15 v p n

L thuy t tr ng
i n t
M C L C
15 v p n .................................................................................................................. 1
L thuyt trng in t ................................................................................................... 1
MC LC ......................................................................................................................... 2


THI S 1
Mn: L thuyt trng in t
Thi gian : 90 pht
Hnh thc thi : Vit
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Trnh by phng trnh 1 v 2 ca Maxwell v ngha vt l ca chng.
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Trinh ba y v khai nim v mi trng khng ng hng
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Cho mt hinh cu tich in ban kinh la a. Gia s in tich phn ph u trn b
mt cua no vi mt in tich mt
s
= Q/4a
2
. Tinh cng in trng tai
nhng im ngoai va trong hinh cu
Cu 4 : (2 im)
t kh co
) / 1 ( / 10 , 4
3
0
m m Ci


. Hay tim gii han theo bc song t
o xem t kh la dn in va in mi.
p n:
Cu 1 : (3 im)
1. Phng trnh Maxwell th nht.
Bng cch b sung thnh phn dng in dch vo v phi ca biu thc
nh lut dng ton phn cng vi dng in dn phng trnh th nht nh sau:
S d
t
D
S d J l d H
S S l

+
(1)
Phng trnh (1.1.31) m t mi quan h gia cc vect ca trng in t
( D H

, ) trong mt vng kn bt k cc dng in dn chy qua n, m t n trong
khng gian:
S d
t
D
S Jd S d H rot l d H
S S S l

+
(2)
V mt S l tu nn ta nhn c phng trnh Maxwell th nht dng vi
phn nh sau:
dc
J J
t
D
J H rot

+ (3)
(1 im)
Nu mi trng c dn in ring =0 th E J

=> 0 J

nn phng
trnh c dng:
dco
J
t
E
H rot

0
(4)
Phng trnh ch ra : Dng in dich hay in trng bin thin cng to ra
t trng xoy tng ng dng in dn
2. Phng trnh Maxwell th hai:
Maxwell cho rng biu thc ca nh lut cm ng in t p dng khng
ch cho mt vng dy dn kn m m cn ng cho bt k mt vng kn
no( khng nht thit dn in) trong khng gian. Trong trng hp tng qut
vng kn ny c th mt phn nm trong trn khng, phn khc nm trong in
mi hay trong kim loi. Ta nhn c phng trnh sau:
S d
t
B
l d E
S l

(5)
(2 im)
Nu p dng nh l Grin Stc cho v tri vi S l tu nhn c phng
trnh sau:
t
B
E rot

(6)
Vy t trng bin thin to ra in trng xoy
3. ngha vt l ca phng trnh th nht v th hai ca Maxwell:
Bt k s bin thin no ca in trng u gy nn t trng
xoy(ng sc khp kn) v ngc li. in trng v t trng bin thin
khng th tn ti c lp vi nhau, chng lun lin h mt thit vi nhau v lin
tc chuyn t dng ny sang dng khc to nn sng in t truyn lan vi vn
tc nh sng.
(3 im)
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Mi trng ng hng la mi trng ma tinh cht cu a no moi im la
nh nhau. Trong cac mi trng na y ca c vec t B H, va D E, la song song vi
nhau tng i: E D H B . ,
Nu chiu cac phng trinh ve c t trn xung ca c truc toa ta c cac
phng trinh v hng:

'

z z
y y
x x
H B
H B
H B

'

z z
y y
x x
E D
E D
E D

(1 im)
i vi cac mi trng bt ng hng mi quan h gia cac vec t trn
c xac inh qua cac phng trinh:

'

+ +
+ +
+ +
z zz y zy x zx z
z yz y yy x yx y
z xz y xy x xx x
H H H B
H H H B
H H H B

'

+ +
+ +
+ +
z zz y zy x zx z
z yz y yy x yx y
z xz y xy x xx x
E E E D
E E E D
E E E D



Cac hng s
,
co th c vit di dang nh sau:
1
1
1
]
1

zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx

H B
1
1
1
]
1

zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx

E D
(2 im)
goi la tenx t thm

goi la tenx in thm

Trong thc t khng tn tai ca c mi trng ma ca

va

u mang tinh
tenx.
Mi trng bt ng hng co tenx t thm in hinh la pherit c t
ho a bi t trng khng i; con mi trng co tenx in thm in hinh la
mi trng ion hoa( mi trng plasma).
(3 im)
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Ap dung phng trinh 3 cu a Maxwell dang tich phn:
q S d D
S

L y S la mt cu ban kinh a. Do tinh cht i xng nn D tai moi im trn hinh

cu la nh nhau

2
4 . r D S d D
S

(1 im)
a) Xet trng hp th nht: im M ngoai hinh cu(r>a)
Ta co: q = Q
D.4 r
2
= Q =
S
.4 a
2
D =
S
.(a
2
/r
2
)
b) Trng hp th hai: im M trong hinh cu(r<a)
Ta co: q = 0, D = 0.
(2 im)
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Ta co:

j
p

( p

hng s phc tuyt i)

* *
E J n d
* *
E j J ch di

ch di
n d
J
J

(
1 j
)
Ty s gia phn a o va phn thc cu a
p
chinh la ty s gia dong in dn va
dong in di ch (dong in dich chay trong in mi, con dong in dn di
chuyn trong kim loai).
- Nu
) 1 ( < >

hay
thi t co tinh cht cua cht in mi
- Nu
) 1 ( > <

hay
thi t co tinh cht dn in.
(1 im)
Gii han theo b c song t o xem t kh la dn in hay in mila:

hay
1
4
0

hay
Ma

60
0

1
4
60



3
10 . 15
1
15
1

= (2/3).10
2
(m)
cang ln thi t cang co tinh dn in hn
T y ta co th kt lun la:
- Vi > (2/3).10
2
m thi t co tinh dn in.
- Vi < (2/3).10
2
m thi t co tinh in mi.
(2 im)
Khoa cng ngh thng tin cng ho x hi ch ngha vit nam
B mn in t vin thng c lp - T do - Hnh phc


THI S 2
Mn: L thuyt trng in t
Thi gian : 90 pht
Hnh thc thi : Vit
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Trnh by phng trnh 3 v 4 ca Maxwell v ngha vt l ca chng.
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Hy trinh by v s phn cc cu a song in t
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Mt in tich dong Q phn b u theo th tich qua cu co ban kinh la a, vi mi
in thm t trong khng khi. Hay tim cng in trng E trong va
ngoai qua cu o
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Song phng truyn trong mi trng in mi ng nht ng hng rng v han
co tham s = 4
0
;
0 ;
0

; bin cng in trng cua song E
m
=
10
-3
(V/m) va f = 10
6
Hz. Lp biu thc gia tri tc thi cng t trng cua
song va mt dong cng sut trung binh.
p n:
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Maxwell coi nh lut Gauss v nguyn l lin tc ca t thng p dng
cho c trng hp in trng v t trng l tnh, khng i cng nh vi
trng hp tng qut ca in t trng bin thin theo thi gian. Ta c:
Q dV S d D
V S




(1)
0

dV B div
V

(2)
V th tch V l tu nn nhn c cc phng trnh Maxwell th 3 v th
4 nh sau:
D

div (3)
0 B div

(4)
(1 im)
tin cho vic theo di, ta vit thnh hai dng sau:
Dng tch phn:
0
t
B
t
D
S
S

S d B
Q dV l d D
S d l d E
S d S d J l d H
S
V S
l
S l

(5)
Dng vi phn:
0 B div
D

div
t
B
E rot
t
D
J H rot
(6) (2 im)
ngha vt l ca phng trnh 3 v 4 ca Maxwell:
D

Div 0: ta thy ng sc ca in trng l nhng ng cong khng

khp kn m c im u ti in tch +q, im cui ti q.
D

Div = 0: in trng sinh ra ch do s bin thin ca t trng. ng

sc ca n hoc khp kn hoc tin ra v cc.
0 B Div

ng sc ca t trng va khp kn va tin xa v cc.

(3 im)
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Ta c cc loi sng phn cc c bn c s dng :
- Pht hnh : Sng phn cc ngang
- Pht thanh: Sng phn cc ng hoc ngang
- Sng ngn : Sng phn cc ngang
- Sng FM: Sng phn ng hoc ngang
S ph thuc hng ca vect E vo thi gian v khng gian gi l s phn
cc phn cc.
Sng in t khi truyn lan vect cng in trng v t trng c th
thay i c v ch s v hng. V vy khi sng truyn lan nu quan st im
cui ca vect E th ta thy n v ln mt qu o no
Xt ti mt im c nh trong khng gian cng vi thi gian im cui ca
vect E thc hin mt chuyn ng tnh tin dc theo mt ng thng th ta ni
sng in t phn cc thng(phn cc tuyn tnh). Tng t nu im cui ca
vect E v nn mt hnh elip ta c phn cc elip, cn v nn ng trn ta c
phn cc trn. Nu nhn theo hng truyn sng vect E quay theo chiu kim
ng h ta c phn cc trn quay phi, ngc li c phn cc trn quay tri.
Gi s c hai sng phng phn cc tuyn tinh vung gc vi nhau ta c:
) cos(
) cos(
0 2
0 1


+

z t E y E
z t E x E
my
mx

(1 im)
y E
mx
, v E
my
l bin cc sng thnh phn, l gc lch pha ban u
ca hai sng phng
Suy ra
2 2 1
2
2
2
1
sin cos
E E
2

,
_

,
_

my mx my mx
E E
E
E
E
E
Phng trinh ny biu din mt hnh elip
(2 im)
Elip c trc ln lam mt gc vi trc ox
cos
2
2
2 2
my mx
my mx
E E
E E
tg

; vi E
mx
> E
my
- Khi E
mx
=E
my
; = /2 thi phn c c luc na y l phn cc trn.
- Khi = n (n = 1, 2,...) thi la phn cc thng.
Nh v y khi t thay i vec t E se quay cung v phi a ngc chiu kim ng
h, vi chu ky:

2
T
, u nut cu a no vach thanh ng elip. Chiu quay
cua
E
la chiu quay v phia thanh phn trng chm pha.
(3 im)
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Ap dung phng trinh 3 cu a Maxwell dang tich phn:
q S d D
S

L y S la mt cu ban kinh a. Do tinh cht i xng nn D tai moi im trn hinh

cu la nh nhau

q r D S d D
S

2
4 .
a) Xet trng hp th nht: im M ngoai hinh cu(r>a)
Ta co: q = Q
D.4 r
2
= Q

2
4 r
Q
D

Mi trng la khng khi nn =

0
Ma D = .E =
2
4 r
Q

E =
2
4 r
Q

(1 im)
b) Trng hp th hai: im M trong hinh cu(r<a)
Ta chng minh c
3
3
.r
a
Q
q t cng thc tinh mt in tich
3
.
3
4
a
Q

va
3
.
3
4
. r q
3
3
3
3
. .
3
4
.
.
3
4
r
a
Q
r
a
Q
q

Mt khac ta co
2
4 r
q
D

r
a
Q
r
a r
Q
D
3
3
3 2
. 4
.
. 4

Ma D = .E
r
a
Q
E
3
. 4

(2 im)
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Ta co
m
m
H
E

ma
) ( 60
2
120
4
0
0

) / (
60
10
3
m A
E
H
m
m

(1)
Biu thc gia tri tc thi cu a cng t trng:
) cos( kt t H H
(1) (1 im)
Vi
0 0
4 2 f k va
) / ( 10 . 3
1
8
0 0
s m C


8
10 . 3
4 1
. 2
f
C
f k


Biu thc tc thi cua mt dong cng sut trung binh la:
m m tb
H E
2
1

, vi H
m
co biu thc nh (1). (2 im)
Khoa cng ngh thng tin cng ho x hi ch ngha vit nam
B mn in t vin thng c lp - T do - Hnh phc


THI S 3
Mn: L thuyt trng in t
Thi gian : 90 pht
Hnh thc thi : Vit
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Hy xa c inh iu kin b i vi thanh phn tip tuy n cu a vec t cng
in trng va t trng trn b mt phn cach gia hai mi trng.
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Hay trinh ba y v song in t phng trong mi trng dn in.
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Tinh trng va th tao ra bi mt truc tich in co mt in tich dai la
L,
tai
im ca ch truc 1 khoang r.
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Cho tham s in cua t kh:
Hng s in mi tng i 4
dn in ring = 10
-3
1/m.
Chng to rng i vi song c c dai( = 10
4
10
5
m) thi mt t co tinh dn
in tt hn, con i vi song c c ngn( = 10
-3
10 m)thi mt t co tinh dn
in kem.
p n:
Cu 1 : (3 im)
p dng phng trnh Maxwell dng tch phn cho mt hnh tr ta c
kt qu sau:
S S n D n D
s xq
+ + ) (
, ,
0 2
,
0 1

xt iu kin b vi thnh phn tip tuyn ca E v H ta xt 1 khung

ch nht nh ABCD vung gc vi mt phng S
12
. v ABCD nh nn giao tuyn
ab ca S
12
vi ABCD c th coi l ng thng v trng in t c th coi l
khng i khi i t im A n im B v t im C n im D
(0,5 im)
Cc vect n v :


0
l

L vect tip tuyn vi mt phn cch S

12
0
n

l php tuyn vi S
12
0
S

Vung gc vi mt ABCD.
iu kin b i vi E

p dng mh lut hai dng tch phn:

S d
t
B
l d E
S l

Ly l lm chu vi ca ABCD v tri c th vit thnh :
l d E l d E l d E l d E l d E
DA CD BC AB l


+ + +
21 2 12 1
Trong : E
1
E
2
l cc vect trong mi trng (MT) 1 v mi trng 2
E
12
v E
21
l cc vect va trong MT1 v MT2
Khi h 0 th AB ab v CD ba
BC v AD 0
(1 im)
Nh vy:
l d E E l d E l d E l d E
b
a
a
b
b
a
l


+

) (
2 1 2 1
0 S
lim
v phi :
0
lim
0

S d
t
B
S
S

Do :
2 1 2 1 2 1
0 ) ( 0 ) ( E E dl E E l d E E
b
a
b
a



Nh vy: Thnh phn tip tuyn ca vect cng in trng khng thay i
khi i qua b mt phn cch gia hai mi trng. Thnh phn tip tuyn ca
vect in cm
D

thay i hng theo khi chuyn qua b mt phn cch :

D
1
= (
1
/
2
)D
2
(1,5 im)
iu kin b i vi thnh phn tip tuyn ca vect cng t trng :
Ta c :
t
D
J H rot
d

S d
t
D
j l d H
S
d
l

) (

+

t
B
E rot

S d
t
B
l d E
S l

0 D

div
dV S d D
V S



0 B

div
0

S
S d B

(2 im)
Xt phng trnh sau:
dS
t
D
j l d H
S
d
l
) (

+



Khi h 0 lm tngt nh phn trc ta c:
dl l H H l d H H l d H
b
a
b
a
l
0 2 1 2 1
0 h
) ( ) (
lim




()
Khi v phi phng trnh trn l :
S d
t
D
S d J S d
t
D
J
S S
d
S
d

+

lim lim lim
0 h 0 h 0 h
) (
Do D hu hn nn:
0
lim
0 h

S d
t
D
S

Cn



b
a
dien
S
d
J S d J

lim
0 h
( )
J
S
l vect mt dng in mt t () v ( ) ta c :
S
b
a
S
b
a
J H H dl l J dl l H H

2 1 0 0 2 1
) (

Nh vy vect cng t trng c thnh phn tip tuyn thay i mt lng
mt dng in mt khi i qua b mt phn cch gia hai mi trng
(3 im)
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Trong mi trng dn in thay =
p

Trong mi trng dn in k l mt s phc

,
_

p
k
t k = p-j
Vi
) 1 1 (
2
) 1 1 (
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
+
+ +






(1 im)
Biu thc trng lu c na y co dang:
z j j
m
jkz
m
m e E e E E
) (
. .

z j z
m
e e E E

. .
Dang phu thuc vao thi gian:
) cos( . z t e E E
z
m

Nh vy song in t truyn lan trong mi trng dn in bin cu a no
se bi suy giam theo quy lut ham s mu m(
z
e

). Tc pha trong trng hp
nay la:

pha
v
(2 im)
v
pha
phu thuc vao tn s . Mi trng ma vn tc pha phu thuc vao tn s
goi la mi trng tan sc(mi trng tan song). , ma tng thi suy ra

tng

suy giam cang nhiu.
Nu mi trng c dn in rt ln th coi = , khi
2

pha
V
/4
(3 im)
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Ap dung phng trinh 3 cu a Maxwell dang tich phn:
q S d D
S

L y S la hinh tru thng dai v han D tai moi im trn din tich xung
quanh(S
xq
) cu a hinh tru nh nhau.
Ta co: S
xq
= 2r.l (l ) va q =
L
.l D.S
xq
= q va D.2rl =
L
.l
r
D
L

Ma D = E

r
E
L
2

(1 im)
Th tai im cach truc mt khoang r la:
dr
r
r d E
M
L
M

2
Tng t tai im cach truc mt khoang x:
in trng:
x
E
L

Th: dx
x
x d E
r
L
r


+

2

C
r
x
L
r
L
+ +

1
ln
2
ln
2

(2 im)
Cu 23:
Mt dong in dich chay qua hai ban tu la:
t
E
t
E
J
ch Di

0

Ma
d
U
E
. T y ta suy ra c:
t U
d
J
m ch Di


cos
0

Ma t U
d
r
r J S J I
m ch di ch di ch di


cos . * *
2
1 0 2
1 1


Ap dung inh lut dong in toan phn cua Ampe

L
I l d H
(1 im)
L y L la chu vi cua ng tron ban kinh r = 1cm. Do tinh cht i xng nn
H
tai
moi im trn ng cong L la nh nhau.

I r H 2 .
Con tng ai s cac dong in xuyn qua ng cong L la:

S J I
ch di
.
(S la din tich cua ng tron ban kinh r).

2
. r J I
ch di

t rU
d
r
J
r
r J
H
m
ch di ch di

cos
2
.
2 2
.
0
2


(2 im)
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Ta co hng s in mi phc tng i cua t c biu din nh sau:
60 j
p

c trng cho tinh cht in mi

60 c trng cho tinh cht dn in.
Ta thy cang ln thi t cang co tinh dn in hn.
(1 im)
- Vi = 10
4m
thi 4 600 10 . 10 . 60 60
3 4
>>

. T y ta suy ra c
t co tinh dn in tt.
V y vi song cc dai = 10
4
10
5
m thi t co tinh dn in tt.
- Vi = 10 m
4 06 , 0 10 . 10 . 60 60
3
<<


t co tinh dn in
kem
V y vi = 10
-3
10 m t co tinh dn in kem.
(2 im)
Khoa cng ngh thng tin cng ho x hi ch ngha vit nam
B mn in t vin thng c lp - T do - Hnh phc


THI S 4
Mn: L thuyt trng in t
Thi gian : 90 pht
Hnh thc thi : Vit
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Hy xc nh iu kin b i vi thanh phn phap tuy n cua vec t cng
in trng va t trng trn b mt phn cach gia hai mi trng
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Trnh by song phng trong mi trng in mi ly tng
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Co 1 tu phng khng khi tao thanh t hai ban tron ban kinh r
1
=2cm, va khoang
cach gia chung d = 0,5 cm. Tu in nay la mt phn cua mach dong in. Trn
hai ban tu co mt in ap bin i u
m
=sint; U
m
= 500V; = (2/7).10
6
rad/s. Ha y
tim dong in dich toan phn chay qua hai ban tu vi ban kinh r = 1cm.
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Cho ca p ng truc c tao bi hai hinh truc dn in, hinh tru trong co ban kinh
a, trong o co dao in I cha y doc theo dy. Va hinh tru ngoai co ban kinh b,
trong o dong in cung bng I nhng chay ngc chiu. Ha y tinh cng t
trng tai ca c im sau: a r b, r >b.
p n:
Cu 1 : (3 im)
xt iu kin b i vi E
1n
v H
n
ta xt hnh tr c y S
1
v S
2
nh v
cao h .
- i vi E
n

Ta xt phng trnh Maxwell dng vi phn sau y:


V S
dV dS D

c th vit nh sau vi v tri ca phng trnh:

+ +
Sxq
xq
S S S
dS D dS D dS D dS D
12
2
2
1
1

Khi h 0 ta c :
12 0 2
12
1 12 2
12
1
0
) ( ) (
lim
dS n D D S d D D dS D
S S S
h

(1)
S
12
*
l giao tuyn gia mt phn cch v hnh tr
(1 im)
T v phi ca biu thc (1) ta c :
12 0
12
0
lim
S d n dV
S
S
V
h

t ta c t v tri v v phi ta c biu thc sau y:
D
1n
- D
2n
=
s

1
E
1n
-
2
E
2n
=
s

s
l mt in tch mt
Nh vy thnh phn php tuyn ca vect in cm D khi chuyn quab
mt phn cch 2 mi trng thay i mt lng bng mt in tch mt
s
.
(2 im)
- iu kin b i vi H
n
Xt phng trnh Maxwell
n n n n
S
B B B B S d B
2 1 2 1
0 0

1
H
1
n -
2
H
2
n=0
Nh vy thnh phn php tuyn ca vect t cm B
n
lin tc khi i qua b
mt phn cch hai mi trng.
(3 im)
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Ta khao st sng phng
jkz
m
e E E

Dang phu thuc vao thi gian(dang tc thi) nh sau:

) cos( kz t E E
m


Trong mi trng in mi l tng = 0 thi k l s thc: k
Phng trinh mt ng pha cu a song: . const kz t
x y
E H

(3.5)
Suy ra: z = 1/k(t cosnt)
(1 im)
mi thi im t mt ng pha cua song la mt phng z = const.Vn tc
pha la vn tc di chuyn cu a mt ng pha, ky hiu la

1

k dt
dz
v
pha
Trong khng gian t do:
c v
pha

1
Va

c
m
z
kz t
E E
H ). cos(
(2 im)
(3 im)
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Mt dong in dich chay qua hai ban tu la:
t
E
t
E
J
ch Di

0

Ma
d
U
E
. T y ta suy ra c:
t U
d
J
m ch Di


cos
0

Ma t U
d
r
r J S J I
m ch di ch di ch di


cos . * *
2
1 0 2
1 1


Ap dung inh lut dong in toan phn cua Ampe

L
I l d H
(1 im)
L y L la chu vi cua ng tron ban kinh r = 1cm. Do tinh cht i xng nn
H
tai
moi im trn ng cong L la nh nhau.

I r H 2 .
Con tng ai s cac dong in xuyn qua ng cong L la:

S J I
ch di
.
(S la din tich cua ng tron ban kinh r).

2
. r J I
ch di

t rU
d
r
J
r
r J
H
m
ch di ch di

cos
2
.
2 2
.
0
2


(2 im)
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Ap dung inh lut dong in toan phn cua Ampe
I
2b
I

n
i
i
L
I l d H
1
Xet L la ng tron co tm nm trn truc cua cap ng truc ban kinh r. L vung
go c vi truc cu a cap.
Do tinh cht i xng cua cap nn H tai moi im trn L la nh nhau:

n
i
i
I r H
1
2 .
(1 im)
- Trng hp r>b thi
0 0
1

H I I I
n
i
i
- Trng hp a r b thi
I I
n
i
i

1
r
I
H I r H

2
2 .
(2 im)
Khoa cng ngh thng tin cng ho x hi ch ngha vit nam
B mn in t vin thng c lp - T do - Hnh phc


THI S 5
Mn: L thuyt trng in t
Thi gian : 90 pht
Hnh thc thi : Vit
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Hy chng minh v pht biu inh lut bao toan nng lng i vi trng in
t. Vec t Poynting.
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Hy trnh by v hiu ng b mt vt dn.
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Co dong in khng i I chay theo dy dn hinh tru trong ban kinh a. Ha y tim
cng trng tai im bt ky cach truc dy dn 1 khoang r cho hai trng hp
r>a va r <a.
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Trong na khng gian ng vi to a z>0 la mi trng dn in, cu th la kim
loai ng co dn in ring
0 0 0
7
; ); / 1 ( 10 . 8 , 5 m
, theo phng
truc z truyn mt song thng ng nht vi tn s f = 10
5
Hz. Ha y xac inh vn
tc pha, bc song, tr khang song, h s suy giam

va thm su cua
trng() trong kim loai ng cua song. Bin cng trng se giam i bao
nhiu ln so vi b mt kim loai khi song i su vao c mt khoang d = 1mm.
p n:
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Trng in t l mt dng c bit ca vt cht, nn n cng tun theo
nh lut bo ton nng lng.
T vt l nng lng in t trong mt n v th tch :
dV
H E
V
)
2 2
( W
2 2

+

H v E thay i theo thi gian v khng gian, suy ra W cng thay i

p dng phng trnh 1 v 2 c Maxwell :
t
D
J H rot
d

;
t
H
E rot

e d
J
t
E
J H rot

+
(1 im)
Vy ta c :
t
H
H E

+ +

e d
J
t
E
E E J E rot H H rot E
+
d
J H rot

Ta c ] . [ H E div E rot H H rot E


t
E
t
E
E

2
2
1

t
H

2
2
1
t
H
H

E J
d


E )
2 2
( ] . [
2
2 2

e
J E
H E
t
H E div + + +

Ly tch phn theo th tch V 2 v ri p dng nh lut L tstrgratski
Gauss.
[ ]

+ + +

V
e
V V S
dV E J dV E dV
H E
t
S d H E

2
2 2
)
2 2
( .

(1)
[ ]

+ +

V
e
V S
dV E J dV E S d H E

2
t
W
.
(2)
(2 im)
Xt ngha:
dV E
V

l cng sut tiu hao di dng nhit trong th tch V k hiu P

t

V
e
dV E J

l Cng sut do ngun ngoi sinh ra trong th tch V k hiu P
e
t
W

l tc bin thin nng lng in t trong V

[ ] S d H E
S

.
l cng sut chy ngoi V qua din tch S.
Tm li: Cng sut do ngun ngoi sinh ra trong th tch V bng tng cng sut
tiu hao di tc dng nhit trong V, cng sut chy ra ngoi V qua din tch S
v cng sut lm thay i in t trng trong V. chnh l nh lut bo ton
nng lng i vi trng in t.
(3 im)
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Trong vt dn in tt ( >>1) ta c :
2

(1)
Khi rt ln th cng rt ln dn n suy gim cng nhiu, ta thy bin
cng trng suy gim rt nhanh khi truyn vo trong vt dn. Ngha l sng
in t ch tn ti mt lp rt mng st b mt ca vt dn in tt. Khi cho
dng in cao tn chy trong vt dn in tt ngi ta cng thy dng in ny
ch tn ti trn mt lp theo nh lut m.
J
d
= E
i vi dng kho st: E=E
m
e
-z
e
-jz
J
d
= E
m
e
-z
e
-jz
=J
0
e
-z
e
-jz
(2)
J
0
l mt dng chn b mt vt cht J
0
= E
m

(1 im)
Mt dng in s gim dn khi i vo su trong vt dn theo quy lut
ging nh bin cng in trng
Hin tng sng in t hay sng in cao tn khi truyn trong vt dn in
tt ch tp chung mt lp rt mng trn b mt ca n gi l hiu ng b mt,
hay hiu ng Skin
c trng cho hiu ng b mt ngi ta a vo khai nim thm su
ca trng hay su thm nhp ca trng , l khong cch m ng vi n
bin cng trng suy gim i e ln: e 2,718
Ta c :
e
e E
e E
z
m
z
m

) (

= e suy ra = 1/

2 1

(2 im)
Hiu ng b mt c p dng trong thc t (m vng, bc), khi lm gim
tiu hao khi truyn sng in t ngi ta ch m mt lp mng vng hoc bc ln
b mt kim loi.
Khi tnh ton cc bi ton ngi ta thy khi nim tr khng mt ca kim
loi: Z
S
= R
S
+ X
S
R
S
l tr c trng cho cng sut tiu hao

S
R
X
S
l cm khng ca mt ring Z
S
Vn tc pha:

2

p
V
pha
(3 im)
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Ap dung inh lut dong in toan phn cua Ampe

n
i
i
L
I l d H
1
L y L la chu vi cua ng tron ban kinh r. Do tinh cht i xng nn
H
tai moi
im trn ng cong L la nh nhau.

n
i
i
L
I r H l d H
1
2 .
(1 im)
- Trng hp r>a:
I I
n
i
i

1

r
I
H
2

- Trng hp r<a:
2 2
2
2
2
2
1
2 a
Ir
H
a
r
I r
a
I
r J I
S
n
i
i

(2 im)
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Ta c

ln nn 7 , 4782
2
10 . 8 , 5 . 10 . 4 . 2
2
7 7

f
Vn tc pha:
4 , 560
7 , 1120
10 . 2 2
5

f
v
pha
Ma
3
5
10 . 604 , 5
10
4 , 560


f
v
pha

Va

120
0
0

C
Z
4
7 7
10 . 09 , 2
10 . 8 , 5 . 10 . 4 . 2
2

f
(1 im)
Ta co :
) cos( . z t e E E
z
m

(1) ma trn b mt thi z = 0 nn bin cua
phng trinh (1) la E
m
.
Khi song i su mt oan d = 1mm, luc o bin cua phng trinh (1) la
d
m
e E

.
bin song suy giam:
119
.
. 10
3

e n l e
e E
E
d
d
m
m

ln
(2 im)
Khoa cng ngh thng tin cng ho x hi ch ngha vit nam
B mn in t vin thng c lp - T do - Hnh phc


THI S 6
Mn: L thuyt trng in t
Thi gian : 90 pht
Hnh thc thi : Vit
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Hay trinh ba y v h phng trinh Maxwell dang bin phc.
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Trnh by song phng trong mi trng in mi ly tng
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Ap dung inh lut Bixava tinh t trng tao bi mt dy dn manh co dong
in I tai im cach truc mt khoang r.
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Song phng truyn trong mi trng in mi ng nht ng hng rng v han
co tham s = 4
0
;
0 ;
0

; bin cng in trng cua song E
m
=
10
-3
(V/m) va f = 10
6
Hz. Lp biu thc gia tri tc thi cng t trng cua
song va mt dong cng sut trung binh.
p n:
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Trong thc t thng gp ca c dao ng iu hoa. Mt khac 1 dao ng iu
ho a khng phai la iu ho a thi bng phep bin i Fourier bao gi cung co th
phn tich thanh tng cu a ca c dao ng iu hoa. Vi v y vic nghin cu trng
iu ho a nh mt tp hp ring cua trng in t la rt cn thit. Cho dao ng
iu hoa:
). cos( t A A m
Ta a bit phng phap bin phc lam cho phng trinh phn ti ch cac
dao ng iu ho a tr nn n gian i rt nhiu. S dung phng phap bin
phc ta a vao phng trinh trn nh sau:
) (
.

t j
m e A A
t j j
m e e A A

t j
m e A A

(1 im)
Trong o:
j
m
m
e A A

: Bin phc cua vec t

A
Ap dung inh cng thc le: ) sin( ) cos(
) (


+

t j t e
t j
Ta co:
) Re(

A A
Nh vy i vi trng iu hoa tng ng vi cac ve c t
E

,
D

,
B
,
H
,
, J ta co dang bin phc tng ng
m
E

,
m
D

,
m B
,
m H
,
m m
J , .
H phng trinh Maxwell dang bin phc :
- Phng trinh 1:
d
J
t
E
H rot

S dung phng phap bin phc ta a vao ky hiu:

t j
m e E E

t j
m e H H

t j
m
d
e J J

(2 im)
Thay vao phng trinh 1 cua Maxwell ta co:
t j
m
t j
m
t j
m e J e E
t
e H rot

) (
0

t j
m
t j
m
t j
m
e J e E j e H rot

+

. .
0

m m
m
J E j H rot

+

.
0

- Tng t vi ca c phng khac ta co c h phng trinh Maxwell dang

bin phc:
m m
m
J E j H rot

+

.
0

m m H j E rot

.
m
m D Div

m B Div
(3 im)
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Ta khao st sng phng
jkz
m
e E E

Dang phu thuc vao thi gian(dang tc thi) nh sau:

) cos( kz t E E
m


Trong mi trng in mi l tng = 0 thi k l s thc: k
Phng trinh mt ng pha cu a song: . const kz t
x y
E H

(3.5)
Suy ra: z = 1/k(t cosnt)
(1 im)
mi thi im t mt ng pha cua song la mt phng z = const.Vn tc
pha la vn tc di chuyn cu a mt ng pha, ky hiu la

1

k dt
dz
v
pha
Trong khng gian t do:
c v
pha

1
Va

c
m
z
kz t
E E
H ). cos(
(2 im)
(3 im)
O M
r
d
l
Idl

Cu 3 : (2 im)
Ap dung inh lut Bixava(inh lut Ampe)
[ ]

l
r
r l d I
H
2
0
.
4
Ma ta co [ ] i dl r l d . sin .
0
. T y ra suy ra:
i
r
dl I
H

.
sin
4
2

T hinh ve ta th y
sin
d
r
(1 im)

dl
d
I
H
l

2
)
sin
(
sin
4

(1)
d
l
g va cot

d
dl
d

2
sin
1

d
d
dl
2
sin

(2)
Khi l bin i t - + thi

bin i t 0 n .
Thay (2) vao (1) ta co:
d
I I
d
d
I
d
d
d
I
H

2
cos
4
sin
4 sin
.
)
sin
(
sin
4
0 0
2
0
2


(2 im)
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Ta co
m
m
H
E

ma
) ( 60
2
120
4
0
0

) / (
60
10
3
m A
E
H
m
m

Biu thc gia tri tc thi cu a cng t trng:

) cos( kt t H H
(1)
(1 im)
Vi
0 0
4 2 f k va
) / ( 10 . 3
1
8
0 0
s m C


8
10 . 3
4 1
. 2
f
C
f k


Biu thc tc thi cua mt dong cng sut trung binh la:
m m tb
H E
2
1

, vi H
m
co biu thc nh (1).
(2 im)
Khoa cng ngh thng tin cng ho x hi ch ngha vit nam
B mn in t vin thng c lp - T do - Hnh phc


THI S 7
Mn: L thuyt trng in t
Thi gian : 90 pht
Hnh thc thi : Vit
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Trnh by v hng s in mi phc va go c tiu hao in mi trong trng iu
ho a.
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Trinh ba y v th chm cua lng cc in (dipole in )
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Mt in tich dong Q phn b u theo th tich qua cu co ban kinh la a, vi mi
in thm t trong khng khi. Hay tim cng in trng E trong va
ngoai qua cu o .
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Trong na khng gian ng vi to a z>0 la mi trng dn in, cu th la kim
loai ng co dn in ring
0 0 0
7
; ); / 1 ( 10 . 8 , 5 m
, theo phng
truc z truyn mt song thng ng nht vi tn s f = 10
5
Hz. Ha y xac inh vn
tc pha, bc song, tr khang song, h s suy giam

va thm su cua
trng() trong kim loai ng cua song. Bin cng trng se giam i bao
nhiu ln so vi b mt kim loai khi song i su vao c mt khoang d = 1mm.
p n:
Cu 1 : (3 im)
- T phng trinh 1 cua Maxwell dang bin phc:
ngm m m
m
J J E j H rot

+ +

.
0

Va ta co
m m E J

ngm m m
m
J E E j H rot

+ + . .
0

ngm m
m
J E j j H rot

+ ) (
0

ngm m p
m
J E J H rot

+ .

Trong o :

j p

la hng s in mi phc tuy t i cua mi trng

j
p
p

0
la hng s in mi phc tng i cua mi trng.
f
c
f j
p
; 2 ( 60
Co th chng minh rng ty s gia phn a o va phn thc cu a
p

la

: la
ty s in dn va in dich, no c trng cho tiu hao trong mi trng in mi.
t tg =

; la go c tiu hao in mi
Nu la cht in mi: tg < 0,001
Dn in: tg > 100
Ban dn 0,01 < tg <100
(3 im)
Cu 2 : (3 im)
a) nh ngha v cc gi thit
nh ngha : Lng cc in l mt dng dy dn thng, mnh ngn trn n c
dng in bin i do ngun ngoi cung cp. Trong thc t ky thut, lng cc
in la phn t c ban cu tao nn ca c ngten dy, ngten chn t,..
Trng bc xa cua ngten nay la chng cht trng bc xa cua tp hp
v s ca c lng cc in t ni tip nhau.
Cc gi thit :
- Mi trng bao quanh lng cc in la in mi l tng (,= hng s
v = 0 ).
- Chiu di ca lng cc l<<( bc sng).
- Dng in nui lng cc in la iu ho vi tn s
(1 im)
b) Th chm ca lng cc in
t lng cc in vo h to cu, trc ca lng cc t theo trc OZ
Dng in iu ho nui lng cc c dng:
t i
0
.Se

m z
I z I

S l tit din ngang ca lng cc in
ngm em
m m
J J z J J

0
.
Ap dung cng thc th chm
dV
r
e t g
V
jkr
t

). (
4
1
) (

(1) cho vec t

em
A

cua
phng trinh song (1)ta c:

V
ikr
m
em
dV
r
e J z
A
. .
4
0

(2 im)
Vi dong in trong lng cc chi chay theo phng truc z nn

em
A

cung
hng theo truc z.
Vi V=S*l la th tich cua lng cc in nn tich phn trn co th vit di
dang gon hn:

l
ikr
m
V
ikr
m
em
dl
r
e I
z dV
r
e J
z A

4 4
0 0

(2)
Vi l rt manh va ngn nn co th coi dong tai moi im trn lng cc in
co bin va pha nh nhau. Hn na r >> l nn:
r
e
r
l I
z A
ikr
m
en

.
4
0

(3)
V sin cos
0 0 0

r z
Nn
) sin cos (
4
0 0

r
r
e
r
l I
A
ikr
m
em
(4)
T biu thc nu s dung biu thc e
A rot H

va

,
_

e
e
grad
t
A
E

ta
se tim c cac vec t
H

,
E

.
(3 im)
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Ap dung phng trinh 3 cu a Maxwell dang tich phn:
q S d D
S

L y S la mt cu ban kinh a. Do tinh cht i xng nn D tai moi im trn hinh

cu la nh nhau

q r D S d D
S

2
4 .
c) Xet trng hp th nht: im M ngoai hinh cu(r>a)
Ta co: q = Q
D.4 r
2
= Q

2
4 r
Q
D

Mi trng la khng khi nn =

0
Ma D = .E =
2
4 r
Q

E =
2
4 r
Q

(1 im)
d) Trng hp th hai: im M trong hinh cu(r<a)
Ta chng minh c
3
3
.r
a
Q
q t cng thc tinh mt in tich
3
.
3
4
a
Q

va
3
.
3
4
. r q
3
3
3
3
. .
3
4
.
.
3
4
r
a
Q
r
a
Q
q

Mt khac ta co
2
4 r
q
D

r
a
Q
r
a r
Q
D
3
3
3 2
. 4
.
. 4

Ma D = .E
r
a
Q
E
3
. 4

(2 im)
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Ta c

ln nn 7 , 4782
2
10 . 8 , 5 . 10 . 4 . 2
2
7 7

f
Vn tc pha:
4 , 560
7 , 1120
10 . 2 2
5

f
v
pha
Ma
3
5
10 . 604 , 5
10
4 , 560


f
v
pha

Va

120
0
0

C
Z
4
7 7
10 . 09 , 2
10 . 8 , 5 . 10 . 4 . 2
2

f
(1 im)
Ta co :
) cos( . z t e E E
z
m

(1) ma trn b mt thi z = 0 nn bin cua
phng trinh (1) la E
m
.
Khi song i su mt oan d = 1mm, luc o bin cua phng trinh (1) la
d
m
e E

.
bin song suy giam:
119
.
. 10
3

e n l e
e E
E
d
d
m
m

ln
(2 im)
Khoa cng ngh thng tin cng ho x hi ch ngha vit nam
B mn in t vin thng c lp - T do - Hnh phc


THI S 8
Mn: L thuyt trng in t
Thi gian : 90 pht
Hnh thc thi : Vit
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Trinh ba y nguyn ly xp chng va nguyn ly i ln cu a trng in t.
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Trinh ba y v th chm cua trng in t .
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Cho mt hinh cu tich in ban kinh la a. Gia s in tich phn ph u trn b
mt cua no vi mt in tich mt
s
= Q/4a
2
. Tinh cng in trng tai
nhng im ngoai va trong hinh cu.
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Cho ca p ng truc c tao bi hai hinh truc dn in, hinh tru trong co ban kinh
a, trong o co dao in I cha y doc theo dy. Va hinh tru ngoai co ban kinh b,
trong o dong in cung bng I nhng chay ngc chiu. Hay tinh cng t
trng tai ca c im sau: a r b, r >b.
p n:
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Noi chung khi giai ca c bai toan v in t trng la mt cng vic phc tap. Vi
vy trong mt s trng hp giai cac bai toan mt ca ch n gian va nhanh
chong hn ngi ta ap dung mt s nguyn ly c ban cua trng in t.
1. Nguyn ly xp chng
i vi mi trng tuyn tinh phng trinh vi phn vit cho cac vec t in
t trng cung la tuyn tinh. T giao trinh toan ho c ta a bit tng ca c nghim
ring cua bt ky phng trinh vi phn tuyn tinh nao cung la nghim ring cu a
phng trinh nay. Do o ta co th th y rng: trng do mt s ngun nao o se la
tng vec t cac trng cua tng ngun. y chinh la ni dung cua nguyn ly xp
chng. Nhng c mt iu l nguyn l ny khng c ap dung i vi cng
sut hoc nng lng.
Thi du : Gia s co n ngun dong n J J J ,..., , 2
1
Goi
1
1
, H E
la trng do
1
J gy ra khi
0 ,..., 3
2
n J J J
Tng t:
1
1
, H E la trng do
2
J gy ra khi 0 ,..., 3
1
n J J J
n
n
H E , la trng do
1
J gy ra khi 0 ,..., 1 1 n
n
J J J
T y ta suy ra trng E do n J J J ,..., , 2
1
gy ra la:
). ( ... ) ( ) ( ) ,..., , ( 2 2 1 1 2 1 n n n J E J E J E J J J E + + +
). ( ... ) ( ) ( ) ,..., , ( 2 2 1 1 2 1 n n n J H J H J H J J J H + + +
(1 im)
2. Nguyn ly i ln
a, Nguyn ly i ln c suy ra t tinh cht i xng cu a cac phng trinh
Maxwell. Xet phng trinh Maxwell o khng co ngun ngoai.
(a)

'

0 H div
t
E
H rot
(b)

'

0 E div
t
E
E rot
Nu iu kin phep i ln: . ; H E thi h (a) tr thanh h (b) va
ngc lai. iu na y co nghi a la: Nu nh co hai bai toan in ng ma tt ca ca c
iu kin i vi
H
(hoc
E
) cua bai toan na y se tr thanh cac iu kin i vi
E
(ho c ) H cua bai toan kia. Khi thc hin phep i ln thi nu bit nghim cua
bai toan th nht ta co th suy ra c nghim cua bai toan th 2.
(2 im)
Thi du : Nu nh ta tim c cac biu thc i vi cac h s tich phn c xac
inh t iu kin thanh phn tip tuyn cu a vec t
E
= 0. Trn b mt bin gii
cua 2 mi trng thi khi thc hin phep i ln: . ; H E ta se c biu
thc i vi
H
ma thanh phn tip tuyn cua
H
cung bng khng trn b mt
phn cach.
b, Nguyn ly i ln cung ap dung c i vi khng gian o co ngun in
t trng. Luc na y h phng trinh Maxwell co dang:
) (a

'

D div
t
H
E rot
) (b

'

0 B div
J
t
E
H rot

) (a
va
) (b
i xng ta phai a vao ca c ai lng quy c
M
M J ,
M J
: mt dong t
M

: mt khi t tich.
- Cac ai lng
M
M
J ,
trong t nhin khng co, ta a vao chi nhm
muc i ch lam cho h phng trinh Maxwell i xng vi
E
,
H
. Do o co
th ap dung nguyn ly i ln: ; H E ;
M M
J J ;
H phng trinh Maxwell la:

'

D div
J
t
H
E rot M

'

M
B div
J
t
E
H rot

(3 im)
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Mun tim
H

,
E

ta phai giai cac phng trinh song almbe. So sanh vi

cac phng trinh almbe ta th y chung u co dang ging nhau. Do vy, chi
cn tim nghim cua 1 phng trinh co dang sau:
g
t

2
2
. (1)
Trong o:

ai din cho
m m e e
A A , , ,
g ai din cho phng trinh v phai cu a cac phng trinh song.
Co th tim c nghim cua phng trinh song almbe(1) co dang nh sau:
dV
r
v
r
t g
V
t

) (
4
1
) (

(3)
(1 im)
V: la th tich cha ngun
r: la khoang ca ch t im tinh trng M ti ca c im ngun(vi phn th ti ch
dV)
:
1

v
la vn t c truyn song trong mi trng
T phng trinh (3) ta th y rng trng tai im khao sat thi im t
c xac inh khng phai bi gia tri ngun tai thi im t ma c xac inh bi
gia tri cu a ngun thi im sm hn t mt khoang thi gian la
v
t
1

, t
chinh
la khoang thi gian truyn t ngun n im quan sat vi vn tc v hu han.
Nh v y trng im quan sat chm pha so vi ngun mt khoang thi gian t
.
Do o nghim (3) ung la th chm cu a trng in t.
(2 im)
Nu trng la iu ho a thi:
jkr jkr t j
m
v
r
t j
m
e t g e e g e g
v
r
t g

). ( . . ) (
) (

Vi

v
k
: la s song trong mi trng.
Do o th chm cu a trng in t co dang:
dV
r
e t g
V
jkr
t

). (
4
1
) (

(4)
Trng tai im khao sa t chm pha so vi trng tai im ngun mt lng
la kr.
(3 im)
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Ap dung phng trinh 3 cu a Maxwell dang tich phn:
q S d D
S

L y S la mt cu ban kinh a. Do tinh cht i xng nn D tai moi im trn hinh

cu la nh nhau

2
4 . r D S d D
S

(1 im)
c) Xet trng hp th nht: im M ngoai hinh cu(r>a)
I
2b
I
Ta co: q = Q
D.4 r
2
= Q =
S
.4 a
2
D =
S
.(a
2
/r
2
)
d) Trng hp th hai: im M trong hinh cu(r<a)
Ta co: q = 0, D = 0.
(2 im)
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Ap dung inh lut dong in toan phn cua Ampe

n
i
i
L
I l d H
1
Xet L la ng tron co tm nm trn truc cua cap ng truc ban kinh r. L vung
go c vi truc cu a cap.
Do tinh cht i xng cua cap nn H tai moi im trn L la nh nhau:

n
i
i
I r H
1
2 .
(1 im)
- Trng hp r>b thi
0 0
1

H I I I
n
i
i
- Trng hp a r b thi
I I
n
i
i

1
r
I
H I r H

2
2 .
(2 im)
Khoa cng ngh thng tin cng ho x hi ch ngha vit nam
B mn in t vin thng c lp - T do - Hnh phc


THI S 9
Mn: L thuyt trng in t
Thi gian : 90 pht
Hnh thc thi : Vit
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Hy xc nh iu kin b i vi thanh phn phap tuy n cua vec t cng
in trng va t trng trn b mt phn cach gia hai mi trng
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Hay trinh ba y v song in t phng trong mi trng dn in
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Co dong in khng i I chay theo dy dn hinh tru trong ban kinh a. Ha y tim
cng trng tai im bt ky cach truc dy dn 1 khoang r cho hai trng hp
r>a va r <a.
Cu 4 : (2 im)
t kh co ) / 1 ( / 10 , 4
3
0
m m Ci

. Hay tim gii han theo bc song t
o xem t kh la dn in va in mi.
p n:
Cu 1 : (3 im)
xt iu kin b i vi E
1n
v H
n
ta xt hnh tr c y S
1
v S
2
nh v
cao h .
- i vi E
n

Ta xt phng trnh Maxwell dng vi phn sau y:


V S
dV dS D

c th vit nh sau vi v tri ca phng trnh:

+ +
Sxq
xq
S S S
dS D dS D dS D dS D
12
2
2
1
1

Khi h 0 ta c :
12 0 2
12
1 12 2
12
1
0
) ( ) (
lim
dS n D D S d D D dS D
S S S
h

(1)
S
12
*
l giao tuyn gia mt phn cch v hnh tr
(1 im)
T v phi ca biu thc (1) ta c :
12 0
12
0
lim
S d n dV
S
S
V
h

t ta c t v tri v v phi ta c biu thc sau y:
D
1n
- D
2n
=
s

1
E
1n
-
2
E
2n
=
s

s
l mt in tch mt
Nh vy thnh phn php tuyn ca vect in cm D khi chuyn quab
mt phn cch 2 mi trng thay i mt lng bng mt in tch mt
s
.
(2 im)
- iu kin b i vi H
n
Xt phng trnh Maxwell
n n n n
S
B B B B S d B
2 1 2 1
0 0

1
H
1
n -
2
H
2
n=0
Nh vy thnh phn php tuyn ca vect t cm B
n
lin tc khi i qua b
mt phn cch hai mi trng.
(3 im)
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Trong mi trng dn in thay =
p

Trong mi trng dn in k l mt s phc

,
_

p
k
t k = p-j
Vi
) 1 1 (
2
) 1 1 (
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
+
+ +






(1 im)
Biu thc trng lu c na y co dang:
z j j
m
jkz
m
m e E e E E
) (
. .

z j z
m
e e E E

. .
Dang phu thuc vao thi gian:
) cos( . z t e E E
z
m

Nh vy song in t truyn lan trong mi trng dn in bin cu a no
se bi suy giam theo quy lut ham s mu m(
z
e

). Tc pha trong trng hp
nay la:

pha
v
(2 im)
v
pha
phu thuc vao tn s . Mi trng ma vn tc pha phu thuc vao tn s
goi la mi trng tan sc(mi trng tan song). , ma tng thi suy ra

tng

suy giam cang nhiu.
Nu mi trng c dn in rt ln th coi = , khi
2

pha
V
/4
(3 im)
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Ap dung inh lut dong in toan phn cua Ampe

n
i
i
L
I l d H
1
L y L la chu vi cua ng tron ban kinh r. Do tinh cht i xng nn
H
tai moi
im trn ng cong L la nh nhau.

n
i
i
L
I r H l d H
1
2 .
(1 im)
- Trng hp r>a:
I I
n
i
i

1

r
I
H
2

- Trng hp r<a:
2 2
2
2
2
2
1
2 a
Ir
H
a
r
I r
a
I
r J I
S
n
i
i

(2 im)
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Ta co:

j
p

( p

hng s phc tuyt i)

* *
E J n d
* *
E j J ch di

ch di
n d
J
J

(
1 j
)
Ty s gia phn a o va phn thc cu a
p
chinh la ty s gia dong in dn va dong
in dich (dong in dich cha y trong in mi, con dong in dn di chuyn
trong kim loai).
- Nu
) 1 ( < >

hay
thi t co tinh cht cua cht in mi
- Nu
) 1 ( > <

hay
thi t co tinh cht dn in.
(1 im)
Gii han theo b c song t o xem t kh la dn in hay in mila:

hay
1
4
0

hay
Ma

60
0

1
4
60



3
10 . 15
1
15
1

= (2/3).10
2
(m)
cang ln thi t cang co tinh dn in hn
T y ta co th kt lun la:
- Vi > (2/3).10
2
m thi t co tinh dn in.
- Vi < (2/3).10
2
m thi t co tinh in mi.
(2 im)
Khoa cng ngh thng tin cng ho x hi ch ngha vit nam
B mn in t vin thng c lp - T do - Hnh phc


THI S 10
Mn: L thuyt trng in t
Thi gian : 90 pht
Hnh thc thi : Vit
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Hy trnh by v nh lut bo ton in tch.
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Hy trinh bay v trng tinh in.
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Co 1 tu phng khng khi tao thanh t hai ban tron ban kinh r
1
=2cm, va khoang
cach gia chung d = 0,5 cm. Tu in nay la mt phn cua mach dong in. Trn
hai ban tu co mt in ap bin i u
m
=sint; U
m
= 500V; = (2/7).10
6
rad/s. Ha y
tim dong in dich toan phn chay qua hai ban tu vi ban kinh r = 1cm.
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Cho tham s in cua t kh:
Hng s in mi tng i 4
dn in ring = 10
-3
1/m.
Chng to rng i vi song c c dai( = 10
4
10
5
m) thi mt t co tinh dn
in tt hn, con i vi song c c ngn( = 10
-3
10 m)thi mt t co tinh dn
in kem.
p n:
Cu 1 : (3 im)
in tch c th phn b gin on hay lin tc. N khng t nhin sinh ra
v cng khng t nhin mt i. in tch tun theo nh lut bo ton. nh lut
bo ton in tch (do Faray tm ra qua thc nghim nm 1843) c pht
biu nh sau:
Lng in tch i ra khi mt mt kn S bao quanh th tch V trong mt
khong thi gian no bng lng in tch trong th tch ny b gim i
trong khong thi gian y.
i xc nh dng ton hc ca nh lut:
Gi s trong th tch V ty ca mi trng vt cht c bao bi mt kn S ti
thi im t cha mi lng in tch l Q vi mt khi :

V
dV Q
(1)
(1 im)
Sau mt khong thi gian dt lng in tch trong th tch V gim i 1
lng l dQ. Theo nh lut bo ton in tch lng in tch gim i trong V
bng lng in tch i ra khi V qua mt S trong khong thi gian dt to ra
dng in dn I.

V
dV
dt
d
I
(2)
V th tch V ng yn nn chng ta c hn thc sau y:
dV
t
S d J
S

(3)
(2 im)
nh lut trn l dng tch phn, nu p dng biu thc nh l
tstrogratski Gauss cho v tri ta c:
dV
t
dV J div S d J
V V S

(4)
V th tch V l ty nn suy ra:
0

+
t
J div

(5)
Biu thc trn y l dng vi phn ca nh lut bo ton in tch hay gi
l phng trnh lin tc.
(3 im)
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Trng tinh in la trng c tao ra bi cac in tich ng yn va khng i
theo thi gian.
Hay J = 0;
0

'

E D
D div
E rot
.
0

(1)
Trng tinh in la 1 trng th ngoai co
0 E rot
nn co th biu din
qua 1 bin mi
t
l grad E

0
(2) ( vi th 0 ) ( grad rot E rot ).
Th cua trng in tinh theo (2) co th xac inh bng biu thc:

l d E
(3)
(1 im)
Cng A cua trng tinh in theo 1.18 c thc hin khi di chuyn 1 in
tich im(+) q = 1C t im M
1
n im M
2
la:
) ( ) (
2 1
2
1
2
1
M M
M
M
M
M
l d E l d F A

(4)
Trong o ) ( ) (
2 1
,
M M

la th cua trng tinh in tai M
1,
M
2.

1
1
) (
M
M
l d E
;

2
2
) (
M
M
l d E
;
0

l d E ( Ti ch phn theo ng cong L khep kin)

Ta co:

divgrad E div D div (5)

Ta co:

2
; v v div grad (6)
Phng trinh (6) goi la phng trinh Poison. Phng trinh na y lin h th
va in tich tai mt im bt ky cua trng.
- Ta i nhng im ma o mt in trng bng khng thi ta co
0
2

,
phng trinh (6) tr thanh phng trinh Laplas.
Giai phng trinh Poison co nghim:
dV
r
V
) (
4
1

(7)
r la khoang cach t im tinh trng n vi phn th tich dV.
(2 im)
- i vi in tich im ta co:
r
q
. . 4
(8)
Ta co:
dV
r
grad grad E
V

4
1
dV
r
grad E
V
1
4

3 2
0
2
1 1
r
r
r
r
gradr
r r
grad
Ta c:

V
dV r
r
E
3
4
1

(9)
Trng hp in tich im ta co:
q
r
r
E .
4
3

(10)
Nu a vao trng cua in tich q mt in tich th q
1
, ta co:
r
r
qq
E q F
3
1
1
4
(11)
Biu thc (11) chinh la inh lut Culng. Vi v y inh lut Culng la h
qua cu a phng trinh Maxwell i vi trng tinh in.
(3 im)
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Mt dong in dich chay qua hai ban tu la:
t
E
t
E
J
ch Di

0

Ma
d
U
E
. T y ta suy ra c:
t U
d
J
m ch Di


cos
0

Ma t U
d
r
r J S J I
m ch di ch di ch di


cos . * *
2
1 0 2
1 1


Ap dung inh lut dong in toan phn cua Ampe

L
I l d H
(1 im)
L y L la chu vi cua ng tron ban kinh r = 1cm. Do tinh cht i xng nn
H
tai
moi im trn ng cong L la nh nhau.

I r H 2 .
Con tng ai s cac dong in xuyn qua ng cong L la:

S J I
ch di
.
(S la din tich cua ng tron ban kinh r).

2
. r J I
ch di

t rU
d
r
J
r
r J
H
m
ch di ch di

cos
2
.
2 2
.
0
2


(2 im)
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Ta co hng s in mi phc tng i cua t c biu din nh sau:
60 j
p

c trng cho tinh cht in mi

60 c trng cho tinh cht dn in.
Ta thy cang ln thi t cang co tinh dn in hn.
(1 im)
- Vi = 10
4m
thi 4 600 10 . 10 . 60 60
3 4
>>

. T y ta suy ra c
t co tinh dn in tt.
V y vi song cc dai = 10
4
10
5
m thi t co tinh dn in tt.
- Vi = 10 m
4 06 , 0 10 . 10 . 60 60
3
<<


t co tinh dn in
kem
V y vi = 10
-3
10 m t co tinh dn in kem.
(2 im)
Khoa cng ngh thng tin cng ho x hi ch ngha vit nam
B mn in t vin thng c lp - T do - Hnh phc


THI S 11
Mn: L thuyt trng in t
Thi gian : 90 pht
Hnh thc thi : Vit
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Hy chng minh v pht biu inh lut bao toan nng lng i vi trng in
t nh l Ump-Poynting
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Trinh ba y v t trng cua dong in khng i.
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Tinh trng va th tao ra bi mt truc tich in co mt in tich dai la
L,
tai
im ca ch truc 1 khoang r.
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Song phng truyn trong mi trng in mi ng nht ng hng rng v han
co tham s = 4
0
;
0 ;
0

; bin cng in trng cua song E
m
=
10
-3
(V/m) va f = 10
6
Hz. Lp biu thc gia tri tc thi cng t trng cua
song va mt dong cng sut trung binh.
p n:
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Trng in t l mt dng c bit ca vt cht, nn n cng tun theo
nh lut bo ton nng lng.
T vt l nng lng in t trong mt n v th tch :
dV
H E
V
)
2 2
( W
2 2

+

H v E thay i theo thi gian v khng gian, suy ra W cng thay i

p dng phng trnh 1 v 2 c Maxwell :
t
D
J H rot
d

;
t
H
E rot

e d
J
t
E
J H rot

+
(1 im)
Vy ta c :
t
H
H E

+ +

e d
J
t
E
E E J E rot H H rot E
+
d
J H rot

Ta c ] . [ H E div E rot H H rot E


t
E
t
E
E

2
2
1

t
H

2
2
1
t
H
H

E J
d


E )
2 2
( ] . [
2
2 2

e
J E
H E
t
H E div + + +

Ly tch phn theo th tch V 2 v ri p dng nh lut L tstrgratski
Gauss.
[ ]

+ + +

V
e
V V S
dV E J dV E dV
H E
t
S d H E

2
2 2
)
2 2
( .

(1)
[ ]

+ +

V
e
V S
dV E J dV E S d H E

2
t
W
.
(2)
(2 im)
Xt ngha:
dV E
V

l cng sut tiu hao di dng nhit trong th tch V k hiu P

t

V
e
dV E J

l Cng sut do ngun ngoi sinh ra trong th tch V k hiu P
e
t
W

l tc bin thin nng lng in t trong V

[ ] S d H E
S

.
l cng sut chy ngoi V qua din tch S.
Tm li: Cng sut do ngun ngoi sinh ra trong th tch V bng tng cng sut
tiu hao di tc dng nhit trong V, cng sut chy ra ngoi V qua din tch S
v cng sut lm thay i in t trng trong V. chnh l nh lut bo ton
nng lng i vi trng in t.
(3 im)
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Trang thai ring quan trong th 2 la t trng do dong in khng i tao ra. y
la trang thai dng cu a trng in t: J 0,
0

'

E D
D div
E rot
.
0

(1)

'

H B
B div
J H rot

0
(2)
Tng t nh trng tinh in, i vi trng dng ta cung co nhng nhn
xet sau:
- in trng va t trng dng khng c lp vi nhau na ma lin tuc
vi nhau thng qua
J
.
- Trng dng co
0 E rot
nn in trng dng la mt trng th co th
t
l
grad E
- T trng dng co tinh cht xoa y vi ) 0 ( J H rot nn khng th dung
th
m
va co th biu din qua bin mi
m A rot B
(3)
Vi
0 m A divrot B div
trong o
m A
la ve c t th , ta co:
m m m A A graddiv J A rotrot
2

xac inh
m A
n tri thi ta thm mt iu kin tu y y . n gian ta l y
0 m A div

J Am
2
(4) . Biu thc (4) goi la phng trinh Poison cho
m A
. Phng trinh ve c t na y tng ng vi (5) phng trinh sau:

'

z
z
y
y
x
x
J A
J A
J A

2
2
2
(5)
(1 im)
Nghim cu a phng trinh (5) la
dV
r
J
A
V
z y x
z y mx

, ,
, ,
4

(6)
Dang ve c t cu a no la: dV
r
J
A
V
m

4
(7)
Biu thc xac inh
B
va
H
la:
dV
r
J
rot B
V

4
(8)
dV
r
J
rot H
V

4
1
(9)
Trng hp dong in chay trong dy dn co thit din ngang nho co th bo
qua so vi chiu dai dy dn va khoang cach t dy n im quan sa t. Ve c t
th luc na y co dang:


l S l S l
m
r
l d I
s d J
r
l d
l d s d
r
J
A

4 4 4
(10)
Va

l
r
l d
rot
I
H
4
(11) hay

l
r
l d
rot
I
H
4
(12)
(2 im)
Ap dung hng ng thc vec t:
[ ] v rot v grad rot
v
+ . l y l d v
r
;
1
ta co:
l rotd
r
l d
r
grad
r
l d
rot
1
.
1
+
1
]
1

Bi vi trng c tinh im quan sat M vi to a x, y, z ma

l d
khng
phu thuc vao im M nn
0 l rotd

1
]
1

l d
r
grad
r
l d
rot .
1
, va
2
0 1
r
r
r
grad thay vao biu thc (12) ta co:
[ ]

l
r
r l d I
H
2
0 .
4
(10)
Biu thc (10) la biu thc dang ti ch phn cu a inh lut Bixava. Con dang
vi phn nh sau:
[ ]
2
0 .
.
4 r
r l d I
H d

(11)
Kt lun: inh lut Bixava la h qua cua phng trinh Maxwell i vi trng
dng.
(3 im)
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Ap dung phng trinh 3 cu a Maxwell dang tich phn:
q S d D
S

L y S la hinh tru thng dai v han D tai moi im trn din tich xung
quanh(S
xq
) cu a hinh tru nh nhau.
Ta co: S
xq
= 2r.l (l ) va q =
L
.l D.S
xq
= q va D.2rl =
L
.l
r
D
L

Ma D = E

r
E
L
2

(1 im)
Th tai im cach truc mt khoang r la:
dr
r
r d E
M
L
M

2
Tng t tai im cach truc mt khoang x:
in trng:
x
E
L

Th: dx
x
x d E
r
L
r


+

2

C
r
x
L
r
L
+ +

1
ln
2
ln
2

(2 im)
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Ta co
m
m
H
E

ma
) ( 60
2
120
4
0
0

) / (
60
10
3
m A
E
H
m
m

Biu thc gia tri tc thi cu a cng t trng:

) cos( kt t H H
(1)
(1 im)
Vi
0 0
4 2 f k va
) / ( 10 . 3
1
8
0 0
s m C


8
10 . 3
4 1
. 2
f
C
f k


Biu thc tc thi cua mt dong cng sut trung binh la:
m m tb
H E
2
1

, vi H
m
co biu thc nh (1).
(2 im)
Khoa cng ngh thng tin cng ho x hi ch ngha vit nam
B mn in t vin thng c lp - T do - Hnh phc


THI S 12
Mn: L thuyt trng in t
Thi gian : 90 pht
Hnh thc thi : Vit
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Hy xa c inh iu kin b i vi thanh phn tip tuy n cu a vec t cng
in trng va t trng trn b mt phn cach gia hai mi trng.
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Hay trinh ba y nguyn ly Huy ghen Ki c hp va nguyn ly dong tng ng
v hin tng nhiu xa .
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Ap dung inh lut Bixava tinh t trng tao bi mt dy dn manh co dong
in I tai im cach truc mt khoang r.
Cu 4 : (2 im)
t kh co
) / 1 ( / 10 , 4
3
0
m m Ci


. Hay tim gii han theo bc song t
o xem t kh la dn in va in mi.
p n:
Cu 1 : (3 im)
p dng phng trnh Maxwell dng tch phn cho mt hnh tr ta c
kt qu sau:
S S n D n D
s xq
+ + ) (
, ,
0 2
,
0 1

xt iu kin b vi thnh phn tip tuyn ca E v H ta xt 1 khung

ch nht nh ABCD vung gc vi mt phng S
12
. v ABCD nh nn giao tuyn
ab ca S
12
vi ABCD c th coi l ng thng v trng in t c th coi l
khng i khi i t im A n im B v t im C n im D
(0,5 im)
Cc vect n v :


0
l

L vect tip tuyn vi mt phn cch S

12
0
n

l php tuyn vi S
12
0
S

Vung gc vi mt ABCD.
iu kin b i vi E

p dng mh lut hai dng tch phn:

S d
t
B
l d E
S l

Ly l lm chu vi ca ABCD v tri c th vit thnh :
l d E l d E l d E l d E l d E
DA CD BC AB l


+ + +
21 2 12 1
Trong : E
1
E
2
l cc vect trong mi trng (MT) 1 v mi trng 2
E
12
v E
21
l cc vect va trong MT1 v MT2
Khi h 0 th AB ab v CD ba
BC v AD 0
(1 im)
Nh vy:
l d E E l d E l d E l d E
b
a
a
b
b
a
l


+

) (
2 1 2 1
0 S
lim
v phi :
0
lim
0

S d
t
B
S
S

Do :
2 1 2 1 2 1
0 ) ( 0 ) ( E E dl E E l d E E
b
a
b
a



Nh vy: Thnh phn tip tuyn ca vect cng in trng khng thay i
khi i qua b mt phn cch gia hai mi trng. Thnh phn tip tuyn ca
vect in cm
D

thay i hng theo khi chuyn qua b mt phn cch :

D
1
= (
1
/
2
)D
2
(1,5 im)
iu kin b i vi thnh phn tip tuyn ca vect cng t trng :
Ta c :
t
D
J H rot
d

S d
t
D
j l d H
S
d
l

) (

+

t
B
E rot

S d
t
B
l d E
S l

0 D

div
dV S d D
V S



0 B

div
0

S
S d B

(2 im)
Xt phng trnh sau:
dS
t
D
j l d H
S
d
l
) (

+



Khi h 0 lm tngt nh phn trc ta c:
dl l H H l d H H l d H
b
a
b
a
l
0 2 1 2 1
0 h
) ( ) (
lim




()
Khi v phi phng trnh trn l :
S d
t
D
S d J S d
t
D
J
S S
d
S
d

+

lim lim lim
0 h 0 h 0 h
) (
Do D hu hn nn:
0
lim
0 h

S d
t
D
S

Cn



b
a
dien
S
d
J S d J

lim
0 h
( )
J
S
l vect mt dng in mt t () v ( ) ta c :
S
b
a
S
b
a
J H H dl l J dl l H H

2 1 0 0 2 1
) (

Nh vy vect cng t trng c thnh phn tip tuyn thay i mt lng
mt dng in mt khi i qua b mt phn cch gia hai mi trng
(3 im)
Cu 2 : (3 im)
1. Nguyn ly HUYGHEN KICHP
Nguyn l cho ta c nghim ca phng trnh sng thun nht i vi
mi hm v hng no hoc mt thnh phn vung gc bt k ca vect
cng in trng. N c p dng gi bi ton nhiu x gn ng. Tm
nghim ca phng trnh sau:
0
2 2
+ k
Ti im P bt k trong vng V c gii hn bi mt kn S. p dng nh
l Grin cho hm

( ) dS
n n
dV
S V


,
_

2 2
y hm l tu , chn sao cho
r
e
ikr

y r l khong cch t im tnh trng P n im bt k trong vng V. tai
y khi r 0 khi ta c:
dS
n n
dS
n n
S S


,
_

,
_

00
Cc o hm theo php tuyn trn S v S
0
hng ra ngoi vng V. Do trn
mt S
0
ta c:
r n r n

;
r
e
r
ik
r
e
r n
ikr ikr

,
_

,
_

1
2
0
0
2
0
0 0
0
4 4
1
0 0
00
R
r R
e
R
R
e
R
ik dS
n n
I
tb
ikR
tb
ikR
S

,
_

,
_

,
_

(1 im)
2. Nguyn l dng tng ng
Gi s cc ngun q
1
, q
2
, q
3
, q
4
,q
n
t trong vng V gii hn bi mt kn S
chng ta cn tim trng im P bt k trong khng gian V

ngoi mt S.
Theo nguyn l Huyghen-Kichp ta c th tnh trng ti P trong V

ca cc
ngun cho qua cc ngun bc x nguyn t phn b trn mt S to ra. Cc
ngun nguyn t phn b trn mt S c gi l cc ngun dng tng ng .
Cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca in trng v t trng st bn trong mt S
bng khng.
0
' '

S S
ng ng H E (1)
Theo nguyn l nghim duy nht, mn ngun cho v trng ca
ngun dng tng ng to ra im P trong vng V

trung vi nhau phi c

iu kin l: cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca cng in trng v t trng
ca hai trng ny trn mt S pha bn ngoi phi bng nhau v chng khc
khng:
O M
r
d
l
Idl

E
ng
= E
ng
0
H
ng
= H
ng
0 (2)
(2 im)
T biu thc (1)v (2)chng ta thy cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca cng
trng ca ngun dng tng ng bin i nhy vt t 0 sang khc khng khi
qua mt gii hn S. Tn ti dng in mt I
S
v t mt I
SM
:
[ ]
S
ng
H n I

0 S

[ ]
S
0 SM ng
E n I

(3)
y n
0
l vect n v php tuyn ngoi ca mt gii hn S. p dng phng
php th in ng chng ta tm c biu thc cho cc th chm vect in v
t do cc ngun dng tng ng I
S
v I
SM
trn S to ra tai im P trong V

lc
ta c:
[ ] dS
r
e
H n dS
r
e I
A
S
ikr
ng
S
ikr
e

'
0
S
4 4

[ ] dS
r
e
E n dS
r
e I
A
S
ikr
ng
S
ikr
M

'
0
SM
4 4

Trong cng thc (4) cc tham s nh , v s sng k phi tnh trong mi trng
vng khng gian ngoi V

Cc biu thc (3) v (4) l biu thc nguyn l dng tng ng ca
trng in t. Nguyn l ny c ng dng gii bi ton nhiu x sng in
t rt li.
(3 im)
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Ap dung inh lut Bixava(inh lut Ampe)
[ ]

l
r
r l d I
H
2
0
.
4
Ma ta co [ ] i dl r l d . sin .
0
. T y ra suy ra:
i
r
dl I
H

.
sin
4
2

(4)
T hinh ve ta th y
sin
d
r
(1 im)

dl
d
I
H
l

2
)
sin
(
sin
4

(1)
d
l
g va cot

d
dl
d

2
sin
1

d
d
dl
2
sin

(2)
Khi l bin i t - + thi

bin i t 0 n .
Thay (2) vao (1) ta co:
d
I I
d
d
I
d
d
d
I
H

2
cos
4
sin
4 sin
.
)
sin
(
sin
4
0 0
2
0
2


(2 im)
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Ta co:

j
p

( p

hng s phc tuyt i)

* *
E J n d
* *
E j J ch di

ch di
n d
J
J

(
1 j
)
Ty s gia phn a o va phn thc cu a
p
chinh la ty s gia dong in dn va dong
in dich (dong in dich cha y trong in mi, con dong in dn di chuyn
trong kim loai).
- Nu
) 1 ( < >

hay
thi t co tinh cht cua cht in mi
- Nu
) 1 ( > <

hay
thi t co tinh cht dn in.
(1 im)
Gii han theo b c song t o xem t kh la dn in hay in mila:

hay
1
4
0

hay
Ma

60
0

1
4
60



3
10 . 15
1
15
1

= (2/3).10
2
(m)
cang ln thi t cang co tinh dn in hn
T y ta co th kt lun la:
- Vi > (2/3).10
2
m thi t co tinh dn in.
- Vi < (2/3).10
2
m thi t co tinh in mi.
(2 im)
Khoa cng ngh thng tin cng ho x hi ch ngha vit nam
B mn in t vin thng c lp - T do - Hnh phc


THI S 13
Mn: L thuyt trng in t
Thi gian : 90 pht
Hnh thc thi : Vit
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Hay trinh ba y v h phng trinh Maxwell dang bin phc.
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Trinh ba y v trng tinh in.
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Co dong in khng i I chay theo dy dn hinh tru trong ban kinh a. Ha y tim
cng trng tai im bt ky cach truc dy dn 1 khoang r cho hai trng hp
r>a va r <a.
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Cho ca p ng truc c tao bi hai hinh truc dn in, hinh tru trong co ban kinh
a, trong o co dao in I cha y doc theo dy. Va hinh tru ngoai co ban kinh b,
trong o dong in cung bng I nhng chay ngc chiu. Ha y tinh cng t
trng tai ca c im sau: a r b, r >b.
p n:
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Trong thc t thng gp ca c dao ng iu hoa. Mt khac 1 dao ng iu
ho a khng phai la iu ho a thi bng phep bin i Fourier bao gi cung co th
phn tich thanh tng cu a ca c dao ng iu hoa. Vi v y vic nghin cu trng
iu ho a nh mt tp hp ring cua trng in t la rt cn thit. Cho dao ng
iu hoa:
). cos( t A A m
Ta a bit phng phap bin phc lam cho phng trinh phn ti ch cac
dao ng iu ho a tr nn n gian i rt nhiu. S dung phng phap bin
phc ta a vao phng trinh trn nh sau:
) (
.

t j
m e A A
t j j
m e e A A

t j
m e A A

(1 im)
Trong o:
j
m
m
e A A

: Bin phc cua vec t

A
Ap dung inh cng thc le: ) sin( ) cos(
) (


+

t j t e
t j
Ta co:
) Re(

A A
Nh vy i vi trng iu hoa tng ng vi cac ve c t
E

,
D

,
B
,
H
,
, J ta co dang bin phc tng ng
m
E

,
m
D

,
m B
,
m H
,
m m
J , .
H phng trinh Maxwell dang bin phc
- Phng trinh 1:
d
J
t
E
H rot

S dung phng phap bin phc ta a vao ky hiu:

t j
m e E E

t j
m e H H

t j
m
d
e J J

(2 im)
Thay vao phng trinh 1 cua Maxwell ta co:
t j
m
t j
m
t j
m e J e E
t
e H rot

) (
0

t j
m
t j
m
t j
m
e J e E j e H rot

+

. .
0

m m
m
J E j H rot

+

.
0

- Tng t vi ca c phng khac ta co c h phng trinh Maxwell dang

bin phc:
m m
m
J E j H rot

+

.
0

m m H j E rot

.
m
m D Div

m B Div
(3 im)
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Trng tinh in la trng c tao ra bi cac in tich ng yn va khng i
theo thi gian.
Hay J = 0;
0

'

E D
D div
E rot
.
0

(1)
Trng tinh in la 1 trng th ngoai co
0 E rot
nn co th biu din
qua 1 bin mi
t
l grad E

0
(2) ( vi th 0 ) ( grad rot E rot ).
Th cua trng in tinh theo (2) co th xac inh bng biu thc:

l d E
(3)
(1 im)
Cng A cua trng tinh in theo 1.18 c thc hin khi di chuyn 1 in
tich im(+) q = 1C t im M
1
n im M
2
la:
) ( ) (
2 1
2
1
2
1
M M
M
M
M
M
l d E l d F A

(4)
Trong o ) ( ) (
2 1
,
M M

la th cua trng tinh in tai M
1,
M
2.

1
1
) (
M
M
l d E
;

2
2
) (
M
M
l d E
;
0

l d E ( Ti ch phn theo ng cong L khep kin)

Ta co:

divgrad E div D div (5)

Ta co:

2
; v v div grad (6)
Phng trinh (6) goi la phng trinh Poison. Phng trinh na y lin h th
va in tich tai mt im bt ky cua trng.
- Ta i nhng im ma o mt in trng bng khng thi ta co
0
2

,
phng trinh (6) tr thanh phng trinh Laplas.
Giai phng trinh Poison co nghim:
dV
r
V
) (
4
1

(7)
r la khoang cach t im tinh trng n vi phn th tich dV.
(2 im)
- i vi in tich im ta co:
r
q
. . 4
(8)
Ta co:
dV
r
grad grad E
V

4
1
dV
r
grad E
V
1
4

3 2
0
2
1 1
r
r
r
r
gradr
r r
grad
Ta c:

V
dV r
r
E
3
4
1

(9)
Trng hp in tich im ta co:
q
r
r
E .
4
3

(10)
Nu a vao trng cua in tich q mt in tich th q
1
, ta co:
r
r
qq
E q F
3
1
1
4
(11)
Biu thc (11) chinh la inh lut Culng. Vi v y inh lut Culng la h
qua cu a phng trinh Maxwell i vi trng tinh in.
(3 im)
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Ap dung inh lut dong in toan phn cua Ampe
I
2b
I

n
i
i
L
I l d H
1
L y L la chu vi cua ng tron ban kinh r. Do tinh cht i xng nn
H
tai moi
im trn ng cong L la nh nhau.

n
i
i
L
I r H l d H
1
2 .
(1 im)
- Trng hp r>a:
I I
n
i
i

1

r
I
H
2

- Trng hp r<a:
2 2
2
2
2
2
1
2 a
Ir
H
a
r
I r
a
I
r J I
S
n
i
i

(2 im)
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Ap dung inh lut dong in toan phn cua Ampe

n
i
i
L
I l d H
1
Xet L la ng tron co tm nm trn truc cua cap ng truc ban kinh r. L vung
go c vi truc cu a cap.
Do tinh cht i xng cua cap nn H tai moi im trn L la nh nhau:

n
i
i
I r H
1
2 .
(1 im)
- Trng hp r>b thi
0 0
1

H I I I
n
i
i
- Trng hp a r b thi
I I
n
i
i

1
r
I
H I r H

2
2 . (2 im)
Khoa cng ngh thng tin cng ho x hi ch ngha vit nam
B mn in t vin thng c lp - T do - Hnh phc


THI S 14
Mn: L thuyt trng in t
Thi gian : 90 pht
Hnh thc thi : Vit
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Trnh by v hng s in mi phc va go c tiu hao in mi trong trng iu
ho a.
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Hy trnh by v hiu ng b mt vt dn.
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Cho mt hinh cu tich in ban kinh la a. Gia s in tich phn ph u trn b
mt cua no vi mt in tich mt
s
= Q/4a
2
. Tinh cng in trng tai
nhng im ngoai va trong hinh cu.
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Cho tham s in cua t kh:
Hng s in mi tng i 4
dn in ring = 10
-3
1/m.
Chng to rng i vi song c c dai( = 10
4
10
5
m) thi mt t co tinh dn
in tt hn, con i vi song c c ngn( = 10
-3
10 m)thi mt t co tinh dn
in kem.
p n:
Cu 1 : (3 im)
- T phng trinh 1 cua Maxwell dang bin phc:
ngm m m
m
J J E j H rot

+ +

.
0

Va ta co
m m E J

ngm m m
m
J E E j H rot

+ + . .
0

ngm m
m
J E j j H rot

+ ) (
0

ngm m p
m
J E J H rot

+ .

Trong o :

j p

la hng s in mi phc tuy t i cua mi trng

j
p
p

0
la hng s in mi phc tng i cua mi trng.
f
c
f j
p
; 2 ( 60
Co th chng minh rng ty s gia phn a o va phn thc cu a
p

la

: la
ty s in dn va in dich, no c trng cho tiu hao trong mi trng in mi.
t tg =

; la go c tiu hao in mi
Nu la cht in mi: tg < 0,001
Dn in: tg > 100
Ban dn 0,01 < tg <100
(3 im)
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Trong vt dn in tt ( >>1) ta c :
2

(1)
Khi rt ln th cng rt ln dn n suy gim cng nhiu, ta thy bin
cng trng suy gim rt nhanh khi truyn vo trong vt dn. Ngha l sng
in t ch tn ti mt lp rt mng st b mt ca vt dn in tt. Khi cho
dng in cao tn chy trong vt dn in tt ngi ta cng thy dng in ny
ch tn ti trn mt lp theo nh lut m.
J
d
= E
i vi dng kho st:
E=E
m
e
-z
e
-jz
J
d
= E
m
e
-z
e
-jz
=J
0
e
-z
e
-jz
(2)
J
0
l mt dng chn b mt vt cht J
0
= E
m

(1 im)
Mt dng in s gim dn khi i vo su trong vt dn theo quy lut
ging nh bin cng in trng
Hin tng sng in t hay sng in cao tn khi truyn trong vt dn in
tt ch tp chung mt lp rt mng trn b mt ca n gi l hiu ng b mt,
hay hiu ng Skin
c trng cho hiu ng b mt ngi ta a vo khai nim thm su
ca trng hay su thm nhp ca trng , l khong cch m ng vi n
bin cng trng suy gim i e ln: e 2,718
Ta c :
e
e E
e E
z
m
z
m

) (

= e suy ra = 1/

2 1

(2 im)
Hiu ng b mt c p dng trong thc t (m vng, bc), khi lm gim
tiu hao khi truyn sng in t ngi ta ch m mt lp mng vng hoc bc ln
b mt kim loi.
Khi tnh ton cc bi ton ngi ta thy khi nim tr khng mt ca kim
loi: Z
S
= R
S
+ X
S
R
S
l tr c trng cho cng sut tiu hao

S
R
X
S
l cm khng ca mt ring Z
S
Vn tc pha:

2

p
V
pha
(3 im)
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Ap dung phng trinh 3 cu a Maxwell dang tich phn:
q S d D
S

L y S la mt cu ban kinh a. Do tinh cht i xng nn D tai moi im trn hinh

cu la nh nhau

2
4 . r D S d D
S

(1 im)
a) Xet trng hp th nht: im M ngoai hinh cu(r>a)
Ta co: q = Q
D.4 r
2
= Q =
S
.4 a
2
D =
S
.(a
2
/r
2
)
b) Trng hp th hai: im M trong hinh cu(r<a)
Ta co: q = 0, D = 0.
(2 im)
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Ta co hng s in mi phc tng i cua t c biu din nh sau:
60 j
p

c trng cho tinh cht in mi

60 c trng cho tinh cht dn in.
Ta thy cang ln thi t cang co tinh dn in hn.
(1 im)
- Vi = 10
4m
thi 4 600 10 . 10 . 60 60
3 4
>>

. T y ta suy ra c
t co tinh dn in tt.
V y vi song cc dai = 10
4
10
5
m thi t co tinh dn in tt.
- Vi = 10 m
4 06 , 0 10 . 10 . 60 60
3
<<


t co tinh dn in
kem
V y vi = 10
-3
10 m t co tinh dn in kem.
(2 im)
Khoa cng ngh thng tin cng ho x hi ch ngha vit nam
B mn in t vin thng c lp - T do - Hnh phc


THI S 15
Mn: L thuyt trng in t
Thi gian : 90 pht
Hnh thc thi : Vit
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Trnh by phng trnh 3 v 4 ca Maxwell v ngha vt l ca chng.
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Trinh ba y v t trng cua dong in khng i.
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Tinh trng va th tao ra bi mt truc tich in co mt in tich dai la
L,
tai
im ca ch truc 1 khoang r.
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Trong na khng gian ng vi to a z>0 la mi trng dn in, cu th la kim
loai ng co dn in ring
0 0 0
7
; ); / 1 ( 10 . 8 , 5 m
, theo phng
truc z truyn mt song thng ng nht vi tn s f = 10
5
Hz. Ha y xac inh vn
tc pha, bc song, tr khang song, h s suy giam

va thm su cua
trng() trong kim loai ng cua song. Bin cng trng se giam i bao
nhiu ln so vi b mt kim loai khi song i su vao c mt khoang d = 1mm.
p n:
Cu 1 : (3 im)
Maxwell coi nh lut Gauss v nguyn l lin tc ca t thng p dng
cho c trng hp in trng v t trng l tnh, khng i cng nh vi
trng hp tng qut ca in t trng bin thin theo thi gian. Ta c:
Q dV S d D
V S




(1)
0

dV B div
V

(2)
V th tch V l tu nn nhn c cc phng trnh Maxwell th 3 v th
4 nh sau: D

div (3)
0 B div

(4)
(1 im)
tin cho vic theo di, ta vit phng trnh Maxwell thnh hai dng sau:
Dng tch phn:
0
t
B
t
D
S
S

S d B
Q dV l d D
S d l d E
S d S d J l d H
S
V S
l
S l

(5)
Dng vi phn:
0 B div
D

div
t
B
E rot
t
D
J H rot
(6)
(2 im)
ngha vt l ca phng trnh 3 v 4 ca Maxwell:
D

Div 0: ta thy ng sc ca in trng l nhng ng cong khng

khp kn m c im u ti in tch +q, im cui ti q.
D

Div = 0: in trng sinh ra ch do s bin thin ca t trng. ng

sc ca n hoc khp kn hoc tin ra v cc.
0 B Div

ng sc ca t trng va khp kn va tin xa v cc.

(3 im)
Cu 2 : (3 im)
Trang thai ring quan trong th 2 la t trng do dong in khng i tao ra. y
la trang thai dng cu a trng in t: J 0,
0

'

E D
D div
E rot
.
0

(1)

'

H B
B div
J H rot

0
(2)
Tng t nh trng tinh in, i vi trng dng ta cung co nhng nhn
xet sau:
- in trng va t trng dng khng c lp vi nhau na ma lin tuc
vi nhau thng qua
J
.
- Trng dng co
0 E rot
nn in trng dng la mt trng th co th
t
l
grad E
- T trng dng co tinh cht xoa y vi ) 0 ( J H rot nn khng th dung
th
m
va co th biu din qua bin mi
m A rot B
(3)
Vi
0 m A divrot B div
trong o
m A
la ve c t th , ta co:
m m m A A graddiv J A rotrot
2

xac inh
m A
n tri thi ta thm mt iu kin tu y y . n gian ta l y
0 m A div

J Am
2
(4) . Biu thc (4) goi la phng trinh Poison cho
m A
. Phng trinh ve c t na y tng ng vi (5) phng trinh sau:

'

z
z
y
y
x
x
J A
J A
J A

2
2
2
(5) (1 im)
Nghim cu a phng trinh (5) la
dV
r
J
A
V
z y x
z y mx

, ,
, ,
4

(6)
Dang ve c t cu a no la: dV
r
J
A
V
m

4
(7)
Biu thc xac inh
B
va
H
la:
dV
r
J
rot B
V

4
(8)
dV
r
J
rot H
V

4
1
(9)
Trng hp dong in chay trong dy dn co thit din ngang nho co th bo
qua so vi chiu dai dy dn va khoang cach t dy n im quan sa t. Ve c t
th luc na y co dang:


l S l S l
m
r
l d I
s d J
r
l d
l d s d
r
J
A

4 4 4
(10)
Va

l
r
l d
rot
I
H
4
(11) hay

l
r
l d
rot
I
H
4
(12)
(2 im)
Ap dung hng ng thc vec t:
[ ] v rot v grad rot
v
+ . l y l d v
r
;
1
ta co:
l rotd
r
l d
r
grad
r
l d
rot
1
.
1
+
1
]
1

Bi vi trng c tinh im quan sat M vi to a x, y, z ma

l d
khng
phu thuc vao im M nn
0 l rotd

1
]
1

l d
r
grad
r
l d
rot .
1
, va
2
0 1
r
r
r
grad thay vao biu thc (12) ta co:
[ ]

l
r
r l d I
H
2
0 .
4
(10)
Biu thc (10) la biu thc dang ti ch phn cu a inh lut Bixava. Con dang
vi phn nh sau:
[ ]
2
0 .
.
4 r
r l d I
H d

(11)
Kt lun: inh lut Bixava la h qua cua phng trinh Maxwell i vi trng
dng.
(3 im)
Cu 3 : (2 im)
Ap dung phng trinh 3 cu a Maxwell dang tich phn:
q S d D
S

L y S la hinh tru thng dai v han D tai moi im trn din tich xung
quanh(S
xq
) cu a hinh tru nh nhau.
Ta co: S
xq
= 2r.l (l ) va q =
L
.l D.S
xq
= q va D.2rl =
L
.l
r
D
L

Ma D = E

r
E
L
2

(1 im)
Th tai im cach truc mt khoang r la:
dr
r
r d E
M
L
M

2
Tng t tai im cach truc mt khoang x:
in trng:
x
E
L

Th: dx
x
x d E
r
L
r


+

2

C
r
x
L
r
L
+ +

1
ln
2
ln
2

(2 im)
Cu 4 : (2 im)
Ta c

ln nn 7 , 4782
2
10 . 8 , 5 . 10 . 4 . 2
2
7 7

f
Vn tc pha:
4 , 560
7 , 1120
10 . 2 2
5

f
v
pha
Ma
3
5
10 . 604 , 5
10
4 , 560


f
v
pha

Va

120
0
0

C
Z
4
7 7
10 . 09 , 2
10 . 8 , 5 . 10 . 4 . 2
2

f
(1 im)
Ta co :
) cos( . z t e E E
z
m

(1) ma trn b mt thi z = 0 nn bin cua
phng trinh (1) la E
m
.
Khi song i su mt oan d = 1mm, luc o bin cua phng trinh (1) la
d
m
e E

.
bin song suy giam:
119
.
. 10
3

e n l e
e E
E
d
d
m
m

ln
(2 im)