:To pincher and or arrange to place of object glass. :Lens that nearest to the object and use to see the object that will we observe. :Connect the objective lenses and tool to choose the objective lens that will we use. :Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses.

B. Discussion

After did the procedure in work procedure in this experiment, so the results show the image that had been magnification by the optical microscope. This following picture will shows the magnification of: a. Hibiscus rosa sinensis

Objective Lens Ocular Lens Max Explanation: 1.

: 10x : 10x : 100x

b. Hibiscus tiliaceus

Objective Lens Ocular Lens Max Explanation: 1. 2.

: 10x : 10x : 100x

c. Cucurbita Moschata

Objective Lens Ocular Lens Max Explanation: 1. 2.

: 10x : 10x : 100x

d. Allium cepa

Objective Lens Ocular Lens Max Explanation: 1.

: 10x : 10x : 100x

2.

e. Gosypium sp (Cotton fiber)

Objective Lens Ocular Lens Max Explanation: 1. 2.

: 10x : 10x : 100x

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion 1. Microscope that is divided: c. Microscope biology (monocular) used to observe the thin transparent objects that it is irradiating supplied from below with a light or lamp. d. Microscope stereo (binocular) used for observation of objects that are not too rough, transparent or not. It is irradiating can be set from above or from below with natural light or lamp. 2. Microscope is an object that is useful to provide enlarged image of the object that is too small to see with the naked eye.
B. Suggestion For Laboratory

I hope the next practicum can using microscope more than excellent, so all of prepare can be observeted with accurate.
C. Suggestion For Assistants

I hope assistant can guide with excellent, so that the university student can to know very well how to use the microscope. D. Suggestion For Friends I hope we can be ready before practicum start so we can do the experiment base on our plan. And I hope we can together for excellent in to practicum.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Tim Pengajar Biologi. 2010. PENUNTUN PRAKTIKUM BIOLOGI DASAR. Makassar: FMIPA Universitas Negeri Makassar. Suriawari unus. 1986. PENGANTAR MIKROBIOLOGI UMUM. Bandung: Angkasa Anonym. 2010. MICROSCOPE. http://www.madehow.com/Volume3/Microscope.html at November 1 2010 in Makassar. Koesmadji. 2000. TEKNIK LABORATORIUM. Bandung: FMIPA Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Jakarta. Kusnadi. 2003. MIKROBIOLOGI. Bandung: FMIPA Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Jakarta.

ANSWER THE QUESTION

1) Optic parts of microscope : Ocular lens Objective lens Mirror Diaphragm

2) Mechanic parts of microscope :

Tube Revolver Leg Arm Micrometres Macrometres

Preparation table

Mechanic activator Inclination point Condenser Stage Clip stage

3) Function of mechanic parts :

a. Tube

: Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses. : Connect the objective lenses and tool to choose the objective lens that will we use. : Tool for stand up microscope. : That we will hold when movement the microscope. : Tool for movement the tube to above and to under with softly. : Tool for movement the tube to above and to under with roughly. : The place for put the object glass. : Tool for movement the thing glass place in the table : Controller the arm up and down : The lenses which collect of light from mirror enter to hide of preparation table. : The place for put the object glass. : To pinches of arrange the place of object glass.

b. Revolver

c. Leg d. Arm

e. Micrometers

f. Macrometers

g. Preparation table h. Mechanic activator

i. Inclination Point j. Condenser

k. Stage l. Clip stage

4) When the shadow in look area, scrape to high, front of, so that the object

glass must be scrape with the shadow by opposite direction. Scrape by opposite direction because ocular lens quality that receives with the objective lens shadow. Is imagination, max and opposite.
5) Negative impact if the the lens was rubbed with a cloth or plain paper,

microscope lenses can be scratched so that we can not see clearly what we observe. Microscope lenses and can not be used again, unless it can be replaced with new lenses.