1. Process Pipe 1.1.1.

Pipe & Tube The purpose with a pipe is the transport of a fluid like water, oil or similar, and the most import property is the capacity or the inside diameter. The terms "pipe" and "tube" are almost interchangeable, although minor distinctions exist generally, a tube has tighter engineering requirements than a pipe. 1.1.2. Sizes and Lengths commonly used for steel pipe Pipe is supplied and referred to lengths as Single Random Length Single random pipe length is usually 18-25 feet plain end or 18-22 feet threaded and coupled pipes. Double Random Lengths Double random length pipes are made between 38-40 feet. Longer than Double Random The length of longer than double random pipes are more than 38-40 feet. Cut Lengths Cut length pipes are made in fixed lengths within +/- 1/8 inch. Some pipe is available in about 80-ft lengths. Plain End Pipe (PE) This would be the choice for small sizes where socket welded fittings will be used to join pipe to pipe or pipe to fittings. This is also the default end prep if no end prep is specified.

Bevelled Pipe (BE) Angle formed between the prepared edge of the end of the tube and a plane perpendicular to the surface. Standard line pipe bevel is 30 degrees. This would be the choice for most all 3" and larger steel pipe (or other metallic pipe) where "butt welding will be used to join pipe to pipe or pipe to fittings.

Threaded Pipe (TE) This would be the choice for small sizes where the pipe to pipe or pipe to fitting assembly is to be threaded.

Threaded and Coupled T&C Male (pin) threads are cut into the pipe and a coupling provides female threads for both lengths being joined 1.1.3. Diameter Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures. Pipe size is specified with two non-dimensional numbers: a nominal pipe size (NPS) for diameter based on inches, and a schedule (Sched. or Sch.) for wall thickness. ANSI : Pipe schedule (Wall thickness) - provides dimensions and tolerances ASME/ANSI B 36.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe ASME/ANSI B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe ANSI B16.5 Flanges

 ASME/ASTM : American Society for Testing Materials - issues standards for line pipe API : American Petroleum Institute - issues standards for oil & gas industry API 5L covers WELDED and SEAMLESS pipe suitable for use in conveying gas, water, and oil in both the oil and natural gas industries. API 5L X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70

Norminal pipe size inches 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 3 3 1/2 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

OD mm

5S

10S

10

20

30

STD

40S

40

60

XS

80S

80

100

120

140

160

XXS

10.30 13.70 17.10 21.30 26.70 33.40 42.20 48.30 60.30 73.00 88.90 101.60 114.30 141.30 168.30 219.10 273.10 323.90 355.60 406.40 457.00 508.00 559.00 610.00

1.65 0.82 1.65 1.04 1.65 1.33 1.65 1.68 1.65 1.95 1.65 2.44 2.11 3.77 2.11 4.60 2.11 5.29 2.11 5.96 2.77 9.67 2.77 11.55 2.77 15.09 3.40 23.09 3.96 31.89 3.96 35.06 4.19 42.41 4.19 47.77 4.78 60.46 4.78 66.57 5.54 84.16

1.42 0.28 1.65 0.51 1.65 0.64 2.11 1.01 2.11 1.31 2.77 2.13 2.77 2.76 2.77 3.17 2.77 4.01 3.05 5.36 3.05 6.59 3.05 7.55 3.05 8.52 3.40 11.82 3.40 14.13 3.76 20.37 4.19 28.34 4.57 36.73 4.78 42.14 4.78 48.26 4.78 54.36 5.51 70.00 5.54 70.06 6.35 96.37

6.35 54.69 6.35 62.64 6.35 70.57

6.35 33.31 6.35 41.77 6.35 49.73 7.92 67.90 7.92 77.83

7.04 36.81 7.80 51.03 8.38 65.20 9.53 81.33 9.53 93.27

1.73 0.37 2.24 0.63 2.31 0.84 2.77 1.27 2.87 1.69 3.38 2.50 3.56 3.39 3.68 4.05 3.91 5.44 5.16 8.63

1.73 0.36 2.24 0.64 2.31 0.84 2.77 1.30 2.87 1.71 3.38 2.55 3.56 3.46 3.68 4.13 3.91 5.54 5.16 8.81

1.73 0.37 2.24 0.63 2.31 0.84 2.77 1.27 2.87 1.69 3.38 2.50 3.56 3.39 3.66 4.05 3.91 5.44 5.16 8.63

10.31 53.08 12.70 81.55

2.41 0.47 3.02 0.80 3.20 1.10 3.73 1.62 3.91 2.20 4.55 3.24 4.85 4.47 5.08 5.41 5.54 7.48 7.01 11.41 7.62 15.27 8.08 18.63 8.56 22.32 9.53 30.97 10.97 42.56 12.70 64.64 12.70 81.55

2.41 0.48 3.02 0.82 3.20 1.12 3.73 1.65 3.91 2.24 4.55 3.29 4.85 4.56 5.08 5.51 5.54 7.63 7.01 19.64 7.62 15.59 8.08 19.01 8.56 22.77 9.53 31.59 10.97 43.42 12.70 65.95 12.70 83.19

2.41 0.47 3.02 0.80 3.20 1.10 3.73 1.62 3.91 2.20 4.55 3.24 4.85 4.47 5.08 5.41 5.54 7.48 7.01 11.41 7.62 15.27 8.08 18.63 8.56 22.32 9.53 30.97 10.97 42.56 12.70 64.64

15.09 75.92

11.13 28.32 12.70 40.28 14.27 54.20

4.78 1.95 5.56 2.90 6.35 4.24 6.35 5.61 7.14 7.25 8.74 11.11 9.53 14.92 11.13 21.35 13.49 33.54 15.88 49.11 18.20 67.56

7.47 2.55 7.82 3.64 9.09 5.45 9.70 7.77 10.15 9.56 11.07 13.44 14.02 20.39 15.24 27.68 17.12 41.03 19.05 57.43 21.95 79.22

5.49 5.49 5.49 11.29 11.52 11.29 5.74 5.74 5.74 13.57 13.84 13.57 6.02 6.02 6.02 16.07 16.40 16.07 6.55 6.55 6.55 21.77 22.20 21.77 7.11 7.11 7.11 28.26 28.83 28.26 8.18 8.18 8.18 42.55 43.39 42.55 9.27 9.27 9.27 60.31 61.52 60.31

18.26 20.62 23.01 22.23 90.44 100.92 111.27 107.92

15.09 18.26 21.44 25.40 28.58 25.40 96.01 114.75 133.06 155.15 112.33 155.15

9.53 9.52 10.31 14.27 12.70 73.88 75.32 79.73 108.96 97.46 9.53 81.33 9.53 93.27 -

12.70 17.48 21.44 25.40 28.58 33.32 25.40 99.43 132.08 159.91 186.97 208.14 238.76 186.97 -

11.13 15.09 12.70 35.71 19.05 23.83 27.79 31.75 35.71 94.55 126.71 107.39 281.70 158.10 194.96 244.65 253.56 281.70 12.70 16.66 12.70 40.49 21.44 26.19 30.96 36.53 40.49 123.30 160.12 123.30 365.35 203.53 245.56 286.64 333.19 365.37 14.27 19.05 12.70 45.24 23.88 29.36 34.93 39.67 45.24 155.80 205.74 139.15 459.37 254.55 309.62 365.56 408.26 459.37 15.09 20.62 12.70 50.01 26.19 32.54 38.10 44.45 56.01 183.42 247.83 155.12 564.81 311.17 381.53 411.49 508.11 564.81 22.23 12.70 53.98 28.58 34.93 41.28 47.63 53.98 294.25 171.09 672.26 373.83 451.42 527.02 600.63 672.26

7.92 11.13 9.53 87.71 122.38 105.16

6.35 9.53 12.70 9.53 78.55 117.15 155.12 117.15 6.35 9.53 12.70 9.53 86.54 129.13 171.09 129.13 6.35 9.53 14.27 9.53 94.53 141.12 209.64 141.12

17.48 24.61 12.70 59.54 30.96 38.89 46.02 52.37 59.54 255.41 355.26 187.06 808.22 422.08 547.71 640.03 720.15 808.22

26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48

660.00 711.00 762.00 813.00 864.00 914.00 965.00 1016.00 1067.00 1118.00 1168.00 1219.00

7.92 12.70 127.36 202.72

9.53 152.87

17.48 342.91 17.48 364.90 19.05 420.42 -

12.70 202.72 12.70 218.69 12.70 234.67 12.70 250.64 12.70 266.61 12.70 282.27 12.70 298.24 12.70 314.22 12.70 330.19 12.70 346.16 12.70 351.82 12.70 377.79

7.92 12.70 15.88 9.53 137.32 218.69 271.21 164.85

6.35 7.92 7.92 12.70 15.88 9.53 120.72 150.36 147.28 234.67 292.18 176.84 7.92 12.70 15.88 9.53 157.24 250.64 312.15 188.82 7.92 12.70 15.88 9.53 167.20 266.61 332.12 200.31 7.92 127.0 15.88 9.53 176.96 282.27 351.70 212.56 9.53 244.54 9.53 236.53 9.53 248.52 9.53 260.50 9.53 272.25 9.53 284.24

*without engagement

Grade Grade A (ASTM A53, A106, A523 & API 5L) Grade 1 (ASTM A252) Grade B (ASTM A53, A106, A523 & API 5L) Grade 2 (ASTM A252) ASTM A501 Grade C (ASTM A106) Grade 3 (ASTM A252) API 5L X42 X46 X52 X56 X60 X65 X70

Yield Strength minimum psi 30,000.00 30,000.00 35,000.00 35,000.00 36,000.00 40,000.00 45,000.00 42,000.00 46,000.00 52,000.00 56,000.00 60,000.00 65,000.00 70,000.00

Tensile Strength minimum psi 48,000.00 50,000.00 60,000.00 60,000.00 58,000.00 70,000.00 66,000.00 60,000.00 63,000.00 66,000.00 71,000.00 75,000.00 77,000.00 82,000.00

Methods of manufacture: Pipe is made two ways. It is made by taking a flat plate, called a skelp, and rolling it into a tube shape and then welding the two edges together to form a tube. This pipe is commonly called "welded pipe" or ERW pipe. The other way is to take a solid bar or billet and pierce a hole through the length. This pipe is commonly called seamless pipe.

1.1.4 Materials for Pipe Many things enter into making a choice of materials. Among the most important of these are commodity, pressure, temperature, size, ease of assembly availability and economics. a) Steel Pipe

Straight Seam Weld

Spiral Weld

Seamless

Carbon Steel Pipe ASTM A53 Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless - A carbon steel alloy, used for structural steel pipe. - Comes in three types and two grades, grade A is not commonly used for structural
applications.

- A53 Type E, which is longitudinally electric resistance welded (Grades A and B - A53 Type S, which is seamless pipe, produced by hot working, and possibly cold finishing, the steel (Grades A and B): Replaced by ASTM A106 (Grades A, B, C) specification for seamless carbon steel pipe. Grades: In steel pipe, the word "grade" designates divisions within different types based on carbon content or mechanical properties (tensile and yield strengths). The tensile strength is the ultimate amount of stretching the steel can bear without breaking. The yield strength is the maximum amount of stretching steel can bear before it becomes permanently deformed or before it loses its ability to return to its original shape. Grade A steel pipe has lower tensile and yield strengths than Grade B steel pipe. This is because it has a lower carbon content. Grade A in more ductile and is better for cold bending and close coiling applications. Grade B steel pipe is better for applications where pressure, structural strength and collapse are factors. It is also easier to machine because of its higher carbon content. It is generally accepted that Grade B welds as well as Grade A. b) Iron - Ductile iron is a type of cast iron. While most varieties of cast iron are brittle, ductile iron is much more flexible and elastic, due to its nodular graphite inclusions. - Wrought iron is an iron alloy with very low carbon content in contrast to steel, and has fibrous inclusions, known as slag. This is what gives it a "grain" resembling wood, which is

c) d) e) f)

visible when it is etched or bent to the point of failure. Wrought iron is tough, malleable, ductile and easily welded. Alloy Copper, Lead, Nickel, Brass, Aluminium Plastics FRP, PE, PVC, PB Glass Lining & Coating Over the years some of these materials have been combined to form lined pipe systems. These include carbon steel pipe lined with glass, carbon steel pipe that is lined with various plastics; carbon steel pipe lined with concrete. Each one, plain or lined has certain advantages and disadvantages.

1.2.1 Methods for Joining Pipes Fittings - A fitting is a pipe item used for changing direction, branching or attaching in a piping system. There are many different types of fittings and they are produced in all the same sizes and weights (schedules) as the pipe. Fittings are commonly segregated into three groups; Butt-weld, Socket-weld and Screwed. 1.2.2 Butt Welded A butt weld is where the diameter of the pipes welded together is the same; In making a butt weld, the pipes (or pipe and fitting) usually have an angle machined or ground into the outside corner, so when they are placed together face-face, there is a circumferential V shaped gap serving as the weld prep. 1.2.3 Screwed Welded

1.2.4 Socket Welded Used for lines conveying flammable, toxic, or expensive material where no leakage can be permitted. A socket weld is where a larger diameter pipe is fitted into a smaller one. In a socket weld, the pipe is inserted into the socket, backed off slightly to make a gap between the end of the pipe and the bottom of the socket, and the weld is made around the outside diameter of the socket to the outside diameter of the pipe. The gap at the bottom of the pipe prevents thermal expansion from stressing the joint during or after welding. 1.2.5 Bolted Flange Joints

May leak (Proper installation of gasket) 1.2.6 Fittings Pipe fitting is the occupation of installing or repairing piping or tubing systems that convey liquid, gas, and occasionally solid materials. This work involves selecting and preparing pipe or tubing, joining it together by various means, and the location and repair of leaks. Fitting Types: Normally, fittings fall into three basic types or categories. These are In-line, On-line and Closures. The In-line fittings include elbows (Ells), Tees, Couplings and Reducers. The On-line

fittings include a wide variety of "O-Let" fittings used primarily for making branch connections. The closure fittings are various types of caps and plugs used to close the end of a pipe system. We also will discuss some cases where there are alternates to these normal categories. The ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME/ANSI B16 Standards covers pipes and fittings in cast iron , cast bronze, wrought copper and steel. ASME/ANSI B16.1 - 1998 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings This Standard for Classes 25, 125, and 250 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings ASME/ANSI B16.3 - 1998 - Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings This Standard for threaded malleable iron fittings Classes 150, and 300 ASME/ANSI B16.4 - 1998 - Cast Iron Threaded Fittings This Standard for gray iron threaded fittings, Classes 125 and 250 ASME/ANSI B16.5 - 1996 - Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings The standard includes flanges with rating class designations 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24, with requirements given in both metric and U.S units. The Standard is limited to flanges and flanged fittings made from cast or forged materials, and blind flanges and certain reducing flanges made from cast, forged, or plate materials. Also included in this Standard are requirements and recommendations regarding flange bolting, flange gaskets, and flange joints. ASME/ANSI B16.9 - 2001 - Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings This Standard covers overall dimensions, tolerances, ratings, testing, and markings for wrought factory-made buttwelding fittings in sizes NPS 1/2 through 48 (DN 15 through 1200). ASME/ANSI B16.10 - 2000 - Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves This Standard covers face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions of straightway valves, and center-to face and center-to-end dimensions of angle valves. Its purpose is to assure installation interchangeability for valves of a given material, type size, rating class, and end connection ASME/ANSI B16.11 - 2001 - Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded This Standard covers ratings, dimensions, tolerances, marking and material requirements for forged fittings, both socket-welding and threaded. ASME/ANSI B16.12 - 1998 - Cast Iron Threaded Drainage Fittings ASME/ANSI B16.14 - 1991 - Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings and Locknuts with Pipe Threads ASME/ANSI B16.15 - 1985 (R1994) - Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings This Standard pertains primarily to cast Class 125and Class 250 bronze threaded pipe fittings. Certain requirements also pertain to wrought or cast plugs, bushings, couplings, and caps. ASME/ANSI B16.18 - 1984 (R1994) - Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings This Standard for cast copper alloy solder joint pressure fittings designed for use with copper water tube

ASME/ANSI B16.20 - 1998 - Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges-Ring-Joint, Spiral-Would, and Jacketed This standard covers materials, dimensions, tolerances, and markings for metal ring-joint gaskets, spiral-wound metal gaskets, and metal jacketed gaskets and filler material. These gaskets are dimensionally suitable for used with flanges described in the reference flange standards ASME/ANSI B16.5, ASME B16.47, and API-6A. This standard covers spiral-wound metal gaskets and metal jacketed gaskets for use with raised face and flat face flanges. Replaces API-601 or API-601. ASME/ANSI B16.21 - 1992 - Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges This Standard for nonmetallic flat gaskets for bolted flanged joints in piping ASME/ANSI B16.22 - 1995 - Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings The Standard establishes specifications for wrought copper and wrought copper alloy, solderjoint, seamless fittings, designed for use with seamless copper tube conforming to ASTM B 88 (water and general plumbing systems), B 280 (air conditioning and refrigeration service), and B 819 (medical gas systems), as well as fittings intended to be assembled with soldering materials conforming to ASTM B 32, brazing materials conforming to AWS A5.8, or with tapered pipe thread conforming to ASME B1.20.1. This Standard is allied with ASME B16.18, which covers cast copper alloy pressure fittings. It provides requirements for fitting ends suitable for soldering. ASME/ANSI B16.23 - 1992 - Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings (DWV) The Standard establishes specifications for cast copper alloy solder joint drainage fittings, designed for use in drain, waste, and vent (DWV) systems. These fittings are designed for use with seamless copper tube conforming to ASTM B 306, Copper Drainage Tube (DWV), as well as fittings intended to be assembled with soldering materials conforming to ASTM B 32, or tapered pipe thread conforming to ASME B1.20.1. This standard is allied with ASME B16.29, Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings - DWV. It provides requirements for fitting ends suitable for soldering. ASME/ANSI B16.24 - 1991 (R1998) - Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings This Standard for Classes 25, 125, 250, and 800 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings ASME/ANSI B16.25 - 1997 - Buttwelding Ends * The Standard covers the preparation of butt welding ends of piping components to be joined into a piping system by welding. It includes requirements for welding bevels, for external and internal shaping of heavy-wall components, and for preparation of internal ends (including dimensions and tolerances). ASME/ANSI B16.26 - 1988 - Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper Tubes ASME/ANSI B16.28 - 1994 - Wrought Steel Buttwelding Short Radius Elbows and Returns This Standard covers ratings, overall dimensions, testing, tolerances, and markings for wrought carbon and alloy steel buttwelding short radius elbows and returns. The term wrought denotes fittings made of pipe, tubing, plate, or forgings. ASME/ANSI B16.29 - 1994 - Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings (DWV) The standard for wrought copper and wrought copper alloy solder joint drainage fittings, designed for use with copper drainage tube

ASME/ANSI B16.33 - 1990 - Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in Gas Piping Systems Up to 125 psig General This Standard covers requirements for manually operated metallic valves sizes NPS 1.2 through NPS 2, for outdoor installation as gas shut-off valves at the end of the gas service line and before the gas regulator and meter where the designated gauge pressure of the gas piping system does not exceed 125 psi (8.6 bar). The Standard applies to valves operated in a temperature environment between .20 degrees F and 150 degrees F (.29 degrees C and 66 degrees C). Design This Standard sets forth the minimum capabilities, characteristics, and properties, which a valve at the time of manufacture must possess, in order to be considered suitable for use in gas piping systems. ASME/ANSI B16.34 - 1996 - Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End This standard applies to new valve construction and covers pressure-temperature ratings, dimensions, tolerances, materials, nondestructive examination requirements, testing, and marking for cast, forged, and fabricated flanged, threaded, and welding end, and wafer or flangeless valves of steel, nickel-base alloys, and other alloys shown in Table 1. Wafer or flangeless valves, bolted or through-bolt types, that are installed between flanges or against a flange shall be treated as flanged end valves. ASME/ANSI B16.36 - 1996 - Orifice Flanges This Standard covers flanges (similar to those covered in ASME B16.5) that have orifice pressure differential connections. ASME/ANSI B16.38 - 1985 (R1994) - Large Metallic Valves for Gas Distribution The standard covers only manually operated metallic valves in nominal pipe sizes 2 1/2 through 12 having the inlet and outlet on a common center line, which are suitable for controlling the flow of gas from open to fully closed, for use in distribution and service lines where the maximum gage pressure at which such distribution piping systems may be operated in accordance with the code of federal regulations (cfr), title 49, part 192, transportation of natural and other gas by pipeline; minimum safety standard, does not exceed 125 psi (8.6 bar). Valve seats, seals and stem packing may be nonmetallic. ASME/ANSI B16.39 - 1986 (R1998) - Malleable Iron Threaded Pipe Unions This Standard for threaded malleable iron unions, classes 150, 250, and 300 ASME/ANSI B16.40 - 1985 (R1994) - Manually Operated Thermoplastic Gas The Standard covers manually operated thermoplastic valves in nominal sizes 1.2 through 6 (as shown in Table 5). These valves are suitable for use below ground in thermoplastic distribution mains and service lines. The maximum pressure at which such distribution piping systems may be operated is in accordance with the Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) Title 49, Part 192, Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline; Minimum Safety Standards, for temperature ranges of .20 deg. F to 100 deg. F (.29 deg. C to 38 deg. C). This Standard sets qualification requirements for each nominal valve size for each valve design as a necessary condition for demonstrating conformance to this Standard. This Standard sets requirements for newly manufactured valves for use in below ground piping systems for natural gas [includes synthetic natural gas (SNG)], and liquefied petroleum (LP) gases (distributed as a vapor, with or without the admixture of air) or mixtures thereof. ASME/ANSI B16.42 - 1998 - Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Classes 150 and 300

The Standard covers minimum requirements for Class 150 and 300 cast ductile iron pipe flanges and flanged fittings. ASME/ANSIB16.44 - 1995 - Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in House Piping Systems This Standard applies to new valve construction and covers quarter turn manually operated metallic valves in sizes NPS 1/2-2 which are intended for indoor installation as gas shutoff valves when installed in indoor gas piping between a gas meter outlet & the inlet connection to a gas appliance.

ASME/ANSI B16.45 - 1998 - Cast Iron Fittings for Solvent Drainage Systems The Standard for cast iron drainage fittings used on self-aerating, one-pipe Solvent drainage systems ASME/ANSI B16.47 - 1996 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges: NPS 26 through NPS 60 This Standard covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, and testing for pipe flanges in sizes NPS 26 through NPS 60 and in ratings Classes 75, 150,0300, 400, 600, and 900. Flanges may be cast, forged, or plate (for blind flanges only) materials. Requirements and recommendations regarding bolting and gaskets are also included. ASME/ANSI B16.48 - 1997 - Steel Line Blanks The Standard covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, and testing for operating line blanks in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24 for installation between ASME B16. 5 flanges in the 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 pressure classes. ASME/ANSI B16.49 - 2000 - Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Induction Bends for Transportation and Distribution Systems This Standard covers design, material, manufacturing, testing, marking, and inspection requirements for factory-made pipeline bends of carbon steel materials having controlled chemistry and mechanical properties, produced by the induction bending process, with or without tangents. This Standard covers induction bends for transportation and distribution piping applications (e.g., ASME B31.4, B31.8, and B31.11) Process and power piping have differing requirements and materials that may not be appropriate for the restrictions and examinations described herein, and therefore are not included in this Standard. 1.3 Component Backing Ring A backing ring is a small piece of material welded between two pipes. - Usually round to fit most pipes, but there are also square-shaped rings - Allow proper alignment between two joined pipes, hold the pipe joints together, and prevent leaks. - Placed in between the ends of two pipes to secure a joint. It is then welded so that the material is melted and fused with pipes.

Flat type backing rings

Gasket rings A gasket is a mechanical seal that fills the space between two objects, generally to prevent leakage between the two objects while under compression. 1.3.1 Elbow A pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tube allowing a change of direction, usually 90or 45. The function of an elbow is to change direction or flow in a piping system. By default, there are 5 opportunities, the 45, 90 and 180 elbows, all three in the "long radius" version, and in addition the 90 and 180 elbows both in the "short radius" version. The ends may be machined for butt welding, threaded(usually female), or socketed, etc. (1) 90 degree elbow: 90 degree elbow, also called "90 bends or 90 ells", are manufactured as SR (Short Radius) elbows and LR (Long Radius) elbows. Applications : The main application area of an elbow (90 degree) is to connect hoses to valves, water pressure pumps, and deck drains. These elbows can be made from tough nylon material or NPT thread.

(2) 45 degree elbow: 45 degree elbow, also called "45 bends or 45 ells" are typically made as LR (Long Radius) elbows. Available in various sizes (in mm or inches), 45 degree pipe elbow is available with different male to female BSP thread connections. Applications: Water supply facilities, Food industrial pipeline networks, Chemical industrial pipeline networks, Electronic industrial pipeline networks, Air conditioning facility pipeline, Agriculture and garden production transporting system

(3) Reducing elbow: When the two ends differ in size, it is called a reducing or reducer elbow.

(4) 180 Return Elbow:

(5) Equal elbow: Equal elbows are quick-connect fittings that are extremely helpful in routing water lines that are laid in confined areas. They are known as 'elbow fittings' because they display an angular bent so that two pipes can be easily fixed in the same manner. Applications: Mains fed and indirect cold water systems, Vented and unvented hot water systems, Vented and sealed central heating systems. (6) Reducer/Increaser (Concentric/Eccentric): A reducer is the component in a pipeline that reduces the pipe size from a larger to a smaller bore (inner diameter). The length of the reduction is usually equal to the average of the larger and smaller pipe diameters. There are two main types of reducer: concentric and eccentric reducers. A concentric reducer, which is also known as a tapered expansion joint, is a fitting used to connect two pipes or tubes that have different inside diameters. Both tubes need to share a common centerline or alignment in order to facilitate the flow of fluid or a substance. The two ends of a concentric reducer have unequal diameters in order to achieve its purpose of joining two pipes with different diameters. Its smaller end joins with the smaller pipe while the end with the larger diameter joins with the larger pipe. The ends of a concentric reducer are put together by a cone-shaped transition section to form a single assembly. Joining of the two ends of a concentric reducer can either be done through seamless integration or through welding.

An eccentric reducer is a fitting used in piping systems between two pipes of different diameters. They are used where the diameter of the pipe on the upstream side of the fitting (i.e. where flow is coming from) is larger than the downstream side. Unlike a concentric reducer, which resembles a cone, eccentric reducers have an edge that is parallel to the connecting pipe. This results in the two pipes having offset centre lines, unlike concentric reducers. The same fitting can be used in reverse; as an eccentric increaser/expander. Horizontal liquid reducers are always eccentric, top flat (unless on control set, same as PV, TV, HV, LV), which prevents the build up of air bubbles in the system. Eccentric reducers are used at the suction side of pumps to ensure air does not accumulate in the pipe. The gradual accumulation of air in a concentric reducer would result in a large bubble that could eventually cause the pump to stall or cause cavitation when drawn into the pump. 1. Bottom flat eccentric reducer are often be used in pipe racks to keep the pipeline at the same elevation, after a pipe size change. When a concentric or a flat on top eccentric reducer in a pipe rack will be used, the support detail, probably change. 2. Top flat eccentric reducer are often be used in pump suction lines to avoid accumulation of gas pockets. Eccentric reducers can avoid small "dead spots" that exist behind concentric reducers. (7) Swage nipples Swage nipples are often used in small diameter pipe systems, and are similar to buttweld reducers. They are concentric and eccentric available, with various ends. The most common types are: PBE = Plain Both Ends BBE = Beveled Both Ends TBE = Treaded Both Ends

(8) Mitered Elbow

(9) Welding Neck (Regular/Long) Welding Neck Flanges are easy to recognize at the long tapered hub that goes gradually over to the wall thickness from a pipe or fitting. The long tapered hub provides an important reinforcement for use in several applications involving high pressure, sub-zero and / or elevated temperatures. The smooth transition from flange thickness to pipe or fitting wall thickness effected by the taper is extremely beneficial, under conditions of repeated bending, caused by line expansion or other variable forces. These flanges are bored to match the inside diameter of the mating pipe or fitting so there will be no restriction of product flow. This prevents turbulence at the joint and reduces erosion. They also provide excellent stress distribution through the tapered hub and are easily radiographed for flaw detection. This flange type will be welded to a pipe or fitting with a single full penetration, V weld (Buttweld).

1. Weld Neck flange 2. Butt Weld 3. Pipe or Fitting (10) Slip On flange The calculated strength from a Slip On flange under internal pressure is of the order of twothirds that of Welding Neck flanges, and their life under fatigue is about one-third that of the latter.

The connection with the pipe is done with 2 fillet welds, as well at the outside as also at the inside of the flange. The X measure on the image, are approximately: Wall thickness of pipe + 3 mm. This space is necessary, to do not damage the flange face, during the welding process. A disadvantage of the flange is, that principle always firstly a pipe must be welded and then just a fitting. A combination of flange and elbow or flange and tee is not possible, because named fittings have not a straight end, that complete slid in the Slip On flange.

1. Slip On flange 2. Filled weld outside 3. Filled weld inside 4. Pipe (11) Reducing flange Designed for use in changing diameters in a piping system. A reducing flange consists of a flange with one specified diameter having a bore of a different and smaller, diameter. Except for the bore and hub dimensions, the flange will have dimensions of the larger pipe size. Reducing flanges are normally provided as one of three types: Welding Neck,Slip-On or Threaded.

http://www.scribd.com/doc/18964649/Study-of-Different-Types-of-Pipe-Fittings http://www.stainlesssolutions.biz/Industrial%20Pipe%20&%20Fittings.pdf http://www.kellypipe.com/tools_terms.html http://www.inter-mountain.com/glossary.htm http://www.wermac.org/fittings/buttweld_fittings_part2.html http://www.wermac.org/fittings/buttweld_fittings_part2.html http://www.st-pipefittings.com/carbon-steel-butt-welded-pipe-elbows.html