You are on page 1of 55

B GIAO THNG VN TI

TRNG I HC HNG HI
B MN: K THUT MY TNH
KHOA: CNG NGH THNG TIN

BI GING
NGUYN L H IU HNH

TN HC PHN
M HC PHN
TRNH O TO
DNG CHO SV NGNH

: NGUYN L H IU HNH
: 17303
: I HC CHNH QUY
: CNG NGH THNG TIN

HI PHNG - 2010

MC LC
Chng I: NHNG KHI NIM C BN ........................................................................... 6
1.1. Cu trc phn lp v h thng tnh ton ....................................................................... 6
1.1.1. C s ho h lnh ................................................................................................. 6
1.1.2. Tch thit b ngoi vi ra khi processor (micro ho procesor) ............................... 6
1.1.3. Chuyn nguyn tc Lnh thnh Menu ................................................................... 6
1.2. Ti nguyn h thng .................................................................................................... 7
1.2.1. B nh .................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.2. Thi gian thc hin lnh ....................................................................................... 8
1.2.3. Thit b ngoi vi ................................................................................................... 8
1.3. nh ngha h iu hnh .............................................................................................. 8
1.3.1. Vi ngi dng .................................................................................................... 8
1.3.2. Vi ngi qun l ................................................................................................. 9
1.3.3. Vi cn b k thut............................................................................................... 9
1.3.4. Vi cn b lp trnh h thng ................................................................................ 9
1.4. Phn loi h iu hnh ................................................................................................. 9
1.4.1. H iu hnh n nhim v h iu hnh a nhim ............................................... 9
1.4.2. H iu hnh n Chng v h iu hnh a Chng (MultiUsers) .................... 9
1.4.3. H iu hnh tp trung v h iu hnh phn tn ................................................ 10
1.4.4. H iu hnh phn chia thi gian v h iu hnh thi gian thc ........................ 10
1.5. Tnh cht chung ca h iu hnh .............................................................................. 10
1.5.1. tin cy cao ..................................................................................................... 10
1.5.2. an ton .......................................................................................................... 10
1.5.3. Hiu qu ............................................................................................................. 11
1.5.4. Tng qut ........................................................................................................... 11
1.5.5. Thun tin .......................................................................................................... 11
1.6. Nguyn tc xy dng h iu hnh ............................................................................ 11
1.6.1. Modul ................................................................................................................. 11
1.6.2. Nguyn tc tng i trong nh v ..................................................................... 11
1.6.3. Macroprocessor .................................................................................................. 11
1.6.4. Ph chc nng .................................................................................................... 11
1.6.5. Gi tr chun (ngm nh): .................................................................................. 11
1.6.6. Tham s .............................................................................................................. 12
1.6.7. Nguyn l bo v ................................................................................................ 12
1.7. Thnh phn h iu hnh ........................................................................................... 12
1.7.1. Thnh phn ca h iu hnh .............................................................................. 12
1.7.2. Thnh phn ca MSDOS .................................................................................... 12
Chng II: QUN L THIT B ........................................................................................ 14
2.1. Quan h phn cp trong t chc v qun l thit b ngoi vi....................................... 14
2.1.1. S a dng ca cc thit b ngoi vi: ................................................................... 14
2.1.2. Quan h gia vi x l vi thit b ngoi vi .......................................................... 14
2.1.3. Thc hin cc php vo/ra .................................................................................. 14
2.1.4. Kt thc chng trnh knh................................................................................. 15
-1-

2.2. C ch phng m (Buffer) ....................................................................................... 15


2.2.1. Phng m trung gian: ........................................................................................ 16
2.2.2. Phng m x l:................................................................................................ 16
2.2.3. Phng m vng ................................................................................................. 17
2.3. C ch SPOOL (Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On_Line - H thng m phng
cc php trao i thit b ngoi vi trong ch trc tip).................................................. 17
2.4. Qun l file ............................................................................................................... 18
2.5. Qun l file trong h iu hnh MSDOS ................................................................... 19
2.5.1. Thit b c, ghi:................................................................................................. 19
2.5.2. Tham s a t: ................................................................................................... 19
Chng III: QUN L B NH ........................................................................................ 28
3.1. t vn ................................................................................................................. 28
3.2. Qun l b nh logic - cu trc mt chng trnh ...................................................... 29
3.2.1. Cu trc tuyn tnh ............................................................................................. 29
3.2.2. Cu trc ng ..................................................................................................... 29
3.2.3. Cu trc Overlay................................................................................................. 29
3.2.4. Cu trc phn on ............................................................................................. 30
3.2.5. Cu trc phn trang............................................................................................. 30
3.3. Qun l b nh vt l ................................................................................................ 31
3.3.1. Phn chng c nh .......................................................................................... 31
3.3.2. Ch phn chng ng .................................................................................. 31
3.3.3. Ch phn on ............................................................................................... 32
3.3.4. Ch phn trang (nh x b nh logic thnh vt l) .......................................... 33
3.3.5. Ch kt hp phn trang v phn on ............................................................. 33
3.4. Qun l b nh IBM PC ca MSDOS ....................................................................... 34
Chng IV: QUN L TIN TRNH ................................................................................. 36
4.1. Qun l tin trnh ...................................................................................................... 36
4.1.1. Khi nim ........................................................................................................... 36
4.1.2. T chc tin trnh ............................................................................................... 36
4.3.3. iu tin trnh - Ti nguyn Gng .................................................................. 37
4.1.4. Tnh trng tc nghn ........................................................................................... 40
4.1.5. Ngt (Interupt) .................................................................................................... 42
4.2. Qun l Processor...................................................................................................... 43
4.2.1. Processor vt l v Processor logic ..................................................................... 43
4.2.2. Phn phi Processor............................................................................................ 44
4.3.3. iu tin trnh ................................................................................................ 44
Chng V: H IU HNH NHIU PROCESSOR ........................................................... 47
5.1. H iu hnh nhiu Processor .................................................................................... 47
5.1.1. Cu hnh nhiu Processor.................................................................................... 47
5.1.2. H iu hnh nhiu processor: ............................................................................ 47
5.2. H iu hnh phn tn (Distribute Operating System) ................................................ 48
5.2.1. Khi nim: .......................................................................................................... 48
5.2.2. c trng ca h iu hnh phn tn................................................................... 49
5.3. Qun l ti nguyn trong h iu hnh phn tn......................................................... 50
-2-

5.3.1. Qun l thit b, qun l File ............................................................................... 50


5.2.2. Qun l b nh ................................................................................................... 51
5.2.3. Qun l tin trnh ................................................................................................ 51

-3-

YU CU V NI DUNG CHI TIT


Tn hc phn: Nguyn l H iu hnh
B mn ph trch ging dy: K thut my tnh
M hc phn: 17303
TS tit
45

L thuyt
45

Thc hnh/Xemina
0

T hc
0

Loi hc phn: 1
Khoa ph trch: CNTT
Tng s TC: 2
Bi tp ln
0

n mn hc
0

iu kin tin quyt:


Sinh vin phi hc xong cc hc phn sau mi c ng k hc phn ny:
Tin hc i cng, Kin trc my tnh, K thut lp trnh, Cu trc d liu, in t s,
Mch v tn hiu
Mc tiu ca hc phn:
- Cung cp cho sinh vin nhng khi nim tng quan v H iu hnh, cc phng php
tip cn gii quyt cc bi ton iu khin hot ng ca h thng my.
- Cung cp kin thc chung v nguyn l hot ng theo chng trnh trn h thng
n, a b x l ca my tnh.
Ni dung ch yu
Chng I:
Nhng khi nim c bn
Chng II:
Qun l thit b
Chng III :
Qun l b nh
Chng IV :
Qun l tin trnh
Chng V :
H iu hnh nhiu vi x l - h iu hnh phn tn
Ni dung chi tit ca hc phn:

TN CHNG MC
Chng I: Nhng khi nim c bn
1.1. Cu trc phn lp v h thng tnh ton
1.2. Ti nguyn h thng
1.3. nh ngha h iu hnh
1.4. Tnh cht chung ca h iu hnh
1.5. Thnh phn h iu hnh
1.6. Cc nguyn tc xy dng h iu hnh
Chng II: Qun l thit b
2.1. Quan h phn cp trong t chc v qun l thit b
ngoi vi
2.2. C ch phng m
2.3. C ch SPOOL
2.4. Qun l File
2.5. Qun l file trong h iu hnh MSDOS
Chng III : Qun l b nh

PHN PHI S TIT


TS
LT
BT
TH KT
6
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
8
1
2

10

2
1
1
2
9

1
-4-

TN CHNG MC
3.1. Cc giai on x l chng trnh
3.2. Qun l b nh logic- cu trc mt chng trnh
3.3. Qun l b nh vt l
3.4. Qun l b nh IBM PC ca MSDOS
Chng IV : Qun l tin trnh
4.1. Qun l tin trnh
4.2. Qun l Processor
Chng V : H iu hnh nhiu vi x l - h iu
hnh phn tn
5.2. H iu hnh nhiu vi x l
5.3. H iu hnh phn tn
5.4. Qun l ti nguyn trong h iu hnh phn tn

PHN PHI S TIT


TS
LT
BT
TH KT
1
3
3
2
1
13
12
1
7
5
7
7
1
2
4

Nhim v ca sinh vin :


Tham d cc bui thuyt trnh ca gio vin, t hc, t lm bi tp do gio vin giao,
tham d cc bui thc hnh, cc bi kim tra nh k v cui k.
Ti liu hc tp :
1. Vn Nguyn Thanh Tng, Gio trnh H iu hnh, H Bch Khoa HN
2. Milan Milenkovic, Operating systems concept and design.
3. Mc Graw Prin, Operating system.
4. Prentice Hall, Modern Operating system
5. H Quang Thy, Gio trnh Nguyn l cc h iu hnh, NXB KHKT H Ni, 2004.
6. Hong Kim, Gio trnh Nguyn l h iu hnh, i hc Quc gia TP HCM
7. Nguyn Kim Tun, Nguyn Gia nh, Nguyn l h iu hnh, NXB KHKT H Ni,
2005.
Hnh thc v tiu chun nh gi sinh vin:
- nh gi da trn tnh hnh tham d bui hc trn lp, cc bui thc hnh, im
kim tra thng xuyn v im kt thc hc phn.
- Hnh thc thi cui k : thi vit rc phch, thi gian lm bi: 75 pht
Thang im: Thang im ch A, B, C, D, F
im nh gi hc phn Z = 0.2X + 0.8Y.
Bi ging ny l ti liu chnh thc v thng nht ca B mn K thut my tnh, Khoa
Cng ngh Thng tin v c dng ging dy cho sinh vin.
Ngy ph duyt: 15 / 6 / 2010
Trng B mn: ThS. Ng Quc Vinh

-5-

Chng I: NHNG KHI NIM C BN


Quan tm ca ngi dng
- Cc h thng chng trnh c cu trc nh th no?
- Cc h thng c c trng g?
- H thng cung cp cho ngi dng nhng ti nguyn g?
1.1. Cu trc phn lp v h thng tnh ton
Khi ngi dng thc hin mt chng trnh, h thng c p ng c cc yu cu hay
khng
Bao gm:
- H thng c chng trnh cn thc hin hay khng
- C b nh lm vic hay khng
- C cc thit b ngoi vi theo yu cu hay khng
Tuy nhin yu cu ca ngi dng l a dng, kh nng ca h thng c hn nn i khi
chi ph cho h thng kh cao song li ch m h thng mang li nh.
khc phc a ra gii php tng tnh vn nng ca h thng qua processor:
1.1.1. C s ho h lnh
Trc y trong my tnh lp rp nhiu vi mch thc hin cc chc nng chuyn
dng tnh cn, sin, e_m, loga.. v vy khi s dng rt kh c th sa cha, thay i c.
Hin nay cc chc nng ny c thay th bng phn mm do my tnh vn nng
hn, tc cao hn, n nh v gi thnh h.
Cc Chng trnh bao quanh phn k thut to thnh mt mi trng tnh ton. Mi
Chng trnh mun c thc hin phi gn vi mi trng v tha hng mi trng mi
kh nng ca h thng. Lm cho thng tin lu chuyn d dng gia cc thnh phn ca h
thng. Thng tin u ra ca mt module ny c th lm u vo cho mt module khc. Mi
bin i trung gian u do h thng m nhim v trong sut vi ngi s dng.
1.1.2. Tch thit b ngoi vi ra khi processor (micro ho procesor)
- Chuyn giao mt s cng vic cho thit b ngoi vi m nhim
- Processor tp trung x l bit
- sut cc thut ton gii quyt cc tc v trn bng cc php x l bit, byte, hon
thin phng php x l trn my tnh in t
- Xy dng sn cc Modul chng trnh cung cp cho ngi dng di dng cc
chng trnh chun - th vin cc chng trnh
Tuy nhin trong thc t khi cc yu cu gia tng th cc chng trnh di dng th vin
ngy cng tng nn s lng, ni dung ca cc th vin tng.
Gii php:
- Cung cp cho ngi dng cc cng c cho php h m t cc gii thut cn thit,
ng thi c s ho cc th vin do ngn ng thut ton v chng trnh dch ra
i
- Ngi dng c th tc ng ln my tnh in t thng qua cc chng trnh mu
hoc chng trnh dch
1.1.3. Chuyn nguyn tc Lnh thnh Menu
C ch ra lnh
- Ngi dng phi t nm bt trc cc cng vic m h thng c th lm c, qua
ch th cho h thng lm vic.

-6-

C ch Menu
- H thng gii thiu cho ngi dng cc kh nng phc v ca mnh di dng cc
bng chn, ngi dng ch ch cho h thng trnh by danh mc cc cng vic v
la chn cng vic c th yu cu
- Cc cng vic c phn nhm theo tng phm tr d tm kim
- H thng mang tnh cht t o to: cng lm vic cng hiu su hn
Nguyn tc xy dng Menu
Bng li:
Dng li ch chnh xc cng vic s thc hin, t chc phn gii tt
D thc hin
Chu hng ro ngn ng
Bng biu tng:
Mi cng vic c miu t bng mt hnh nh
Hp dn, d hiu vi mi loi i tng
Chng c hng ro ngn ng
Kh t chc v phn gii thp
Khc phc nhc im ca hai hnh thc t chc trn: t chc c hai hnh thc:
Khi a hp sng hay khung tch cc ti mt biu tng th dng ch thch
xut hin
Khi a hp sng hay khung tch cc p vo mt mc no bng li th
biu tng xut hin
Ngoi ra cn tn ti c ch phm nng, lnh chun
Tm li: H thng phi c trch nhim m bo cc iu kin vt cht v cc chng
trnh c th thc hin c ng thi phi duy tr h thng trng thi ng b (c ngha l
h thng phi c chc nng qun l ti nguyn)
1.2. Ti nguyn h thng
Bao gm:
- Khng gian: Khng gian nh
- Thi gian: Thi gian thc hin lnh
- Thit b ngoi vi
1.2.1. B nh
- B nh l ni lu tr thng tin.
- c trng b nh
Thi gian truy nhp
Phn cp
Phn loi
- Thi gian truy nhp
Thi gian truy nhp trc tip: thi gian trc tip truy nhp ti a ch bt
k trong b nh.
Thi gian truy nhp tun t: Khi tn ti mt cch t chc lu tr k tip.
- Phn cp b nh
B nh thng c phn cp theo tc truy nhp trc tip hay k tip.
B nh c gi l thc hin nu processor c th thc hin cu lnh bt k
ghi trong . c im ca b nh ny l thi gian truy nhp thc hin v
truy nhp tun t l bng nhau. B nh trong bao gi cng l b nh thc
hin.
Khng gian b nh
Gi thnh
-7-

Phn loi b nh
B nh trong: C tc truy nhp cao nhng khng gian b nh nh
B nh ngoi: C khng gian b nh ln nhng tc truy nhp thp.
Thi gian truy nhp trc tip thng ln hn thi gian truy tun t. Loi b nh
ph bin l b nh a cng, a mm, bng t, a quang.

1.2.2. Thi gian thc hin lnh


- Processor l mt ti nguyn quan trng ca h thng, c truy nhp mc cu
lnh v ch c n mi lm cho cu lnh c thc hin.
- Processor c dng cho nhiu tin trnh khc nhau do vic phn chia thi gian
s dng processor ca mi tin trnh phi c ti u ho, c bit l khi chng cn
dng chung ti nguyn khc: Chng trnh, d liu, thit b vo ra...
- Thi gian: thi gian thc hin mt cu lnh
- Trong h thng c nhiu processor th thi gian ca mi processor c qun l v
phn phi ring bit nh nhng ti nguyn c lp
1.2.3. Thit b ngoi vi
- S lng nhiu
- Chng loi a dng
- Tc x l << tc processor
- Cc thit b tip nhn, lu tr thng tin b nh ngoi trong thi gian di c gi
l thit b ngoi vi (My in, bn phm, mn hnh, chut, modem, ). Chng cn
c gi l thit b vo ra. Chng thng c gn vi MTDT thng qua cc thit
b trung gian (cc thit b qun l, thit b iu khin).
- Ti nguyn c hai loi: Phn chia c v khng phn chia c.
Phn chia c: Cho php nhiu ngi hay Chng trnh s dng n mt
cch ng thi. in hnh l b nh(trong v ngoi): c th np nhiu
Chng trnh vo b nh trong, hay 1 Chng trnh s dng nhiu tp trn
a cng.
Khng phn chia c: phn ln cc ti nguyn cn li. Tuy nhin c th
phn phi vic s dng chng sao cho ngi s dng cm gic nh c
phc v ng thi.
1.3. nh ngha h iu hnh
H iu hnh l mt phn quan trng ca mi h thng thng tin. Mt h thng thng
tin gm 4 thnh phn: phn cng, h iu hnh, Chng trnh ng dng, ngi s dng
Phn cng: CPU, b nh, thit b vo ra cung cp cc ti nguyn thng tin c s.
Cc Chng trnh ng dng: Chng trnh dch, h thng c s d liu, trnh son tho
vn bn . qui nh cch s dng cc ti nguyn gii quyt nhng vn ca ngi s
dng.
H iu hnh iu khin v ng b vic s dng phn cng ca cc Chng trnh ng
dng phc v cc ngi s dng khc nhau vi cc mc ch s dng phong ph a dng.
Ta c th hiu H iu hnh l H thng cc Chng trnh m bo cc chc nng giao
tip ngi my v qun l ti nguyn h thng tnh ton.
Tuy nhin ng di cc gc khc nhau nn c nhiu cch tip cn khc nhau khi
nh ngha v h iu hnh:
1.3.1. Vi ngi dng
H iu hnh l h thng chng trnh to iu kin khai thc ti nguyn h thng
tnh ton mt cch d dng, thun tin
Ngi s dng khi thc hin mt Chng trnh no trn my tnh in t th ch
quan tm n vic h thng c p ng c nhu cu ca h hay khng? C Chng trnh
-8-

cn thc hin, c b nh chy H khng quan tm n vic h iu hnh lm g nhm


mc ch g, c cu trc nh th no?
1.3.2. Vi ngi qun l
H iu hnh l tp cc chng trnh phc v qun l cht ch v s dng ti u cc ti
nguyn h thng
1.3.3. Vi cn b k thut
H iu hnh l h thng chng trnh trang b cho mt my tnh c th mc vt l
to ra mt my logic mi vi cc ti nguyn v kh nng mi.
1.3.4. Vi cn b lp trnh h thng
H iu hnh l mt h thng m hnh ho m phng cc hot ng ca my, ca ngi
dng v ca thao tc vin hot ng trong ch i thoi nhm to mi trng khai thc
thun tin v qun l ti u cc ti nguyn ca h thng tnh ton
i vi cc cn b lp trnh h thng, v tr ca h l bn trong h iu hnh. H quan
st cc module, cc thnh phn ca h thng, quan st mi quan h gia chng. y l quan
im ca chng ta trong sut qu trnh kho st nghin cu h iu hnh.
Tm li:
H iu hnh l mt h chuyn gia ra i sm nht v hon thin nht v hai yu t:
Vn m h iu hnh gii quyt ny sinh t nhng ngi lm tin hc do
bi ton chnh xc v r rng.
Ngi tham gia thit k chng trnh l cc cn b lp trnh c tay ngh cao.
1.4. Phn loi h iu hnh
Bao gm:
H iu hnh n nhim v h iu hnh a nhim
H iu hnh n Chng v h iu hnh a Chng (MultiUsers)
H iu hnh tp trung v h iu hnh phn tn
H iu hnh phn chia thi gian v h iu hnh thi gian thc
1.4.1. H iu hnh n nhim v h iu hnh a nhim
Da vo cch thc a Chng trnh vo b nh, chn Chng trnh c sn trong b
nh processor thc hin, ngi ta phn thnh: h iu hnh n nhim, a nhim.
H iu hnh n nhim
- Ti mt thi im xc nh, khi mt Chng trnh c a vo b nh th n
chim gi mi ti nguyn ca h thng, v v vy Chng trnh khc khng th
c a vo b nh trong khi n cha kt thc.
- Nhng do cc thit b vo ra thng lm vic vi tc chm, ngi ta dng k
thut SPOOLING (simultanous peripheral Operation on line): cho php to ra hiu
ng song song cc thit b ch cho php vo ra tun t (s cp chi tit Chng
sau).
H iu hnh a nhim
- H iu hnh cho php ti mt thi im c nhiu Chng trnh trong b nh
trong. Chng c nhu cu c phn phi thi gian phc v CPU, b nh v thit b
ngoi vi. Nh vy CPU, b nh, thit b ngoi vi v.v.. l cc ti nguyn c chia s
cho cc Chng trnh . Vn l lm sao m bo tt nht tnh bnh ng khi gii
quyt vn phn phi ti nguyn.
1.4.2. H iu hnh n Chng v h iu hnh a Chng (MultiUsers)
H iu hnh n chng
- Ti mt thi im xc nh h iu hnh ch cho php mt ngi s dng thao tc
-9-

m thi.
H iu hnh a chng
- H iu hnh cho php ti mt thi im c th phc v nhiu ngi s dng.
1.4.3. H iu hnh tp trung v h iu hnh phn tn
H iu hnh tp trung
- Trn mt h thng my tnh ch c mt HH duy nht ci my ch. Cc my trm
c khi ng nh my ch v n ch lm chc nng nhp/xut d liu. Mi x l
u tp trung my ch.
H iu hnh phn tn
- Trn mi my c 1 h iu hnh khc nhau, my ch chu trch nhim cung ng cc
dch v truy nhp n cc ti nguyn chung v iu hnh ton
- h thng, cc php x l c th tin hnh my trm.
1.4.4. H iu hnh phn chia thi gian v h iu hnh thi gian thc
H iu hnh phn chia thi gian (Share time)
- Mt CPU lun phin phc v cc tin trnh v 1 tin trnh c th ri vo trng thi
ch i khi cha c phn phi CPU.
H iu hnh thi gian thc (Real time)
- Mt tin trnh khi xm nhp vo h thng th bt k lc no u c phn
phi CPU.
1.5. Tnh cht chung ca h iu hnh
1.5.1. tin cy cao
Mi hot ng thng bo ca h iu hnh chun xc tuyt i
Khi chc chn ng th my mi cung cp thng tin cho ngi dng
Mi cng vic bao gi cng c kim tra, nh gi
V d: C:\>COPY A:\ F1.TXT B:
Kim tra lnh COPY
Kim tra cc iu khin
Tn ti hay khng cc a
ng c c quay khng
a c truy nhp c khng
Tn ti hay khng tp tin f1.txt
Cht lng thng tin trn a nh th no?
c mt phn thng tin trong F1.TXT hay ton b

1.5.2. an ton
T chc cho d liu v chng trnh khng b xo hoc thay i ngoi mun.
Chc nng bo v thng tin c chia thnh nhiu mc:
- Cc mc do h thng m nhim: V d: trong cc h thng UNIX, khi mun xo
hay sa i ni dung mt tp, ngi s dng phi c quyn xo sa i vi file .
- Cc mc do ngi s dng m nhim: V d: Lnh DEL *.* ca MSDOS, h
thng hi li ngi s dng mt ln na trnh sai st v .

- 10 -

1.5.3. Hiu qu
Cc ti nguyn phi c khai thc trit ngay c khi iu kin ti nguyn hn ch
song vn c th gii quyt cc yu cu phc tp.
Tnh ng b cao (duy tr ng trong ton b h thng)
1.5.4. Tng qut
Tnh k tha cc phin bn trc y
Thch nghi vi nhng thay i c th c trong tng lai
1.5.5. Thun tin
- D s dng
- C nhiu mc hiu qu khc nhau tu kinh nghim v kin thc ngi dng:
Giao tip dng dng lnh
Giao tip dng thc n (Menu)
Giao tip dng biu tng
1.6. Nguyn tc xy dng h iu hnh
1.6.1. Modul
Xy dng t cc Modul c lp quan h vi nhau thng qua d liu Vo/ra
Tn ti c ch lin kt cc Modul c lp thnh h thng c t chc
1.6.2. Nguyn tc tng i trong nh v
Cc Modul c vit theo a ch tng i k t u b nh, khi thc hin chng c
nh v ti vng nh c th nh vy h thng s dng b nh linh hot hn v h iu hnh
khng ph thuc vo cu hnh b nh
1.6.3. Macroprocessor
Khi c mt cng vic c th, h thng s:
Xy dng cc phiu yu cu
Lit k cc bc phi thc hin
Xy dng chng trnh tng ng
Thc hin chng trnh
V d: Trong MSDOS ta c cc tp config.sys v autoexec.bat
1.6.4. Ph chc nng
Mt cng vic ca h iu hnh c th c thc hin bng nhiu phng tin khc
nhau cho php ngi dng chn gii php ti u vi bi ton ca mnh
V d: Khi in tp F1.TXT c cc gii php:
C:\>COPY F1.TXT PRN
C:\>TYPE F1.TXT >PRN
C:\>PRINT F1.TXT
1.6.5. Gi tr chun (ngm nh):
H thng chun b sn cc bng gi tr cho cc tham s iu khin
Nu trong cc cu lnh ca ngi dng cn thiu nhng tham s gi tr th h thng s
t ng ly gi tr tng ng bng gi tr chun ra thc hin
V d: C:\BT> DIR
Xem a no:
C
Th mc no:
BT
Ci g:
Mi th mc con, tp trong th mc ny v khng b che
- 11 -

Nh th no:
Ra u:
Tham s:

y thng tin, lin tc theo d liu


Thit b chun
Mi tham s

1.6.6. Tham s
- Tham s v tr: L loi tham s m ngha ca n xc nh bi v tr xut hin trong
bng tham s. ng u dng tham s
- Tham s kho: L loi tham s m ngha xc nh bng t kha
V d:
C:\>DIR D: /W/A/P
C:\>DIR D: /A/P/W
Trong :
D:
l tham s v tr
/W, /A hay /P
l tham s kho
1.6.7. Nguyn l bo v
- Chng trnh v d liu phi c bo v nhiu mc, bng nhiu kho.
- V d trong Linux
+ Mc 1: Ngi s dng phi c ti khon mi c s dng my tnh.
+ Mc 2: Ch nhng ngi s dng thuc nhm A mi c truy nhp v tp
chung ca nhm A.
1.7. Thnh phn h iu hnh
1.7.1. Thnh phn ca h iu hnh
- Ngn ng lm vic v giao tip: H iu hnh c quan h vi ba i tng nn tn ti
ba ngn ng lm vic v giao tip
Ngn ng my (Ngn ng thc hin):
L ngn ng thc hin duy nht ca h thng. Mi ngn ng khc u phi c
nh x sang ngn ng thc hin
Ngn ng vn hnh (h iu hnh):
Thao tc vin giao tip vi h thng
Ngn ng thut ton:
Ngi dng giao tip vi h thng: Pascal, C... (Cn phi c chng trnh dch).
- Cc Modul chng trnh ca h thng c th chia thnh hai lp:
Chng trnh iu khin:
+ Qun l ti nguyn
+ Qun l tin trnh
+ Qun l, t chc d liu
+ Chng trnh th k, iu phi nhim v
Chng trnh phc v:
+ Chng trnh bin tp
+ Chng trnh dch
1.7.2. Thnh phn ca MSDOS
Nhng nm 1980, khi hng Intel cho ra i b vi x l 16 bt 8086, Jim Paterson xy
dng h iu hnh trang b cho loi my tnh s dng b vi x l ny l 86-DOS.
Hng Microsoft mua li h iu hnh ca Jim Paterson v pht trin thnh h iu
hnh PC-DOS hay MSDOS. Phin bn u tin ca MSDOS th h 1.0 ra i vo 8/1981.
- Cc ci tin c bn ca MSDOS 1.0
C thm loi Chng trnh chy EXE bn cnh cc Chng trnh COM.
- 12 -

H iu hnh tch b x l lnh thnh mt phn ni tr v mt phn ngoi


tr.
tin li cho vic qun l a ngi ta a ra bng File Allocation Table vit
tt l FAT qun l a. Mi phn t ca bng FAT tng ng vi 521 byte
trn a gi l sector, ch ra sector ny c d liu hay cn t do.
MSDOS 1.0 cho php x l l (batch) mt s lnh ca MSDOS bng cch to
mt tp batch.
Ngy thng to hay cp nht tp cng c lu tr cng vi thng tin ca tp.
- Cng vi thi gian, hng Microsoft nng cp h iu hnh ny ln cc phin bn
mi 2.0, 3.0, 4.0
- Cc thnh phn ca MSDOS
BIOS: Cha cc Chng trnh ca supervisor v qun l tp nhng cha kt ni
thnh h thng. Do cn Chng trnh kch hot.
Chng trnh mi Boot Strap Loader: nm sector u tin ca a t dng
kch hot ton b Chng trnh h thng.
IO.SYS: Di s h tr ca BSL bao ly BIOS, cung cp cc dch v c bn
nht nh chia s ti nguyn, qun l b nh.
MSDOS.SYS: m rng IO.SYS ln na
COMMAND.COM: lin lc gia ngi s dng v h thng, cha cc lnh ni
tr.
Cc lnh ngoi: l thnh phn m rng theo tng lnh vc.
Cc tin ch khc: Chng trnh nn a (DBLSPACE)
CU HI V BI TP
1.1. Hy lit k s b v mt s c trng ca cc h iu hnh s dng.
1.2. Trnh by cc c trng ca CPU, b nh, knh dn
1.3. Nhng i lng no lin quan n tc x l ca CPU
1.4. Anh, ch hy ly v d minh ha v cc tnh cht ca h iu hnh ang s dng c th
1.5. Anh, ch hy trnh by v cc nguyn tc xy dng h iu hnh. Ly v d minh ha c
th.
1.6. Anh, ch hy ly v d minh ha v cc thnh phn c bn ca h iu hnh ang s dng
c th. Nu ngha, tc dng ca cc thnh phn .

- 13 -

Chng II: QUN L THIT B


t vn
- Thit b ngoi vi tr thnh i tng lm vic ca h iu hnh khi h thng
phc tp
- Cc thit b ngoi vi m nhim vic truyn thng tin qua li gia cc b phn ca
h thng
V vy vn t chc thng tin, phng php truy nhp ti chng nh th no
cp:
- T chc thit b ngoi vi
- Chin lc iu khin
- Phng php pht hin v x l li
2.1. Quan h phn cp trong t chc v qun l thit b ngoi vi
2.1.1. S a dng ca cc thit b ngoi vi:
- Chun: bt buc
- Ph: b sung
2.1.2. Quan h gia vi x l vi thit b ngoi vi
- Vi x l khng th lm vic trc tip vi cc thit b ngoi vi
- Vi x l cng vi thit b ngoi vi thc hin cc thao tc vo/ra
Tn ti cch t chc sao cho vi x l khng ph thuc vo cc bin ng ca thit
b ngoi vi
Nguyn tc:
- Vi x l ch iu khin cc thao tc vo/ra ch khng trc tip thc hin
- Cc thit b ngoi vi khng trc tip gn vo vi x l m gn vi thit b qun l
- Mt thit b iu khin v cc thit b ngoi vi ph thuc n to thnh mt knh
(channel)
Nh vy: thit b qun l ng vai tr nh mt my tnh chuyn dng:
- Nhim v iu khin thit b ngoi vi
- C ngn ng ring, lnh ring
- Thit b ngoi vi v thit b iu khin hot ng c lp vi nhau v c lp vi vi
x l
- Chng trnh vit trn ngn ng thit b iu khin v thit b ngoi vi gi l
chng trnh knh (channel program)
2.1.3. Thc hin cc php vo/ra
Vi x l to ra mt chng trnh tng ng vi cng vic cn thc hin, sau chuyn
giao chng trnh knh v d liu tng ng cho thit b iu khin v tip tc thc hin
chng trnh ca mnh
Processor

Driver 1

Driver 2

TBNV 1

TBNV 2

- 14 -

Cc php vo/ra c iu khin theo nguyn l Macroprocessor cho php trong lc cc


php vo/ra c thc hin thit b ngoi vi th vi x l vn hot ng song song (thc hin
cc tnh ton v iu khin khc khi cha cn n kt qu vo/ra)
Khi cng vic c hon thnh bo cho vi x l bit bng tn hiu ngt. Tu theo tn
hiu ngt:
Vi x l ngt ngay
Lu tr ch x l sau
Hu b
h thng c th lm vic vi cc knh vi x l phi bit ngn ng knh (ngn ng
c a vo h thng khi np h iu hnh)
V d: MSDOS
Trong CONFIG.SYS
DEVICE =...
m bo tng tc cht ch gia thit b ngoi vi v vi x l th knh pht tn hiu ngt
vo/ra, n lun lun bo v h thng mt tr s qua c th nh gi cht lng thc hin
php vo/ra: m tr v (return code). vi x l tm dng cng vic ca mnh v chuyn sang
phn tch m tr v nh gi kt qu, cht lng cng vic
2.1.4. Kt thc chng trnh knh
Cc lnh trong chng trnh knh kt thc khc nhau nn mt php vo/ra c th thc
nhiu mc v vy knh bo cho h thng bit kt qu php vo/ra cng sm cng tt
Cc chng trnh ng dng, chng trnh ngt vo/ra, chng trnh knh to thnh cc
tin trnh c lp, hot ng song song v chu s iu chung ca h thng.
2.2. C ch phng m (Buffer)
c im ca thit b ngoi vi l tc chm (nh hn rt nhiu so vi tc ca vi x
l) do khi mt thit b ngoi vi lm vic h thng cn:
Kch hot thit b ngoi vi
Ch thit b ngoi vi t trng thi thch hp
m bo hiu sut s dng, h thng cn phi:
Gim s lng cc php vo/ra vt l
Thc hin song song cc php vo/ra v x l thng tin khc
Thc hin trc cc php nhp d liu
Nh vy tn ti mt s vng nh trung gian lm ni lu tr thng tin trong cc php
vo/ra gi l phng m
C ch phng m cho php khc phc:
Thc hin trc cc php nhp d liu
Tch lu kt qu ra
m bo x l song song gia cc php trao i vo/ra v x l
Gim s ln truy nhp vt l
m bo bin i topo thc hin trc hoc sau khi x l thng tin m khng
lm mt tnh lin tc ca thng tin
Vi vi x l th phng m chnh l cc thanh ghi
V d:
f1.txt
a

- 15 -

Phn loi:
Phng m trung gian
Phng m x l
Phng m vng
2.2.1. Phng m trung gian:
Lu tr tm thi kt qu vo/ra nh vy tn ti hai c ch phng m:
Phng m vo
- Phng m ch dng nhp thng tin. Trong h thngs c lnh a thng tin
vo phng m (c vt l).
- Khi gp ch th c (READ), thng tin s c tch v chuyn t phng m vo
cc a ch tng ng trong Chng trnh ng dng. Nh vy, mi gi tr c lu
tr hai ni trong b nh (mt phng m v mt vng b nh trong Chng
trnh ng dng). Khi gi tr cui cng ca phng m vo c ly ra th phng m
c gii phng (rng) v h thng a thng tin mi vo phng m trong thi
gian ngn nht c th.
- gim thi gian ch i, h thng c th t chc nhiu phng m vo, khi ht
thng tin mt phng m, h thng s chuyn sang phng m khc.
Phng m ra
- Khi c ch th ghi (WRITE), thng tin c a vo phng m. Khi phng m ra
y, h thng s a thng tin ra thit b ngoi vi.
- H thng cng c th t chc nhiu phng m ra.
Buffer
System
Buffer
System
Read(f,a)

a
Write(f,a)
u im:
- n gin
- H s song song cao (do tc gii phng vng m ln)
- Vn nng, p dng cho mi php vo/ra
Nhc
- Tn b nh
- Thi gian trao i
- Nhiu li x l
2.2.2. Phng m x l:
Thng tin c x l ngay trong phng m
Truy nhp thng tin theo a ch (tnh a ch ca thng tin trong phng m v cung
cp cho chng trnh)
u im:
- Tit kim b nh
- Khng mt thi gian chuyn thng tin b nh trong
- 16 -

Nhc:
- H s song song thp
- Tc gii phng phng m chm
- Tnh vn nng khng cao
Buffer
System

a
2.2.3. Phng m vng
Kt hp c 2 loi phng m trn
T chc 3 phng m
X l

Ra

Vo

Sau mt khong thi gian ba phng m quay vng trn


T chc:
- Phng m c th gn vi tng file c th: ch c xy dng khi m file hoc ng
file
- Phng m gn vi h thng: khi xy dng h thng th xy dng ngay c ch
phng m v ch gn vo mt file c th no
2.3. C ch SPOOL (Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On_Line - H thng m phng
cc php trao i thit b ngoi vi trong ch trc tip)
Vai tr ca thit b ngoi vi: trm nhn chng trnh knh v d liu, gi cc m trng
thi cho h thng phn tch
Tuy nhin: mi chng trnh v d liu ca thit b ngoi vi hot ng tng t nh
thit b ngoi vi c thc v vy c th dng phn mm m phng hot ng ca thit b
ngoi vi v coi n nh mt thit b ngoi vi o.
Yu cu
Chng trnh
Print

Disk

Thc hin chng


trnh ca ngi dng

X l
kt thc

ng dng:
- M phng qu trnh iu khin, qun l thit b ngoi vi
- To ra cc SPOOL, m phng cc php trao i ngoi vi ngay trong lc thc hin

- 17 -

SPOOL: k thut x l m thit b cui trong chng trnh ca ngi dng c tm


thi thay th bi thit b trung gian
- Sau khi kt thc chng trnh vo thi im thun tin thng tin s c a ra thit
b cui theo yu cu ca ngi dng
- Khng can thip vo chng trnh ca ngi dng
- Tin hnh ngay trong lc thc hin php trao i vo/ra
Tc dng:
- Lm cho chng trnh ca ngi dng thc hin nhanh hn
- Gim gi thnh chi ph
- Khai thc thit b ngoi vi tt hn
- Gim yu cu v s lng thit b
- To ra k thut lp trnh tng ng
T chc SPOOL: c ch thc hin:
- Lu kt qu a ra thit b trung gian, chuyn giao kt qu ny ra phn x l kt
thc
- Lu gi chng trnh knh
2.4. Qun l file
L do:
- Ngi dng phi lu tr thng tin b nh ngoi v vy h iu hnh phi c vai
tr sao cho ngi dng truy nhp thun tin
- Nhu cu dng chung cc file d liu
H qun l file phi c cc tnh cht:
- Tnh c lp ca file vi vi x l v vi thit b ngoi vi v vy h thng khi lm
vic phi qun l file theo tn
- Bo v d liu: khng mt thng tin khi c s c k thut hoc chng trnh
thm ch truy nhp bt hp l
- T chc c hiu qu m bo tit kim b nh ngoi v d truy nhp
T chc tun t theo byte: d liu c t chc lu tr, c v ghi mt cch
tun t tng byte. Cch t chc ny c tnh vn nng, mi ng dng u c th
s dng tp.
T chc tun t theo bn ghi: d liu c t chc lu tr, c v ghi mt cch
tun t tng bn ghi vi kch thc c nh.
T chc cy cc bn ghi: d liu c t chc lu tr, c v ghi theo cy cc
bn ghi theo trng kho.
- Mi thao tc phc tp phi trong sut vi ngi dng m bo cng c truy nhp
ti tay ngi dng dng n gin nht
Nh vy:
- Tn ti cc cu lnh: c, ghi, to, i tn, ng, m file...
- T chc thng tin trn phng tin mang tin v t ng ghi nhn s
- B tr file p ng yu cu truy nhp v tm kim
Cu trc lu tr tun t, tn ti bn ghi c bit lu tr cc tham s file
Tn ti c ch th mc, b phn ho tn file phm vi nht nh, cc Thng
tin lin h vi nhau bng danh sch mc ni
- C c ch bo v file:
Tnh: lin quan ti ton b file v c nh theo thi gian
ng: xc lp khi m file c, ghi thng tin
- Xo d liu trong file:
Mc vt l: ton b ni dung file
- 18 -

Mc logic: ngt cc mc ni lin h vi file


Phn lp:
H qun tr CSDL
User

P/thc truy nhp


Truy nhp Logic
Truy nhp Vt l

HH

Trao i Vo/ra
Thit b Vo/ra

mc ngi dng:
- Giao din tt
- Mang tnh c th ca h thng
Mc h iu hnh:
- Mang tnh vn nng
- Tn ti nhiu thnh phn, ph thuc vo thit b v n phi lin h vi h thng
2.5. Qun l file trong h iu hnh MSDOS
B nh ngoi (a t) c hai tham s chnh:
- Tham s v thit b c a t
- Tham s v bn thn a
2.5.1. Thit b c, ghi:
Nguyn tc hot ng theo nam chm in
2.5.2. Tham s a t:
Lu tr c nh trn a.
a c th c 1, 2 hay nhiu mt (side), chng c nh s th t t 0. Mi mt c
truy nhp bng mt u t (head).
Trn cc mt, thng tin c ghi theo cc ng trn ng tm (Track - rnh t) c a
im u thng hng nhau. Chng c nh s th t t 0 v t ngoi vo trong tm a.
Tp hp cc rnh c bn knh bng nhau trn cc mt to thnh t tr (Cylinder)

Trn cc rnh, thng tin ghi theo tng phn mt gi l cung t (sector) c di bng
nhau, mt sector c th l 128, 256, 512, 1024 byte. Cc sector c nh s bt u t 1
(Hin nay nng cao dung lng lu tr trn a t, k thut LBA c s dng)
- 19 -

Sector 1 khng nm cnh sector 2 m cch mt khong no gi l h s an xen


(interleave). Interleave l s nguyn t cng nhau vi s sector trn track
V d: a mm: Interleave=7
a cng h s ny t 3 n 4
a ch vt l ca 1 sector c xc nh bi:
S hiu ca Side/Head
S hiu ca Track/Cylinder
S hiu ca Sector
Trong thc t cn s dng khi nim lin cung (Cluster): L s cc sector lin tip nhau
v mt logic v l n v phn phi b nh cho ngi dng (1 cluster c th l 2, 4, 8, 16,
32... sector). a ch logic
a ch logic ca 1 sector cn c xc nh bi:
S hiu ca Cluster (tnh t Cylinder 0, Head 1)
S Sector/1 Cluster
S hiu ca Sector (tnh t u Cylinder)
c/ghi thng tin trn 1 sector ca a
S dng ngt 13H ca BIOS c/ghi a, vi kiu d liu thanh ghi (Registers)
Gi tr cc thanh ghi:
AH: 01h: Ghi Sector;
02h: c Sector
AL: S Sector cn c/ghi
CH: S hiu Track/Cylinder
CL: S hiu Sector
DH: S hiu u t
DL: S hiu a (F0h = A...; 80H = HD0; 81H = HD1)
ES:BX => a ch vng nh
Ch : Gi tr Sector gm 6 bit v Cylinder l 10bit:
15

14

13

12

11

10

Cylinder

Sector

Th tc m ho Cylinder v Sector
Function CylSecEncode(Cylinder, Sector : Word) : Word;
Begin
CylSecEncode := (Lo(Cylinder) shl 8) or (Hi(Cylinder) shl 6) or Sector;
End;
Output:
Nu c li: Carry Flag=CY=1 v m li trong AH
Nu khng li: AH = 0 v ES:BX => a ch vng nh
Mt a cng bao gm:
- Phn h thng
- Phn d liu

- 20 -

Phn h thng bao gm:


- Master boot record
- Boot sector
- FAT
- ROOT
Hnh nh cu trc:
HDD
MBR

FDD
Boot Sector

FAT1

FAT2

Root

File

Vng h thng

- MBR: Master Boot Boot chnh ca a t cng


- MBR tr ti Boot Sector v nhng Boot Sector cn li (nu c)
- Boot Sector tr ti Root v t Root truy nhp vo FAT1, t FAT1 truy nhp ti File
Boot sector: lun tn ti mi a t
N bao gm hai phn:
- Xc nh tham s t chc ca a: c th cho mi a
- Chng trnh mi phc v cho vic np h iu hnh: vng ny l bt buc vi a
h thng, vi a ghi d liu t c th b trng
Np h thng: Thc cht l c Boot Sector v ghi vo vng a ch 7C00h
Phn tham s
a t
Cung t mi
Boot strap loader

55AA

truy nhp thng tin trn a cn quan tm ti cc thng s:


- S byte cho mt sector
- S sector trc FAT
- S bng FAT
- S mc vo (entry) cho root (32 byte cho mt entry)
- Tng s sector trn a
- S lng sector cho mt bng FAT
- S sector trn mt track
- S u c, ghi
Truy nhp Boot Sector
- Xc nh v tr ca n trn a
- c trc tip sector thng qua ngt 13h hoc 25h
V tr Boot Sector:
- a mm: sec1, u c 0, cylinder 0
- a cng: sec1, u c 1, cylinder 0
- 21 -

A/ Bng tham s BR:


S a ch Chiu di
hiu offset
(byte)
1
0
3
2
3
8
3
B
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

ngha
EBxx90 (s hiu c bit)
Tn h thng format a

S byte/sector (byte thp c lu tr trc 1234 34|12)


D
1
Sec/clus kch thc trong bng phn phi cho ngi dng
E
2
K/c t u logic a t ti bng FAT1
10
1
S bng FAT
11
2
S phn t th mc gc root
13
2
S sec trn a nu dung lng a nh hn 32MB
15
1
Loi a: F8: HD; F9: FD(1.2M); F10: FD (1.44M)
16
2
S sec/FAT
18
2
S sec/track
1A
2
S u t
1C
4
/c tuyt i boot sector
20
4
S sec trn a nu dung lng a ln hn 32MB
24
1
/c vt l a t: 80: C, 81: D, 00: FD
25
1
D tr
26
1
Du hiu 29h
27
4
Serial number
2B
11
Volume name
36
8
FAT
Cn li 482 byte cha Chng trnh mi
V d:
EB
01
12
D2
46

BC 90
4D 53 44 4F 53 35 2E 30
00 02
20
00
02
00 02
00 00
F8
80 00
00
BC 19 00 00
0E 00 10 00
50
00
15 BE 18
4E 4F 20 4E 41 4D 45 20 20 20 20
41 54 31 36 20 20 20 F1 33

3D 00
29

B/ Th mc gc (Root Directory)
Dy cc mc vo, mi mc vo 32 byte chia thnh:
S hiu
a ch
di
ngha
1
0
8
Tn t/m, tp (nu thiu b sung du cch 20h)
2
8
3
Phn m rng
3
B
1
Thuc tnh
4
C
10
Cha dng ti (vi MSDOS6.22)
5
16
2
Gi to lp
6
18
2
Ngy to lp
7
1A
2
Cha lin cung khi ng
8
1C
4
Kch thc tp

- 22 -

Byte s 0 trong tn th mc, tp:


- Nu l 00h th phn t ny cha s dng bao gi
- Nu l E5h th phn t ny c s dng nhng b xo
- Nu l 2E 20h (.) phn t u tin ca th mc con. Lin cung khi ng (Starting
cluster) ca phn t 1 ch chnh n
- Nu l 2E 2Eh (..) phn t th hai ca th mc con. Lin cung khi ng (Starting
cluster) ca phn t 2 ch th mc m
- Lin cung khi ng (Starting cluster) ca th mc gc vi s hiu: 00h
Byte thuc tnh:
A
D
V
S
H
R
Trng s: 32 16 8
4
2
1
A: thuc tnh lu tr
D: th mc
V: Nhn a
S: h thng: cc chng trnh c c quyn h thng mi c th truy nhp
H: n nh du mt tp b che
R: ch c
V d:
Tp IO.SYS vi cc thuc tnh: A S
H
R
Trng s : 32
4
2
1
Gi tr: (39)10:27h
Tp COMMAND.COM vi cc thuc tnh: A
Trng s : 32
Gi tr: (32)10:20h
Th mc TP : D
Trng s : 16
Gi tr: (16)10: 10h
Kim tra thuc tnh mt tp:
c gi tr trong byte Attribute (At)
Thc hin php AND tng ng vi trng s ca cc thuc tnh
V d:
Thuc tnh H: At AND 2<>0
Th mc con: At AND 16<>0
Gn thuc tnh mt tp:
Thc hin php OR tng ng vi trng s ca cc thuc tnh
V d:
- 23 -

Thuc tnh H: At OR 2
Xo thuc tnh mt tp:
Thc hin php AND tng ng m b1 tng ng vi thuc tnh
V d:
Thuc tnh R (thc hin php AND vi 1111 1110): At AND FEh
Thuc tnh H (thc hin php AND vi 1111 1101): At AND FDh
Ngy, gi to lp h thng:
Byte Time: xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx
gi pht giy
Byte Date: xxxxxxx xxxx xxxxx
s nm
thng ngy
(Gi tr nm tnh t nm 1980)
C/ Bng FAT
Chc nng:
- To danh sch mc ni cc Cluster ca cng mt tp (qun l b nh s dng)
- Qun l b nh t do (vng b nh cha dnh cho tp tin hay th mc no)
- nh du cc Bad Cluster (nng cao tin cy a)
Bao gm:
- Dy cc phn t, mi phn t c th l: 12,16, 32bit tng ng cho FAT12, FAT16,
FAT32.
- Cc phn t c nh s 0,1,2..
- T phn t th 2, mi phn t trong FAT tng ng vi mt Cluster v ngc li
FAT12: Dung lng: 2 12= 4096KB = 4MB
FAT16: Dung lng: 2 16= 64MB vi 2Sector/1Cluster
2 16= 128MB vi 4Sector/1Cluster
2 16= 1024MB vi 32Sector/1Cluster
FAT32: Dung lng: 2 32= 8GB vi 2Sector/1Cluster
- Phn t th nht: tt c cc bit l 1 do
Vi a cng: HD: s hiu FF8h
Vi a mm: FD: s hiu FF0h
- Du hiu kt thc 1 chui Cluster l FFFh hoc FFFFh
V d: a mm 1.44MB vi FAT12
Starting Cluster: 6:
FF0
FFF

8
5
FFF
9
4
7
3

tng tc truy nhp, ngay ln truy nhp u tin lm vic vi a t, h thng s


- 24 -

c lun FAT v ROOT vo RAM, nh vy h thng ch cn truy nhp vo b nh


ly thng tin, khng cn phi truy nhp li a t do vy tng c tc v gim c
di chuyn c kh ca u t.
c FAT
uses crt,MSDOS;
const S16:string[16]='0123456789abcdef';
var B:array[0..511]of byte;
i,j:integer;start:word;
drv,cyl,head,sec,numsec,drive:byte;
Function R_sector (drive,cyl,head,sec,numsec:byte):integer;
var reg:registers;
begin
with reg do
begin
dl:=drive;dh:=head;ch:=cyl;
cl:=sec;al:=numsec;ah:=2;
es:=seg (b);bx:=ofs (b);
end;
intr ($13,reg);
end;
Function R_fat (var start:word):word;
var k,k1,k2,k3,tg,l:integer;ch:char;
begin
for i:=0 to 511 do b[i]:=0;
if (drv=0)or (drv=1)then
begin
drive:=0;head:=0;
end else
begin
drive:=$80;head:=1;
end;
i:=start;
if (drv=0)or (drv=1)then
begin
j:= (i*3)div 2;k:=j div 512;
tg:=R_sector (drive,0,head,2+k,1);
j:=j mod 512;
l:=memw[seg (b[j]):ofs (b[j])];
if odd (i) then l:=l shr 4
else l:=l and $0fff;
end
else
begin
j:=i*2;k:=j div 512;
tg:=R_sector (drive,0,head,2+k,1);
j:=j mod 512;
l:=memw[seg (b[j]):ofs (b[j])];
l:=l and $0fff;
end;
k1:=l shr 8+1;k2:= (l shr 4)and $0f+1;k3:=l and $0f+1;
write (s16[k1],s16[k2],s16[k3],' ');
if (s16[k1]+s16[k2]+s16[k3]<>'fff')then R_fat:=l else
begin
writeln;writeln ('End of file press any case:');
ch:=readkey;
if (ch='q')then halt (1);
end
end;
Begin clrscr;
write ('Ten odia:');readln (drv);
for start:=7 to 150 do i:=r_fat (start);
End.

- 25 -

D/ Partition
Bao gm: 4 phn t, mi phn t 16byte chia thnh 4 trng, mi trng 4byte.
Mi phn t khc khng xc nh 1 phn t c s dng nh 1 a t c lp
Nu bit a ch vt l u c th tnh c a ch logic u, cc tham s cn li
/c V/l u

/c V/l cui

/c Logic cui

Tng s Sector

a ch vt l u: 4byte
SYS

CYS

SYS: byte h thng


Bng 00h nu a l a lm vic
Bng 80h nu l a h thng (phn cha h thng c t tn l a C)
H: cha s u c
S: cha s sector
CYL: s cylinder
a ch vt l cui: 4byte
TYPE

SYS

TYPE:
00h: cm c ghi (khng cho php truy nhp)
01h: p dng cho a c dung lng nh hn 4MB (FAT 12)
04h: p dng cho a c dung lng nh hn 32MB (FAT 16)
06h: p dng cho a c dung lng ln hn 32MB (FAT 16)
0Ch: p dng cho a c dung lng ln hn FAT32
SYS:
Bng 80h nu l a h thng TYPE = 51 (DM: disk manager)
Bng 05h: loi m rng (extended) cu trc logic nh mt a cng vt l
v vy tn ti master boot ring, c partition ring.
V d:
Vi FAT16: a ch bt u ca Partition l 1BEh
80 01 01 00 06 3F FF 4D 3F 00 00 00 41 00 34 00
00 00 00 00...
00 00
00 00
55 AA

- 26 -

c MBR
uses crt,MSDOS;
const s16:string[16]='0123456789abcdef';
var reg:registers;
B:array[0..511]of byte;
i:integer; j,k:byte;ch:char;
begin clrscr;
with reg do
begin
dl:=$80;dh:=0;
cl:=1;ch:=0;
al:=1;ah:=2;
bx:=ofs (b);es:=seg (b);
end;
intr ($13,reg);
for i:=$1be to 511 do
begin
j:=b[i]shr 4+1;
k:=b[i]and$0f+1;
write (s16[j]:2,s16[k]);
if (i+1)mod 16 =0 then
begin
write (' ':5);
for j:=i-15 to i do
if (b[j]<32)or (b[j]=255)then write ('.')
else write (chr (b[j]));
if (i=255)then ch:=readkey;
writeln;
end end;
readln
end.

CU HI V BI TP
2.1. Trnh by vic phn cp trong t chc v qun l thit b ngoi vi.
2.2. Trnh by vai tr ca b m? Nu cc cch iu khin b m vo ra d liu.
2.3. Trnh by cc phng php t chc d liu trn h thng my tnh
2.4. Anh, ch hy trnh by cc phng php truy nhp d liu c dng ph bin hin
nay.
2.5. V s thut ton vic c v hin th gi tr ca 05 ch mc u tin trong bng FAT32
2.6. Xy dng chng trnh c thng tin trn 1 a cng v hin th ra mn hnh cho bit a
c bao nhiu mt, trn mi mt c bao nhiu rnh, trn mi rnh c bao nhiu sector, s
sector trn mt lin cung v tng s lin cung.
2.7. Xy dng chng trnh lit k v lu vo a bng phn vng ca a cng c th
2.8. Xy dng chng trnh lit k v lu cc thng s h thng c lu tr trong Boot
Record ca 01 a logic.
2.9. Xy dng chng trnh lit k cc mc vo ca Root trn 01 a cng c th FAT16 hoc
FAT32)
2.10. Xy dng chng trnh lit k 01 sector bt k trn a.
2.11. Xy dng chng trnh lit k thng tin ca 01 file text lu tr trn a
2.12. Xy dng chng trnh lit k thng tin ca bng MFT trong a cng s dng k thut
qun l file NTFS

- 27 -

Chng III: QUN L B NH


3.1. t vn
B nh l 1 ti nguyn khng th thiu c, ng vai tr lu tr thng tin x l v
vy n c lin quan ti tc x l.
Mt phn b nh trong dng lu tr nhn (kernel) ca h thng- tp cc chng trnh
iu khin thng xuyn c mt b nh trong thc hin khi cn.
Chc nng khc ca h iu hnh l bo v chng trnh v d liu khi b h hng,
truy nhp mt cch khng hp thc khi cc chng trnh khc hot ng.
Cc bc x l chng trnh:
C.trnh
ngun

Tn
ngoi

Tn trong

Chng trnh dch

Modul
dch

Modul
thc hin

C.trnh
thc hin

Qun l b nh

THC
HIN

Q/l T/trnh

Chng trnh ngun: Cc chng trnh c vit di dng ngn ng thut ton qua
chng trnh dch dch sang ngn ng my.
Cc php nh x: h thng phi chuyn i cc tn ngoi thnh tn trong
Tn ngoi: do ngi dng t
Tn trong: tn do h thng t trong qu trnh dch, dng phn phi b nh v xc lp
mi quan h n tr tn a ch (do hm a ch thc hin)
Hm a ch xc lp quan h gia khng gian tn v khng gian b nh (b nh logic)
Modul dch ca chng trnh l chng trnh vit trn ngn ng my, nhng n mi
c xt c lp khng nhng vo quan h chung ca ton h thng v vy cn phi chuyn
thnh chng trnh thc hin.
Vic tp hp cc chng trnh modul dch thnh cc chng trnh dng thc hin do
chng trnh bin tp (LINK) m nhim.
nh v chng trnh: np chng trnh vo b nh trong c th, t vo v tr xc nh
v sa a ch cho thch hp vi mi trng khai thc c th.
Vi chng trnh .COM: dung lng nh hn 64KB nn c th t mt ni no v
thc hin ngay khng cn sa i
Vi chng trnh .EXE: chng trnh c chun b gn dng thc hin nhng cha lp
rp v vy khi a vo b nh phi lp rp theo chng trnh iu khin (bin tp li)
Ch lp trnh:
VLG: dung lng b nh logic
VPH: dung lng b nh vt l
Ch b nh thc:
Yu cu VLG< VPH nh vy b nh s dng nh hn b nh ta c
Ch b nh o:
Khng c rng buc gia VLG v VPH nh vy khi qun l khng gian b nh:
Logic: quan tm ti chng trnh c b tr nh th no\
Vt l: quan tm ti chng trnh v d liu
Tm li: quan tm ti vic xc lp quan h gia hai b nh

- 28 -

3.2. Qun l b nh logic - cu trc mt chng trnh


Mt chng trnh c th bao gm nhiu modul, cc modul c th c cng mt dng cu
trc hoc c nhng cu trc khc nhau
Chng trnh c th c cc dng cu trc:
- Tuyn tnh
- ng
- Overlay
- Phn on
- Phn trang
3.2.1. Cu trc tuyn tnh
Sau khi bin tp cc modul c tp hp thnh 1 chng trnh hon thin cha y
thng tin c th thc hin
Thc hin: nh v 1 ln vo b nh
u im:
- n gin, ch vic tm cc mc ni
- Khng c s g b v thi gian
- Tnh lu ng cao: c th chuyn t ni ny ti ni khc
Nhc:
- Lng ph b nh v phi s dng vng b nh ln hn mc cn thit
3.2.2. Cu trc ng
Tng modul c bin tp ring bit
Khi thc hin ch vic np modul u tin vo b nh
Khi cn modul khc ngi s dng phi s dng lnh macro h thng np nh v
modul hoc xo modul ra khi b nh
V d: Lnh Macro
Attach: np, gn vo
Load: np modul vo nhng cha thc hin
Delete: xo modul khi b nh
Ngi dng c th tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh nh v
u im:
- Tit kim b nh
Nhc:
- Yu cu ngi dng phi bit kch thc h thng
- Thi gian thc hin ln, va thc hin va nh v
- Km linh ng
3.2.3. Cu trc Overlay
Cc modul chng trnh c chia thnh tng lp
- Lp 0: modul gc- modul u tin c gi
- Lp 1: modul c modul lp 0 gi (khng cn c gi ng thi)
- Lp 2: modul c modul lp 1 gi
-
B nh dnh cho chng trnh c chia thnh cc phn, mc b nh v mc chng
trnh
bit modul no thuc mc no ngi dng phi cung cp thng tin cho bit:
- S mc, modul tng ng vi mc (gi l s overlay hay file Overlay - OVL)
- 29 -

Modul mc 0 c 1 file chng trnh ring, khi cn np modul no th h


thng tm kim trong overlay v np vo b nh mc overlay tng ng
- Duy tr hot ng chng trnh theo s overlay gi l supervisor overlay
Khi np vo mc dng ri th modul c b xo
V d:
-

u im:
- Tit kim b nh
- ngi dng khng phi can thip vo chng trnh ngun
- Cc modul khng phi lu tr nhiu ln
Nhc:
- Ngi dng phi cung cp s overlay
- Hiu qu s dng b nh tng dn ti 1 mc no th dng li
- Hn ch 1 s cch gi chng trnh con
3.2.4. Cu trc phn on
Khi chng trnh ca ngi dng c bin tp to thnh cc modul ring bit, tp hp
cc chng trnh l 1 bng iu khin cho bit chng trnh c th s dng nhng modul no
thng qua SCB (segment control block)
SCB cha 1 s thng tin tr gip nh v chng trnh, da vo SCB np modul vo
trong b nh.
Khi thc hin chng trnh da vo SCB kim tra xem modul c trong b nh hay
khng, nu cha c trong b nh th chng trnh c np vo bt k vng nh no .
u im:
- Cc modul khng cn phi naptucj v khng cn c v tr c nh
- Ngi dng khng cn phi khai bo bt k thng tin ph no
- Thc hin nhanh hn so vi s overlay
- Hiu qu tng dn theo kch thc b nh
Nhc:
- Ph thuc cu trc ban u ca chng trnh ngun
3.2.5. Cu trc phn trang
Chng trnh ca ngi dng c chia thnh tng trang c kch thc ging nhau
c qun l bi bng qun l trang
Khi thc hin s np dn tng trang theo nhu cu v vy hn ch lng ph b nh
C s h tr ca phn cng
y h s tch tr b nh ln cao
- 30 -

Phn cp b nh:
Phn Trang:
ROM (384B):
Ghi c 1 ln
Khng cn ngun gi
Tc truy nhp cao
S cp: 640KB u tin
Expended:
Phc v cho Vo/ra
Processor cn lm vic trc tip vi b nh ny
Extended: i hi ch m rng
Ngoi:
Disk: khi lng ln, thi gian lu tr lu di
Chuyn dng:
CMOS (64KB): lu tr thng tin cu hnh
R: truy nhp nhanh, phi phi hp vi CPU
Buffer: hot ng nh 1 my tnh chuyn dng
Cache: phc v Vo/ra
3.3. Qun l b nh vt l
B nh c lch thc c th v vy nhy cm vi cc kiu s dng c th
3.3.1. Phn chng c nh
B nh c chia thnh n phn khng nht thit phi bng nhau, mi phn s dng nh
1 b nh c lp gi l Chng
Bao nhiu Chng th c by nhiu chng trnh
Mi chng trnh c 1 danh sch qun l b nh t do cha s dng ring
Chng trnh c np vo chng no s tn ti cho ti khi kt thc
u im:
- n gin
- D bo v
- Tn ti cng c bn trong b nh c th phn chia li h thng
- C th phn loi cc chng trnh trc khi thc hin v vy c th t chc phc v
gn ti u
Nhc:
- B nh b phn on nn khi phn chia li s thay i ng bin v vy thng tin b
xo
3.3.2. Ch phn chng ng
Ch tn ti 1 danh sch qun l b nh t do cho ton b h thng nh.
Mi chng trnh khi xut hin c phn phi 1 vng nh ring lin tc c s dng
nh 1 b nh c lp
u im:
- H s song song cao, khng c nh
- S chng trnh thc hin c th thay i
- Khng b phn on nn c th thc hin 1 chng trnh bt k min l c b
nh
- 31 -

- C ch i ch ( b nh th lm vic)
- H thng iu khin khng b sao chp i ni khc
Nhc:
- Hiu qu s dng b nh khng cao
- Nu c s c k thut th chng trnh s b ph hu
- S phc tp
- Xut hin hin tng phn on ngoi
Khc phc:
- B tr li b nh tm thi im thch hp ln lt dng cc chng trnh ang c
thc hin
- a 1 s chng trnh t vng nh trang sang nh ngoi
3.3.3. Ch phn on
Chng trnh c cu trc phn on. (c bin tp thnh cc modul ring bit Tn
to bng SCB)
Ngi dng hon ton khng quan tm ti SCB v chng trnh ca h c b tr nh
th no trong b nh
SCB bao gm cc phn t, mi phn t tng ng vi 1 modul c lp.
Mi phn t bao gm 3 trng:
D

Trng D:
0: cha np vo b nh
1: np
Trng A: a ch ni np modul vo b nh
Trng L: di modul
Ban u D v L c gi tr, L ch kch thc modul v D=0 (cha np), SCB c xy
dng ngay khi bin tp
Khi thc hin SCB c np vo trong b nh, a ch ca n c a vo thanh ghi
qun l on RS (register segment)
a ch truy nhp d liu c biu din di dng cp (s,d)
s: s hiu segment (modul) cn truy nhp
d: a ch tng i tnh t segment
Truy nhp: 2 ln hng ti b nh
- Ln 1: Ly ni dung ca thanh ghi (RS) ghp vi s truy nhp ti phn t th s
trong bng SCB
- Ln 2: da vo (khi D=1) ly a+d truy nhp ti d liu
u im:
- p dng trn my bt k
- Cho php s dng chung cc modul trong b nh
Nhc:
- Hiu qu ph thuc cu trc ban u ca chng trnh ngun
- Phn on ngoi: b tr li b nh
Nu xut hin nhu cu b tr li:
- a ra modul tn ti duy nht trong b nh
- a ra modul c ln s dng cch ay lu nht
- a ra modul c tn sut s dng thp nht
- 32 -

3.3.4. Ch phn trang (nh x b nh logic thnh vt l)


B nh vt l c chia thnh tng phn bng nhau gi l Trang, cc trang c nh
s th t 0,1,2..
Chng trnh phi c cu trc trang
Trang trong chng trnh phi c cng kch thc trang vt l
1 trang vt l: 256byte-4KB
Khi lm vic chng trnh c bin tp theo tng trang to ra cc PCB
PCB: l tp hp cc phn t mi phn t ng vi 1 trang ca chng trnh
Bao gm 2 trng:
D

AP

Trng D: du hiu cho bit trang c np vo b nh hay cha


0: cha
1: np
Trng AP: a ch trang
Khi thc hin :
PCB c np vo b nh
a ch u c a vo thanh ghi RP
a ch d liu c biu din di dng: (p,d)
p: s hiu trang
d: offset tnh t u trang
Truy nhp d liu: 2 hng ti b nh
- Ln 1: ly RP+p truy nhp ti trang p trong PCB
- Ln 2: i d=1 ly Ap ghp vi d truy nhp d liu
u:
- Khng c hin tng phn on ngoi
- Hn ch vic thiu b nh
- Khi thiu b nh c th gii phng bng cch a 1 trang ra ngoi
o Trang tn ti lu nht trong b nh
o Trang c s ln s dng cch ay lu nht
o Trang c tn sut s dng thp nht
Nhc:
Bng PCB c th c kch thc ln
3.3.5. Ch kt hp phn trang v phn on
B nh c t chc theo kiu phn trang
Chng trnh c t chc theo kiu phn on (Tn ti SCB)
Mi modul c bin tp theo ch phn trang v vy mi modul c 1 PSB ring
Mi phn t ca SCB s qun l cc PCB tng ng ca modul
D: xc nh PCB vo b nh hay cha
A: a ch u PCB
L: di Modul
Khi thc hin mt chng trnh SCB c np vo trong b nh. a ch u ca n
c a vo thanh ghi Rs
B nh c chia thnh 3 phn:
- 33 -

Phn1: cha SCB


Phn2: cha cc PCB
Phn3: cha cc trang chng trnh v d liu
Truy nhp:
a ch biu din: (s,p,d)
Trong :
s: modul cn truy nhp
p: trang cn truy nhp
d: a ch offset tnh t u trang
Truy xut nh: Mi ln truy nhp cn 3 ln hng ti b nh
- Ln1: ly ni dung RS+s: truy nhp phn t s ca SCB
- Ln2: d=1: ly A+p truy nhp phn t th p ca PCB th s
- Ln3: Dp=1: ly AP ghp vi d truy nhp d liu
u:
Kt hp u ca phn on v phn trang
Chng hin tng phn on ngoi
m bo s dng hiu qu b nh
3.4. Qun l b nh IBM PC ca MSDOS
H thng MSDOS c chia thnh 4 mc 0,1,2,3
- Mc 0: Nhn h iu hnh (Kennel)
- Mc 1: Qun l thit b, File
- Mc 2: Chng trnh phc v h thng
- Mc 3: Chng trnh ng dng
Mc u tin 0-3

2
3

Mt chng trnh ch c quyn truy nhp ti chng trnh v d liu cng mc u


tin hoc km mc u tin hn
B nh phn phi cho 1 chng trnh chia lm 2 loi:
B nh chung:
- Vng nh m mi chng trnh u c bit v c quyn truy nhp
- C bng tham s iu khin GDT (Global Descreption Table)
B nh ring:
- Phn phi cho chng trnh no th ch c chng trnh c bit v c quyn
truy nhp
- 34 -

- C bng tham s LDT (Local Descreption Table)


Vi my PC c 2 ch lm vic l:
- Ch thc (Real mode)
- Ch bo v (protect mode)
Nguyn tc:
B nh c chia thnh tng khi
Real mode:
o Dung lng khi <64KB
o Cc khi c nh s 0,1,2... gi l Index
o Khi 0-9 dnh cho ngi dng sp x 640KB: b nh c s
o Khi A,B cho cc phng php t chc truy nhp
o Khi C-F: ROM
o Khi F,E: ROMBASIC
Protect mode:
o 0-3FFF: 16K khi
o Mi khi tng ng vi 1 vng b nh thc RAM
o T b nh khi sang b nh logic
o Khi 1 khi c np trong b nh th phn t tng ng s thuc 1 vng
nh vt l
CU HI V BI TP
3.1. Anh ch hy trnh by tng quan v k thut Swapping b nh
3.2. Anh ch hy trnh by tng quan v cc chin lc iu khin trang b nh.
3.2 Anh ch hy trnh by tng quan v k thut qun l b nh o trong Windows NT

- 35 -

Chng IV: QUN L TIN TRNH


4.1. Qun l tin trnh
4.1.1. Khi nim
Phng php tip cn:
Coi tin trnh l nhm cc byte c ni dung thay i theo 1 lut no , lut hng dn
Processor thc hin.
Saltzer: Tin trnh l chng trnh do 1 processor logic thc hin
Dijkstra: Tin trnh l nhng g lin quan n h thng tnh ton xut hin khi
thc hin 1 chng trnh
nh ngha ca Horning & Randell: Tin trnh nh 1 qu trnh chuyn t trng
thi ny sang trng thi khc di tc ng ca hm hnh ng v xut pht t
trng thi ban u no
Hm hnh ng : nh x trng thi sang hnh ng, hnh ng da vo
trng thi ban u
T chui cc trng thi n cng vic

s0 s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s7
sn-1 sn sn+1
Quan im ca ngi dng: Tin trnh l mt qu trnh thc hin chng trnh

4.1.2. T chc tin trnh


T chc
Tin trnh tng ng cu trc thng tin cho php xc nh n tr tin trnh (cu trc
thng tin ny gi l khi m t thng tin bao gm):
- Bin trng thi thng tin : Trng thi hin ti ca tin trnh
- Vng b nh lu tr gi tr ca cc thanh ghi tin trnh s dng
- Thng tin v ti nguyn tin trnh ang s dng hoc c quyn s dng.
Hnh thnh tin trnh
- Khung chng trnh gn cho cc gi tr v ti nguyn c th
- Thng tin c xy dng khi c yu cu v hu b khi cng vic hon thnh
Phn loi tin trnh
- TT tun t : mt tin trnh ch bt u sau khi tin trnh kia kt thc
- TT song song: Thi im bt u ca tin trnh ny nm gia thi im bt u v
kt thc ca mt tin trnh khc.
Quan h:
c lp: 2 tin trnh khng c quan h trc tip g vi nhau
Yu cu : bo v thng tin sao cho mt tin trnh khng lm hng d liu v
chng trnh ca tin trnh khc, nh vy phi phn phi ti nguyn hp l
Tin trnh trao i thng tin vi nhau: mt tin trnh c th gi thng bo cho tin trnh
khc, t chc cc vng nh lm hm th.
Phn lp: Trong qu trnh hot ng ca mt tin trnh c th khi to mt tin trnh
khc hot ng song song: (chng trnh chnh, chng trnh con)
C ch cp pht ti nguyn:
- Phn tn: Phn phi ti nguyn cho c chng trnh chnh v chng trnh con
- Tp chung: Ti nguyn ch c phn phi cho tin trnh chnh
- 36 -

Tin trnh ng mc: Nhng tin trnh c mt s ti nguyn s dng chung theo nguyn
tc ln lt.
4.3.3. iu tin trnh - Ti nguyn Gng
Ti nguyn Gng: Ti nguyn phn phi cho mt ngi phc v, nh vy ti mt thi
im nu ng thi c nhiu tin trnh mun s dng ti nguyn Gng: iu tin trnh
khng c khi no c mt tin trnh chim dng ti nguyn
on chng trnh c s dng ti nguyn Gng gi l on Gng
V d:
TTA ghi ni dung bin Dem vo TgA (bin cc b)
TTB ghi ni dung bin Dem vo TgB
TTA tng TgA
TTB tng TgB
Nu khng k, c th hiu lm l bin Dem tng 2 n v. Song thc cht c 2 tin
trnh A v B u tng ni dung Dem, song ni dung ny ch tng 1 n v. Cn phi c cch
gii quyt c th.
- Dem : Ti nguyn Gng
- on chng trnh x l bin Dem : Chng trnh gng : on gng.
Khc phc ng :
- Ti mt thi im c khng qu mt tin trnh nm trong on Gng
- Khng mt tin trnh no c php lu v hn trong on Gng
- Khng mt tin trnh no phi ch v hn ngoi on Gng
Cng c iu tin trnh qua on gng :
- Cp thp: nm ngoi tin trnh c iu
- Cp cao: nm trong tin trnh
Cng c iu cp thp :
- Phng php kho trong
- Phng php kim tra v xc lp
- K thut n bo
a, Phng php kho trong (Kim tra lun phin)
Nguyn tc: hai hay nhiu tin trnh cng nh ghi vo mt a ch no ca b nh
trong th s k thut ch cho php mt tin trnh lm vic cn tin trnh khc phi ch
Mi tin trnh: s dng mt byte trong vng b nh chung lm kho, khi vo c on
Gng, gn gi tr l 1, thng bo cho cc tin trnh khc bit c tin trnh s dng ti
nguyn gng
Gii thut Delker
Begin
k1 := 0; k2:= 0; tg:=1;
kt1:=1; kt2:=1;
begin
repeat
k1:=1;
While k2=1 do Ct2
if Tg=2 then begin
k1:=0;
While tg=2 do Ct2
k1:=1;
end;
k1:=0; tg:=2;
until kt1=0;
repeat

- 37 -

k2:=1;
While k1=1 do Ct2
if Tg=2 then begin
k2:=0;
While tg=1 do Ct2
k2:=1;
end;
k2:=0; tg:=1;
until kt2=0;

u im
- D t chc thc hin
- C tnh cht vn nng p dng cho mi cng c v mi h thng.
Nhc:
- phc tp t l vi s lng tin trnh v s ti nguyn gng
- Mt tin trnh c th b ngn chn bi tin trnh th 3
- Khi tc hai tin trnh kh chnh lch, mt trong hai tin trnh phi ch
b. Phng php kim tra v xc lp (Phng php Perterson)
Tng ng vi phng php kho trong s dng cc gi tr kim tra l cc bin trng
thi: tham s (cc b, ton cc).
Gii thut
PAR l mt lnh gm hai tham s:
L: cc b (Local)
G: ton cc (Global)
Chc nng PAR
Gn L = G v gn G = 1;
Hai lnh trn phi c thc hin lin tc khng b chia r.
Mi tin trnh s s dng hai bin l bin local ca mnh v bin global ca
ton Chng trnh.
Gii thut
Var L1, L2, G: byte;
Begin
G:=0;
begin
TT:=1;
repeat
L1:=1;
while L1=1 do PAR(L1);
{on gia tin trnh 1}
G:=0;
{phn cn li ca tin trnh 1}
until false
TT:=2;
repeat
L2:=1;
while L2=1 do PAR(L2);
{on gia tin trnh 2}
G:=0;
{phn cn li ca tin trnh 2}
until false
end;
End;

u im:
- Khc phc c phc tp ca thut ton, phc tp thut ton khng ph thuc
vo s lng tin trnh.
- 38 -

Nhc im:
- Vn cn hin tng ch i tch cc.
c. KT n bo (Semaphore - Dijkstra)
H thng s dng bin n bo nguyn c bit (Semaphore) s. Ban u s nhn mt gi
tr bng kh nng phc v ca ti nguyn gng. H thng c hai php thao tc trn s l P(s)
v V(s).
P (s): Proberen (ting H Lan) c ngha l gim
Gim S i 1 n v
Nu s 0 tip tc thc hin tin trnh
Ngc li a tin trnh vo dng xp hng
V (s): Verhogen c ngha l kim tra
Tng S ln 1
Nu s 0 kch hot mt tin trnh ra hot ng
Gii thut:
Var s: byte;
Begin
s:=1;
begin
tt:=1;
repeat
P(s)
{on gia tin trnh 1}
V(s);
{phn cn li ca tin trnh 1}
until false
tt:=2;
repeat
P(s)
{on gia tin trnh 2}
V(s);
{phn cn li ca tin trnh 2}
until false
end;
End;

- c im quan trng l 2 php P v V l lin tc, trong qu trnh thc hin P hoc V
th processor khng b ngt chuyn sang cng vic khc.
- Tuy nhin cc php x l ny c th khng tn ti trn cc my v P v V phi lm
vic vi dng xp hng v thng tin lu tr kh ln. khc phc iu ny ngi ta xy
dng cc th tc procedure thc hin cc php x l ny.
+ u ca thn th tc bao gi cng ra lnh cm ngt tc l chn mi tn hiu vo
processor CLI, tr nhng tn hiu bt buc (ngt khng che
c).
+ Cui thn th tc c lnh gii phng ngt (STI).
d. Cng c iu cp cao chng trnh th k (Monitor)
c im:
- Nm ngoi tin trnh ca ngi s dng
- Ngi s dng khng bit ti nguyn g v khi no thuc on gng
Chng trnh th k (Monitor): cu trc c bit bao gm cc th tc, cc bin v cu
trc d liu hot ng trong ch phn chia th gian , h tr vic thc hin tin trnh, vi
cc thuc tnh:
- 39 -

Cc bin v cu trc d liu trong Monitor ch c th c thao tc bi cc th tc


nh ngha bn trong Monitor
- Ti mt thi im, mt tin trnh duy nht c lm vic vi chng trnh th k
- Mi ln s dng ti nguyn mi, h thng gn chng trnh th k vi tin trnh
Trong mt Monitor c th nh ngha cc bin iu kin C v hai thao tc l Wait () v
Signal ():
- Wait (C): chuyn trng thi tin trnh sang trng thi kho v t tin trnh vo hng
i trn bin iu kin C
- Signal (C): nu c mt tin trnh ang b kho trong hng i ca C th ti kch hot
tin trnh v tin trnh s i khi Monitor
Thut ton
-

Wait (C)
begin
status (p)=kho
enter (p, f (C)) { a p vo hng i}
end;
Signal (C)
begin
if f (C)<>nil then
exit (q, f (C)) { a q ra khi hng i}
end;

4.1.4. Tnh trng tc nghn


Tc nghn: Khi c nhiu ti nguyn gng trong mt tin trnh, cc tin trnh s ri vo
tnh trng ch i ln nhau
Tnh trng tc nghn: hai hay nhiu tin trnh cng ch i mt s kin v nu khng c
tc ng c bit t ngoi th s ch i y l v hn
- Phng chng:
- Phng nga : trnh khng tin trnh ri vo tnh trng tc nghn
- D bo v trnh : Kim tra xem tin trnh c ri vo tnh trng tc nghn hay khng,
thng bo kp thi trc khi tc nghn sy ra
- Nhn bit v khc phc : Pht hin cc tin trnh b tc nghn v gii quyt
a. Phng nga
Xem xt cc iu kin tc nghn:
- Thiu ti nguyn Gng
- Ch v hn khi cha c vo on Gng
- Khng c h thng phn phi li ti nguyn
- Tn ti ch i vng
iu kin 1: Dng k thut SPOOL: Khi kt thc tin trnh th kt qu c chuyn
ngc li ti nguyn vt l m sever yu cu, vic chuyn ngc ny theo nguyn tc ln lt
v do chng trnh h thng m nhn nh vy khng xy ra xung t
iu kin 2: Phn phi trc ti nguyn, tin trnh ch c bt u khi nhn ti
nguyn trong mt s ln phn phi
iu kin 3: To cc im gc: H thng s lu li ton b thng tin trng thi tin
trnh, nu cn thit c th hu tin trnh, gii phng ti nguyn, sau nu cho php s tip
tc cng vic bng cch khi phc trng thi cui.
iu kin 4: Ch i vng: Phn lp ti nguyn, tin trnh ch nhn c ti nguyn
mc cao hn sau khi tr li ti nguyn mc thp.

- 40 -

b. D bo v phng trnh
Khng phng nga nhng mi ln phn phi ti nguyn th kim tra xem vic phn phi
c kh nng y h thng vo tnh trng tc nghn khng? Nu xut hin nguy c trn th
tm cch gii quyt c th trc khi tc nghn c th xy ra
Thut ton:
- C n tin trnh
- H thng c k thit b
- Tin trnh i yu cu ti a mt lc max (i) n v thit b c th thc hin, nhng
hin ch nhn c f (i) n v thit b
- Tin trnh i kt thc kt (i)=true
Thut ton :
t:=k;
for i:=1 to n do
begin
t:=t-f (i);
cl[i]:=max[i];
kt[i]:=false;
end;
Flag:=True;
While Flag do
begin
flag:=false
For i:=1 to n do
if not kt[i] and (cl[i] <=t) then
begin
kt[i]:=true;
t:=t+cl[i]
Flag:=true;
end;
end;
if t=k then An ton
else khng an ton

c. Nhn bit v khc phc


Quan st trng thi cc tin trnh ang ch, xem nhng tin trnh b ri vo tc nghn,
tu tnh hnh c th p dng cc bin php cn thit
Khi pht hin tc nghn:
- nh ch hot ng ca tin trnh lin quan a tin trnh v trng thi ngt
- Thu hi ti nguyn
a tin trnh v trng thi ngt:
- a tt c cc tin trnh trong tnh trng tc nghn v ngt.
- a tng tin trnh khi khng cn chu trnh gy tc nghn theo cc tiu ch:
u tin
Thi gian x l
S lng ti nguyn tin trnh ang chim dng
S lng ti nguyn tin trnh yu cu
Thu hi ti nguyn: thu hi ti nguyn ca mt s tin trnh v cp pht cc ti nguyn
ny cho ti khi loi b c chu trnh tc nghn
- La chn tin trnh thu hi, nhng ti nguyn no b thu hi
- Phc hi trng thi tin trnh trng thi gn nht trc m khng xy ra tc
nghn
- Trnh cho mt tin trnh no lun b thu hi ti nguyn
V d:
Cc tin trnh:
P1, P2, P3, P4
- 41 -

Cc ti nguyn:
Tng cc ti nguyn ca h thng

R1, R2, R3
k = 9R1 + 3R2 + 6R3

Trng thi hin thi cc tin trnh:


Tin trnh
Max (i)
f (i)
R1
R2
R3
R1
R2
P1
3
2
2
1
0
P2
6
1
3
2
1
P3
3
1
4
2
1
P4
4
2
2
0
0
Gi s P2 c yu cu 4R1 v 1R3, khi vic tho
trng tc nghn hay khng?

t
R2
1

R3
R1
R3
0
4
2
1
1
2
mn P2 c y h thng ti tnh

4.1.5. Ngt (Interupt)


Phng tin cc thit b trong h thng bo cho Processor bit vic thay i trng
thi ca mnh - cng c chuyn iu khin ti mt tin trnh khc
- Ngt l hin tng tm ngng thc hin mt tin trnh chuyn sang thc hin mt
tin trnh khc khi c mt s kin xy ra trong h thng tnh ton.

Ct gi cc thanh ghi

Khi phc cc thanh ghi


Chng trnh chnh
Chng trnh con
- C th hiu tm ngha thc hin mt tin trnh l thc hin mt Chng trnh, tin
trnh b ngt c th coi l Chng trnh chnh, cn tin trnh x l ngt c th coi l Chng
trnh con.
- Chng trnh con x l ngt l mt Chng trnh ngn ng my hon ton bnh
thng. Chng trnh ny a ch kt thc bng lnh IRET (Interupt RETurn), n ra lnh cho
b x l quay v thc hin tip Chng trnh chnh ng t ch m n b ngt.
- i vi cc h thng tnh ton vic gi ngt dng cho vic cc b phn khc nhau ca
h thng tnh ton bo cho processor bit v kt qu thc hin cng vic ca mnh.
Phn loi ngt:
- Ngt trong: ngt do cc tn hiu ca procesor bo cho processor
- Ngt ngoi: ngt do cc tnh hiu bn ngoi bo cho processor
- Ngt cng: ngt c gi bi cc Chng trnh c cng ho trong cc mch in
t.
o Ngt che c: (Maskable Interupt):
L ngt c th dng mt n ngn cho khng ngt hot ng. Ta c th t
cc bt trong mt l bng lnh CLI (CLear Interupt flag).
V d: Ngt chut l ngt cng c th b che
o Ngt khng che c (Non Maskable Interupt):
- 42 -

L ngt khng th dng mt n che c (c u tin cao nht)


V d: Ngt 2 bo hiu c li trong b nh.
- Ngt mm: ngt c gi bng mt lnh trong Chng trnh. Lnh gi ngt t
Chng trnh ngn ng my l lnh INT (INTerupt), cc lnh gi ngt t Chng
trnh ngn ng bc cao s c dch thnh lnh INT.
- Cc ngt khc
X l ngt
Lu c trng s kin gy ngt vo ni quy nh
Lu trng thi ca tin trnh b ngt vo ni quy nh
Chuyn iu khin ti Chng trnh x l ngt
Thc hin Chng trnh x l ngt, tc l x l s kin
Khi phc tin trnh b ngt
Vc t ngt:
- Khi ngt c to ra, ni pht sinh n khng cn bit a ch ca Chng trnh x l
ngt tng ng m ch cn bit s hiu ngt. S hiu ny ch n mt phn t trong
mt bng gi l bng cc vector ngt nm vng c a ch thp nht trong b nh
v cha a ch ca Chng trnh con x l ngt. a ch bt u ca mi Chng
trnh con c xc nh bi a ch on v a ch offset c t trc on.
- Hai a ch ny u l 16 bit (2 byte), nh vy mi a ch ngt chim 4 byte trong
b nh. My tnh PC c 256 ngt khc nhau c nh s t 0 n 255 do vy
di ca c bng do vy s l 256*4 = 1024. Bng vector ngt chim cc nh t a
ch 0 n 3FFh. S th t ca ngt bng s th t ca vector ngt. a ch ca
Chng trnh x l s i c cha trong bng vc t ngt t a ch offset 4*(i-1)
n 4*(i-1) + 3.
Mt s ngt thng dng
STT S hiu
Chc nng
STT S hiu
Chc nng
ngt
ngt
1
00
Ngt chia cho 0
7
20H
Kt thc Chng trnh
2
04
Ngt trn s
8
21H
Gi cc hm ca DOS
3
08
Ngt thi gian
9
25H/26H c/ghi a
4
09
Ngt bn phm
10
27H
Kt thc nhng thng tr
5
10H
Ngt phc v mn hnh
11
33H
Ngt phc v chut
6
19H
Ngt khi ng h thng
12
67H
Qun l b nh m rng
(Tham kho thm Vi x l)
4.2. Qun l Processor
t vn
Chng trnh khng th thc hin c nu n khng c np vo b nh, song ngay
c khi c np vo b nh nu n khng c quyn s dng Processor th vn khng th
thc hin c.
- Processor: Ti nguyn phc v cho vic thc hin chng trnh. n v cng vic
giao cho processor phc v l tin trnh, nhiu tin trnh c th sn sinh t chng
trnh.
- Tin trnh: i tng m ta c th phn phi Processor cho n.
4.2.1. Processor vt l v Processor logic
Processor vt l: tt c cc h iu hnh thc hin song song u do mt Processor ca
h thng Processor vt l iu khin.
- 43 -

Processor logic: ngi s dng nh gi hot ng ca Processor trn c s quan st v


nh gi chng trnh ca mnh c thc hin nh th no. Processor m ngi s dng
quan st v nh gi c gi l Processor logic - lin quan ti vic thc hin tin trnh.
Vi ch x l k tip n chng trnh (Tin trnh tun t): PVL PLG
Vi cc tin trnh hot ng song song quan tm cc chin lc iu Processor ( iu
tin trnh mc Processor).
Vn cn quan tm:
Nn to ra bao nhiu Processor logic l thch hp
di khong thi gian gn lin tc Processor vt l cho Processor logic l bao nhiu
th hp l
Sau khi mt Processor logic ht quyn s dng Processor vt l th cn chn tin trnh
no phn phi Processor vt l.
4.2.2. Phn phi Processor
Trong ch a nhim, mi tin trnh c th thuc mt trong ba trng thi:
Sn sng
Thc hin
Ngt
Khi to

Sn sng

Thc hin

End

Ngt

Trng thi Thc hin: Nu h thng ch c mt Processor th mi thi im ch c mt


tin trnh dnh c Processor thc hin lnh ca mnh. Tin trnh ny nm trong trng
thi thc hin.
Trng thi Ngt: Nu tin trnh khng th thc hin tip c v b thiu mt vi iu
kin no tin trnh s nm trong trng thi ngt. Tin trnh gi ti mt mun nhng
mun cha c np v nh v trong b nh. Khi tin trnh c th c lu tr ti b
nh ngoi.
Trng thi Sn sng: Tin trnh c phn phi y ti nguyn (tr Processor): tin
trnh nm trong trng thi sn sng, khi processor ri tin trnh s c thc hin.
Tin trnh c th ri b trng thi Thc hin bi mt trong ba l do:
Tin trnh hon thnh mi vic cn thit, khi n tr li processor v
chuyn sang ch x l kt qu.
T ngt: Tin trnh chuyn sang trng thi ngt khi n ch mi s kin no .
Tin trnh s dng ht thi gian processor vt l dnh cho n v c chng
trnh iu chuyn n t trng thi thc hin sang trng thi sn sng (phn
phi li ti nguyn h thng).
4.3.3. iu tin trnh
Mt trong nhng chc nng ca chng trnh iu l chn tin trnh thc hin
(chn tin trnh sn sng v phn phi processor vt l cho n).
Mi tin trnh sn sng c gn mt th t u tin, th t ny c xc nh da vo
cc yu t:
Thi im hnh thnh
- 44 -

Tng thi gian tin trnh c thc hin


Thi gian ngi s dng d bo kt thc tin trnh.
Tiu chun nh gi cht lng iu : Thi gian ch i x l thi gian mt
tin trnh trng thi sn sng ch c phn phi Processor vt l.
Cc chin lc thng gp v c ch t chc ca cc chin lc
A. Ch mt dng xp hng
Nguyn tc: m bo cho mi tin trnh c phc v nh nhau, khng c mt tin
trnh no phi ch i lu hn tin trnh khc.
nh gi cht lng iu ta c th da vo thi gian ch i trung bnh
ca cc tin trnh.
Thi gian ch i ca cc tin trnh c tnh t khi tin trnh trng thi sn
sng ti khi tin trnh chuyn sang trng thi thc hin.
Vi mi tin trnh ta o khong thi gian ny nhiu ln, khi c th tnh c
thi gian trung bnh.
Kt hp vic o thc nghim v phn tch gii thut iu nh gi cht
lng iu c c thi gian ch i trung bnh chnh xc cho cc tin
trnh.
Quan st v thng k thi gian ca tng tin trnh rt ra thi gian ch i trung
bnh ca h thng.
a. Chin lc phc v bnh ng FCFS (First Come First Served)
m bo mi tin trnh u c mt thi gian ch i trung bnh nh nhau, cc tin trnh
c phc v n khi n kt thc hoc khi phi chuyn sang trng thi ngt.
u im:
Processor khng b phn phi li
Chi ph thp: khng phi thay i th t u tin iu
Nhc im:
Tin trnh ngn cng phi ch nh tin trnh di
Thi gian ch i trung bnh tng v hn khi h thng tim cn ti kh nng
phc v ca mnh
Khi gp tin trnh b ngt, cc tin trnh khc s b xp hng lu.
b.Chin lc u tin nhng tin trnh c thi gian thc hin ngn nht SJN (Shortest Job
Next)
Xc nh th t u tin iu trong qu trnh thc hin tin trnh ch khng phi lc
khi to.
c im:
Khng phn phi li Processor
Thi gian ch i ca cc tin trnh ngn nh hn so vi phng php FCFS
Thi gian ch i ca cc tin trnh di ln hn so vi phng php FCFS
Khng d on c khi no tin trnh di c thc hin.
c. Chin lc u tin cc tin trnh c thi gian cn li t nht SRT (Shortest Remaining
Time)
Nhc im ca FCFS l cc tin trnh ngn phi ch i nh tin trnh di, vi SJN th
khng d on c khi no tin trnh di c thc hin. Khc phc cc nhc im ny: so
snh thi gian thc hin ca tin trnh di ang c thc hin vi thi gian thc hin tin
trnh ngn c d bo trc xem xt u tin
Nu thi gian thc hin ca tin trnh di ang thc hin cn li l nh hn th tip tc
thc hin tin trnh di, ngc li a tin trnh v trng thi ngt v thc hin tin trnh ngn.
d. Chin lc xp hng ln lt RR (Round Robin) phn phi li Processor
- 45 -

Nguyn tc: mi mt tin trnh trong dng xp hng ln lt c phn phi mt lng
t thi gian thc hin. Sau khong thi gian , nu tin trnh cha kt thc hoc khng ri
vo trng thi ngt th n c chuyn v cui dng xp hng: tin trnh xp hng vng trn.
Khi c mt tin trnh mi, n s c a vo dng xp hng vng trn v c t
v tr c phc v ngay lp tc.
Vi cc tin trnh di: phn thnh m lp, lp th i tin trnh c phc v vi khong
thi gian Ti, sau khi c thc hin, tin trnh cha kt thc hoc khng b ngt n c
chuyn sang lp th i+1 vi thi gian phc v Ti+1 > Ti.
B. Chin lc nhiu dng xp hng
Da vo thng tin do ngi s dng cung cp v kt qu phn tch ca h thng, phn
lp cc tin trnh v a ra chin lc phc v tng ng.
Cc tin trnh c th c phn thnh cc lp:
Tin trnh thi gian thc
Tin trnh ca ch s dng tp th phn chia thi gian
Tin trnh x l l
CU HI V BI TP
4.1. Anh ch hy cho bit trn h iu hnh ang dng hin s dng chin lc iu khin
tin trnh no? Cho v d minh ha
4.2. So snh nguyn tc, u nhc im ca cc chin lc iu tin trnh trong ch
mt dng xp hng.
4.3. Xy dng chng trnh nhn 1 k t ch thng t bn phm v chuyn thnh k t ch
hoa.
4.4. Xy dng chng trnh thng tr gim st cc ng dng thc hin trn h iu hnh
Windows

- 46 -

Chng V: H IU HNH NHIU PROCESSOR


5.1. H iu hnh nhiu Processor
S kt hp ca cc Processor trong mt h thng tnh ton, s kt hp ca cc h thng
tnh ton n Processor.
Mc ch:
S chuyn mn ho cc Processor lm gim gnh nng x l
Hot ng n nh v nng sut cao
tin cy cao
Lm cho cc ti nguyn c gi tr cao, mang tnh kh dng i vi bt k ngi
dng ngi dng no trn mng.
Tng tin cy ca h thng nh kh nng thay th khi xy ra s c i vi mt
my tnh no
5.1.1. Cu hnh nhiu Processor
Tn ti nhiu phng thc kt ni hai hay nhiu Processor.
S kt hp ca my tnh vi cc h thng truyn thng, c bit l mng vin thng
to ln m hnh tp trung cc my tnh n l c kt ni vi nhau cng thc hin cng
vic. Mi trng lm vic nhiu ngi dng, cho php nng cao hiu qu khai thc ti nguyn
chung t nhng v tr a l khc nhau (b nh, chng trnh, nhim v...)
Cu hnh phn cp: Client/ Server: mt Processor ngoi vi v c th hot ng c lp
trong khi gii quyt nhim v ca mnh.
c im:
- Chng trnh d t chc
- Chng trnh iu khin khng phi sao chp nhiu ln.
- Khng phi t chc kiu module vo/ra nhiu ln
- Thc hin ngt tng.
S lin kt mm linh hot: Cc processor c quan h bn ph thuc
- Mi processor x l tin trnh ca mnh t khi hnh thnh ti khi kt thc.
- Cc processor c th lin h, trao i thng tin v chuyn giao tin trnh trc khi
n c bt u thc hin.
c im:
- Gim gnh nng x l ti mt processor
- Cc processor c th trao i tin trnh, c ch iu n gin
S lin kt bnh quyn: Cc processor c coi nh tp cc ti nguyn cng loi
Thay cho vic thc hin tng chng trnh trn tng processor, phn chia cng vic
iu khin cho tt c cc processor. Nh vy mt tin trnh c th bt u processor ny
nhng c th kt thc processor khc.
c im:
- Gim gnh nng x l ti mt processor
- Cc processor c th trao i tin trnh, c ch iu n gin
- Kh nh gi kt qu thc hin tin trnh
5.1.2. H iu hnh nhiu processor:
Tn ti mt h iu hnh c chc nng qun ly d liu, tnh ton v x l mt cch
thng nht: H thng nh vy gi l h iu hnh nhiu processor.
Vi cc tip cn:
- 47 -

Tp trung: Tn trng h iu hnh cc b c trn cc h thng tnh ton, h iu


hnh nhiu processor c ci t nh mt tp cc chng trnh tin ch chy trn
h thng.
- Phn tn: B qua h iu hnh cc b c trn cc h thng, ci t mt h iu
hnh thun nht trn ton mng
Vi m hnh tp trung:
- Cung cp cho mi ngi dng mt tin trnh ng nht lm nhim v cung cp mt
giao din ng nht vi tt c cc h thng cc b c
- Tin trnh ny qun l c s d liu cha thng tin v h thng cc b v v cc
chng trnh v d liu ca ngi dng thun tu:
B x lnh
Dng cc lnh ca ngi dng ngn ng lnh ca h thng gi ti P
thc hin
- c im:
n gin, khng lm nh hng ti cc h thng cc b c
Kh thc hin I/O
Vi m hnh Phn tn:
- M hnh tin trnh: Mi ti nguyn c qun l bi mt tin trnh no v h
iu hnh iu khin s tng tc gia cc tin trnh
- M hnh i tng: Coi cc tin trnh v cc i tng, mi i tng c mt kiu,
mt biu din v mt tp cc thao tc c th thc hin trn n
o Nh vy:
o Tin trnh ca uses phi c php thao tc trn i tng
o H iu hnh qun l vic thao tc ca tin trnh trn i tng.
-

5.2. H iu hnh phn tn (Distribute Operating System)


5.2.1. Khi nim:
Tp cc chng trnh phc v tp trung nh mt giao din qu trnh ng dng v h
thng tnh ton nhm t c tnh hiu qu an ton, d s dng h thng tnh ton.
Chc nng ca h iu hnh :
- iu Processor
- ng b gia cc qu trnh tng tc
- Qun l ti nguyn h thng
- m bo iu khin truy nhp v bo v tnh ton vn h thng, phc hi v cung
cp giao din ngi dng
Quan nim v h iu hnh:
- My o: Tru tng ho h thng my tnh (mc tiu thit k c bn)
- Qun tr ti nguyn : Phng tin t c mc ch
Nh vy:
- H iu hnh tp trung: Quan tm ti vic qun tr ti nguyn h thng
- H iu hnh phn tn: Tru tng ho my tnh
Vo thi im mi ra i: Cc h iu hnh c thit k tp trung chy trn cc h
thng c mt hay nhiu b x l (Processor)
Vi tip cn mng my tnh ngy nay: Cc h thng lm trn phm vi rng, phn tn
nhiu a im khc nhau i hi c ch qun l phn tn.
- 48 -

5.2.2. c trng ca h iu hnh phn tn


a. So vi PC
Kh nng dng chung d liu:
- Nhiu PC dng trn nhiu bn sao ca d liu ti nhiu ni, v vy chi ph cho vic
ng b qun l truy nhp v bo mt tn km
- MSDOS: Dng trn mt s t cc bn d liu, chi ph gim
Kh nng dng chung thit b:
- Mi PC phi trang b y cc thit b ngoi vi song nu c kt ni trong mi
trng MSDOS cc thit b ngoi vi c th c s dng chung bi nhiu ngi
dng trong h thng, nh vy tit kim v hiu qu
Kh nng truyn thng:
- Kt ni ca PC nh dch v mng vin thng, thi gian ch i c phc v l
khng an ton.
- Vi MSDOS: mi trng phn tn
Tnh linh hot:
- Vic phn chia li ti nguyn gy ra chi ph tn km: lu chuyn ti liu, thit b, d
liu...
- MSDOS: S dng cc chc nng chuyn bit ca h thng
b. So vi h iu hnh tp trung
Tc : Nng lc k ton cao khi tp trung mt s b vi x l trn mt my tnh
Tnh kinh t: T sut gi c hiu nng cao
Tnh phn b: Lin kt cc ng dng trn cc my ring bit
Tnh n nh v tin cy: H thng vn lm vic khi mt my gp s c
Tnh m: C th tng bc m rng quy m h thng
c. Hn ch ca h iu hnh phn tn
- Phn mm: i hi h iu hnh, cc ngn ng hnh thc, cc chng trnh ng
dng ph hp: thit k, ci t kh, phc tp
- Vn mng: Thay th ton b h thng c
- Vn truyn thng: an ton d liu, lu lng ng truyn, qu trnh thay th khi
c s c.
- Vn bo mt: Gi thnh cao, kh s dng chung d liu, chng trnh
d. Yu cu thit k h iu hnh phn tn
Tnh trong sut
- Tnh trong sut vi ngi dng: ngi dng ngh rng h thng phn tn ch l mt
tp my tnh hot ng ch phn chia thi gian
- Tnh trong sut h thng: h thng trong sut i vi chng trnh, li gi h thng
phi c thit k sao cho s c mt ca nhiu processor l khng th thy c t
chng trnh
Th hin:
- Trong sut v nh v: ngi dng khng th ni chnh xc cc ti nguyn nm
u (ti nguyn c m ho v tr)
- Trong sut v nh x: tn ti nguyn khng thay i khi di chuyn t my ny sang
my khc
o Trong sut v lp li: h thng c th (v cn thit) lu mt s bn sao ca
cng mt ti nguyn m ngi dng khng bit
- 49 -

o Trong sut ng thi: nhiu tin trnh c th cng truy nhp mt ti nguyn,
cc tin trnh c th khng cn bit ti s c mt ca tin trnh khc
o Trong sut song song: nhiu hot ng song song c che i vi ngi
dng
o Trong sut li: c ch phc hi li trong h thng c che i vi ngi
dng
o Trong sut kch thc: cho php h hng m rng qui m dn dn ma khng
tc ng ti ngi dng
o Trong sut v quan st: im nhn phn mm khng th thy c i vi
ngi dng.
Tnh modul ho: H thng c phn chia lm nhiu modul nh cho php b sung, thay
i d dng
Tnh kh m: qui m h thng thng xuyn thay i do cc yu cu nng cp
Tnh c lp, quy m: M rng quy m m nng lc h thng khng thay i
Tnh chu li: Thng xuyn sao lu phc hi li
5.3. Qun l ti nguyn trong h iu hnh phn tn
5.3.1. Qun l thit b, qun l File
Khi nim File: n v thng tin nh nht ca ngi dng, c qun l thng qua tn
file.
- Ngi dng phi l tr thng tin b nh ngoi v vy h iu hnh phi c vai
tr sao cho ngi dng truy nhp thun tin
- Nhu cu dng chung (chia s) cc file d liu.
- Vn t ra i vi h thng qun l file: ngoi cc tnh cht v yu nh i vi
h qun l file trong h iu hnh tp trung, h qun l file trong h iu hnh phn
tn phi m bo:
- Tnh trong sut ca h thng
- Dch v th mc
- Hiu nng h thng, tin cy
- an ton.
Tnh trong sut
- Tnh trong sut ng nhp: ngi dng c th ng nhp vo cc trm trong h
thng vi cng mt th tc ng nhp
- Trong sut truy cp: Cc tin trnh chy trn h thng c cng c ch truy nhp vo
cc tp tin m khng cn xem tp l cc b hay t xa
- S c lp v nh v tp tin: Cc tp tin c th c chuyn t v tr ny ti v tr
khc m khng lm thay i tn: trong sut i vi ngi dng
- Tnh trong sut tng tranh: cc file c chia s bi nhiu ngi dng, vic truy
cp ti mt tp t mt tin trnh khng nh hng ti s thnh lp ca tin trnh
khc
- Trong sut lp: Cc tp c sao lu d phng cho php truy nhp ng b
(ngi dng khng bit cc bn sao).
Thit k v thc hin h thng tp tin phn tn
i vi ngi dng, mt tp tin bao gm ba thnh phn logic:
- Tn tp v h thng tp
- Cc thuc tnh
- Cc n v d liu
- 50 -

Cc tp v h thng tp
Cc tp c to ra bi ngi dng i km vi tn, khi truy nhp tp, tn tp s xc
nh gi tr ID ca tp v gi tr ny cng l gi tr duy nht xc nh v tr vt l ca tp
Cc thuc tnh: Cc thng tin v quyn s hu, quyn truy nhp, dng tp, kch thc,
du hiu thi gian
Cc n v d liu
n v d liu : Byte, khi
C ch truy nhp:
- Tun t: Con tr nh v tp c duy tr bi h thng cho php xc nh v tr n
v d liu k tip c truy nhp gia cc tin trnh
- Trc tip (truyn thng khng lin kt): V tr n v d liu cho vic c, ghi l r
rng. C ch ny lin quan ti kch thc ca n v d liu, cc thao tc c ghi
phi bao hm cc thng tin iu khin.
- Ch s: n v d liu c a ch ho bi ch s hay kho i km mi khi d
liu.
Vn bo mt
Bo v d liu: khng mt thng tin khi c s c k thut hoc chng trnh thm
ch truy nhp bt hp l
K thut bo v d liu cho h phn tn:
Phng php m ho d liu vi thut ton DBS
- Kho b mt: Thut ton gii m
- Kho cng khai: sinh m:
Kerberos: S xc nhn l ng ca cc thnh phn da trn c s tin tng vo thnh
phn th 3 (mt khu)
Ch k in t: Xc nhn tnh nguyn bn m cc vn bn (Digital Signature)
5.2.2. Qun l b nh
Ngoi cc phng php qun l b nh nh trong h iu hnh tp trung, vn quan
tm trong vic qun l b nh h iu hnh phn tn l vic m bo tnh chia s b nh.
Chia s b nh: Truy nhp b nh t xa:
Vic truy nhp c thc hin ti mt nt xa
- Khi d liu xa c di chuyn ti nt cc b: truy nhp cc b
- Khi d liu xa c sao lu li ti nt cc b: truy nhp ng b
Cc phng thc
- c t xa (Read remote): Khi d liu dng chung khng c di chuyn hay sao
lu, my trm gi yu cu ti my ch, my ch gi tr li v d liu cho vic c,
v bo nhn cho vic ghi.
- c/ghi nh x (Read/write migrate): Nh vic truy cp ti mt khi d liu t xa
m khi d liu c di chuyn ti tin trnh yu cu. Tin trnh s cp nhp ti
bng nh x khi vt l - trang o ca d liu
5.2.3. Qun l tin trnh
Khi nim v tin trnh: n v thc hin c nh nht thy bi ngi dng
Lung (Thread): n v thc hin c nh nht thy bi h iu hnh, c h iu
hnh cp pht thi gian Processor.
Quan h gia tin trnh v lung:

- 51 -

Tin trnh l khng gian a ch trong lung c thc hin. Hai tin trnh cng
khng gian a ch - hai lung thuc mt tin trnh.
Qun l tin trnh: vic qun l cc tin trnh thng qua cc khi iu khin tin trnh.
Khi iu khin: Bn ghi cha cc khi iu khin cc lung, cc cng thng tin , cc
ti nguyn h thng m tin trnh ang s dng, cc thng tin trng thi tin trnh: Sn sng,
thc hin v ngt
Qun l lung: Khi iu khin lung:
B m lnh: PC
- Con tr ngn xp: SP
- Tp cc thanh ghi: Rs
- Trng thi: Flag
Cc chc nng qun l tin trnh v lung thng tin chia lm ba loi
- Truyn thng: m bo s lin kt gia cc tin trnh
- ng b: m bo thc hin cc tin trnh ti u
- iu : m bo cc tin trnh s dng ti nguyn chia s ng n
Ci t lung:
Trong khng gian ngi dng: Khi lung gi mt th tc h thng n thc hin lin kt
vo th vin ng. Th tc th vin ng kim tra xem c cn treo lung khng, nu cn
n treo lung ny v chuyn iu khin cho lung khc.
Trong nhn h thng: Khi lung gi mt th tc h thng, n s c gn vo nhn h
thng.
Truyn thng gia cc tin trnh
M hnh truyn thng OSI: mi tng c mt chc nng ring, thng ip truyn gia hai
ng dng da trn giao thc, khi qua mi tng n c gn thm vng header.
M hnh Cilent/ Server
- Client truyn thng ip cho server yu cu dch v
- Server thc hin dch v tng ng v gi thng ip tr li
Cc vn :
- nh v yu cu t Clinet no:
- Gn cho mi Client mt a ch ID
- Client chn a ch ngu nhin, thng bo c gi cho taat c cc Server
a tn Server vo Client khi chy chng trnh.
- Ch chuyn thng ip: kho, khng kho:
o Kho: khi c mt thng ip c chuyn, tin trnh ca Client b treo v ch
cho ti khi c tr li hoc bo li
o Khng kho: tin trnh vn tip tc thc hin cc cng vic khc
- Ch c bo m v khng bo m:
o C bo m: Server nhn c thng ip t Client n s phc p li
Client bit.
o Khng bo m: khi tin trnh gi thng ip, n khng c bo m l
thng ip n ch
M hnh truyn thng nhm:
Nhm: tp cc tin trnh, v vy khi mt thnh vin nhn c thng ip tt c cc tin
trnh trong nhm u c th c chia s.
ng b cc tin trnh
ng b: m bo th t thc hin ng n ca cc lung, cc tin trnh
- 52 -

ng b ng h thi gian thc:


Gi s c tp .OBJ trn mt my c bin dch t tp A.ASM trn mt my khc. T
mt my th ba, ngi dng gi trnh LINK to A.EXE t A.OBJ. Trnh lin kt so snh
thi gian cp nhp cui cng ca A.OBJ v A.ASM quyt nh c bin dch li A.ASM
hay khng. Nu ng h ca my cha tp .OBJ nhanh hn ng h ca my cha .ASM th
c th .ASM cp nht m .OBJ vn mi hn, kt qu l LINK khng lin kt li .ASM v
dng .OBJ c dn n sai m khng bit v sao.
Khc phc: ng b thi gian thc:
- M hnh chun tp trung: cc my trm u n gi thng ip hi gi ti my ch
chun thng xuyn hiu chnh g ca mnh.
- M hnh chun trung bnh: my ch u n hi cc my trm giwof ca chng, tnh
trung bnh ri gi phn hi li thi gian chung.
- M hnh trung bnh phn tn: chia thi gian thnh cc khong ng b li ti= T0 +
i*R, c mi thi im ti mi my gi thi gian tr bi ng h ca mnh cho mi
my khc v cng nhn thi gian t mi my khc gi ti, tnh trung bnh v hiu
chnh ng h ca mnh.
ng b thi gian logic
Gi s tin trnh A gi thng ip cho B, thi im thng ip xut pht l t1, thi im
nhn thng ip l t2. V xung nhp ca hai my khc nhau nn c th t2 < t1 khi B s hu
thng ip
Khc phc: Trong thng ip bao hm c thi gian xut pht.
ng b th t s dng on Gng
Thut ton tp trung: Tin trnh nh s dng ti nguyn Gng n s gi thng ip ti
server xem c quyn s dng khng?
Thut ton phn tn: Tin trnh s dng ti nguyn Gng n s gi thng ip ti cc
tin trnh khc. Cc tin trnh khi nhn c thng ip xin php:
- Nu n khng trong on gng, khng c nhu cu s dng ti nguyn gng, n s
cho php.
- Nu n ang trong on gng, n khng tr li v xp hng thng ip mi n
tr li sau.
Nu n ang nh s dng on gng, so snh thi gian gi thng ip ca n trc y
vi thi gian gi ca thng ip mi n, nu thy thng ip ny xut pht trc n s t
ng i vo trng thi ch v tr li cho php.
CU HI V BI TP
5.1. Xy dng chng trnh truyn 1 k t gia 2 my tnh
5.2. Xy dng chng trnh khi ng 1 chng trnh t xa trn h thng mng my tnh

- 53 -

THI THAM KHO (Thi gian lm bi 90 pht)


1:
1. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v cu trc phn lp v h thng tnh ton. Cho v d
minh ha c th
2. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v c ch, phn loi phng m. Ly v d minh ha
c th.
3. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v qun l b nh logic theo cu trc ng, cu trc
Overlay.
4. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v iu tin trnh theo phng php kim tra v
xc lp
5. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v cc c trng ca h iu hnh phn tn
2:
1. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v nguyn tc chung xy dng h iu hnh. Cho v
d minh ha c th
2. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v quan h phn cp trong t chc v qun l thit b
ngoi vi.
3. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v qun l b nh vt l theo ch phn chng
ng, ch phn on
4. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v tc nghn, cc k thut khc phc tc nghn
5. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v h iu hnh nhiu Processor
3:
1. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v cc tnh cht chung ca h iu hnh. Cho v d
minh ha c th
2. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v c ch SPOOL. Cho v d minh ha c th
3. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v qun l b nh vt l theo cu trc kt hp phn
on v phn trang.
4. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v iu tin trnh theo k thut n bo.
5. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v qun l ti nguyn trong h iu hnh phn tn
4:
1. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v nh ngha v h iu hnh
2. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v h thng qun l file
3. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v cc giai on x l chng trnh trn h thng my
tnh
4. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v tin trnh: Khi nim, t chc, trng thi, phn loi
tin trnh
5. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v qun l b nh trong h iu hnh phn tn.
5:
1. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v
2. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v
3. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v qun l b nh vt l theo ch phn chng tnh
v ch phn on.
4. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v ti nguyn gng, cc chin lc iu tin trnh
qua on gng.
5. Trnh by hiu bit ca anh, ch v qun l tin trnh trong h iu hnh phn tn.
- 54 -

You might also like