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I. VN CHUNG CA BO H LAO NG 1. Mc ch, ngha.

a. Mc ch ca cng tc bo h lao ng l thng qua cc bin php v khoa hc k thut, t chc, hnh chnh, kinh t x hi loi tr cc yu t nguy him v c hi pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut; to nn mt iu kin lao ng tin nghi, thun li v ngy cng c ci thin tt hn ngn nga tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip. Nhm bo m an ton, bo v sc kho v tnh mng ngi lao ng, gp phn bo v v pht trin lc lng sn xut, tng nng sut lao ng. Nh vy c th ni rng Bo h lao ng l mt chnh sch kinh t x hi ln ca ng v Nh nc, l mt nhim v quan trng trong chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi ca nc ta. c quan tm v pht trin trc ht l v yu cu khch quan ca sn xut v v sc kho, hnh phc ca ngi lao ng ( yu t nng ng nht ca lc lng sn xut) v vy mang ngha chnh tr, x hi v nhn o su sc. 2. Tnh cht. cng tc bo h lao ng t c mc tiu nh ra nh trn th cng tc bo h lao ng nht thit phi mang y ba tnh cht: .Tnh cht khoa hc k thut .Tnh cht php lut .Tnh cht qun chng Ba tnh cht ny c mi quan h mt thit, hu c v h tr ln nhau. - Tnh cht khoa hc k thut: mi cng vic tin hnh tt cng vic c lin quan n cng tc bo h lao ng u phi s dng cc kin thc v phng php

php khoa hc nghin cu a ra cc bin php x l, loi tr cc yu t nguy him, c hi, phng chng tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip. Cc cng tc nghin cu v iu kin lao ng, cc yu t nguy him, c hi tn ti trong qu trnh lao ng u do cc nh khoa hc chuyn ngnh v cc lnh vc nghin cu v thc hin. - Tnh cht php lut: c th hin cc lt l, ch chnh sch, tiu chun, ni quy, quy nh v cng tc bo h lao ng th hin cc gii php v khoa hc, cc bin php v t chc v x hi c lin quan n cng tc bo h lao ng. Mc ch buc mi cp qun l, mi t chc v c nhn phi nghim chnh thc hin. V ng thi cng phi thng xuyn tin hnh kim tra, thanh tra thng xuyn c cc bin php khen thng, v x pht nghim minh v kp thi th cng tc bo h lao ng mi c tn trng v c hiu qa. - Tnh qun chng: cng tc bo h lao ng mang tnh qun chng rng ri bi v tt c mi ngi k c ngi s dng lao ng cho n ngi lao ng u l cc i tng cn c bo v, ng thi h cng phi tham gia vo vic t bo v chnh bn thn h v ngi khc. 1. Cc yu t nguy him v c hi. Trong qu trnh lao ng sn xut lun tn ti cc yu t nguy him v c hi nh hng ti ngi lao ng. Cc yu t nguy him v c hi tn ti mt s dng nh sau: - Cc yu t vt l nh nhit , m, cc bc x c hi, bi, ting n, rung ng.... - Cc yu t sinh vt, vi sinh vt nh cc loi vi khun, siu vi khun, cc loi k sinh trng...

- Cc yu t bt li v t th lao ng nh khng tin nghi do khng gian nh xng cht hp, mt v sinh, khng thun tin v tm sinh l... - Cc yu t nguy him nh in, lm vic trn cao 2. Tai nn lao ng. Tai nn lao ng l tai nn xy ra trong qu trnh lao ng sn xut, cng tc do kt qu ca s tc ng t ngt t bn ngoi, lm cht ngi hoc lm tn thng hoc lm ph hu chc nng hot ng bnh thng ca mt b phn no ca c th, nhim c cp tnh cng c coi l tai nn lao ng. Theo quy nh ca Nh nc cn c vo s ngy ngh iu tr thng tch th tai nn lao ng c phn ra thnh cc loi nh sau: Tai nn lao ng cht ngi Tai nn lao ng nng Tai nn lao ng nh 3. Bnh ngh nghip. Bnh nhg nghip l hin trng bnh l mang tnh cht c trng ngh nghip lin quan n ngh nghip do qu trnh tip xc thng xuyn v ko di ca iu kin lao ng xu. Cc nh khoa hc cho rng cng nhn b bnh ngh nghip cn c hng ch n b v vt cht c th b p phn no sc kho b thit hi, gip h khi phc li sc kho hoc bo m cho h c c phn thu nhp m do b bnh ngh nghip m h mt i sc lao ng nn mt i phn thu nhp . Cho nn ch n b v bnh ngh nghip ra i. Hin nay T chc lao ng quc t xp thnh 29 nhm bnh khc nhau bao gm nhiu loi bnh ngh nghip khc nhau. Vit Nam chng ta nh nc cng nhn 21 bnh ngh nghip c Nh nc bo him nh sau: Bnh bi phi so Silic Bnh nhim c Ch v cc hp cht Ch Bnh nhim c Benzen v cc ng ng ca

Bnh bi phi Aming Bnh bi phi bng

Benzen Bnh nhim c Thu ngn v hp cht Thu ngn

Bnh vim ph qun mn tnh ngh nghip Bnh nhim c Mangan v cc hp cht Mangan Bnh nhim cc tia phng x v tia X Bnh nhim c TNT Bnh ic ngh nghip do ting n Bnh nhim c Asen v cc hp cht Asen Bnh rung chuyn ngh nghip Bnh nhim c Nicotin ngh nghip Bnh xm da ngh nghip Bnh nhim c ho cht tr su ngh nghip Bnh lot da, lot vch ngn mi, vim da, chm tip xc. Bnh do leptospira ngh nghip Bnh lao ngh nghip Bnh vim gan do vi rt ngh nghp Bnh gim p ngh nghip

1. Nguyn nhn gy tai nn lao ng bnh ngh nghip. Tai nn lao ng v bnh nghip thng xy ra trong qu trnh lao ng sn xut do s tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip ca cc yu t nguy him v c hi i vi c th con ngi. Do vy nguyn nhn gy tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip ch yu do cc nguyn nhn chnh sau y: - Nguyn nhn do k thut - Nguyn nhn do con ngi - Nguyn nhn do mi trng lao ng 1.1. Nguyn nhn v k thut. y l mt nguyn nhn c hu lun tn ti trong mi iu kin lao ng, bi l tt c cc my mc thit b d hin i n u th vn cn tn ti cc yu t nguy him, cc vng nguy him xung quanh v c th xut hin bt k lc no, tc hi ca cc yu t ny cng khng th o c:

- Kch thc kt cu my mc thit b khng ph hp vi kch thc nhn trc hc ca ngi Vit nam. - Cc b phn chi tit ca my mc thit b bn c l khng m bo cho nn trong qu trnh vn hnh thng xy ra cc hin tng h hng, vng bn... - Bn thn cc thit b my mc thiu cc thit b che chn, c cu an ton... - Cc thit b thiu cc thit b phng nga qu ti nh phanh hm, kho lin ng, thit b khng ch hnh trnh, van an ton... - Cc my mc thit b khi vn hnh do cng ngh c khng m bo v cc tiu chun v sinh hoc l trong qu trnh vn hnh sinh ra cc yu t gy mt v sinh nh bi nhiu, ting n ln... - Cc my mc thiu cc thit b h tr c gii ho, t ng ho trong nhng cng vic nng nhc, c hi v nguy him nh vn chuyn vt liu nng ln cao, cp d vt liu v x l cc l luyn, ni hi, my nghin... - Trong qu trnh vn hnh khng thc hin nghim tc cc ni quy, quy nh v an ton, khng kim tra cc thng s an ton ca my mc trc khi vn hnh nh th ti i vi cc ba my kh nn khi lm vic, cc thit b nh cn cu, cu trc, pa lng... - Trang b v s dng cc trang thit b bo v c nhn khng m bo ng theo quy chun hoc khng thch hp v kch thc, cht lng v chng loi. 1.2. Nguyn nhn do con ngi. Nguyn nhn do ngi s dng lao ng. - Khng t chc b my qun l, n c vic thc hin cc cng tc v an ton cng nh cng tc kim tra v vic thc hin cc ni quy an ton. - Ngi s dng lao ng khng quan tm n cng tc an ton v v sinh lao ng nh khng c cc ni quy, quy nh v an ton v v sinh lao ng cho ngi lao ng. - Ngi s dng lao ng khng tun th theo cc quy nh ca nh nc v an ton v v sinh lao ng i vi cc my mc thit b khi a vo s dng.

- Ngi s dng lao ng phn cng lao ng khng hp l, khng hun luyn an ton v v sinh lao ng cho ngi lao ng. - Ngi s dng lao ng khng trang cp thit b bo v c nhn cho ngi lao ng khi lm vic. - Khng kin quyt x l i vi cc trng hp vi phm cc ni quy v an ton v v sinh lao ng cng nh c cc bin php khen thng kp thi cho nhng ngi c thnh tch trong cng tc an ton v v sinh lao ng. - Vic t chc hun luyn cng tc an ton v sinh lao ng cho ngi lao ng khng t yu cu, khng theo nh k, khng kp thi, khng c cc bin khuyn co v an ton, mt an ton nhng ni c nhiu cc yu t nguy him v c hi trong qu trnh sn xut... Nguyn nhn do ngi lao ng. - Ngi lao ng khng chp hnh cc quy nh v an ton v v sinh lao ng do ngi s dng lao ng ra. - Khng mang ng v cc trang thit b bo v c nhn c trang cp khi lm vic. - Khi pht hin thy c cc nguy c, cc nguyn nhn gy tai nn lao ng khng bo co cho cc cp lnh o kp thi x l. Nguyn nhn do mi trng lao ng. - Trong qu trnh tin hnh cng vic vi phm cc yu cu v v sinh cng nghip nh vic b tr cc ngun pht sinh hi kh c nhng ni u hng gi, u hnh trnh ca quy trnh cng ngh, khng tin hnh kh c, lc bi trong nhng mi trng c pht sinh ra nhiu yu t bi, hi kh c hoc trc khi thi ra mi trng... - Mi trng lao ng khng m bo v sinh nh thng gi, hi kh c, nh sng, nhit vt qu cc tiu chun cho php hoc di tiu chun cho php, c cha nhiu cc bc x gy nh hng ti sc kho, khng m bo an ton cho ngi lao ng khi lm vic

- Mi trng t nhin xung quanh ni lm vic khng m bo v sinh nh qu cht tri. - Tnh hnh chiu sng khng m bo sng cho ngi lao ng lm vic hoc nh sng qu chi, phn b khng u khi lm vic gy chi lo hoc qu ti gy kh khn cho ngi lao ng khi lm vic... - Cng ca yu t ting n, mc rung ng rt cao vt qa tiu chun cho php - T chc lm vic khng hp l nh vic b tr cc my mc thit b khng theo cc tiu chun v sinh cng nghip cng nh an ton, cc my mc khi vn hnh th lun tn ti cc vng nguy him tc ng n c h thng v con ngi hoc l s c xy ra trn mt my th nh hng n c dy truyn.. - Vic xy dng cc nh xng khng theo ng cc tiu chun v sinh nh khng gian nh xng cht hp, t th lao ng khng thoi mi g b... - Vic b tr mt bng sn xut nh cc ng i li, cc li thot him khi cn thit, khong cc ca ng i khng gy ra cht hp trong qu trnh vn chuyn cng nh vic b tr cc ng vn chuyn khng m bo nh g gh, giao ct nhau phc tp... - Vic bo qun cc thnh phm trong cc nh xng khng theo dng cc quy tc v an ton nh vic bi tr sp xp chng cho nhau, xp chng qu cao, ln ln cc cht c th kt hp vi nhau to ra cc hp cht c nguy c gy chy n cao... - Cc bin php v sinh cng nghip ti cc my mc, thit b, nh xng khng ng quy nh, v sinh mi trng khng m bo. - Cc bin php t chc v sinh c nhn cho ngi lao ng nh khng c nh v sinh hoc khng nh v sinh cho nhng cng nhn n. 2. Cc bin php phng trnh. 2.1. Cc bin php v t chc. - Vic t chc phn cng lao ng phi r rng v ph hp vi tng cng vic v trnh ca ngi lao ng pht huy cao nht kh nng ca h cng

nh hn ch ti a cc nguy c gy mt an ton do trnh v cng vic khng ph hp. - Phi c t chc qun l cng tc an ton v v sinh lao ng t trn cp cao nht xung n ngi lao ng theo quy nh ca nh nc. - Phi t chc tuyn truyn, hun luyn cng tc an ton v v sinh lao ng i vi tt c ngi lao ng. - Phi t chc hng dn cho ngi lao ng bit s dng v s dng y cc trang thit b bo v c nhn khi lm vic. 2.2. Bin php k thut. Bin php k thut v sinh - Vic xy dng nh xng phi m bo cc thng s v an ton v v sinh cng nghip nh thng thong, cao ro, khng m t... i vi nn nh xng phi m bo bn chc, bng phng, khng trn trt - Vic b tr my mc thit b trong nh xng phi m bo theo ng yu cu v an ton nh my mc thit b phi c b tr theo ng quy trnh, my mc phi b tr theo ng khong cch an ton l khng nh hn 1m, nhng khu vc nguy him c th l khng c thp hn 2m, khng b tr cc my mc thit b c sinh ra nhiu cc yu t nguy him v c hi nh hng ti xung quanh cng nh ton b nh xng... - Mt bng nh xng phi gn gng, ngn np, my mc, thit b, dng c, nguyn vt liu, thnh phm, ph rc thi phi theo ng ni quy nh, khng gy cn tr cho ngi i li thao tc v phng tin vn chuyn. - Phi m bo cc tiu chun v nh sng ti cc v tr lm vic c bit l ti cc v tr lm vic c yu cu cao v nh sng, ti cc cu thang, ung i, trong hm ngm... - Phi m bo cc tiu chun v thng gi, ht bi cho ton b nh xng, nht l nhng ni c pht sinh nng bi, ting n ln, phi c cc bin php ngn nga cc yu t nguy him pht sinh trong qu trnh lm vic m bo khng nh hng ti cc khu vc xung quanh.

- Vic b tr khong cch gia cc hng thit b phi rng t nht 2.5m, trong cc gian sn xut c cc my vn chuyn bn trong th gia cc b phn chuyn ng(toa xe, gong, bng chuyn, xe ln...) v cc phn nh ra ca cc kt cu cng trnh (tng, ct) cn phi cha li qua li rng t nht 1m. - Cc ng ng dn nc, hi, kh, mng thng gi hoc cc thit b khc dui trn nh xng cc li qua li khng c php thp hn 2.2m. - Cc my mc thit b c sinh ra ting n ln v rung ng mnh (vn tc rung v 2) th phi b tr vo nhng ni nh ring v phi c x l gim ting n v rung ng. - Tt c cc thit b, my mc u phi c y cc ni quy an ton vn hnh s dng, Cc ni quy phi bin son ngn gn, r rng, chnh xc, d c v c treo, gn c nh ngay ti ni lm vic ca ngi lao ng. - i vi cc vng nguy him, cc khu vc cm th phi c cc bin cnh bo v cc yu t nguy him, cc loi p phch bo h lao ng ph hp nh bin bo cm, bin cnh bo, bin bo ra lnh, bin bo ch th.... - Phi xy dng h thng cc giy cho php lm vic i vi nhng cng vic c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton, nhng cng vic c pht sinh nhiu cc yu t nguy him v c hi, v phi c cc bin php theo di, kim tra n c vic s dng cc loi giy php lm vic. - Cc loi my mc, thit b u phi c kim nghim v kim nh v an ton thit b thng xuyn theo nh k m bo an ton cho my mc thit b khi vn hnh. Bin php k thut an ton i vi cc my mc, thit b. - Phi tin hnh thit k lp t cc thit b an ton nh van an ton, cht an ton, cc thit b phng chng qu ti, khng ch hnh trnh, tc ca cc b phn thc hin cc chuyn ng tnh tin hoc quay trn nh kha lin ng, r le t ngt... - Cc thit b che chn cho cc h thng chuyn ng, bi, n, hi kh c, bc x nhit, cc ho h su...

- Cc tn hiu ci, n bo ng... - Cc bin bo an ton nh bin cm, bin cnh bo; - Cc trang thit b an ton phi m bo bn chc di tc ng ca cc yu t c, nhit, ho v khng gy bin dng hnh hc, nng chy hoc n mn, khng lm hn ch kh nng v cng ngh cng nh cng tc bo dng v v sinh cng nghip. Cc yu cu chung trong cng tc vn hnh, sa cha bo dng cc trang thit b my mc, thit b. - Khi tin hnh vn hnh my mc, thit b th ngi lao ng phi trang b y cc phng tin bo v c nhn ph hp vi tng cng vic, tng mi trng lm vic, tng kch thc nhn trc ca ngi lao ng. - Tt c cc my mc, thit b khi vn hnh phi m bo c y cc thit b an ton nh cc thit b che chn, bo v, khng ch hnh trnh, vn tc, chng qu ti ph hp nhng ni c cc yu t nguy him v c hi xut hin. - Cc thit b iu khin, tn hiu n bo phi t nhng ni thun tin d thao tc cng nh d quan st. - Tuyt i khng c tin hnh sa cha, bo dng my mc, thit b trong khi dang vn hnh hoc ang th my. Ch c tin hnh khi cc my mc thit b ngng khng lm vic, tt c h thng in lin quan n my mc, thit b u ngt. - Phi tin hnh bo dng nh k cc my mc thit b theo ng quy nh. - Sau khi sa cha bo dng song phi tin hnh chy th m bo my mc chy tr li bnh thng trc khi a vo vn hnh. Cc quy tc an ton khi sp xp vt liu - Vt liu nn xp ring theo tng loi v theo th t thun tin cho vic bo qun v s dng.

- Cc vt liu d chy n th phi c cc bin php bo qun v sp xp theo ng cc yu cu an ton ring. - Dng k v nh v chc chn khi bo qun vt d ln...

Cc quy tc an ton khi i li - Ch c i li cc li i li ginh ring cho ngi c xc nh. - Khi ln, xung thang phi vn tay vo lan can. - Khng nhy t v tr trn cao xung t. - Khi c chng ngi vt trn li i phi dn ngay thng ng. - Khng bc, dm qua my ct, gc my, vt liu, thit b v ng ginh ring cho vn chuyn. - Khng i li trong khu vc c ngi lm vic bn trn hoc c vt treo trn. - Khng i vo khu vc dang c chuyn ti bng cu... - Nht thit phi dng m khi i li pha di cc cng trnh ang xy dng, cc my mc ang hot ng. Cc quy tc an ton ni lm vic - Khng bo qun cht c ni lm vic. - Khi lm vic bn trn nn cm ngi i li pha di, khng nm , dng c xung di. - Ni lm ic phi lun c gi sch s, dng c, vt liu c sp xp gn gng. - Thc hin theo cc bin bo, cc quy tc an ton cn thit. Cc quy tc an ton khi lm vic tp th - Khi lm vic tp th phi phi hp cht ch vi nhau.

- Ch nh ngi ch huy v lm vic theo tn hiu ca ngi ch huy. - S dng dng c bo h thch hp trc khi lm vic. - Tm hiu k trnh t v cch lm vic, tin hnh theo ng trnh t; khi i ca phi bn giao cng vic mt cch t m. - Trc khi vn hnh thit b phi ch quan st ngi xung quanh. Cc quy tc khi tip xc vi cht c hi - Cn phn loi, dn nhn v bo qun cht c hi ni quy nh. - Khng n ung, ht thuc ni lm vic. - S dng dng c bo h (mt n phng kh c, o qun chng ho cht, gng tay...), dng c phng h. - Nhng ngi khng lin quan khng c vo khu vc cha cht c. - Tht cn thn khi s dng cc cht kim, axit. - Ra tay sch s trc khi n ung. Cc quy tc an ton khi s dng dng c phng tin bo v c nhn - Cn s dng ng bo h, m bo h khi lm vic ngoi tri, trong mi trng nguy him, c hi. - Khng s dng gng tay vi khi lm vic vi cc loi my quay nh my khoan, tin... - D dng kinh chng bi khi lm cc cng vic pht sinh bi, mn... nh ct mi, gia cng c kh... - S dng o, gng tay chng ho cht, knh bo h khi tip xc vi ho cht - S dng knh bo v khi lm vic ni c tia c hi; nhng ngi kim tra, sa cha my in, dng c in, dy ti, dy cp in cn s dng m cch in, gng tay cao su cch in

- S dng dng c h tr h hp, my cp khng kh, mt n dng kh khi lm vic trong mi trng c nng xy di 18% - Trong mi trng c nng kh c vt qu tiu chun cho php, cn s dng dng c cung cp kh tr h hp - Khi phi tip xc vi vt, cht nng hoc lm vic mi trng qu nng cn s dng gng tay v o chng nhit - Cn s dng dng c bo v nh nt tai chng n, bt tai chng n khi lm vic trong mi trng c cng ting n vt 80-85 dB - Cn s dng o, mt n phng c ni c kh, khi, hi c; s dng mt n chng bi ni c nhiu vn, bi bay... - S dng gng tay chuyn dng khi nung chy, hn ga, hn h quang - S dng thit b an ton kiu x eo khi lm vic ni d b ng hoc ni c cao t 2m tr ln - S dng dng c bo v mt khi lm vic trong mi trng d b bn mn, hi, cht c vo mt - S dng o, gng chng phng x khi lm vic gn thit b c s dng phng x ng v. Cc quy tc an ton khi s dng my mc - Ngoi ngi ph trch ra, khng ai c khi ng, iu khin my - Trc khi khi ng my phi kim tra cc thit b an on v v tr ng - Trc khi i lm vic khc phi tt my, khng my hot ng khi khng c ngi iu khin - Khi mun iu chnh my, phi tt ng c v ch cho ti khi my dng hn; khng dng tay hoc gy lm dng my - Khi vn hnh my cn s dng phung tin bo v c nhn, khng mc o qu di, khng qun khn qung c, khng eo c vt, nhn, gng tay - Kim tra my thng xuyn v trc khi vn hnh

- Trn my hng cn treo bin ghi my hng - Tt my trc khi lau chi v dng dng c chuyn dng lau chi. V. TRANG B BO H LAO NG C NHN Ti cc v tr lm vic, mi ngi lao ng u phi s dng cc trang thit b bo h lao ng ph hp vi cc tiu chun ca Nh nc hay Quc t bao gm nhng khng gii hn nhng th sau: ng bo h. M bo h. Knh bo h lao ng Gng tay bo h Chp bo v thnh gic Qun o bo h lao ng Tu thuc vo tng v tr lm vic c th s dng thm, bt cc trang thit b bo h lao ng khc cho thch hp. 1. Bo v thnh gic. Vic bo v thnh gic nhm hn ch v ting n trnh b bnh ic ngh nghip. Cc phng thc kim sot bao gm: Kim sot ngun pht sinh ting n Kim sot vic truyn dn lin quan ti suy hao hoc gim mc n (ca, bc cch m,...). Cc thit b bo v thnh gic phi s dng lin tc khi lm vic trong mi trng n vt qu 85dB(A) vi thi gian lm vic hng ngy qu 8 gi hay khi mc n xung vt qu 130 dB(C). Khng c ngi lao ng tip xc vi ting n gy tn hi n thnh lc. Phi c du hiu cnh bo t li vo khu vc c n cao. Cn hn ch ngi lao ng tip xc vi ting n cng nhiu cng tt, v trc ht phi bng cc bin php k thut. Mc m nhng khu vc khc nhau ti ni lm vic cn phi ph hp vi thc t m k thut hin hnh c th t c v ti thiu phi tho mn TCVN 3985-1999. Cc trang thit b, qu trnh phi c xc nh vi du hiu ch bo nguy him nu n vt qu 83 dB(A), ng thi phi s dng thit b bo v thnh gic c nhn trong khi ch cc bin php kim sot kh thi c thc hin. Cc bin bo c thit lp ch r cc khu vc n v yu cu ngi lao ng phi s dng thit b bo v thnh gic trc khi bc vo cc khu vc . Mi c nhn v khch ti thm s phi eo cc thit b bo v thnh gic. Nt bt tai hay chp tai chng n c dng khi: Ti khu vc c my pht in hoc cc my c n cao.

S dng my mi, ba , dng c thit b c n cao. trong xng c kh c n cao. C bin bo s dng hoc khi gim st yu cu. Chp tai chng n phi c lau chi sch s hng ngy. 2. Bo v ng h hp. Cc nguyn tc di y phi c tun th bo v ngi lao ng khi cc mi nguy him v ng h hp: Khng c nhn no phi tip xc trc tip trong bu khng kh m c th c hi cho sc kho ca h. Trong nhng trng hp, khi bu khng kh c th b nhim c, phi dng mt h thng thng xuyn o th bu khng kh xung quanh ni lm vic do ngi c hun luyn ng cch s dng trang thit b thch hp. Phi thc hin mi n lc nhm ngn chn vic thi cc cht c hi vo mi trng lm vic. t c iu ny bng cch chp nhn cc phng php v iu kin an ton v bng cch thc hin vic kim sot cc cht thi. Nu mi n lc nhm ngn chn hay kim sot mi nguy him ny khng thnh cng th phi cung cp v s dng cc thit b bo v ng th. Cc thit b sn xut ra bi v khi (vd. thit b hn, ng c Diesel,...) s phi b tr nhng ni thch hp km theo kim sot v mt k thut. Nhng khu vc i hi phi s dng trang thit b bo v ng h hp phi c gn bin bo. Khu trang, mt n ngn bi khi c s dng ngn cn bi v khi c th gy hi trong khng kh.Loi ny khng thch hp s dng trong mi trng c kh c hoc c nng xy thp.Phi nh gi cn thn khu vc lm vic vi nhng nguy him c th c trc khi s dng loi thit b ny. Ti nhng khu vc nu trn mi nhn vin v khch tham quan u phi eo thit b bo v. 3. Bo v u. Phi i m bo him khi lm vic ngoi tri, cng trng xy dng, hm m...Ngi s dng phi thc hin ng cc quy nh di y: M khng c sn li Ch c dn nhng nhn dnh cho php ln trn m. Khng c ra/lm sch m bng cc sn phm xng du hay cc cht lm sch tng t. Khng c khoan l trn m. Ch s dng m bo v u. Phi thay th cc m b hng hay c v b h. Dy gi trong m phi c duy tr tnh trng tt.

Sau khi va p mnh trn v m, m phi c kim tra v thay th nu thy cn thit. Ti cc khu vc lao ng, mi nhn vin v khch tham quan phi i m bo h.Tt c cc c nhn phi i m bo h trong nhng khu vc c nguy c gy chn thng u. Khng c php s dng nhng m thng thng, nn nhm, st cng v m cng khng c kh nng bo v u. M bo h khng c bin dng, sn hoc dnh cc ho cht.Nu xy ra nh vy th phi thay nn khc ngay lp tc. 4. Bo v mt. Khi khng c kh nng loi b hay kim sot c cc mi nguy him cho mt, phi cp cc trang thit b bo v mt cho ngi lao ng. Knh bo v gn km tm chn cung cp s bo v y khi a s cc mu bi bay t nhng a im lm vic pha trc ngi lm vic. eo knh bo v c tm chn c coi l mc bo v ti thiu. Knh bo v khng c thit k hay ch nh dng bo v chng cc ming ri vn c nng lng gy nh hng mc trung bnh hoc cao. Ti ni cng vic i hi mc bo v ln hn phi trang b loi knh trn c gng rng, tm che mt hay m trm u. Cc trang thit b bo v mt b sung/tu chn s phi eo khi thc hin cc nhim v di y: - Mi: Tm che ton b v knh gng to bo v mt - Hn: Mt n hn, m hn, knh bo v - Ct kh: Knh ct c chng - S dng ho cht: Knh bo v c gng to v tm che mt khi c yu cu. - Hot ng trong mi trng bi: Knh bo v m st mt Khi phi bo v khi nh sng chi ca mt tri hay nh chi t tia x nhn thy c, phi cung cp trang thit b bo v mt c lp mt knh rm mu nh. Nu yu cu bo v chng li tia cc tm hay tia hng ngoi, tia laser phi s dng loi bo v c bit ng yu cu. Nhng khu vc yu cu phi eo phng tin bo v mt phi c bin bo ph hp. Mi nhn vin v khch tham quan phi eo phng tin bo v mt nhng khu vc nu trn. 5. Bo v tay. Trang b bo v tay c th dng gng tay hoc gng tay di v phi c s dng nhng khu vc c nguy c gy chn thng tay. Phi eo gng tay cao su chng ha cht khi tip xc vi cc sn phm du, xt, axt, ho cht v cht ha tan mnh.

Phi eo gng tay da bo v tay khi thc hin cc cng vic nhit cao, ma st ln hoc vt liu c b mt g gh sc nhn, khi cm dy cp, nhng ch gng tay c th b ko v cun vo thit b my ang quay. Cc gng tay cao su cch in c s dng khi thc hin cc cng vic v in. Trang thit b bo v tay cn c cung cp y . Loi gng tay s dng cho cng vic s tu thuc vo loi vt liu hay thit b c cm. Lm vic bnh thng Hn Bo v chng nng Ho cht Bo v chng cnh sc - Gng vi hay da - Gng da - Gng da hay trng lp cch nhit - Gng cao su nitrile hoc vi bc PVC - Gng c m lng bn tay bng cao su tng hp hoc da chrome.

6. Bo v chn. Giy hoc ng bo h l nhng th bt buc ti cc khu vc lm vic ca Cng ty. Giy bo h phi l loi c mi thp bo v bn chn, c kh nng chng trt v phi c s dng cc ni lm vic, cng trng, khu vc sn xut v nhng ni c nguy c gy thng tn n chn. Khi lm vic khu vc m t hoc c th b t th phi s dng ng bo h khng s dng giy, ng bo h khng cn kh nng bo v. Phi s dng giy, ng bo h ng kch c v buc cht ph hp.Cc loi giy, ng bo v hng phi thay th ngay. Mi c nhn v khch tham quan u phi i giy hoc ng bo v ti cc khu vc bt buc. 7. Qun o bo h. Qun o bo h lao ng phi lun c s dng khi lm vic. Qun o bo h lao ng phi ph hp, ng quy nh v va vn cho ngi s dng. Qun o bo h lao ng lun phi gi sch s, trnh dy bn bi du m, ho cht. Cc qun o vi bt phi c s dng khi thc hin cc cng vic vi Axit hay cc ho cht c hi. Khng c mc cc qun o bo h rng hay rch khi thc hin cc cng vic gn cc thit b quay. Khng eo cc trang sc nh dy chuyn, nhn khi lm vic ti nhng ni m chng c th gy vng v lm b thng ngi eo

.. 1.1. S CP CU S cp cu l s iu tr hoc h tr ban u cho mt nn nhn v bt c tn thng hoc bnh t ngt cho ti khi n c hoc chuyn giao cho dch v chm sc y khoa chuyn nghip. 1.2. MC CH S CP CU Bo tn mng sng nn nhn; Bo v ngi bt tnh; Gim au v ngn chn tnh trng din tin xu hn; Thc y s phc hi nhanh chng. 1.3. TNH HUNG NGUY CP Pht hin tnh hung nguy cp l bc u tin quan trng trong vic s cp cu.Mt tnh hung nguy cp c th xy ra bt c lc no. Bn c th pht hin ra tnh hung nguy cp bng cch lng nghe, quan st hay nhn bit cc du hiu sau: Nhng m thanh khc thng nh ting la ht, ting rn, ting khc, ting knh v, ting thang ri, sp nh Nhng du hiu khc thng: s vic trng c v khng bnh thng. Nhng mi l: khng th xc nh r mi g, cc mi nng nc khc thng. Nhng triu chng v biu hin khng bnh thng: nn nhn kh th, ni nu li, m hi m khng c l do, mu da khc thng. S cu vin cn phn bit gia du hiu v triu chng: Du hiu: l yu t khch quan do s cu vin quan st c. Triu trng: l yu t ch quan do bnh nhn miu t li. 1.4. PHN NG VI TNH HUNG NGUY CP Vi nhng kin thc c bn v s cp cu c hun luyn, bn s bit cch tr gip nn nhn trong tnh hung nguy cp. Thc hin cc bin php an ton thch hp m bo an ton cho chnh bn, cho nn nhn v cho nhng ngi xung quanh. V d, nu nn nhn ang trong khong khng gian hn ch, th bn khng nn vo khu vc ny tr khi bn c hun luyn tr thnh mt i vin cu h. Khng kh nhng khu vc ny d b nhim nn ngi cu h phi mang b kh th c nhn. Ku gi s tr gip: tm cch thng bo cho ngi khc bit tai nn xy ra bng cch thng bo hoc bo hiu cho cc bc s/y t, i y t cng cng hoc gi in thoi n s 115.

Truyn t thng tin hiu qu: trn an ngi b nn, thu thp thng tin t nn nhn v k li cho nhn vin y t bit vic g xy ra. Thu xp, lnh nn cho nhng ngi xung quanh khu vc nh gip h s tn khi khu vc nguy him, bo m an ton cho nn nhn.

CHNG I : AN TON V IN 1. Tc hi ca dng in. Khi tip xc vi dng c, thit b in, ai cng c th b nguy him do in git.in git mc nh gy hong s, mc nng gy cht ngi.Con ngi c th b nguy him bi: - Tia h quang in; - Dng in truyn qua ngi khi chm vo mch in - Phng in t b phn mang in qua khng kh vo c th ngi (nu ngi n qu gn cc b phn mang in p cao) Tc hi: * Tia h quang in: gy thng tch ngoi da: bng, chy, c khi ph hoi c phn mm, gn v xng. * Dng in truyn qua c th con ngi gy ra tc ng: - Nhit: t chy c th: mch mu, dy thn kinh, tim, no - in phn: phn hu cc cht lng trong c th (mu) - Sinh hc: gy co git c bp c bit c tim, phi; nu dng in truyn qua no: ph hu trc tip h thn kinh T.

Thng k tai nn in i vi cc loi thit b in v dng gia nh (mng h th) tt 1 Cc loi thit b in hay dng c ng dy trn khng, Trong : - Leo ln ct - Dy t v ri xung t - Dy no, dy chng c in 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ng dy i truyn thanh Thit b chiu sng Cc cnh cy chm in hay cc dy t chm in Bn l in Bp in n di ng Ra i . ti vi, vi di T l (%) 40,1 23 15,6 1,5 5,1 9 7,5 2,1 1,8 3,1 7,2

Trang thit b in, ng dy c tnh cht tm thi 15,8% trong cc khu dn sinh

2. Bin php k thut an ton trong s dng in 2.1. Bin php k thut an ton i vi thit b in v kh c in 2.1.1. Phi ni t cc b phn kim kh ca cc thit b in, cc thit b t trong nh cng nh cc thit b t ngoi tri m c th xy ra c in khi thit b b h hng . Cc b phn phi ni t l: -Thn v v my pht in, ng c in, my bin th, cc my in di ng, my in cm tay v cc kh c in khc. - Cc khung kim loi ca cc bng phn phi v cc bng iu khin.

- Cc b phn truyn ng ca cc kh c in. - Cc kt cu bng kim loi ca trm bin th v ca cc thit b phn phi, v hp ni cp bng kim loi, cc v cp, cc ng thp ca cc dy dn in. - Vt chng ngi, ro ngn cch bng li kim loi hoc bng li hoc tm kim loi cc b phn ang c in v cc b phn khc c th xy ra c in nh cc kt cu kim loi khc trn t cc thit b in. - Cc ct kim loi v ct b tng ct thp ca ng dy dn in trn khng, ni c nhiu ngi thng xuyn qua li. Tit din ca dy ni t v cc ni t phi m bo n nh v nhit v ph hp cc yu cu sau: TT Loi vt liu Thp trn, ng knh (mm) Thp dt, tit din (mm2) v phi c dy ti thiu (mm) 3 4 5 Thp gc, c dy ti thiu (mm) Dy ng, ng knh (mm) Dy nhm, ng knh (mm) Trong nh Ngoi tri 6 48 4 4 4 10 Trong t

1 2

6 24 3 3 4 10

8 48 4 4 6 cm

Cc ni t phi chn su t 0,5 - 0,8m tnh t mt t n u cc hoc mt dt chn xung t. Ch ni dy tip t v cc tip t phi c hn chc chn.Dy tip t bt vo v thit b, bt vo kt cu cng trnh hoc ni gia cc dy tip t vi nhau c th bt bng bu lng hoc hn.Cm ni bng cch vn xon. 2.1.2. Trong h thng in c in p di 1000 vn (V) c trung tnh ngun ni t trc tip.

Ni t c php s dng thay th cho ni khng cc im c kh nh, trn cc cng trng xy dng hoc cc xng th cng ... thng s dng cc my in, cc thit b in di ng cm tay c cng sut nh. Nu ko "dy khng" n ch dng in gp kh khn, khng kinh t th c th s dng bin php ni t thay cho ni khng, vi iu kin phi m bo iu kin ct. R ni t < 4 m My in phi t nhng ni kh ro (tr cc my in c cu to c bit lm vic nhng ni m t) v phi dng bu lng bt cht vo b my. Hp u ni dy ca my phi c np bo v; cm ly np ra trong khi my ang lm vic. Khi xy ra tai nn hoc pht hin thy c nhng hin tng khng bnh thng nh: sau khi ng in m ng c khng quay, khi ang lm vic thy c khi hoc to la trong my in, s vng quay b gim, ng thi my in b nng ln rt nhanh... th phi ct in ngay. Sau khi kim tra tm ra nguyn nhn v sa cha xong mi c ng in chy li. Tu theo iu kin lm vic, tng thi gian phi c k hoch lm v sinh my in nht l cc ng c in lm vic ni c nhiu bi. Cc b phn h ca trc v cc b phn quay ca my nh puli hp ni trc... phi c che chn. cc trm pht in v phn phi in cn phi c: a/ Ton b cc s s dng in v dn in ca tt c cc ni ni vo. b/ Qui trnh k thut vn hnh v s dng an ton cc thit b in. c/ Cc s sch ghi chp cn thit nh s nht k cng tc... d/ Cc dng c phng h cn thit nh gng tay cch in, thm cch in... e/ Km cch in, n chiu sng s c, nu khng c ngun in d phng th c th dng n du, n pin nhng phi c sng cn thit. g/ Dng c, thit b cha chy nh: xng, ct, bnh bt... h/ Ni qui ra vo trm.

Cc trm pht in v phn phi in phi c ca kho. Ca m ra pha ngoi, kho phi c 2 cha (1 d tr). Treo bin ca "khng nhim v cm vo". Phi c ni qui c th cho php ngi ngoi c vo trm v phi hng dn cho h nm c ni qui trc khi vo trm. Trn cu dao in v cc kho iu khin trm phn phi, bng iu khin phi ghi r nhim v v v tr thao tc. Th d cu dao in s my cho ng dy no, ng c no ni vo, chiu dng ct ca n... Trn cc ng c in v cc my do ng c ko phi c chiu mi tn ch chiu quay. Cu dao in phi t v tr d dng thao tc, pha di khng vt g vng mc, ch t phi rng ri, sng sa, phi bt cht vo tng hay ct nh, phi c hp che cn thn; nu hp che bng kim loi th phi ni t bo v. Khi thao tc cu dao chnh ca bng in trm pht in, bung phn phi in phi eo gng tay cch in, ng trn thm cch in hoc gh cch in (tr khi bng in t trn sn g cch in hon ton). Trong trng hp ng ct cc cu dao ring ca tng ng c th c th eo gng tay vi bt. Khng c ng ct cu dao in bng cch dng n gnh hoc gy gt hoc dng dy buc git (tr trng hp ti cu dao ang b chy) m phi ng ct trc tip bng tay. Khi thao tc cu dao chnh (cu dao tng) bt buc phi c 2 ngi; 1 ngi lm nhim v thao tc, 1 ngi gim st. Dy chy ca cc cu ch cc cu dao in phi thch hp vi dng in cho php ca cc thit b in ni vo sau cu dao . Khi s dng dy chy phi bit dng in chy, dng nh mc ca n. Dy chy ch c dng bng dy ch hoc dy nhm. Khi tin hnh sa cha, thay th mt b phn no trong trm phn phi hay bng iu khin phi ct in b phn , t ni t di ng tm thi v gn mch cc b phn ct in, treo bin "cm ng in - c ngi lm vic" ti cc cu dao ngt in ni vo.

Nu trong lc tin hnh cng vic m cng nhn c th chm vo cc b phn ang c in khc hoc c th xy ra c in th phi ct in c nhng b phn . Nu v l do no khng ct in c th phi ro chn sao cho ngi lm vic v cng khng chm vo c. Khi tin hnh cc cng vic trn phi eo gng tay cch in, i ng cch in, dng km cch in. Nu khng t c dy ni t di ng tm thi th ngi tha hnh cng vic cn bt buc phi ng trn gh cch in v dng cht cch in lt gia cc tip im, kho... Cc my in ang vn hnh, mun tin hnh bt k cng vic g trn n u phi ct in, tr cc vic nh vn li bulng my hoc b my.... Nhng ni c t thit b in nh: trm phn phi in, trm bm nc, trm xay xt.... phi t h thng chng st nh theo ng dy dn in vo trm. B phn ni t ca h thng chng st nn t ring bit vi b phn trung tnh ca mng in. Nu nh trm khng c thit b chng st nh theo ng dy dn in vo trm th khng nn dng dy dn in trn trn khng t trc tip t trm ra. 2.2. Bin php k thut an ton i vi ng dy dn in Dy dn in t my pht in n bng in v t cu dao bng iu khin n ng c in nn t ngm hoc dng dy cp bc cao su cch in t ni. Dy in ngm phi t trong ng bo v bng kim loi. Nu dng cp bc cao su cch in ni, th phi t sao cho khi thao tc my in ngi th khng chm vo dy dn, v khng c ko l dy dn trn mt t, nht l cc li i li. Dy dn in xuyn qua tng, mi nh phi c t trong ng nha hoc ng s bo v. Khng c nc ma ng li trong ng hoc chy theo ng vo nh. Dy dn in i trong nh phi dng dy c bc cch in cht lng tt, khng c dng dy dn trn, tr nhng trng hp m quy trnh sn xut bt buc.

Ti u hi ca nh c th dng gi bt cht vo tng dy in vo nh. Khong cch t s trn gi n mt t khng c nh hn 3,5 m. Dy sp hoc dy dn bc cch in, khi cn t ngoi tri th khng c bn vo nhau. Khng c t dy dn in trn mi nh.Khng c ko dy dn in i qua trn mi nh tranh.c php ko dy dn in i qua trn mi nh dc bng ngi, nhng phi cch bt k im no ca nh t nht l 2,5m. ng dy dn in trn khng i gn cc kho tng, cng xng d chy n th khong cch t dy dn in gn nht n hng ro ngoi cng ca cng trnh t nht phi bng 1,5 ln chiu cao ct in cao nht ca on i gn. Tuyt i cm ko ng dy dn in i trn cc nh kho, cng trnh c cha cc cht d chy n. ng dy dn i qua ch c cy ci th phi bo m sao cho khi c gi bo cnh cy hoc cy khng chm hoc vo ng dy. Hng nm, trc ma ma bo phi cht cc cnh cy c th chm vo dy dn dc theo tuyn ca n. Khi sa cha ng dy dn in trn khng (dy dn, s, x ct...) phi ct in ng dy v cc ng dy khc c lin quan. Cc vic chnh phi lm l : ct cu dao m ng dy ni vo; treo bin cm ng in, c ngi lm vic ti cu dao ; th in ng dy ct; t dy ni t di ng tm thi v ngn mch phn ct in; ro chn v treo bin bo 2 u ng dy ang sa cha. Khi bit chc rng ng dy khng cn in v cc cng vic m bo an ton thc hin y th mi cho php ngi sa cha bt u lm vic. Ngi nhn vic phi trc tip thy ngi giao vic th in ng dy khng cn in na, cc bin php bo m an ton y v chc chn mi tin hnh cng vic c giao. Khi lm vic trn cao phi s dng dy an ton. Cc dng c a t di ln phi dng dy hoc so, khng c nm t di ln.Khng c ngi ng di ch ang lm vic phng dng c ri vo ngi.

Ngi ng quan st phi lun lun ch theo di ngi ang lm vic trn cao, khng c b i ni khc... Nu cng vic lm khng lm xong trong mt bui hay trong mt ngy th phi ro v treo bin nguy him cht ngi, cm li gn hai u ng dy . Trc khi tr li lm vic phi th li ng dy in v kim tra li cc bin php bo m an ton. Khi c ma bo, sm st hoc k c khi c cn ging, ma nh, cm tin hnh bt k cng vic g trn ng dy in hoc ng di ng dy in. Khi sa cha xong, mun ng in ng dy phi tho ht dy ni t di ng tm thi, dy ngn mch, kim im s ngi ph trch sa cha ng dy . Tuyt i cm ng in theo thi gian hn trc. i vi cc ng dy in m cc trm chu trch nhim phn phi trc tip n h tiu dng, v cc trm phn phi in khc, trc khi ng in chnh thc vo ng dy, phi ng th hai ln.Cch ng th hai ln l ng vo v ct ra ngay. ng dy in ngh lm vic trn mt thng, trc khi s dng li phi th cch in dy dn, kim tra li ng dy, mi ni v cc chi tit khc, khi thy cn tt mi c ng in H thng ng dy in cc trm dng in khi khng s dng na th phi ct ra khi ngun in; tt hn l nn g u dy ra khi cu dao chnh v treo bin cm ni vo ti u dy .Nu khng s dng na m khng c ngi trng coi th phi tho d ngay. Phi thng xuyn kim tra, xem xt ng dy, nht l khi c ging bo, sm st. Ni dung xem xt: + Dy c b t, chy hoc b vng xung nhiu khng? + S c b v, nt khng ? + Ct c b nghing, hoc chy b phn no khng ? + Dc ng dy c cnh cy chm, cy hoc sp vo ng dy khng ?

Khi xem xt, nu thy dy in b t, ct hoc c nguy c , th phi ct c ngi canh gc, ro chn, treo bin bo hai u khu vc ro chn ngn khng cho mi ngi qua li ch . Sau tin hnh sa cha theo th tc quy nh trn. Phi thng xuyn kim tra vic mc dy in v vic s dng in trong nh dn. 3. Bin php x l khi c tai nn in git in git rt nguy him ti tnh mng. So vi cc loi tai nn bi cc yu t nguy him khc, th tai nn do in cng thuc loi cao, c th gy cht ngi trong thi gian ngn v ngi b nn khng th cm nhn c mi nguy him e do mnh. Phn tch din bin ca mt s v tai nn in git cht ngi trong nhng nm gn y cho thy: do khng c cp cu kp thi hoc cp cu khng ng cch m cho ngi b in git b thit mng. V d nh: *Quy nh mc in v sa cha in phi ngt in v phi c 2 ngi cng lm, nhng c lc ch c mt th in sa cha v do khng ct in nn khi c s c khng c ai bit kp thi cu cha. * C ngi b in git, y t ch tim mt mi tr lc ri a i bnh vin ---> cht do khng c h hp nhn to kp thi. *Bin php: - Hun luyn: S nguy him ca dng, in v cch s cu ngi b in git; luyn tp cch cp cu ngi b in git; - Tr s HTX phi c t thuc cp cu, bng hng dn cp cu tai nn in bng ch to, treo ni d c, d thy; - Tuyn truyn, hun luyn s dng an ton in trong gia nh. * Cht lng s cu tai nn in ph thuc nhiu vo s nhanh nhn, tho vt v cu cha ng cch. Khi c tai nn in xy ra, phi nhanh chng tch ngi b git ra khi ngun in v nhanh chng cu cha, khng lng ph thi gian vo vic xem ngi cht cha.

Biu di y m t s qu gi ca tng pht, mi pht chm s cu l kh nng cu sng gim xung, trong 5 pht u tin c vai tr quyt nh nht.

Thi gian (pht) Kh nng cu sng (%)

1 98

2 90

3 70

4 50

5 25

* Tch nn nhn khi ngun in Khi dng in qua ngi ln ti mc cc c b co git mnh khng th t g ra khi phn mang in, khng th ku cu c. Khi i hi ngi cu phi nhanh chng tch nn nhn ra khi ngun in *in p cao: Nht thit phi ct in cu dao trc , sau mi li gn v tin hnh s cu. Ring th in c th : (1) dng gng tay cch in, i ng cch in, dng so cch in c cht lng cch in ph hp vi cp in p ni ngi b nn tch dy in ra khi ngi b nn; (2) Dng phng php ngn mch: nm cc vt kim loi ln cc dy dn in trn, hoc dng dy kim loi c mt u c ni t, u kia nm ln dy in trn (y l cng vic kh khn, nguy him, ch c th in c luyn tp chu o mi lm ) Nu ngi b nn trn cao khi ct in phi b tr ngi b nn ri. * Mng H p: (1) Ngt in bng cu dao, rt phch cm, ngt cng tc, rt cu ch (2) Dng dao cc g kh cht t dy in (3) Dng vi kh lt tay ko ngi b nn ra (4) Dng so tre kh, gy kh gt dy in ra

*Ch : - Khng va chm vo cc phn dn in, nht l dy dn gn ngi b nn. - Khng nm vo ngi b nn bng tay khng, hay tip xc vi c th trn ca ngi b nn; - Phi tranh th tng dy, tng ph t, nhanh tr, sng to, tu tnh hnh thc t v dng c c trong tay x tr.

CHNG II: LM VIC TRN CAO 1. Cc khi nim Trm lm vic nng h: (Elevating Work Platform - EWP) Thit b chuyn ng (t hnh nng h, xe c gii hoc xe ti ko) cung cp cc phng tin c lp vn ti khu vc lm vic.

Bung cng tc:

(Workbox hoc Mancage) Trm lm vic c thit k v lp t c chng a cng nhn lm vic ln v xung bng cn cu, ti. Cc thit b phi c ng k v kim nh. Kt cu, bc hoc trm tm thi c lp t c bit h tr cho con ngi, thit b hoc cc vt liu khc trong cng vic lm vic. Th lp gin gio c chng ch cng

Gin gio (Scaffolding):

Ngi nng lc: nhn.

2. Nguyn tc lm vic trn cao Tt c mi ngi khi lm vic cao t 2m tr ln trong tnh trng c th c nguy c ri ng u phi s dng cc thit b an ton chng ri c kim duyt (trang b bo h lao ng y v dy buc gim xc) gn vo im an ton chc chn trn c cu. Phng php trn p dng cho lp rp v tho d gin gio khi cng vic c tin hnh m khng c cc thanh ngng v lan can bo v. Phng php ny ng thi cng c p dng cho cc khu vc khng c lan can, gin gio, li bo v hoc c nhng khng m bo an ton hoc b tho d i qua. Mi dng c v thit b s dng trong khu vc lm vic nng h phi m bo an ton v trnh ri xung cc khu vc di. Tt c li i b v b gin phi c bng ch dn ngay sau khi lp lan can. Khi c ngi ang lm vic pha trn ng i chung, phi t cc bng, bin bo hiu trnh trng hp c ngi i vo khu vic nguy him. Nhng ngi ang lm cc cng vic bn di cc khu vc ny phi thng bo nhng cho nhng ngi lm vic pha trn v s c mt ca h. Cc dng c v trang thit b ch c chuyn ln hoc xung bng cu hoc cn trc. Cc dng c v thit b nh hn c th chuyn ln xung bng dy cp hoc thng, gu c m bo an ton. Cc dng c nng lng phi c buc ko vo thn ca dng c, khng c ko bng dy ca dng c . Khng c tung, nm cc dng c t ngi ny qua ngi khc. Khng c chuyn cc dng

c ln hoc xung cho n khi nhng ngi di c thng bo v khng c g ti khu vc bn di. 3. phng ri ng Phi s dng cc phng php phng ngi lm vic, dng c, thit b ri khi lm vic trn cao. B ai an ton phi lun trong tnh trng tt, c kim tra thng xuyn trc khi s dng v c gn vo ai hng. Nhng ngi s dng b ai an ton y phi qua kho o to nhn thc chung v ai an ton trc khi s dng. Cc yu t dn n trng hp ngi b ng bao gm (nhng khng gii hn): Bt ng tng tc hoc gim tc Chuyn t sn ny n sn khc c b mt khc nhau B mt sn khng ti C khe m hoc l hng nhng khng c bin nhn bit hoc ngn nga Thay i cp gin gio Mt phanh, hm tay Mt sn trn trt i giy khng ph hp Trang thit b, dng c, rc bn gy cn tr ti ni lm vic Thang s dng khng ng o qun b vng B mt sn chuyn ng Chiu sng khng ph hp iu kin thi thit km B vt khc va chm hoc ri trng Khng cung cp h thng thit b chng ri ng hoc s dng cc h thng khng ng quy cch in git B nh hng ca khi, ho cht, dc phm 4. Phng nga nguy him Phi tin hnh phn tch an ton cng vic (JSA) trc khi lm vic trn cao loi b hoc kim sot cc mi nguy him c th c. Cn phi o to v phng nga ri ng. Mt s ni dung cn xem xt khi tin hnh phn tch an ton cng vic (JSA):

La chn, s dng, lp t, mang, bo dng v lu gi cc trang thit b an ton chng ri ng mt cch thch hp. Cc quy trnh trong trng hp khn cp nh cu nn, s c hoc b thng. An ton in H thng bo co mi nguy him/ s c. Phi xem xt cc vn khc bao gm chun b sn cc cu kin trn nn t trc khi nng ln a vo v tr. Lp cc dy c nh trc khi nng chng ln a vo v tr. Khi c th s dng thc t mt b sn, gin gio tm thi hoc mt trm nng h s s dng t c cao v lm vic ti cao . Khi thc t khng th s dng theo phng php trn th phi s dng h thng v thit b chng ri ng chuyn dng v s dng neo chng ph hp. YU CU CHUNG V GIN GIO Tt c cc gin gio ti cng trng lm vic phi c xy dng ph hp vi yu cu ca lut nh. Yu cu ti thiu: Vic lp gin gio phi c thc hin bi nhng ngi c chng ch/ bng cp v nng lc ph hp. Tt c cc gin gio phi c lp t ph hp vi quy nh trong Quy trnh an ton thang v gin gio Khi pht hin gin gio c bt k chi tit no b hng u khng c s dng. Chi tit b hng phi c treo th Khng s dng v phi c loi b hoc chuyn ra khi cng trng ngay lp tc. TRANG B QUN O BO H V DY BUC Phi s dng trang b qun o bo h trn mi a im thi cng v loi c ai eo hng trnh cc trng hp ri ng. Qun o bo h phi c nh km dy buc hoc dy bo him lng.im neo l tng khng nn nm di im gn ca o bo h, tuy nhin, khng phi lc no cng thc hin c iu ny, nn c th s dng linh hot trong tng trng hp c th.

Mi thit b gn, kp s dng cng vi thit b chng ri ng phi thuc loi kp (tc ng kp). Dy buc phi phi hp vi thit b gim xc t ngt v c gn vi thit b tc ng kp v c lp rp ph hp.Dy buc phi c di ph hp vi nhim v cng vic c lin quan n nguy c ri ng t cao. Dy buc t co khng c thit k chu ko lin tc nhng tr nn hiu qu trong trng hp ri ng.Loi ny khng c s dng trong hot ng hm h thng. Dy buc t co ch nn s dng trong cc khu vc c nguy c ri ng t trn cao khong gia phng thng ng v 45 . CHNG III: AN TON KHI VO KHU VC KHNG GIAN HN CH 1. Cc khi nim Khu vc khng gian hn ch l khu vc c xc nh v c nhng c im sau : o Chu p sut kh quyn khi lm vic o Khng c dung nh l ni lm vic thng xuyn o i hi nhng phng tin bt buc phi c khi vo o Mi trng khng kh thiu xi o H thng thng gi khng y hoc khng kh b nhim bi Cht gy nhim :Bi, khi, sng m, hi, kh gas hay cc cht khc c th gy hi ( bao gm : khi Cacbon, kh mtan, CO2 , xng, du) Giy php lm vic trong khu vc khng gian hn ch: Giy php do ngi cp php ban hnh cho php ngi lao ng thc hin cng vic theo nhng hng dn phng nga mt cch an ton trong phm vi c php. Cn b cp giy php : Mt ngi c o to v c hiu bit v chuyn mn c Gim c X nghip / D n y quyn trong vic cp giy php, c quyn cp Giy php lm vic v chu trch nhim ton b i vi vic kim tra khu vc, xc nh cc phng thc kim sot an ton cn c v ghi vo Giy php lm vic.

Ngi c php thc hin cng vic : Ngi hoc nhng ngi c cho php thc hin cng vic trong phm vi Giy php lm vic. Ngi ny chu trch nhim trc tip kim tra v phi tun th ng cc yu cu trong Giy php lm vic. Cn b ph trch an ton :Mt ngi c y quyn v c o to thc hin vic th nghim khng kh v hay gas ti khu vc khng gian hn ch. 2. Khng gian hn ch Khu vc khng gian hn ch c th bao gm nhng khng ch trong gii hn ny: Cc thng kt cha, xe ch du, thng ch bin, ni hi, bnh p sut, b nc, b nhin liu, b bn, silo v thng cha khc. Khng gian m nh hm h cng rnh, hm l, ng dn v cc cu trc tng t. Cc khu vc trn tu, thuyn, x lan i vo thng qua mt ca xung hm tu hay v tr c bit i vo, khoang hng ho, cc khoang cha y i, cc kt du v kt dn, cc khoang trng bao gm c cc khoang cha hng kh. Khi vo cc khu vc nh vy, cn phi xem xt cn thn cc bin php an ton cho ngi lm vic. Ngoi vic cung cp y khng kh v thng gi tt cn phi xem xt cc yu t nh hng nh chy n, li ra vo, li thot khn cp. PHN LOI NGUY HIM TRONG KO GIAN HN CH Bao gm : - Thiu oxy : xy ra khi c phn ng ha hc gia khng kh vi mt s hp cht c cha trong t hay l vt liu, nguyn liu trong khu vc lm vic Do cc kh khc nh CO2 xut hin v chim ch ca kh oxy trong khng kh Do vi khun him kh n oxy trong khu vc lm vic Do cc loi ha cht trong cc bn, b cha c phn ng vi oxy - Kh c : Xy ra khi ta c tip xc vi cc ngun kh c cha trong bn Kh c n theo cc ca hay l cc ng ng thng vi khu vc lm vic C sn trong t hay trong cc hm l - Vng c cc nguy c chy n hay in h, git in : Do c cc cht chy n tim n, do nhit tng qu cao trong qu trnh lm vic, do s dng vt

liu hay nhng cht d gy chy n, tip xc vi mi trng in th cao hay mi trng b h in Khi bi : Do s thiu gi, thiu thng thong, bi c sinh ra trong qu trnh lm vic nh sng : ca thot him hay l khu vc lm vic qu km Ri ro v c kh : Cc thit b c cu bn trong c th chuyn ng, hay thit b ri t trn cao xung Mi trng lm vic khng n nh : Khng gian lm vic cha cc cht dng bt nh xi mng, thch cao, thc phm

C th phn cc khu vc khng gian hn ch thnh cc loi chnh nh sau : Loi 1 Khu vc khng gian hn ch loi mt c ri ro tim nng cao t nhiu cht gy nhim khc nhau khng c xc nh hay kim sot d dng. Nhng iu kin sau c th c trong loi mt : Cc cht gy nhim mc cao nht Cc cht gy nhim khng c xc nh nhng b kh nghi Khng c kh nng thng gi Khng c kh nng bo m vic cch ly hon ton S i li v / hoc ng i li kh khn hay nguy him Cc bin php kim tra nng cc cht d chy n phi c thc hin i vi loi ny.Ngi c php thc hin cng vic trong khu vc khng gian hn ch loi mt phi eo Bnh dng kh.Ngi cnh gii bn ngoi cng phi trang b Bnh dng kh bn mnh nhm mc ch cu gip lc xy ra s c. Loi 2 Khu vc khng gian hn ch loi hai c ri ro tim nng cao t cc cht gy nhim c nhn bit.Khng gian hn ch loi hai khng c php ra vo thng xuyn mc d cc iu kin c th kim sot c trc khi vo. Nhng iu kin sau c th c trong loi hai : Kh gas d chy n c bit n

Cc ngun cht gy nhim c th kim sot c C th kim sot c hay d on cc dng cht lng vo S thng gi km S ra vo b hn ch. Cc bin php kim tra nng cc cht d chy n phi c thc hin i vi loi ny.Ngi c php thc hin cng vic trong khu vc khng gian hn ch loi mt phi eo Bnh dng kh.Ngi cnh gii bn ngoi cng phi trang b Bnh dng kh bn mnh nhm mc ch cu gip lc xy ra s c. Cc trang b an ton bo h lao ng phi c s dng bt k lc no m bo vic vo khng gian hn ch loi hai mt cch an ton. Loi 3: Khu vc khng gian hn ch loi ba thng c cch ly t cc ngun ri ro tim tng.Cc khu vc khng gian hn ch ny c i li thng xuyn di cc iu kin c kim sot. Nhng iu kin sau c th c trong loi 3 : Cc cht gy nhim c cch ly Vic pht thi cc cht gy nhim c kim sot Cc iu kin i li thch hp nh sng Khi thc hin cng vic phi tin hnh gim st lin tc trong khu vc khng gian hn ch loi 3 v phi s dng trang b an ton bo h lao ng. Loi 4: Khu vc loi 4 c tim nng ri ro kh quyn rt thp. Vic i vo v lm vic trong khu vc khng gian hn ch phi c thc hin ph hp cc quy trnh an ton ca Cng ty. Thng thng cc khu vc khng gian hn ch loi bn c : Li ra vo khng b hn ch Thng gi tt D on v kim sot c cc cht gy nhim vi ri ro thp nh sng tt Ngi gim st c trch nhim m bo rng khng kh khu vc kn loi ny khng th xy ra tnh trng b gy nhim hay thiu kh xy.

3. iu kin i vo Nu cn phi i vo khu vc khng gian hn ch th phi thc hin nhng xem xt sau: Tin hnh phn tch an ton cng vic vi i cng tc Xc nh loi khu vc khng gian hn ch nh gi tt c cc hot ng c xut v cc quy trnh cng vic, c bit nhng hot ng c th gy ra s thay i v iu kin trong khu vc khng gian hn ch. Xem xt tnh hp l v an ton ca ton b khu vc lm vic v iu kin v nh sng Xem xt cc bc c thc hin trong vic to ra p sut khng kh trong khu vc lm vic (v d nh thng gi) Xem xt kim tra nng khng kh v nh gi gii hn trc khi cp giy php lm vic trong khu vc khng gian hn ch. Xem xt tt c cc mi nguy hi c th xy ra bao gm c mi nguy hi ni lm vic thng xuyn. Xc nhn kh nng thc hin cng vic v tnh trng sc kho ca nhn vin c php thc hin cng vic v ngi cnh gii bn ngoi m bo hng dn y cho ngi lao ng, gm vic s dng nhng thit b bo h lao ng hay thit b my mc tr th m bo cc trang thit b bo h lao ng thch hp c chun b y , qun o bo h lao ng v thit b cu gip cho tt c ngi lao ng c kh nng vo lm vic hay vo cu gip trong khu vc khng gian hn ch m bo khu vc s thc hin cng vic c vt chn v treo bin cm khng c php vo Xem xt cc phng php bo v b xung khc nh: Xem xt cch b tr cu h Hnh dng v qui m ca khu vc khng gian hn ch

Bn cht cng vic c thc hin Cc vt cn trong khu vc kn cng nh kch c v v tr ca cc li ra vo S ngi i vo khu vc khng gian hn ch Cn c mt s ngi bn ngoi khu vc khng gian hn ch bo v thit b cn thit cho cng vic khu vc khng gian hn ch cng nh m bo trao i thng tin thun li v/hoc theo di ngi thc hin cng vic trong khu vc kn v thc hin cc quy trnh cu gip mt cch ng n nu cn thit. 4. Bin php phng. Li vo trong khu vc khng gian hn ch phi c chiu sng tt v ng quy nh. Trc khi c php vo khu vc khng gian hn ch phi xc minh c th mang theo thit b th vo c khng. Trong mi trng hp cc thit b hi sc cp cu phi c t ca i vo khu vc kn v sn sng s dng S lng ngi vo khu vc khng gian hn ch phi c hn ch, ch cho php nhng ngi tht cn thit vo lm vic v m bo c th cu thot h khi c tnh hung khn cp xy ra. Phi c t nht mt ngi cnh gii ti ca ra vo trong sut thi gian c ngi lm trong khu vc kn. Sn sng cc trang thit b cu ngi b nn trong khu vc kn (Bnh kh th, dy ai eo cho ngi c cu nn, thit b 3 chn th dy cu nn, gung quay chng ri, n pin...) phng trng hp s c. Phi c mt h thng thng tin lin lc ph hp ng tin cy v c chnh nhng ngi tham gia lm vic trong khu vc kim tra m bo mi ngi trong khu vc khng gian hn ch u c th lin lc vi ngi ng cnh gii ca ra vo. Vic thng gi phi lin tc trong thi gian c ngi lm khu vc khng gian hn ch.Trong trng hp h thng thng gi b hng, mi ngi lm vic trong khu vc kn phi ri khi ngay lp tc.

Khng kh phi c kim tra mt cch nh k trong khi c ngi lm vic khu vc khng gian hn ch v mi ngi phi c hng dn ri khi khu vc kn nu thy tnh hnh tr nn xu hn. Nu thy kh khn hoc nguy him th phi dng ngay cng vic trong khu vc khng gian hn ch v ngi lm trong khu vc phi ra ngoi c th kim tra li tnh hung. Nu ngi lm vic trong khu vc kn cm thy c nguy him th ngi phi dng tn hiu quy nh bo cho ngi cnh gii li vo bit v lp tc ri khi khu vc 5. Cch ly Phi c s cho php ca ngi c thm quyn trc khi cch ly bt k h thng hay my mc thit b no. Vic cch ly ngun nc, cht thi, my mc ang hot ng, in nng hay bt c ngun nng lng no khc l cn thit v c th to ra mi nguy hi trong qu trnh lm vic khu vc khng gian hn ch. Cn b cp giy php phi thc hin cc bc mt cch tch cc m bo: Phng nga vic a thm bt c nguyn vt liu no nh nc, cht thi hay cht gy nhim Ngt my v kho my hay ngt my v treo th ngng s dng i vi van, my mc, thit b c cc b phn chuyn ng, hoc nu c th thc hin c hai bin php Cch ly tt c cc ngun nng lng cho d chng c bn ngoi nhng c kh nng gy nh hng n khng gian kn (v d: cc phng tin lm lnh hay si nng) Bt c my mc no cng ch c vn hnh li sau khi c s xc nhn ca ngi c php rng tt c mi ngi ri khi khu vc kn v cng vic hon tt. 3. Cng vic cn giy php lm vic. a. Cng vic lin quan ti cht phng x.

Giy php tin hnh cng vic phng x s c cn b k thut v phng x yu cu v c xc nhn ca cn b ph trch phng x d n hoc nhn vin an ton phng x. Sau khi giy php tin hnh cng vic phng x (mu giy qui nh ti ph lc 3) c xc nhn, th giy php s c trnh ti ph trch an ton X nghip/D n, hoc ngi i din c ph chun trc khi tin hnh cng vic phng x. Ph trch k thut v cng vic phng x hoc ngi i din s chu trch nhim thng bo trc cho cc b phn lin quan khc bit c th v ngy, gi v v tr bt u tin hnh cng vic phng x. Giy php s ch c gi i sau khi ph trch an ton d n hoc ngi i din kim tra li v xc nhn rng tt c cc kin ngh v bin php phng nga an ton c tun th y bi ngi thc hin cng vic phng x. Nu c bt k s thay i no trong k hoch hoc nu s ph chun khng thc hin c cng vic phng x nh d kin cng vy, ph trch k thut v cng vic phng x hoc ngi i din s thng bo cho b phn qun l an ton v tt c cc b phn lin quan v nhng thay i . b. Vo khu vc khng gian hn ch. Trc khi cho php ngi vo khu vc khng gian hn ch, phi tin hnh kim tra nng kh d chy, kh oxy v s tn ti ca mt s cht c hi cho sc kho. Cn b gim st ph trch cng vic s thng bo cho b phn qun l an ton chi tit khu vc khng gian hn ch, ni cn tin hnh cng vic. Cn b gim st ph trch cng vic vit giy php vo khu vc khng gian hn ch theo mu v trnh b phn qun l an ton ph duyt. Trch nhim ca cn b gim st m bo rng khng ngi no vo trong khu vc khng gian hn ch trc khi kim tra nng kh d chy v nng oxy c xc nhn ph hp tin hnh cng vic. Li vo khng gian hn ch phi c t bin bo thch hp vi dy chng cnh bo t tm nhn ph hp hoc t bin Khng vo. H thng thng gi bt buc phi c b tr ngay lp tc sau khi m ming cng/li vo khu vc khng gian hn ch c m, v b tr thit b sao cho khng cn tr li ra vo. Cn b gim st cng vic s i cng v gip nhn vin an ton c phn cng kim tra nng kh d chy, nng kh oxy. Cn b gim st s ch ra v tr chnh xc khu vc khng gian hn ch cn vo. Nhn vin an ton s tin hnh kim tra nng cc kh theo qui nh xem khng kh trong khu vc khng gian hn ch c m bo an ton cho ngi vo m khng cn s dng mt n phng c hoc my dng kh.

Nu khng kh trong khu vc khng gian hn ch cn tn ti nhng nguy him th h thng thng gi bt buc phi tip tc hot ng v b tr tng thm my cho ti khi khng kh bn trong c xem xt an ton vo. Kim tra cc kh qui nh khc cng phi tin hnh nh vy nh vy. Nu khng kh trong khu vc khng gian hn ch vn cn tn ti nhng nguy him khi vo th tt c cc bc thc hin trn s c lp li cho ti khi khng kh c xc nhn l an ton vo. Nhn vin an ton ch ph duyt giy php vo khu vc khng gian hn ch sau khi chng minh y rng tt c cc qui nh phng nga an ton c thc hin y Thi hn hiu lc ca giy php vo khu vc khng gian hn ch s c ghi r trong giy php. Mi ln khu vc khng gian hn ch c kim tra v ph chun an ton vo thi trc ca li vo treo bng kt qu kim tra khng kh, khng kh s c kim tra nh k v lin tc cp nht kt qu ln bng. Khi c bt k s thay i no ca hon cnh so vi thi im kim tra th ngay lp tc giy php hin ti s mt hiu lcv mt giy php mi phi c s dng. Ngi ng trng bn ngoi s yu cu mi ngi ri khi khu vc khng gian hn ch trong trng hp c s c khn cp. c. Ty ra ho cht. Giy php tin hnh cng vic ty ra phi c ph duyt trc khi tin hnh cng vic. Cng nhn tin hnh cng vic ty ra s c ch dn an ton trong s dng, vn chuyn, bo qun v hnh ng trong trng hp c s c khn cp. Phi trang b cho cng nhn trang thit b bo v c nhn ph hp theo qui nh ca X nghip. Phi lp hng ro cch ly ngn chn nhng ngi khng c nhim v o c vo v t nhng bin thng bo thch hp xung quanh khu vc ty ra ho cht. Ngi gim st cng vic ty ra ho cht s trnh giy php tin hnh cng vic ty ra ho cht cho nhn vin an ton sau khi lp xong. Nhn vin an ton s kim tra khu vc tin hnh ty ra m bo rng tt c nhng yu cu trong giy php c tin hnh thch hp. Nu cc yu cu trong giy php c thc hin y th nhn vin an ton gi giy php ti cc b phn lin quan, nu c yu cu no cha c thc hin th nhn vin an ton ch cho ngi gim st hon thnh cc yu cu . d. Cng vic vn hnh v s dng thit b in.

Giy php tin hnh cng vic vn hnh v s dng thit b in s c ngi tin hnh cng vic lp v c xc nhn ca nhn vin k thut ph trch v in. Sau khi vic lp giy php c hon thnh th s c trnh ti cn b qun l an ton hoc ngi i din c ph duyt trc khi cng vic v in c tin hnh. Cn b k thut ph trch cng vic vn hnh v s dng thit b in hoc ngi i din s chu trch nhim thng bo cho cc b phn khc c th ngy, gi v v tr trc khi tin hnh cng vic v in. Giy php s ch c gi i sau khi ph trch an ton d n hoc ngi i din kim tra li v xc nhn rng tt c cc kin ngh v bin php phng nga an ton c tun th y bi ngi thc hin cng vic v in. Nu c bt k s thay i no trong k hoch hoc nu s ph chun khng thc hin c cng vic v in nh d kin cng vy, ph trch k thut cng vic v in hoc ngi i din s thng bo cho b phn qun l an ton v tt c cc b phn lin quan v nhng thay i . h. Giy php vt nng. Giy php cu vt nng nhm m bo rng cc cn cu v tt c cc thit b nng lin quan s dng nng vt c tm vi vt qu 50m hoc cc cu tng c kim tra v c iu kin thch hp vi mc tng xng ca ngi c bng cp v cung cp cc thit b ph hp tin hnh cng vic. Trc khi tin hnh cng vic, ngi s dng phi trnh giy php yu cu ti cc b phn lin quan nh l k s ph trch vic cu, b phn qun l vt t, b phn qun l an ton m bo rng tt c c kim tra trc khi nng. Cc b phn lin quan, khi nhn yu cu cn tin hnh kim tra v m bo rng tt c cc iu kin sn sng cho hot ng nng. Giy php s ch c gi i sau khi ph trch an ton d n hoc ngi i din kim tra li v xc nhn rng tt c cc kin ngh v bin php phng nga an ton c tun th y bi ngi thc hin cng vic nng. Giy php c gi li b phn qun l an ton ngay sau khi kt thc cng vic. e. Giy php th p sut cao. Giy php th p sut cao nhm m bo rng tt c cc thit b th p sut v hot ng th trong khong gii hn an ton gim ti a nhng nguy c tai nn cho ngi hoc nguy him cho thit b. K s, gim st ph trch tin hnh cng vic th p sut cao phi lp yu cu giy php vi nhng thng tin chi tit t m v trnh b phn qun l an ton. Khi giy php lm vic c trnh ln, nhn vin ph trch an ton phi tin hnh kim tra khu vc th p sut theo nhng yu cu trong giy php m bo

rng cch ly khu vc th bng vic chng dy khu vc v t nhng bin bo cn thit. Sau khi giy php c kim tra v c ph chun, giy php s c gi ti cc b phn lin quan v dn gn bng thng bo. Khu vc th p sut cao lun lun c gim st, ngn chn ngi khng c nhim v khng c vo. CHNG IV: P SUT THP IV. AN TON HO CHT Trong nhng nm gn y, vn c quan tm ngy cng nhiu l nh hng ca ha cht n sc khe con ngi, c bit l ngi lao ng. Nhiu ha cht tng c coi l an ton nhng nay c xc nh l c lin quan n bnh tt, t mn nga nh n suy yu sc khe lu di v ung th. Do vy cn thit phi quan tm ti tt c cc ha cht. 1. S c hi ca ha cht Cc yu t quyt nh mc c hi ca ha cht, bao gm c tnh, c tnh vt l ca ha cht, trng thi tip xc, ng xm nhp vo c th v tnh mn cm ca c nhn v tc hi tng hp ca cc yu t ny. 1.1. ng xm nhp ca ha cht vo c th con ngi Qua ng h hp H thng h hp bao gm ng h hp trn (mi, mm, hng); ng th (kh qun, ph qun, cung phi) v vng trao i kh (ph nang), ni xy t khng kh vo mu v ioxit cacbon t mu khuych tn vo khng kh. Hp th ha cht qua da Mt trong nhng ng xm nhp ca ha cht vo c th l qua da. dy ca da cng vi s m hi v t chc m lp di da c tc dng nh mt hng ro bo v chng li vic ha cht xm nhp vo c th v gy cc tn thng cho da. Ha cht dy dnh trn da c th c cc phn ng sau:

- Phn ng vi b mt ca da gy vim da x pht; - Xm nhp qua da, kt hp vi t chc protein gy cm ng da. - Xm nhp qua da vo mu. Qua ng tiu ha Do bt cn cht c dnh trn mi, mm ri v tnh nut phi hoc n, ung, ht thuc trong khi bn tay dnh ha cht hoc dng thc n v ung b nhim ha cht l nhng nguyn nhn ch yu ha cht xm nhp vo c th qua ng tiu ha 1.2. Loi ha cht tip xc c tnh l, ha ca ha cht quyt nh kh nng xm nhp ca n vo c th con ngi, chng hn: cc ha cht d bay hi s c kh nng to ra trong khng kh ti ni lm vic mt nng cao; cc cht cng d ha tan trong dch th, m v nc th cng c... Do cc phn ng l ha ca cht c vi cc h thng c quan tng ng m c s phn b c bit cho tng cht: + Ha cht c tnh in ly nh ch, bary, tp trung trong xng, bc vng trong da hoc lng ng trong gan, thn di dng phc cht. + Cc cht khng in ly loi dung mi hu c tan trong m tp trung trong cc t chc giu m nh h thn kinh. + Cc cht khng in ly v khng ha tan trong cc cht bo kh nng thm vo cc t chc ca c th km hn v ph thuc vo kch thc phn t v nng cht c. Thng thng khi ha cht vo c th tham gia cc phn ng sinh ha hay l qu trnh bin i sinh hc: oxy ha, kh oxy, thy phn, lin hp. Qu trnh ny c th xy ra nhiu b phn v m trong gan c vai tr c bit quan trng.Qu trnh ny thng c hiu l qu trnh ph v cu trc ha hc v gii c, song c th s to ra sn phm ph hay cc cht mi c hi hn cc cht ban u. Mt s hi, kh c c mi lm cho ta pht hin thy c chng ngay c khi nng nm di mc cho php ca tiu chun v sinh.Nhng sau mt thi gian

ngn, mt s s mt mi khin ta khng cm nhn c na v d dng b nhim c (v d H2S).Mt s hi, kh c khng c mi v li khng gy tc ng kch thch vi ng h hp.y l loi rt nguy him, bi l ta khng th pht hin c bng trc gic ngay c khi chng vt qu tiu chun v sinh cho php. 1.3. Nng v thi gian tip xc V nguyn tc, tc hi ca ha cht i vi c th ph thuc vo lng ha cht hp thu. Trong trng hp hp thu qua ng h hp, lng hp thu ph thuc chnh vo nng ca ha cht trong khng kh v thi gian tip xc. Thng thng, khi tip xc trong thi gian ngn nhng vi nng ha cht cao c th gy ra nhng nh hng cp tnh (nhim c cp), trong khi tip xc trong thi gian di nhng vi nng thp s xy ra hai xu hng: hoc l c th chu ng c, hoc l ha cht c tch lu vi khi lng ln hn, li nh hng mn tnh. 1.4. Tnh mn cm ca ngi tip xc C s khc nhau ln trong phn ng ca mi ngi khi tip xc vi ha cht.Tip xc vi cng mt lng trong cng mt thi gian mt vi ngi b nh hng trm trng, mt vi ngi b nh hng nh, c th c mt s ngi nhn bn ngoi khng thy c biu hin g. Phn ng ca tng c th ph thuc vo la tui, gii tnh v tnh trng sc khe... Th d: tr em nhy cm hn ngi ln; bo thai thng rt nhy cm vi ha cht... Do vi mi nguy c tim n, cn xc nh cc bin php cn trng khc nhau vi cc i tng c th. 2. Tc hi ca ha cht i vi c th con ngui Nh gii thch trn, nhng nh hng ca ha cht c th l cp tnh hoc mn tnh ty thuc vo nng v thi gian tip xc. Ha cht cng gy ra nhng phn ng khc nhau do kiu v dng tip xc khc nhau. Theo tnh cht tc ng ca ha cht trn c th con ngi c th phn loi theo cc nhm sau y: - Kch thch gy kh chu. - Gy d ng.

- Gy ngt. - Gy m v gy t. - Tc ng n h thng cc c quan chc nng. - Gy ung th. - H bo thai. - nh hng n cc th h tng lai (t bin gien). - Bnh bi phi. 2.1. Kch thch Tc ng kch thch ca ha cht y c ngha l lm cho tnh trng phn c th tip xc vi ha cht b xu i.Cc phn ca c th thng b tc ng ny l da, mt v ng h hp. Kch thch i vi da Khi mt ha cht tip xc vi da, c th chng s lm bin i cc lp bo v khin cho da b kh, x x v xt.Tnh trng ny c gi l vim da (hnh 5).C rt nhiu ha cht gy vim da. Kch thch i vi mt Ha cht nhim vo mt c th gy tc ng t kh chu nh, tm thi ti thng tt lu di.Mc thng tt ph thuc vo lng, c tnh ca ha cht v c cc bin php cp cu. Cc cht gy kch thch i vi mt thng l: axt, kim v cc dung mi. Kch thch i vi ng h hp Cc cht ha tan nh: amoniac, fomandehit, sunfur, axt v kim dng m sng, kh hoc hi khi tip xc vi ng h hp trn (mi v hng) s gy ra cm gic bng rt; chng c hp thu v s m t ca ng mi hng. C gng trnh ht phi hi ha cht khi lm vic, c bit khi dng cc dng c nh bnh phun, xt .. Mt vi cht kch thch nh sunfua ioxt, Clo v bi than... tc ng dc theo ng th gy ra vim ph qun, i khi gy tn thng trm trng ng th v m phi.

Cc ha cht t tan trong nc s xm nhp vo vng trao i kh. Cc cht ny t xut hin ni lm vic song nhng tn thng m chng gy ra i vi ngi lao ng th rt nghim trng. Phn ng ca ha cht vi m phi gy ra ph phi (dch trong phi) v c th xut hin ngay lp tc hoc sau vi gi. Triu chng bt u vi vic rt kh chu trong phi, tip theo l ho, kh th, xanh tm v khc nhiu m. Cc ha cht ny thng l: ioxt nit, ozon, photgen... 2.2. D ng D ng c th xy ra khi c th tip xc trc tip vi ha cht. Ngi lao ng khi mi tip xc c th khng b d ng, nhng nu tip xc thng xuyn, ngay c vi lng nh th c th thng s phn ng v da hoc ng h hp s b d ng. D ng da Da b d ng c tnh trng ging nh vim da (mn nh hoc l phng nc).Hin tng ny c th khng xut hin ni tip xc m mt ni no trn c th. Nhng cht gy d ng thng gp l nha epoxy, thuc nhum azo, dn xut nha than , axt cromic... D ng ng h hp ng h hp nhy cm l cn nguyn ca bnh hen ngh nghip. Nhng triu chng ca cn bnh ny l ho nhiu v m, kh th, th kh kh v ngn. Cc ha cht gy tc hi ny l: Toluen isoxianat, fomaldehit...
Ghi nh:Tip xc nhiu vi ha cht c th dn n d ng.

2.3. Gy ngt S ngt th l biu hin ca vic a khng xy vo cc t chc ca c th. C hai dng: ngt th n thun v ngt th ha hc. Ngt th n thun Cht gy ngt n thun thng dng kh nh: CO2, CH4 (m tan), N2, C2H6 ( tan), H2 ...; khi lng cc kh ny tng s lm gim t l xy trong khng kh v gy ngt th; nu khng c cp cu kp thi c th s dn n t vong. Bnh thng khng kh cha khong 21% xy, nu nng xy h xung di 17% th khng p ng nhu cu ca cc t chc c th v xut hin cc triu chng hoa mt, chng mt, bun nn v ri lon hnh vi. Tnh trng ny c th xy ra ni lm vic cht hp, di cc ging v trong cc hm l . Ngt th ha hc Cht gy ngt ha hc ngn cn mu vn chuyn xy ti cc t chc ca c th.Mt trong nhng cht ny l oxt ccbon (gy cacboxyhemoglobin). Ch cn 0,05% oxt ccbon trong khng kh l c th gim ng k kh nng mang xy

ca mu ti cc m ca c th. Cc cht khc nh hyro xianua, hoc hyro sunfua...cn tr kh nng tip nhn xy ca t bo, ngay c khi mu giu xy. 2.4. Gy m v gy t Tip xc vi nng cao mt trong cc ha cht nh: etanol, propanol (ancol bo), axeton v metyl-etyxeton (xeton bo), axetylen, hyrocacbon, etyl v isopropyl ete... c th lm suy yu h thn kinh trung ng, gy ngt thm ch dn n t vong. Nhng cht ny gy nh hng tng t nh say ru. Khi tip xc thng xuyn vi cc ha cht ny nng thp mt s ngi b nghin chng. 2.5. Gy tc hi ti h thng cc c quan ca c th C th con ngi c to nn bi nhiu h c quan. Nhim c h thng lin quan ti tc ng ca ha cht ti mt hoc nhiu c quan trong c th, lm nh hng ti ton b c th.nh hng ny khng tp trung mt im no hoc vng no ca c th. Gan mt trong nhng chc nng ca gan l lm sch cht c c trong mu bng cch bin i chng thnh cht khng c v nhng cht c th ha tan trong nc trc khi bi tit ra ngoi. Tuy nhin, mt s ha cht li gy tn thng cho gan. Ty thuc vo loi, liu lng v thi gian tip xc m c th dn ti hy hoi m gan, li hu qu x gan v gim chc nng gan. Cc dung mi: alcol, cacbon tetraclorua, tricloetylen, clorofom c th gy tn thng gan, dn n vim gan vi cc triu chng vng da, vng mt. Thn l mt phn ca h tit niu, chc nng ca h tit niu l bi tit (o thi) cc cht cn do c th sinh ra, duy tr s cn bng ca nc v mui, kim sot v duy tr nng axt trong mu. Cc ha cht cn tr thn o thi cht c gm etylen glycol, cacbon isunphua, cacbon tetraclorua, cabon isulphua.Cc hp cht khc nh cami, ch, nha thng, etanol, toluen, xylen... s lm hng dn chc nng ca thn. H thn kinh c th b tn thng do tc ng ca cc ha cht nguy him nh: - Tip xc lu di vi cc dung mi s dn ti cc triu chng mt mi, kh ng, au u v bun nn; nng hn s l ri lon vn ng, lit v suy tri gic. - Tip xc vi hecxan, mangan v ch s lm tn thng h thn kinh ngoi vi, li hu qu lit r c tay. - Tip xc vi cc hp cht c photphat hu c nh parathion c th gy suy gim h thn kinh; cn vi cacbon isunfua c th dn n ri lon tm thn... 3. Cc bin php phng nga Mc ch chung ca vic kim sot ha cht l loi tr hoc lm gim ti mc thp nht mi ri ro bi cc ha cht nguy him, cc sn phm t ha cht gy ra cho con ngi v mi trng. t c iu ny chin lc 4 im trong

vic kim sot c p dng loi tr hoc lm gim kh nng tip xc vi ha cht c t ra. Bn nguyn tc c bn ca hot ng kim sot 1/ Thay th: Loi b cc cht hoc cc qu trnh c hi, nguy him hoc thay th chng bng th khc t nguy him hn hoc khng cn nguy him na. 2/ Quy nh khong cch hoc che chn gia ngi lao ng v ha cht nhm ngn cch mi nguy c lin quan ti ha cht i vi ngi lao ng. 3/ Thng gi: s dng h thng thng gi thch hp di chuyn hoc lm gim nng c hi trong khng kh chng hn nh khi, kh, bi, m. 4/ Trang b phng tin bo v c nhn cho ngi lao ng nhm ngn nga vic tip xc trc tip vi ha cht

2.1. Kim sot h thng Kim sot h thng l mt b phn ca chng trnh kim sot s tip xc vi ha cht xem xt, nh gi nhng hiu qu ca nhng bin php kim sot khc trn c s tp trung vo nhng bin php v nhng quy trnh qun l. Ni dung kim sot tp trung vo nhng ni dung sau: - Nhn din tt c cc ha cht nguy him ang s dng; - Dn nhn; - Cung cp v s dng cc ti liu an ton ha cht; - An ton ca kho; - Th tc vn chuyn an ton; - An ton trong qun l v s dng; - Bin php qun l cng vic; - Th tc loi b; - iu khin s tip xc; - Kim tra sc khe; - Lu gi h s; - Hun luyn v gio dc; 2.1.1. Nhn din ha cht Nguyn tc c bn ca vic nhn din ha cht nguy him l bit nhng ha cht g ang c s dng hoc sn xut; chng xm nhp vo c th bng

cch no, gy tn thng v bnh tt g cho con ngi; chng gy hi nh th no i vi mi trng. Thng tin ny c th thu thp qua nhn, cc ti liu v sn phm. Nhng thng tin ch yu gm: Hng dn cch s dng ha cht nh liu lng, s tng tc vi cc ha cht khc;

- Ngy ht hn s dng ca ha cht; Nhng ch dn an ton cn thit nh mc qun o bo v, nhng iu cn phi lm khi xy ra s c.

- Nhng ch dn c bn v iu kin lu gi thch hp, vic x l cc cht d tha v cc vt cha dng ht ha cht. - Nhng ch dn v s cu v li khuyn i vi bc s nhm x l nhng trng hp ng c, nhng bin php gii c c bit cho nhng sn phm c th. - Nhng cnh bo nhm trnh tc hi i vi cc vt nui, sinh vt hoang d v mi trng. 2.1.2. Nhn dn Mc ch ca nhn l truyn t thng tin v cc nguy c ca ha cht, nhng ch dn an ton v cc bin php khn cp (Hnh). *Nhn thng gm nhng thng tin sau: - c im nhn dng ca ha cht - Biu tng cc nguy c - Tn chung v tn thng mi ha cht - Tn v lng ca cc hot cht - Cng dng ca sn phm - S ng k ca sn phm nu nh n l sn phm cn phi c ng k theo quy nh ca php lut

- Tn v a ch ca ngi sn xut, ngi phn phi hoc cc i l - Cc bin php lm vic an ton - Bt c vn g do php lut quc gia yu cu chng hn nh phi c s chng nhn ca c quan thm quyn theo quy nh ca cc iu lut c bit... Nhng vt cha qu nh m nhn dn ln khng th bao gm y thng tin theo yu cu phi c t ch dn c nh chc vo vt cha. Mun s dng ha cht mt cch an ton th trc ht ngi s dng phi c, hiu v tun th nhng ch dn ghi trn nhn. Nu khng hiu nhng ch dn th phi hi ngi c kinh nghim.Nu nhn qu nh v khng th c c th phi dng knh phng to hoc nh ngi no tinh mt c gip.Nu nh nhn b rch hoc b nhu nt phi yu cu ngi cung cp i vt cha khc c nhn hp php. Ha cht c th c rt t vt cha c dn nhn sang vtcha hoc thit b khc. Khi , nhng ngi c trch nhim trong vic chuyn rt ha cht phi dn nhn chnh xc tt c cc vt cha. Bt k mt ha cht no m khng c nhn th s khng c chuyn rt. Nhn mi t nht phi c cc ni dung sau: Cng dng, thnh phn v cc nguy c; Cch s dng sn phm an ton; v Cc bin php khn cp.

Ghi nh: Mi mt vt cha ha cht ti ni lm vic d ln hay nh u phi c nhn hp l 3.1.3. Bn d liu an ton ha cht Vi mi ha cht nguy him c s dng trong doanh nghip phi lun c sn nhng bn d liu v an ton ha cht. Trong , ti thiu phi c nhng thng tin c bn hng dn cch s dng ha cht an ton, t hiu qu; thng tin v cc bin php phng nga thch hp (gm c hng mc trang thit b bo v c nhn) v cc bin php khn cp.

*Bn d liu an ton ha cht thng bao gm cc thng tin sau: - Tn ca ha cht (km theo tn thng mi v tn thng gi nu c) - Thnh phn ca ha cht - Tn v a ch ca ngi cung cp hoc ni sn xut - Cc nguy c c xc nh - Nhng bin php s cu, nhng bin php phng chng chy, bin php x l kh c - Cch s dng v lu gi ha cht - Kim sot s tip xc v bo v c nhn - Tnh cht vt l v tnh cht ha hc - Thng tin v c hc - Thng tin v sinh thi hc - Thng tin v mua bn, vn chuyn - Thng tin v cc quy nh ca php lut (cc quy inh v nhn, du...) - Nhng thng tin khc (gm c ti liu tham kho). Ghi nh: Nu thiu bn d liu an ton ha cht, th phi yu cu ngi cung cp p ng ngay lp tc. Chng 15: NH GI V X L AN TON CC CHT C KH NNG GY NGUY HIM NH MY LC DU

Gii thiu: Du m c ngun gc t nhin , qu trnh lc du v ch bin n thng xuyn gp phi nhng tnh hung cc k nguy him. Nguy him nht phi k n l nhng him ho do la.Nhng bc c a ra sau y chnh l phng

trnh n, v nu nh c nguy him do la gy ra th phi bit cch ngn chn v s l n vi phng php hiu qu nht. Mc d nhng him ho do la gy ra lun l mi quan tm chnh trong qu trnh lc du, tuy nhin cc nguy him khc cng c a ra v cn c quan tm. Mt trong s l x l cc cht c ho hc nguy him hay oc s dng trong qu trnh lc du. Bn cnh cng a ra nhng sn phm c c th gy nguy him cho cuc sng .ng k nht y chnh l hydrogen sulfide, l cht thng xuyn c tt c cc nh my lc du hin i. chng ny chng ta gii quyt vn u tin l x cc cht c kh nng gy him thng gp. chng tip theo s tip tc gii thiu v bn lun v nhng phng php an ton vi la c bn hay oc p dng trong qu trnh thit k v iu hnh nh my lc du. 15.1 S l cc cht nguy him Axit Hydrofloric khan Axit hydrofloric (AHFs)c tinh c cao v l cht c kh nng n mn, sau y a ra nhng tnh cht ni bt nht v phng php x l an ton vi axit ny. AHFs l cht khng mu, l cht lng linh ng si 67o F p sut thng, do cn c bnh cha. N cng c tnh ht m v vy c th kt hp vi hi trong khng kh to khi. Do thng phi c thit b d nhng ch h nhng thit b cha v thit b vn chuyn. Mt iu na, cn phi cn thn trnh n nc trn vo b cha AHF.Pha long HF lun km theo s to nhit. mt s tnh cht vt l ca AHF : Hi AHF c nng thp trong khng kh cng c mi v v nh hng n con ngi. c dng lng hay dng hi AHF khi ry vo tay hay mt u rt nguy him. Axit hydrofluoric c tnh n mn cao, n n mn c thu tinh, btng, v mt s kim loi c bit nh gang v nhng hp kim c cha Si. Axit ny cng n mn c cc cht hu c nh da, cao su t nhin, g, tuy nhin n khng xc tin s chy. Mc d AHF khng chy, nhng th hin s n mn trn kim loi , kt qu l to ra hydro trong cc thit b cha v trong ng ng, c th to ra la v nguy c gy n cao.Nhng ngun d chy nn c a ra khi vng xung quanh cc thit b c cha acid hydrofluoric. D c tnh n mn, AHF c th c x l an ton khi nhng nguy c khi c t chc phng v kim tra cn thn. Di y m t nhng quy tc

chnh cho vic x l an ton mt khi lng ln AHF. X l an ton Vic x l AHF an ton trc tin yu cu cc thit b c thit k tt cho vic iu hnh v duy tr kh nng hot ng, trch nhim ca ngi ngi thc thi. Bnh cha v cc thit b cha khc nn c bo v khi nhit, trnh cc tia sng chiu trc tip.Nhit ni cha nn n nh di 100 oF, nu trn mc 125 ph i c cc thit b lm lnh. ng vn chuyn gia ni ly sn phm v ni cha nn nghing m bo vic thot nc. Cc van an ton cn c b tr nhng v tr trn ng vn chuyn ni m acid b n ng bi 2 van ng, bi s gin n ca cht lng c th to ra p sut d v gy gin on dng. Khng cho la, nh sng, cng nh cc ngun khc xm nhp v quanh khu vc cc bnh cha hoc trn ng vn chuyn.S dng cc thit b v cng c khng c tia la in vng cha v x l AHF. Cc vi an ton cng nn c t li vo ti cc v tr ly sn phm, khu vc cha, v nhng v tr khc ni m c acid c x l.Nhng vi ny c th cp mt th tch dng khong 30 GPM qua mt van m nhanh. Mt vi nc v ng dn nc nn oc t ch ly sn phm ra lng acid trn ra. Trang b h thng thot nc tt, ngoi ra cn c bt sa kh, vi nn,hoc vi hydrat.Cc s c trn acid trn ng hoc thit b cn c ra ngay lp tc bng nhiu nc, nu cn thit phi dng cc cht trung ho. Dng c bo v ngi Cc dng c bo v ngi khng nhng tt m cn to iu kin lm vic an ton.Mc ch ca n l bo v trnh s ry ln ngi bi acid v cc mnh thu tinh.Tnh cht ca cc dng c ny ph thuc nhiu vo cc cng vic ch yu lm bng tay. Dng c bo v phi khng b rch hoc mang ra ngoi ni s dng. Chng nn c ra sch bng dung dch Natri bicarbonate sau mi ln s dng. Cc dng c hay c s dng : + Bao tay trm c c + Tm chn hoc knh bo v + M cng + Bao tay di bng nha (poly vinyl chloride)

+ ng cao su Khi ly mu hoc m cc thit b c cha HF hoc cc cht c kh nng gy nguy him tng t, ngi thc hnh cn c theo nhng vt sau: - Dng c chm bng nha tng hp - ng bng nha tng hp - Knh v gng tay bo v bng nha bn - o v m trm u. Vn chuyn v ly AHF AHF c vn chuyn trn cc thng hoc xe ch c dung tch xp x t 5400 n 25000 gallon.Thng phi dng kh nn vn chuyn mt lng ln AHF, i khi cn dng c cc thit b quay hay bm p sut. Ly AHF t cc xe hoc thng cha gm 5 bc sau: 1. Chn ni xe hoc thng cha ni ly sn fm. 2. Kt ni vi kh nn v cc thit b ly sn fm ti cc van . 3. Bt u a AHF ti b cha 4. Tho cc thit b bc 2 5. a xe hoc thng cha tr li xe ch. Thit b Thp nh l vt liu hu hiu hn c cho vic tng tr v x l AHF nhit trn 150 F . Thp khng g loi 300 c th dng 200 F . Hp kim ng vi nikel hoc thp nikel thch hp nhit cao. Nha Teflon c th bn vi mi nng ca HF vi nhit ln n 500 F Vic la chn vt liu cho thit b cha AHF ph thuc rt nhiu vo tnh n mn, m, vn tc dng, tp cht. Mi trng hp khc nhau cn a ra xem xt nh gi trc khi la chn vt liu. Thng cha Dung tch ca h thng cha xp x khong 3/2 ln dung tch ln nht phng trnh trng hp tro cid cc phng tin vn chuyn.Thng thng hay la chn h thng cha ln nhiu hn h thng nh.iu ny hu ch khi c s gin n nhiu. Nhng bn cha hnh tr ngang c sn xut theo tiu chun ASME hin hnh i vi cc thit b chu p sut hoc nhng tiu chun tng t ph hp vi yu cu t ra.Yu cu cao hn na l b dy ca thnh bn khng sai s qu

1/8 inch theo tiu chun ASME .Bn cha nn uc hn kp, cc mi hn phi mn v c nh du tin cho vic kim tra , thng dng tia X kim tra cc mi hn. Bn cha nn t v tr thch hp bn trn mt t, trn nn thp hoc btng hnh yn nga l tt nht. Cc thit b an ton dng khi xy ra s c bt thng bn trong bn chu p sut nn c mua nhng c s sn xut c cht lng cao, tng t nh ASME.p sut lm vic ln nht h thng cha khng nn vt qu 2/3 p sut gy ca thit b an ton.H thng an ton lng chc nng cng c quan tm, n bao gm mt van hai chiu v nhng a gin on ngay sau van phng khi van b hng. ng ng Cc ng nn t nghing pha bn cha hoc ni tiu th .iu ny hn ch c s tch t acid nhng ch thp. Nh trnh c cc nguy him khi cn sa cha. Cc van an ton c t cc v tr khc nhau trn ng dn trong trng hp acid b gii hn gia hai van ng. Tt c nhng phn g trn ng i trong ng phi c sn ph bng lp sn acid ch th nhn Mobil#220-Y-7 , khi chuyn t mu da cam sang mu vng chng t c s hin din ca AHF lng hoc hi. ng ng t ni ly sn phm n bn cha cn c lp thm mt cng van c th cho acid dng chy bt c lc no.on ny cng phi chc chn vi bn cha qu trnh hot ng c th rung nht l khi ly sn fm c s dng kh nn Lp rp Nhng khe ln ( 2ins tr ln) fi c hn an ton theo tiu chun ASME , cng c th dng bng thp hn hi.Vi nhng khe nh hn c th dng vi thp nng . Gasket: Lm bng nha Teflon Van Cc van trn kn ca hng Jamesburry c cho l rt hiu qu vi cc thit b c AHF.m van bng Teflon, thn v vnh lm bng thp khng g loi 316, hp kim thp khng g Durimer20, cng van nn c hnh ch O,S,hocY. Bm Cc loi bm quay , ly tm hoc bm p sut thng c s dng .Nguyn

liu chnh cho cc bm ny l thp khng g 300, Durimet 20, hp kim Hastelloy&Monel, Nikel... Dng c o mc Nh sn xut ANF khuyn co nn s dng thit b o mc nam chm nh Fischer & Model 13 C 2265 W. Thit b lc Hai thit b lc c b tr song song cho php hon i khi thay i dng chy ca cid .Vt liu thng c s dng ch to loi thit b ny cng gn ging nhng vt liu miu t trn. Poly Propylen c th c s dng lm vt liu cho thit b lc AHF nu nhit di 200 F . Khi mt thit b lc b hng cn c thay th ngay, trc phi c ra sch bng nc hoc cn thit bng dung dch sa. An ton v ngi AHF lng c th ngay lp tc gy ra nhng vt thng bng nghim trng khi ry ln bt c ni no trn c th. Dung dch HF long ngay lp tc khng gy bng nhng ch ry ln da .Sau mt vi gi dung dch c th thm hon ton vo da gy nn ty v bng da. Qun o b dnh lng nh HF cng c th gy ra cc nguy him nh trn. Hi AHF c th gy nn xng ty v vim da.Nhng vt bng s xut hin sau vi gi.Tip xc nhiu vi hi HF nng cao gy nguy hi cho phi. 2. H2S H2S trong nh my lc ha du thng c hnh thnh trong sut cc qu trnh desulfurizing lm ngt cc dng sn phm chng ct. H2S c mu v l kh c v c mi kh chu ging nh mi trng thi . N c th ha tan trong nc v trong disulfit cacbon. B ha tan trong nc n to thnh mt loi axit yu. H2S d bt la v trong khng kh d c th chy ti SO2 v nc, trong iu kin thiu oxy n c th to thnh S c bn v nc. n c th to ra t phn ng kh H2 v S nng chy hoc vi s bay hi ca S hoc bng treating sulfite kim loi (FeS..)vi mt axit.H2S phn ng vi hu ht cc ion kim loi to thnh dng sulfides . sulfides ca mt vi kim loi khng tan trong nc v c mu c trng c th gip ta nhn bit kim loi trong qu trnh phn tch ha cht. H2S cng phn ng trc tip vi kim loi bc dng xm .trng thi en xm ca Ag2S. mt phng php tm nng nh ca H2S l n trn giy lc c tm chi axetat. Giy tr thnh mu en ( nhm kt ta chisulfdes. Mc ca H2S l c o bng s khc nhau ca mu en ca giy ch axetat

c so snh vi mu chun. thng s ha hc ca H2S c a ra trong bng 15.3. MC NGUY HIM V C HI CA H2S Bng 15.4 ch ra mc c hi ca H2S 1ppm,hu ht mi ngi c th ngi c kh. mi mnh khng c ngha l c nng cao v mi nh khng c ngha l nng thp. mt ngi c th lm vic trong nng 10 ppm ca H2S trong 8 h. nu nng vt qu 10ppm trong mt giai on thi gian ngn sau thi gian phi c lm gim i . Nng 15ppm c th chu ng c trong mt giai on ngn khng vt qu 15phut. C th khng c qu 4 ln 15ppm trong s thay i 8h vi mi ln thay i l 1h.

Nu nng ca H2S vt qu 20ppm , mt cng nhn phi eo cc thit b h hp cho php. Nu nng khng bit th cng nhn phi eo cc thit b h hp cho php n tn khi nng c xc nh Nu tn ti nng 100ppm th c quan khu gic s mt kh nng hay tr ln khng c cm gic gi trong 2 n 15 pht. H2S c th gy ra cm gic chy ti mt,c hng, mi v phi(H2S kt hp vi alkali trong dung dch lng ti dng sulfde natri kim). nng 500ppm,nn nhn s xut hin trng thi say v mt kh nng thng bng v nhn thc ca h. trong trong trng hp ny nn nhn c gng tip tc vi cng vic m h ang lm n khi h bt gp kh. v l do ny, mt ngi phi bit mi ngi m h lm vic cng v c th kim tra mt cch khng thng xuyn thi quen ca cc ng nghip. r rng mi ngi di tc ng ca ru hoc bt k cht kch thch ti b lo khng bao gi c cho php ti ni lm vic c th cha kh chua. Mt nn nhn phi xem xt cn thn v c th yu cu s tnh to. Mt nn nhn nn cn s chm sc ca thuc v khong cho php quay tr li lm vic trong t nht l 8 h 700ppm nn nhn s ri vo trng thi bt tnh mt cch nhanh chng, v c th pht trin cc cn tai bin ging nh cc loi gy ra chng ng kinh. S suy gim kh nng kim sot tnh trng i v tiu tin c th l din ra. Ngng h hp v ci cht l kt qu tt yu , nu khng cu cha v lm hi sc mt cch nhanh chng. mt nng 1000ppm nn nhn c th b bt tnh ngay tc

khc.NN NHN S KHNG CN TH MT CCH CH NG NU CUNG CP KHNG KH SCH. S HI SC NHN TO S C TIN HNH TRONG 3 PHT VI S C MT CA H2S QUN O BO V V AN TON C NHN Nhiu bin php bo v c nhn khi H2S c tho lun trong muc 1 pha trn. Cn thit khi lm vic trong mt vng ni c hoc khng c mt ca H2S , mt mt l thch hp phi lun c nu khng thc s eo. Trong nhng vng hn ch nh l nh cha bm hay my len kn ni m kim sot kh chua hoc cc dung dch kim tra s khng i ca nng H2S trong khng kh phi c tin hnh. iu ny s c hon thnh bng s phn tch khng kh t ng vi mt n ph. Nhc im ca n l s dng cc phn tch thng thng dn ti giy ch axetat .trong tt c cc b phn ph nh cc ta nh nn c cc l thng mt cch hp l s dng h thng qut thng kh. CC VT LIU XY DNG TRONG BO DNG H2S Khng kh cha H2S v hon ton hoc hu ht oxy t do lm s n mn tng ln nhanh chng ca thp nguyn cht bng s to thnh mt mng sulfide trn b mt ca n. Tc n mn trong H2 /H2S tng nh thnh phn ca H2S tng ln khong 5% th tch , trong khi tng qu mc im ny nhn chung ch c mt nh hng nh ti s n mn . thp nguyn cht vi crom v nhm lm tng kh nng bn ca H2S , trong khi nikel khng c nh hng c hi Trng thi m hoc dung dch ca H2S c th gy ln vi n mn nh trong thp nguyn cht v to ra s nguy him ca s n mn nghim trng. s n mn ny l khong 1nm/nm. Tc ny c th xem nh gim xung khong 0,1% / nm s dng thp nguyn cht c 18% crom v 9 % nikel. Cc bnh v ng nn phi lm gim mc ny xung. NIT 1. Hiu bit chung v N2 - N2 chim 78% trong khng kh chng ta th, do n khng c xem nh khng c hi. - Tuy nhin, N2 chan ton th nu c phi trn vi mt lngoxy thch hp. - Ngoi ra N2 (vi lngoxy thp) khng b pht hin bng khu gic. - N2 c s dng thng mi dng tr v c bo qun trnh xa cc cht gy nhim (bao gm coxy), c th gy n mn thit b, nguy c xy ra ho hon, hay c.

- Oxy vi nng thp(nguyn nhn do s tng lng N2) c th c nhng tc ng ti con ngi v c th dn n cht nu nng thp di 10% Nng oxy trong kh Hu qu c th c quyn (%) 20,9 Bnh thng 19.0 Mt snh hng sinh l hc chi khng ng ch 16.0 Nhp th v mch tng, lm gim kh nng suy ngh v ch, lm gim tnh linh hot ca cc b phn trn c th nh chn, tay.. 14.0 Mt mi bt thng khi c gng lm vic, tnh trng bn chn, hot ng khng c linh hot, gim kh nng phnon suy xt. 12.5 Tnh trng gim kh nng phnon, suy xt v s phi hp hot ng rt km, suy h hp, dn n nhng tn thng tim lu di, bun nn, nn ma. <10 Mt kh nng vn ng, mt nhn thc, ln cn co git,v t vong.

- Nguyn nhn dn n cc tai nn lin quan n Nito: + Khng pht hin c s thiu htoxy kh quyn trong cc khong khng gian hp + Nhm ln khi s dng N2 thay cho kh th. + Cng tc s cu, gii thot khng c chun b k. + Cc v tai nn ch yu xy ra trong qu trnh vn hnh, sa cha trong cng nghip v qu trnh sn xut, mt s tai nn c th xy ra

trong cc trng hp khc nh trong phng th nghim v cc trang thit b c s dng trong y t. - Cch phng chng v bin php x l trong trng hp tai nn N2

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