Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TRNG I HC HNG HI
B MN: K THUT MY TNH
KHOA: CNG NGH THNG TIN
BI GING
NGUYN L H IU HNH
TN HC PHN
M HC PHN
TRNH O TO
DNG CHO SV NGNH
: NGUYN L H IU HNH
: 17303
: I HC CHNH QUY
: CNG NGH THNG TIN
HI PHNG - 2010
MC LC
Chng I: NHNG KHI NIM C BN ........................................................................... 6
1.1. Cu trc phn lp v h thng tnh ton ....................................................................... 6
1.1.1. C s ho h lnh ................................................................................................. 6
1.1.2. Tch thit b ngoi vi ra khi processor (micro ho procesor) ............................... 6
1.1.3. Chuyn nguyn tc Lnh thnh Menu ................................................................... 6
1.2. Ti nguyn h thng .................................................................................................... 7
1.2.1. B nh .................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.2. Thi gian thc hin lnh ....................................................................................... 8
1.2.3. Thit b ngoi vi ................................................................................................... 8
1.3. nh ngha h iu hnh .............................................................................................. 8
1.3.1. Vi ngi dng .................................................................................................... 8
1.3.2. Vi ngi qun l ................................................................................................. 9
1.3.3. Vi cn b k thut............................................................................................... 9
1.3.4. Vi cn b lp trnh h thng ................................................................................ 9
1.4. Phn loi h iu hnh ................................................................................................. 9
1.4.1. H iu hnh n nhim v h iu hnh a nhim ............................................... 9
1.4.2. H iu hnh n Chng v h iu hnh a Chng (MultiUsers) .................... 9
1.4.3. H iu hnh tp trung v h iu hnh phn tn ................................................ 10
1.4.4. H iu hnh phn chia thi gian v h iu hnh thi gian thc ........................ 10
1.5. Tnh cht chung ca h iu hnh .............................................................................. 10
1.5.1. tin cy cao ..................................................................................................... 10
1.5.2. an ton .......................................................................................................... 10
1.5.3. Hiu qu ............................................................................................................. 11
1.5.4. Tng qut ........................................................................................................... 11
1.5.5. Thun tin .......................................................................................................... 11
1.6. Nguyn tc xy dng h iu hnh ............................................................................ 11
1.6.1. Modul ................................................................................................................. 11
1.6.2. Nguyn tc tng i trong nh v ..................................................................... 11
1.6.3. Macroprocessor .................................................................................................. 11
1.6.4. Ph chc nng .................................................................................................... 11
1.6.5. Gi tr chun (ngm nh): .................................................................................. 11
1.6.6. Tham s .............................................................................................................. 12
1.6.7. Nguyn l bo v ................................................................................................ 12
1.7. Thnh phn h iu hnh ........................................................................................... 12
1.7.1. Thnh phn ca h iu hnh .............................................................................. 12
1.7.2. Thnh phn ca MSDOS .................................................................................... 12
Chng II: QUN L THIT B ........................................................................................ 14
2.1. Quan h phn cp trong t chc v qun l thit b ngoi vi....................................... 14
2.1.1. S a dng ca cc thit b ngoi vi: ................................................................... 14
2.1.2. Quan h gia vi x l vi thit b ngoi vi .......................................................... 14
2.1.3. Thc hin cc php vo/ra .................................................................................. 14
2.1.4. Kt thc chng trnh knh................................................................................. 15
-1-
-3-
L thuyt
45
Thc hnh/Xemina
0
T hc
0
Loi hc phn: 1
Khoa ph trch: CNTT
Tng s TC: 2
Bi tp ln
0
n mn hc
0
TN CHNG MC
Chng I: Nhng khi nim c bn
1.1. Cu trc phn lp v h thng tnh ton
1.2. Ti nguyn h thng
1.3. nh ngha h iu hnh
1.4. Tnh cht chung ca h iu hnh
1.5. Thnh phn h iu hnh
1.6. Cc nguyn tc xy dng h iu hnh
Chng II: Qun l thit b
2.1. Quan h phn cp trong t chc v qun l thit b
ngoi vi
2.2. C ch phng m
2.3. C ch SPOOL
2.4. Qun l File
2.5. Qun l file trong h iu hnh MSDOS
Chng III : Qun l b nh
10
2
1
1
2
9
1
-4-
TN CHNG MC
3.1. Cc giai on x l chng trnh
3.2. Qun l b nh logic- cu trc mt chng trnh
3.3. Qun l b nh vt l
3.4. Qun l b nh IBM PC ca MSDOS
Chng IV : Qun l tin trnh
4.1. Qun l tin trnh
4.2. Qun l Processor
Chng V : H iu hnh nhiu vi x l - h iu
hnh phn tn
5.2. H iu hnh nhiu vi x l
5.3. H iu hnh phn tn
5.4. Qun l ti nguyn trong h iu hnh phn tn
-5-
-6-
C ch Menu
- H thng gii thiu cho ngi dng cc kh nng phc v ca mnh di dng cc
bng chn, ngi dng ch ch cho h thng trnh by danh mc cc cng vic v
la chn cng vic c th yu cu
- Cc cng vic c phn nhm theo tng phm tr d tm kim
- H thng mang tnh cht t o to: cng lm vic cng hiu su hn
Nguyn tc xy dng Menu
Bng li:
Dng li ch chnh xc cng vic s thc hin, t chc phn gii tt
D thc hin
Chu hng ro ngn ng
Bng biu tng:
Mi cng vic c miu t bng mt hnh nh
Hp dn, d hiu vi mi loi i tng
Chng c hng ro ngn ng
Kh t chc v phn gii thp
Khc phc nhc im ca hai hnh thc t chc trn: t chc c hai hnh thc:
Khi a hp sng hay khung tch cc ti mt biu tng th dng ch thch
xut hin
Khi a hp sng hay khung tch cc p vo mt mc no bng li th
biu tng xut hin
Ngoi ra cn tn ti c ch phm nng, lnh chun
Tm li: H thng phi c trch nhim m bo cc iu kin vt cht v cc chng
trnh c th thc hin c ng thi phi duy tr h thng trng thi ng b (c ngha l
h thng phi c chc nng qun l ti nguyn)
1.2. Ti nguyn h thng
Bao gm:
- Khng gian: Khng gian nh
- Thi gian: Thi gian thc hin lnh
- Thit b ngoi vi
1.2.1. B nh
- B nh l ni lu tr thng tin.
- c trng b nh
Thi gian truy nhp
Phn cp
Phn loi
- Thi gian truy nhp
Thi gian truy nhp trc tip: thi gian trc tip truy nhp ti a ch bt
k trong b nh.
Thi gian truy nhp tun t: Khi tn ti mt cch t chc lu tr k tip.
- Phn cp b nh
B nh thng c phn cp theo tc truy nhp trc tip hay k tip.
B nh c gi l thc hin nu processor c th thc hin cu lnh bt k
ghi trong . c im ca b nh ny l thi gian truy nhp thc hin v
truy nhp tun t l bng nhau. B nh trong bao gi cng l b nh thc
hin.
Khng gian b nh
Gi thnh
-7-
Phn loi b nh
B nh trong: C tc truy nhp cao nhng khng gian b nh nh
B nh ngoi: C khng gian b nh ln nhng tc truy nhp thp.
Thi gian truy nhp trc tip thng ln hn thi gian truy tun t. Loi b nh
ph bin l b nh a cng, a mm, bng t, a quang.
m thi.
H iu hnh a chng
- H iu hnh cho php ti mt thi im c th phc v nhiu ngi s dng.
1.4.3. H iu hnh tp trung v h iu hnh phn tn
H iu hnh tp trung
- Trn mt h thng my tnh ch c mt HH duy nht ci my ch. Cc my trm
c khi ng nh my ch v n ch lm chc nng nhp/xut d liu. Mi x l
u tp trung my ch.
H iu hnh phn tn
- Trn mi my c 1 h iu hnh khc nhau, my ch chu trch nhim cung ng cc
dch v truy nhp n cc ti nguyn chung v iu hnh ton
- h thng, cc php x l c th tin hnh my trm.
1.4.4. H iu hnh phn chia thi gian v h iu hnh thi gian thc
H iu hnh phn chia thi gian (Share time)
- Mt CPU lun phin phc v cc tin trnh v 1 tin trnh c th ri vo trng thi
ch i khi cha c phn phi CPU.
H iu hnh thi gian thc (Real time)
- Mt tin trnh khi xm nhp vo h thng th bt k lc no u c phn
phi CPU.
1.5. Tnh cht chung ca h iu hnh
1.5.1. tin cy cao
Mi hot ng thng bo ca h iu hnh chun xc tuyt i
Khi chc chn ng th my mi cung cp thng tin cho ngi dng
Mi cng vic bao gi cng c kim tra, nh gi
V d: C:\>COPY A:\ F1.TXT B:
Kim tra lnh COPY
Kim tra cc iu khin
Tn ti hay khng cc a
ng c c quay khng
a c truy nhp c khng
Tn ti hay khng tp tin f1.txt
Cht lng thng tin trn a nh th no?
c mt phn thng tin trong F1.TXT hay ton b
1.5.2. an ton
T chc cho d liu v chng trnh khng b xo hoc thay i ngoi mun.
Chc nng bo v thng tin c chia thnh nhiu mc:
- Cc mc do h thng m nhim: V d: trong cc h thng UNIX, khi mun xo
hay sa i ni dung mt tp, ngi s dng phi c quyn xo sa i vi file .
- Cc mc do ngi s dng m nhim: V d: Lnh DEL *.* ca MSDOS, h
thng hi li ngi s dng mt ln na trnh sai st v .
- 10 -
1.5.3. Hiu qu
Cc ti nguyn phi c khai thc trit ngay c khi iu kin ti nguyn hn ch
song vn c th gii quyt cc yu cu phc tp.
Tnh ng b cao (duy tr ng trong ton b h thng)
1.5.4. Tng qut
Tnh k tha cc phin bn trc y
Thch nghi vi nhng thay i c th c trong tng lai
1.5.5. Thun tin
- D s dng
- C nhiu mc hiu qu khc nhau tu kinh nghim v kin thc ngi dng:
Giao tip dng dng lnh
Giao tip dng thc n (Menu)
Giao tip dng biu tng
1.6. Nguyn tc xy dng h iu hnh
1.6.1. Modul
Xy dng t cc Modul c lp quan h vi nhau thng qua d liu Vo/ra
Tn ti c ch lin kt cc Modul c lp thnh h thng c t chc
1.6.2. Nguyn tc tng i trong nh v
Cc Modul c vit theo a ch tng i k t u b nh, khi thc hin chng c
nh v ti vng nh c th nh vy h thng s dng b nh linh hot hn v h iu hnh
khng ph thuc vo cu hnh b nh
1.6.3. Macroprocessor
Khi c mt cng vic c th, h thng s:
Xy dng cc phiu yu cu
Lit k cc bc phi thc hin
Xy dng chng trnh tng ng
Thc hin chng trnh
V d: Trong MSDOS ta c cc tp config.sys v autoexec.bat
1.6.4. Ph chc nng
Mt cng vic ca h iu hnh c th c thc hin bng nhiu phng tin khc
nhau cho php ngi dng chn gii php ti u vi bi ton ca mnh
V d: Khi in tp F1.TXT c cc gii php:
C:\>COPY F1.TXT PRN
C:\>TYPE F1.TXT >PRN
C:\>PRINT F1.TXT
1.6.5. Gi tr chun (ngm nh):
H thng chun b sn cc bng gi tr cho cc tham s iu khin
Nu trong cc cu lnh ca ngi dng cn thiu nhng tham s gi tr th h thng s
t ng ly gi tr tng ng bng gi tr chun ra thc hin
V d: C:\BT> DIR
Xem a no:
C
Th mc no:
BT
Ci g:
Mi th mc con, tp trong th mc ny v khng b che
- 11 -
Nh th no:
Ra u:
Tham s:
1.6.6. Tham s
- Tham s v tr: L loi tham s m ngha ca n xc nh bi v tr xut hin trong
bng tham s. ng u dng tham s
- Tham s kho: L loi tham s m ngha xc nh bng t kha
V d:
C:\>DIR D: /W/A/P
C:\>DIR D: /A/P/W
Trong :
D:
l tham s v tr
/W, /A hay /P
l tham s kho
1.6.7. Nguyn l bo v
- Chng trnh v d liu phi c bo v nhiu mc, bng nhiu kho.
- V d trong Linux
+ Mc 1: Ngi s dng phi c ti khon mi c s dng my tnh.
+ Mc 2: Ch nhng ngi s dng thuc nhm A mi c truy nhp v tp
chung ca nhm A.
1.7. Thnh phn h iu hnh
1.7.1. Thnh phn ca h iu hnh
- Ngn ng lm vic v giao tip: H iu hnh c quan h vi ba i tng nn tn ti
ba ngn ng lm vic v giao tip
Ngn ng my (Ngn ng thc hin):
L ngn ng thc hin duy nht ca h thng. Mi ngn ng khc u phi c
nh x sang ngn ng thc hin
Ngn ng vn hnh (h iu hnh):
Thao tc vin giao tip vi h thng
Ngn ng thut ton:
Ngi dng giao tip vi h thng: Pascal, C... (Cn phi c chng trnh dch).
- Cc Modul chng trnh ca h thng c th chia thnh hai lp:
Chng trnh iu khin:
+ Qun l ti nguyn
+ Qun l tin trnh
+ Qun l, t chc d liu
+ Chng trnh th k, iu phi nhim v
Chng trnh phc v:
+ Chng trnh bin tp
+ Chng trnh dch
1.7.2. Thnh phn ca MSDOS
Nhng nm 1980, khi hng Intel cho ra i b vi x l 16 bt 8086, Jim Paterson xy
dng h iu hnh trang b cho loi my tnh s dng b vi x l ny l 86-DOS.
Hng Microsoft mua li h iu hnh ca Jim Paterson v pht trin thnh h iu
hnh PC-DOS hay MSDOS. Phin bn u tin ca MSDOS th h 1.0 ra i vo 8/1981.
- Cc ci tin c bn ca MSDOS 1.0
C thm loi Chng trnh chy EXE bn cnh cc Chng trnh COM.
- 12 -
- 13 -
Driver 1
Driver 2
TBNV 1
TBNV 2
- 14 -
- 15 -
Phn loi:
Phng m trung gian
Phng m x l
Phng m vng
2.2.1. Phng m trung gian:
Lu tr tm thi kt qu vo/ra nh vy tn ti hai c ch phng m:
Phng m vo
- Phng m ch dng nhp thng tin. Trong h thngs c lnh a thng tin
vo phng m (c vt l).
- Khi gp ch th c (READ), thng tin s c tch v chuyn t phng m vo
cc a ch tng ng trong Chng trnh ng dng. Nh vy, mi gi tr c lu
tr hai ni trong b nh (mt phng m v mt vng b nh trong Chng
trnh ng dng). Khi gi tr cui cng ca phng m vo c ly ra th phng m
c gii phng (rng) v h thng a thng tin mi vo phng m trong thi
gian ngn nht c th.
- gim thi gian ch i, h thng c th t chc nhiu phng m vo, khi ht
thng tin mt phng m, h thng s chuyn sang phng m khc.
Phng m ra
- Khi c ch th ghi (WRITE), thng tin c a vo phng m. Khi phng m ra
y, h thng s a thng tin ra thit b ngoi vi.
- H thng cng c th t chc nhiu phng m ra.
Buffer
System
Buffer
System
Read(f,a)
a
Write(f,a)
u im:
- n gin
- H s song song cao (do tc gii phng vng m ln)
- Vn nng, p dng cho mi php vo/ra
Nhc
- Tn b nh
- Thi gian trao i
- Nhiu li x l
2.2.2. Phng m x l:
Thng tin c x l ngay trong phng m
Truy nhp thng tin theo a ch (tnh a ch ca thng tin trong phng m v cung
cp cho chng trnh)
u im:
- Tit kim b nh
- Khng mt thi gian chuyn thng tin b nh trong
- 16 -
Nhc:
- H s song song thp
- Tc gii phng phng m chm
- Tnh vn nng khng cao
Buffer
System
a
2.2.3. Phng m vng
Kt hp c 2 loi phng m trn
T chc 3 phng m
X l
Ra
Vo
Disk
X l
kt thc
ng dng:
- M phng qu trnh iu khin, qun l thit b ngoi vi
- To ra cc SPOOL, m phng cc php trao i ngoi vi ngay trong lc thc hin
- 17 -
HH
Trao i Vo/ra
Thit b Vo/ra
mc ngi dng:
- Giao din tt
- Mang tnh c th ca h thng
Mc h iu hnh:
- Mang tnh vn nng
- Tn ti nhiu thnh phn, ph thuc vo thit b v n phi lin h vi h thng
2.5. Qun l file trong h iu hnh MSDOS
B nh ngoi (a t) c hai tham s chnh:
- Tham s v thit b c a t
- Tham s v bn thn a
2.5.1. Thit b c, ghi:
Nguyn tc hot ng theo nam chm in
2.5.2. Tham s a t:
Lu tr c nh trn a.
a c th c 1, 2 hay nhiu mt (side), chng c nh s th t t 0. Mi mt c
truy nhp bng mt u t (head).
Trn cc mt, thng tin c ghi theo cc ng trn ng tm (Track - rnh t) c a
im u thng hng nhau. Chng c nh s th t t 0 v t ngoi vo trong tm a.
Tp hp cc rnh c bn knh bng nhau trn cc mt to thnh t tr (Cylinder)
Trn cc rnh, thng tin ghi theo tng phn mt gi l cung t (sector) c di bng
nhau, mt sector c th l 128, 256, 512, 1024 byte. Cc sector c nh s bt u t 1
(Hin nay nng cao dung lng lu tr trn a t, k thut LBA c s dng)
- 19 -
14
13
12
11
10
Cylinder
Sector
Th tc m ho Cylinder v Sector
Function CylSecEncode(Cylinder, Sector : Word) : Word;
Begin
CylSecEncode := (Lo(Cylinder) shl 8) or (Hi(Cylinder) shl 6) or Sector;
End;
Output:
Nu c li: Carry Flag=CY=1 v m li trong AH
Nu khng li: AH = 0 v ES:BX => a ch vng nh
Mt a cng bao gm:
- Phn h thng
- Phn d liu
- 20 -
FDD
Boot Sector
FAT1
FAT2
Root
File
Vng h thng
55AA
ngha
EBxx90 (s hiu c bit)
Tn h thng format a
BC 90
4D 53 44 4F 53 35 2E 30
00 02
20
00
02
00 02
00 00
F8
80 00
00
BC 19 00 00
0E 00 10 00
50
00
15 BE 18
4E 4F 20 4E 41 4D 45 20 20 20 20
41 54 31 36 20 20 20 F1 33
3D 00
29
B/ Th mc gc (Root Directory)
Dy cc mc vo, mi mc vo 32 byte chia thnh:
S hiu
a ch
di
ngha
1
0
8
Tn t/m, tp (nu thiu b sung du cch 20h)
2
8
3
Phn m rng
3
B
1
Thuc tnh
4
C
10
Cha dng ti (vi MSDOS6.22)
5
16
2
Gi to lp
6
18
2
Ngy to lp
7
1A
2
Cha lin cung khi ng
8
1C
4
Kch thc tp
- 22 -
Thuc tnh H: At OR 2
Xo thuc tnh mt tp:
Thc hin php AND tng ng m b1 tng ng vi thuc tnh
V d:
Thuc tnh R (thc hin php AND vi 1111 1110): At AND FEh
Thuc tnh H (thc hin php AND vi 1111 1101): At AND FDh
Ngy, gi to lp h thng:
Byte Time: xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx
gi pht giy
Byte Date: xxxxxxx xxxx xxxxx
s nm
thng ngy
(Gi tr nm tnh t nm 1980)
C/ Bng FAT
Chc nng:
- To danh sch mc ni cc Cluster ca cng mt tp (qun l b nh s dng)
- Qun l b nh t do (vng b nh cha dnh cho tp tin hay th mc no)
- nh du cc Bad Cluster (nng cao tin cy a)
Bao gm:
- Dy cc phn t, mi phn t c th l: 12,16, 32bit tng ng cho FAT12, FAT16,
FAT32.
- Cc phn t c nh s 0,1,2..
- T phn t th 2, mi phn t trong FAT tng ng vi mt Cluster v ngc li
FAT12: Dung lng: 2 12= 4096KB = 4MB
FAT16: Dung lng: 2 16= 64MB vi 2Sector/1Cluster
2 16= 128MB vi 4Sector/1Cluster
2 16= 1024MB vi 32Sector/1Cluster
FAT32: Dung lng: 2 32= 8GB vi 2Sector/1Cluster
- Phn t th nht: tt c cc bit l 1 do
Vi a cng: HD: s hiu FF8h
Vi a mm: FD: s hiu FF0h
- Du hiu kt thc 1 chui Cluster l FFFh hoc FFFFh
V d: a mm 1.44MB vi FAT12
Starting Cluster: 6:
FF0
FFF
8
5
FFF
9
4
7
3
- 25 -
D/ Partition
Bao gm: 4 phn t, mi phn t 16byte chia thnh 4 trng, mi trng 4byte.
Mi phn t khc khng xc nh 1 phn t c s dng nh 1 a t c lp
Nu bit a ch vt l u c th tnh c a ch logic u, cc tham s cn li
/c V/l u
/c V/l cui
/c Logic cui
Tng s Sector
a ch vt l u: 4byte
SYS
CYS
SYS
TYPE:
00h: cm c ghi (khng cho php truy nhp)
01h: p dng cho a c dung lng nh hn 4MB (FAT 12)
04h: p dng cho a c dung lng nh hn 32MB (FAT 16)
06h: p dng cho a c dung lng ln hn 32MB (FAT 16)
0Ch: p dng cho a c dung lng ln hn FAT32
SYS:
Bng 80h nu l a h thng TYPE = 51 (DM: disk manager)
Bng 05h: loi m rng (extended) cu trc logic nh mt a cng vt l
v vy tn ti master boot ring, c partition ring.
V d:
Vi FAT16: a ch bt u ca Partition l 1BEh
80 01 01 00 06 3F FF 4D 3F 00 00 00 41 00 34 00
00 00 00 00...
00 00
00 00
55 AA
- 26 -
c MBR
uses crt,MSDOS;
const s16:string[16]='0123456789abcdef';
var reg:registers;
B:array[0..511]of byte;
i:integer; j,k:byte;ch:char;
begin clrscr;
with reg do
begin
dl:=$80;dh:=0;
cl:=1;ch:=0;
al:=1;ah:=2;
bx:=ofs (b);es:=seg (b);
end;
intr ($13,reg);
for i:=$1be to 511 do
begin
j:=b[i]shr 4+1;
k:=b[i]and$0f+1;
write (s16[j]:2,s16[k]);
if (i+1)mod 16 =0 then
begin
write (' ':5);
for j:=i-15 to i do
if (b[j]<32)or (b[j]=255)then write ('.')
else write (chr (b[j]));
if (i=255)then ch:=readkey;
writeln;
end end;
readln
end.
CU HI V BI TP
2.1. Trnh by vic phn cp trong t chc v qun l thit b ngoi vi.
2.2. Trnh by vai tr ca b m? Nu cc cch iu khin b m vo ra d liu.
2.3. Trnh by cc phng php t chc d liu trn h thng my tnh
2.4. Anh, ch hy trnh by cc phng php truy nhp d liu c dng ph bin hin
nay.
2.5. V s thut ton vic c v hin th gi tr ca 05 ch mc u tin trong bng FAT32
2.6. Xy dng chng trnh c thng tin trn 1 a cng v hin th ra mn hnh cho bit a
c bao nhiu mt, trn mi mt c bao nhiu rnh, trn mi rnh c bao nhiu sector, s
sector trn mt lin cung v tng s lin cung.
2.7. Xy dng chng trnh lit k v lu vo a bng phn vng ca a cng c th
2.8. Xy dng chng trnh lit k v lu cc thng s h thng c lu tr trong Boot
Record ca 01 a logic.
2.9. Xy dng chng trnh lit k cc mc vo ca Root trn 01 a cng c th FAT16 hoc
FAT32)
2.10. Xy dng chng trnh lit k 01 sector bt k trn a.
2.11. Xy dng chng trnh lit k thng tin ca 01 file text lu tr trn a
2.12. Xy dng chng trnh lit k thng tin ca bng MFT trong a cng s dng k thut
qun l file NTFS
- 27 -
Tn
ngoi
Tn trong
Modul
dch
Modul
thc hin
C.trnh
thc hin
Qun l b nh
THC
HIN
Q/l T/trnh
Chng trnh ngun: Cc chng trnh c vit di dng ngn ng thut ton qua
chng trnh dch dch sang ngn ng my.
Cc php nh x: h thng phi chuyn i cc tn ngoi thnh tn trong
Tn ngoi: do ngi dng t
Tn trong: tn do h thng t trong qu trnh dch, dng phn phi b nh v xc lp
mi quan h n tr tn a ch (do hm a ch thc hin)
Hm a ch xc lp quan h gia khng gian tn v khng gian b nh (b nh logic)
Modul dch ca chng trnh l chng trnh vit trn ngn ng my, nhng n mi
c xt c lp khng nhng vo quan h chung ca ton h thng v vy cn phi chuyn
thnh chng trnh thc hin.
Vic tp hp cc chng trnh modul dch thnh cc chng trnh dng thc hin do
chng trnh bin tp (LINK) m nhim.
nh v chng trnh: np chng trnh vo b nh trong c th, t vo v tr xc nh
v sa a ch cho thch hp vi mi trng khai thc c th.
Vi chng trnh .COM: dung lng nh hn 64KB nn c th t mt ni no v
thc hin ngay khng cn sa i
Vi chng trnh .EXE: chng trnh c chun b gn dng thc hin nhng cha lp
rp v vy khi a vo b nh phi lp rp theo chng trnh iu khin (bin tp li)
Ch lp trnh:
VLG: dung lng b nh logic
VPH: dung lng b nh vt l
Ch b nh thc:
Yu cu VLG< VPH nh vy b nh s dng nh hn b nh ta c
Ch b nh o:
Khng c rng buc gia VLG v VPH nh vy khi qun l khng gian b nh:
Logic: quan tm ti chng trnh c b tr nh th no\
Vt l: quan tm ti chng trnh v d liu
Tm li: quan tm ti vic xc lp quan h gia hai b nh
- 28 -
u im:
- Tit kim b nh
- ngi dng khng phi can thip vo chng trnh ngun
- Cc modul khng phi lu tr nhiu ln
Nhc:
- Ngi dng phi cung cp s overlay
- Hiu qu s dng b nh tng dn ti 1 mc no th dng li
- Hn ch 1 s cch gi chng trnh con
3.2.4. Cu trc phn on
Khi chng trnh ca ngi dng c bin tp to thnh cc modul ring bit, tp hp
cc chng trnh l 1 bng iu khin cho bit chng trnh c th s dng nhng modul no
thng qua SCB (segment control block)
SCB cha 1 s thng tin tr gip nh v chng trnh, da vo SCB np modul vo
trong b nh.
Khi thc hin chng trnh da vo SCB kim tra xem modul c trong b nh hay
khng, nu cha c trong b nh th chng trnh c np vo bt k vng nh no .
u im:
- Cc modul khng cn phi naptucj v khng cn c v tr c nh
- Ngi dng khng cn phi khai bo bt k thng tin ph no
- Thc hin nhanh hn so vi s overlay
- Hiu qu tng dn theo kch thc b nh
Nhc:
- Ph thuc cu trc ban u ca chng trnh ngun
3.2.5. Cu trc phn trang
Chng trnh ca ngi dng c chia thnh tng trang c kch thc ging nhau
c qun l bi bng qun l trang
Khi thc hin s np dn tng trang theo nhu cu v vy hn ch lng ph b nh
C s h tr ca phn cng
y h s tch tr b nh ln cao
- 30 -
Phn cp b nh:
Phn Trang:
ROM (384B):
Ghi c 1 ln
Khng cn ngun gi
Tc truy nhp cao
S cp: 640KB u tin
Expended:
Phc v cho Vo/ra
Processor cn lm vic trc tip vi b nh ny
Extended: i hi ch m rng
Ngoi:
Disk: khi lng ln, thi gian lu tr lu di
Chuyn dng:
CMOS (64KB): lu tr thng tin cu hnh
R: truy nhp nhanh, phi phi hp vi CPU
Buffer: hot ng nh 1 my tnh chuyn dng
Cache: phc v Vo/ra
3.3. Qun l b nh vt l
B nh c lch thc c th v vy nhy cm vi cc kiu s dng c th
3.3.1. Phn chng c nh
B nh c chia thnh n phn khng nht thit phi bng nhau, mi phn s dng nh
1 b nh c lp gi l Chng
Bao nhiu Chng th c by nhiu chng trnh
Mi chng trnh c 1 danh sch qun l b nh t do cha s dng ring
Chng trnh c np vo chng no s tn ti cho ti khi kt thc
u im:
- n gin
- D bo v
- Tn ti cng c bn trong b nh c th phn chia li h thng
- C th phn loi cc chng trnh trc khi thc hin v vy c th t chc phc v
gn ti u
Nhc:
- B nh b phn on nn khi phn chia li s thay i ng bin v vy thng tin b
xo
3.3.2. Ch phn chng ng
Ch tn ti 1 danh sch qun l b nh t do cho ton b h thng nh.
Mi chng trnh khi xut hin c phn phi 1 vng nh ring lin tc c s dng
nh 1 b nh c lp
u im:
- H s song song cao, khng c nh
- S chng trnh thc hin c th thay i
- Khng b phn on nn c th thc hin 1 chng trnh bt k min l c b
nh
- 31 -
- C ch i ch ( b nh th lm vic)
- H thng iu khin khng b sao chp i ni khc
Nhc:
- Hiu qu s dng b nh khng cao
- Nu c s c k thut th chng trnh s b ph hu
- S phc tp
- Xut hin hin tng phn on ngoi
Khc phc:
- B tr li b nh tm thi im thch hp ln lt dng cc chng trnh ang c
thc hin
- a 1 s chng trnh t vng nh trang sang nh ngoi
3.3.3. Ch phn on
Chng trnh c cu trc phn on. (c bin tp thnh cc modul ring bit Tn
to bng SCB)
Ngi dng hon ton khng quan tm ti SCB v chng trnh ca h c b tr nh
th no trong b nh
SCB bao gm cc phn t, mi phn t tng ng vi 1 modul c lp.
Mi phn t bao gm 3 trng:
D
Trng D:
0: cha np vo b nh
1: np
Trng A: a ch ni np modul vo b nh
Trng L: di modul
Ban u D v L c gi tr, L ch kch thc modul v D=0 (cha np), SCB c xy
dng ngay khi bin tp
Khi thc hin SCB c np vo trong b nh, a ch ca n c a vo thanh ghi
qun l on RS (register segment)
a ch truy nhp d liu c biu din di dng cp (s,d)
s: s hiu segment (modul) cn truy nhp
d: a ch tng i tnh t segment
Truy nhp: 2 ln hng ti b nh
- Ln 1: Ly ni dung ca thanh ghi (RS) ghp vi s truy nhp ti phn t th s
trong bng SCB
- Ln 2: da vo (khi D=1) ly a+d truy nhp ti d liu
u im:
- p dng trn my bt k
- Cho php s dng chung cc modul trong b nh
Nhc:
- Hiu qu ph thuc cu trc ban u ca chng trnh ngun
- Phn on ngoi: b tr li b nh
Nu xut hin nhu cu b tr li:
- a ra modul tn ti duy nht trong b nh
- a ra modul c ln s dng cch ay lu nht
- a ra modul c tn sut s dng thp nht
- 32 -
AP
2
3
- 35 -
s0 s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s7
sn-1 sn sn+1
Quan im ca ngi dng: Tin trnh l mt qu trnh thc hin chng trnh
Tin trnh ng mc: Nhng tin trnh c mt s ti nguyn s dng chung theo nguyn
tc ln lt.
4.3.3. iu tin trnh - Ti nguyn Gng
Ti nguyn Gng: Ti nguyn phn phi cho mt ngi phc v, nh vy ti mt thi
im nu ng thi c nhiu tin trnh mun s dng ti nguyn Gng: iu tin trnh
khng c khi no c mt tin trnh chim dng ti nguyn
on chng trnh c s dng ti nguyn Gng gi l on Gng
V d:
TTA ghi ni dung bin Dem vo TgA (bin cc b)
TTB ghi ni dung bin Dem vo TgB
TTA tng TgA
TTB tng TgB
Nu khng k, c th hiu lm l bin Dem tng 2 n v. Song thc cht c 2 tin
trnh A v B u tng ni dung Dem, song ni dung ny ch tng 1 n v. Cn phi c cch
gii quyt c th.
- Dem : Ti nguyn Gng
- on chng trnh x l bin Dem : Chng trnh gng : on gng.
Khc phc ng :
- Ti mt thi im c khng qu mt tin trnh nm trong on Gng
- Khng mt tin trnh no c php lu v hn trong on Gng
- Khng mt tin trnh no phi ch v hn ngoi on Gng
Cng c iu tin trnh qua on gng :
- Cp thp: nm ngoi tin trnh c iu
- Cp cao: nm trong tin trnh
Cng c iu cp thp :
- Phng php kho trong
- Phng php kim tra v xc lp
- K thut n bo
a, Phng php kho trong (Kim tra lun phin)
Nguyn tc: hai hay nhiu tin trnh cng nh ghi vo mt a ch no ca b nh
trong th s k thut ch cho php mt tin trnh lm vic cn tin trnh khc phi ch
Mi tin trnh: s dng mt byte trong vng b nh chung lm kho, khi vo c on
Gng, gn gi tr l 1, thng bo cho cc tin trnh khc bit c tin trnh s dng ti
nguyn gng
Gii thut Delker
Begin
k1 := 0; k2:= 0; tg:=1;
kt1:=1; kt2:=1;
begin
repeat
k1:=1;
While k2=1 do Ct2
if Tg=2 then begin
k1:=0;
While tg=2 do Ct2
k1:=1;
end;
k1:=0; tg:=2;
until kt1=0;
repeat
- 37 -
k2:=1;
While k1=1 do Ct2
if Tg=2 then begin
k2:=0;
While tg=1 do Ct2
k2:=1;
end;
k2:=0; tg:=1;
until kt2=0;
u im
- D t chc thc hin
- C tnh cht vn nng p dng cho mi cng c v mi h thng.
Nhc:
- phc tp t l vi s lng tin trnh v s ti nguyn gng
- Mt tin trnh c th b ngn chn bi tin trnh th 3
- Khi tc hai tin trnh kh chnh lch, mt trong hai tin trnh phi ch
b. Phng php kim tra v xc lp (Phng php Perterson)
Tng ng vi phng php kho trong s dng cc gi tr kim tra l cc bin trng
thi: tham s (cc b, ton cc).
Gii thut
PAR l mt lnh gm hai tham s:
L: cc b (Local)
G: ton cc (Global)
Chc nng PAR
Gn L = G v gn G = 1;
Hai lnh trn phi c thc hin lin tc khng b chia r.
Mi tin trnh s s dng hai bin l bin local ca mnh v bin global ca
ton Chng trnh.
Gii thut
Var L1, L2, G: byte;
Begin
G:=0;
begin
TT:=1;
repeat
L1:=1;
while L1=1 do PAR(L1);
{on gia tin trnh 1}
G:=0;
{phn cn li ca tin trnh 1}
until false
TT:=2;
repeat
L2:=1;
while L2=1 do PAR(L2);
{on gia tin trnh 2}
G:=0;
{phn cn li ca tin trnh 2}
until false
end;
End;
u im:
- Khc phc c phc tp ca thut ton, phc tp thut ton khng ph thuc
vo s lng tin trnh.
- 38 -
Nhc im:
- Vn cn hin tng ch i tch cc.
c. KT n bo (Semaphore - Dijkstra)
H thng s dng bin n bo nguyn c bit (Semaphore) s. Ban u s nhn mt gi
tr bng kh nng phc v ca ti nguyn gng. H thng c hai php thao tc trn s l P(s)
v V(s).
P (s): Proberen (ting H Lan) c ngha l gim
Gim S i 1 n v
Nu s 0 tip tc thc hin tin trnh
Ngc li a tin trnh vo dng xp hng
V (s): Verhogen c ngha l kim tra
Tng S ln 1
Nu s 0 kch hot mt tin trnh ra hot ng
Gii thut:
Var s: byte;
Begin
s:=1;
begin
tt:=1;
repeat
P(s)
{on gia tin trnh 1}
V(s);
{phn cn li ca tin trnh 1}
until false
tt:=2;
repeat
P(s)
{on gia tin trnh 2}
V(s);
{phn cn li ca tin trnh 2}
until false
end;
End;
- c im quan trng l 2 php P v V l lin tc, trong qu trnh thc hin P hoc V
th processor khng b ngt chuyn sang cng vic khc.
- Tuy nhin cc php x l ny c th khng tn ti trn cc my v P v V phi lm
vic vi dng xp hng v thng tin lu tr kh ln. khc phc iu ny ngi ta xy
dng cc th tc procedure thc hin cc php x l ny.
+ u ca thn th tc bao gi cng ra lnh cm ngt tc l chn mi tn hiu vo
processor CLI, tr nhng tn hiu bt buc (ngt khng che
c).
+ Cui thn th tc c lnh gii phng ngt (STI).
d. Cng c iu cp cao chng trnh th k (Monitor)
c im:
- Nm ngoi tin trnh ca ngi s dng
- Ngi s dng khng bit ti nguyn g v khi no thuc on gng
Chng trnh th k (Monitor): cu trc c bit bao gm cc th tc, cc bin v cu
trc d liu hot ng trong ch phn chia th gian , h tr vic thc hin tin trnh, vi
cc thuc tnh:
- 39 -
Wait (C)
begin
status (p)=kho
enter (p, f (C)) { a p vo hng i}
end;
Signal (C)
begin
if f (C)<>nil then
exit (q, f (C)) { a q ra khi hng i}
end;
- 40 -
b. D bo v phng trnh
Khng phng nga nhng mi ln phn phi ti nguyn th kim tra xem vic phn phi
c kh nng y h thng vo tnh trng tc nghn khng? Nu xut hin nguy c trn th
tm cch gii quyt c th trc khi tc nghn c th xy ra
Thut ton:
- C n tin trnh
- H thng c k thit b
- Tin trnh i yu cu ti a mt lc max (i) n v thit b c th thc hin, nhng
hin ch nhn c f (i) n v thit b
- Tin trnh i kt thc kt (i)=true
Thut ton :
t:=k;
for i:=1 to n do
begin
t:=t-f (i);
cl[i]:=max[i];
kt[i]:=false;
end;
Flag:=True;
While Flag do
begin
flag:=false
For i:=1 to n do
if not kt[i] and (cl[i] <=t) then
begin
kt[i]:=true;
t:=t+cl[i]
Flag:=true;
end;
end;
if t=k then An ton
else khng an ton
Cc ti nguyn:
Tng cc ti nguyn ca h thng
R1, R2, R3
k = 9R1 + 3R2 + 6R3
t
R2
1
R3
R1
R3
0
4
2
1
1
2
mn P2 c y h thng ti tnh
Ct gi cc thanh ghi
Sn sng
Thc hin
End
Ngt
Nguyn tc: mi mt tin trnh trong dng xp hng ln lt c phn phi mt lng
t thi gian thc hin. Sau khong thi gian , nu tin trnh cha kt thc hoc khng ri
vo trng thi ngt th n c chuyn v cui dng xp hng: tin trnh xp hng vng trn.
Khi c mt tin trnh mi, n s c a vo dng xp hng vng trn v c t
v tr c phc v ngay lp tc.
Vi cc tin trnh di: phn thnh m lp, lp th i tin trnh c phc v vi khong
thi gian Ti, sau khi c thc hin, tin trnh cha kt thc hoc khng b ngt n c
chuyn sang lp th i+1 vi thi gian phc v Ti+1 > Ti.
B. Chin lc nhiu dng xp hng
Da vo thng tin do ngi s dng cung cp v kt qu phn tch ca h thng, phn
lp cc tin trnh v a ra chin lc phc v tng ng.
Cc tin trnh c th c phn thnh cc lp:
Tin trnh thi gian thc
Tin trnh ca ch s dng tp th phn chia thi gian
Tin trnh x l l
CU HI V BI TP
4.1. Anh ch hy cho bit trn h iu hnh ang dng hin s dng chin lc iu khin
tin trnh no? Cho v d minh ha
4.2. So snh nguyn tc, u nhc im ca cc chin lc iu tin trnh trong ch
mt dng xp hng.
4.3. Xy dng chng trnh nhn 1 k t ch thng t bn phm v chuyn thnh k t ch
hoa.
4.4. Xy dng chng trnh thng tr gim st cc ng dng thc hin trn h iu hnh
Windows
- 46 -
o Trong sut ng thi: nhiu tin trnh c th cng truy nhp mt ti nguyn,
cc tin trnh c th khng cn bit ti s c mt ca tin trnh khc
o Trong sut song song: nhiu hot ng song song c che i vi ngi
dng
o Trong sut li: c ch phc hi li trong h thng c che i vi ngi
dng
o Trong sut kch thc: cho php h hng m rng qui m dn dn ma khng
tc ng ti ngi dng
o Trong sut v quan st: im nhn phn mm khng th thy c i vi
ngi dng.
Tnh modul ho: H thng c phn chia lm nhiu modul nh cho php b sung, thay
i d dng
Tnh kh m: qui m h thng thng xuyn thay i do cc yu cu nng cp
Tnh c lp, quy m: M rng quy m m nng lc h thng khng thay i
Tnh chu li: Thng xuyn sao lu phc hi li
5.3. Qun l ti nguyn trong h iu hnh phn tn
5.3.1. Qun l thit b, qun l File
Khi nim File: n v thng tin nh nht ca ngi dng, c qun l thng qua tn
file.
- Ngi dng phi l tr thng tin b nh ngoi v vy h iu hnh phi c vai
tr sao cho ngi dng truy nhp thun tin
- Nhu cu dng chung (chia s) cc file d liu.
- Vn t ra i vi h thng qun l file: ngoi cc tnh cht v yu nh i vi
h qun l file trong h iu hnh tp trung, h qun l file trong h iu hnh phn
tn phi m bo:
- Tnh trong sut ca h thng
- Dch v th mc
- Hiu nng h thng, tin cy
- an ton.
Tnh trong sut
- Tnh trong sut ng nhp: ngi dng c th ng nhp vo cc trm trong h
thng vi cng mt th tc ng nhp
- Trong sut truy cp: Cc tin trnh chy trn h thng c cng c ch truy nhp vo
cc tp tin m khng cn xem tp l cc b hay t xa
- S c lp v nh v tp tin: Cc tp tin c th c chuyn t v tr ny ti v tr
khc m khng lm thay i tn: trong sut i vi ngi dng
- Tnh trong sut tng tranh: cc file c chia s bi nhiu ngi dng, vic truy
cp ti mt tp t mt tin trnh khng nh hng ti s thnh lp ca tin trnh
khc
- Trong sut lp: Cc tp c sao lu d phng cho php truy nhp ng b
(ngi dng khng bit cc bn sao).
Thit k v thc hin h thng tp tin phn tn
i vi ngi dng, mt tp tin bao gm ba thnh phn logic:
- Tn tp v h thng tp
- Cc thuc tnh
- Cc n v d liu
- 50 -
Cc tp v h thng tp
Cc tp c to ra bi ngi dng i km vi tn, khi truy nhp tp, tn tp s xc
nh gi tr ID ca tp v gi tr ny cng l gi tr duy nht xc nh v tr vt l ca tp
Cc thuc tnh: Cc thng tin v quyn s hu, quyn truy nhp, dng tp, kch thc,
du hiu thi gian
Cc n v d liu
n v d liu : Byte, khi
C ch truy nhp:
- Tun t: Con tr nh v tp c duy tr bi h thng cho php xc nh v tr n
v d liu k tip c truy nhp gia cc tin trnh
- Trc tip (truyn thng khng lin kt): V tr n v d liu cho vic c, ghi l r
rng. C ch ny lin quan ti kch thc ca n v d liu, cc thao tc c ghi
phi bao hm cc thng tin iu khin.
- Ch s: n v d liu c a ch ho bi ch s hay kho i km mi khi d
liu.
Vn bo mt
Bo v d liu: khng mt thng tin khi c s c k thut hoc chng trnh thm
ch truy nhp bt hp l
K thut bo v d liu cho h phn tn:
Phng php m ho d liu vi thut ton DBS
- Kho b mt: Thut ton gii m
- Kho cng khai: sinh m:
Kerberos: S xc nhn l ng ca cc thnh phn da trn c s tin tng vo thnh
phn th 3 (mt khu)
Ch k in t: Xc nhn tnh nguyn bn m cc vn bn (Digital Signature)
5.2.2. Qun l b nh
Ngoi cc phng php qun l b nh nh trong h iu hnh tp trung, vn quan
tm trong vic qun l b nh h iu hnh phn tn l vic m bo tnh chia s b nh.
Chia s b nh: Truy nhp b nh t xa:
Vic truy nhp c thc hin ti mt nt xa
- Khi d liu xa c di chuyn ti nt cc b: truy nhp cc b
- Khi d liu xa c sao lu li ti nt cc b: truy nhp ng b
Cc phng thc
- c t xa (Read remote): Khi d liu dng chung khng c di chuyn hay sao
lu, my trm gi yu cu ti my ch, my ch gi tr li v d liu cho vic c,
v bo nhn cho vic ghi.
- c/ghi nh x (Read/write migrate): Nh vic truy cp ti mt khi d liu t xa
m khi d liu c di chuyn ti tin trnh yu cu. Tin trnh s cp nhp ti
bng nh x khi vt l - trang o ca d liu
5.2.3. Qun l tin trnh
Khi nim v tin trnh: n v thc hin c nh nht thy bi ngi dng
Lung (Thread): n v thc hin c nh nht thy bi h iu hnh, c h iu
hnh cp pht thi gian Processor.
Quan h gia tin trnh v lung:
- 51 -
Tin trnh l khng gian a ch trong lung c thc hin. Hai tin trnh cng
khng gian a ch - hai lung thuc mt tin trnh.
Qun l tin trnh: vic qun l cc tin trnh thng qua cc khi iu khin tin trnh.
Khi iu khin: Bn ghi cha cc khi iu khin cc lung, cc cng thng tin , cc
ti nguyn h thng m tin trnh ang s dng, cc thng tin trng thi tin trnh: Sn sng,
thc hin v ngt
Qun l lung: Khi iu khin lung:
B m lnh: PC
- Con tr ngn xp: SP
- Tp cc thanh ghi: Rs
- Trng thi: Flag
Cc chc nng qun l tin trnh v lung thng tin chia lm ba loi
- Truyn thng: m bo s lin kt gia cc tin trnh
- ng b: m bo thc hin cc tin trnh ti u
- iu : m bo cc tin trnh s dng ti nguyn chia s ng n
Ci t lung:
Trong khng gian ngi dng: Khi lung gi mt th tc h thng n thc hin lin kt
vo th vin ng. Th tc th vin ng kim tra xem c cn treo lung khng, nu cn
n treo lung ny v chuyn iu khin cho lung khc.
Trong nhn h thng: Khi lung gi mt th tc h thng, n s c gn vo nhn h
thng.
Truyn thng gia cc tin trnh
M hnh truyn thng OSI: mi tng c mt chc nng ring, thng ip truyn gia hai
ng dng da trn giao thc, khi qua mi tng n c gn thm vng header.
M hnh Cilent/ Server
- Client truyn thng ip cho server yu cu dch v
- Server thc hin dch v tng ng v gi thng ip tr li
Cc vn :
- nh v yu cu t Clinet no:
- Gn cho mi Client mt a ch ID
- Client chn a ch ngu nhin, thng bo c gi cho taat c cc Server
a tn Server vo Client khi chy chng trnh.
- Ch chuyn thng ip: kho, khng kho:
o Kho: khi c mt thng ip c chuyn, tin trnh ca Client b treo v ch
cho ti khi c tr li hoc bo li
o Khng kho: tin trnh vn tip tc thc hin cc cng vic khc
- Ch c bo m v khng bo m:
o C bo m: Server nhn c thng ip t Client n s phc p li
Client bit.
o Khng bo m: khi tin trnh gi thng ip, n khng c bo m l
thng ip n ch
M hnh truyn thng nhm:
Nhm: tp cc tin trnh, v vy khi mt thnh vin nhn c thng ip tt c cc tin
trnh trong nhm u c th c chia s.
ng b cc tin trnh
ng b: m bo th t thc hin ng n ca cc lung, cc tin trnh
- 52 -
- 53 -