Modern History Why we study History: To learn from the past mistakes so we don't repeat them To understand the

he present, we must have knowledge of the past To prepare for and shape the future, we must understand the present and its past To appreciate and understand our heritage and accomplishments To appreciate and understand other cultures and their contributions To develop skills, attitudes, values, and beliefs globalization: worldwide integration and development human rights: basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled UNIT 1: Prehistory & Ancient Civilizations history: record of events since people first developed writing, about 5,000 years ago prehistory: period of time before people kept written records BC: Before Christ AD: After Jesus was born ca: Circa Period/Group Paleolithic Key Development/innovations/ inventions/discoveries Lived during the OLD STONE AGE, more than 2 million years ago in Asia. Used caves as shelters, ate seeds and fruits, made tools. Used FIRE!! Lived 35,000-130,000 years ago in the Neander Valley. Powerful builds, strong jaws, made more effective tools, lived in caves, used fire, cooked food, buried their dead. <---- RELIGION? Made better tools, weapons more equipped to survive, spears, drawings and paintings THE ICE AGE Domesticated the dog, invented bow & arrow, fishhooks, fish spears and harpoons, dug out canoes DOMESTICATION OF CROPS Had better way of making tools, great ability to shape stone tools by polishing or grinding, people were living in permanent settlements, agriculture and domestication. DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS FOR FOOD.

Neanderthal

Cro-Magnon Trans formative Event Mesolithic

Trans formative Event Neolithic

**** Prehistoric times ended with the development of the written language

Ancient Civilizations: Africa: Animism: religion based on animals Musical influence: oral tradition, today's music come from ancient Africa (drums, horns) Egypt: Religion: polytheism, monotheism mummification, pyramids, and sphinx created math-geometry hieroglyphics Americas: Incas, Aztecs, Toltecs created sports involving use of rubber ball foods developed: corn, potatoes, chocolate innovations in government: recalls and referendums used cocaine for medical treatments Mesopotamia East: First written code of laws military government first main system development of the well # system based on 60 hanging gardens of Babylon Mesopotamia West: overlap with East Abraham-founder of Hebrew people, left Ur Moses-led people out of Egypt and slavery India: Siddharta Gautama: invented Buddhism, son of Indian Prince, rejected caste system. enlightened one religion: Hinduism & Buddhism developed zero and pi innovations in surgery and antiseptics China: Great Wall (greatest man-made structure) developed fireworks and gun powder and paper Confusions-philosopher invented block printing press Unit 2: Ancient Greece Greek City-states mountains and no great river systems separated the city-states all had a small population, set on hills (acropolis), and had a public meeting place(agora) Minoans: great civilization that flourished on the island of Crete; developed script known as linear A Mycenaeans: warlike people; dominated after the Minoans, built fortified cities Dorians: illiterate and knowledge of writing disappeared

ERA

MINOANS-->Mycenaenas-->Dorians-->Greeks GOVERNMENT Key Developments/Innovations *tribal system developed into monarchy *Homer-the Illiad(10th year of Trojan War) and Odyssey(Odysseus's journey home) *the olympics *myths *waged war with eachother Noble's rise to power: economic, military *service of import and export *nobles encouraged colonization, culture spread, and promoted trade *rule by the best Development of hoplite soldiers *seized power in defiance of law, but ruled with the people's support *put an end to the noble's struggles for political power, encouraged trade and improved lives in city-states *became oppressive Tyrants became harsh and unjust *city-states ousted tyrants *citizens take part in decisions made by govt. *rights not given to slaves and women

Tribalism/Monarchies (Homeric Age)

CATALYST: Aristocracies

CATALYST: Tyrants

CATALYST: Popular Government (Democracy)

RELIGION/MYTHOLOGY myths: traditional stories about the deeds and misdeeds of gods, goddesses, and heroes, sometimes explaining the origins of a particular group of people oracles: religious sanctuaries where Greek gods were believed to speak about the future through priests and priestesses believed in many gods and goddesses-attributed human qualities and personal characteristics to all of them believed everything happened due to the deeds and misdeeds of the gods CATEGORY SPARTA ATHENS Government *assembly of adult males, a council of Elders, two kings *ephors monitored kings and citizens-had unlimited power *extremely controlling and strict *equals-citizens descended the Dorian invaders, controlled the city-state *half-citizens-no political power, *Cleisthenes turned Athens into direct democracy *Draco-first written code of laws *Solon-divided Athens citizenry into 4 groups based on wealth *citizens at the top of social standing -men had full political rights, women didn't

Social Groups

free, paid taxes, served in army, farmed industry

*metics-noncitizens, worked as artisans or merchants *slaves were people captured in war *@ age 18 boys received a year of military training *hoplites made up the center of the infantry

Military

*basic aim t make every adult male citizen part of an efficient military machine to control the helots and extend power *began service @ 20 and ended @ 60 *left unhealthy babies to die *to learn endurance they were given inadequate clothing *to teach them to feed themselves authorities provided scanty food and had to steal *harsh education *Studied music *received strict physical training to develop strength and endurance *tramimed in patriotic devotion *studied music

Education (Boys)

*went to elementary schools that charged fees *taught literature--reading, writing, grammar, poetry-music, gymnastics *sophists opened schools for older boys where they studied rhetoric *considered inferior to men *duties included: managing the house and the slaves, raising children

Role of Women

Legacy

*society produced nothing in art, *popular government literature, philosophy, or science Key Ideas/Developments *wanted to understand the origins and nature of the universe *developed atomic theory *believed everything could be explained on the basis of numerical ratios *wanted people to think for themselves which would lead to right living *tried to get people to understand the real meaning of love,friendship, duty, patriotism, honor, justice, and other concepts *Theory of Forms *believed people should do the work for which they are best suited *ideal government was an aristocracy based on intelligence, reasoning and education *believed logic wasnt separate from but preliminary to the study of every kind of

Thinker/Group Cosmologists

Socrates

Plato

Aristotle

knowledge *examined the acts and beliefs of individuals to learn what brought them to happiness *perfect government harmonized the best aspects of the 3 types of government Pytharoras Hippocrates *Pythagorean Theorem *all disease comes from natural causes, not punishment from the gods *doctors take the Hippocratic Oath *included his impressions of countries where he traveled and the people hes seen *wrote stories *wrote History of the Pelopennesian War *believed studying the past yields an understanding of human nature *form of Greek drama that shows the major character struggling against fate *hubris-excessive pride *early Greek plays that mocked ideas and people PERSIAN WAR 1. 2. 3. 4. Marathon King Darius led an attack vs. Athenians Persians greatly outnumbered Athenians Athenians defeated Persians Thermopylae Xerxes brought huge army 100,00-300,000 men King Leonidas led 300 Spartans vs. Persians inspired Greeks Salamis Strait Themistocles tricked Xerxes into attacking in Salamis Strait narrow strait nullified # advantage Athenians won Plataea 35,000 Spartans & Athenians combined to defeat Persians ENDED Persian Wars PELOPONNESIAN WAR Delian League-system of alliances of city-states Spartan discontent grew towards over-powering Athens Athens was weakened and Sparta attempted to dominate Greece Generation of fighting led to weakening of Athens-Athens defeated Decline left Greece unsettled-Greeks divided

Herodotus

Thucydides

Tragedies

Comedies

***Greek Golden Age occurred between the Persian and Pelopennesian Wars

Characteristics of Greek art: tried to combine beauty and usefulness used ideals of Golden Mean glorified human beings

Hellenistic Culture: culture founded on Greek ideas and features from other cultures of the Mediterranean region education became more widespread status of women improved kings encouraged ruler worship small class of wealthy, large class of poor people trade was the most profitable activity cynics, stoicism, epicureanism developed geometry built machines that used the use of levers used math to calculate the daily position of stars and planets believed earth moved around the sun ALEXANDER THE GREAT Goals: *To be divine monarch *To manage an empire *To spread the Greek culture *To conquer the world Most significant accomplishment = spread of Hellenistic culture throughout world UNIT 3: Ancient Rome & Byzantium War First Punic War Causes PUNIC WARS Key Events *Romans copied Carthaginian ships *used land tactics at sea *used boarding bridge Results *Romans won *Rome builds navy *Carthage pays indemnity and gives up Sicily *Scipio defeats Hannibal *Romans won *Carthage pays indemnity *Population was enslaved *Carthage was razed

Control of the Mediterranean Sea

Second Punic War

Revenge, control of the *Hannibal invades Mediterranean Sea through France and Northern Italy *Ravages land *Romans attack Carthage Hatred by Rome *layed siege to the city of Carthage

Third Punic War

Roman expansion Romans possessed a strong army, every adult male served shared citizenship with conquered people shared political power with conquered people didn't demand tribute from conquered people Problems Governed provinces loosely Government officials were corrupt tax farming slave revolts ***Rome's greatest contributions: Christianity & Roman heritage (art and architecture) Decline of Roman Empire: -internal civil war -inflation -poor government -Barbarian invasions Byzantine Empire: -highly centralized government -skilled emperors -arranged marriages ***GREATEST CONTRIBUTION: preservation of Roman law & classical learning icons vs. iconoclasts= Christian church SPLIT UNIT 4: Empires of the Middle Ages ***Muhammad came in contact with followers of monotheistic religionsattracted him 5 Pillars of Islam: Pilgrimage Fasting Alms-Giving Prayer Words of Wisdom-There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet ISLAMIC CONTRICUTIONS *decorative arts and calligraphy used to depict God *often used complex geometric and floral designs *architecture was designed to emphasize the glory of Islam *astrolabe used to determine latitude by calculating the positions of planets and stars *development of Islam *Al Razi's medical encyclopedia used in Europe *Ibn-Sina wrote Canon of Medicine

Art

Geography Religion Medicine

Science Math

*encyclopedias, books and instruments to calculate planet positions *developed a system of numbers, including zero *algebra IMPORTANCE OF MECCA? ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS Judaism Christianity Abraham Yahweh Torah Blasphemer Mosaic Law Synagogues Jesus Father, Son, Holy Spirit The Bible Son of God, our lord Beattitudes Church

Category Founder Name of God Holy Book Perception of Jesus Major Beliefs Place of Worship

Islam Muhammad Allah Qur'an Prophet 5 Pillars Mosques

***Middle Ages began after the fall of the Roman Empire (5th century AD) Feudalism: political system of government based on the granting of land in return for loyalty, military assistance and other services Manor: economic unit of the early Middle Ages; a large estate that included a manor house, pastures, fields, and a village Cannon law: church code of law Common law: law based on judges' decisions rather than on a code of statuses Chivalry: code of conduct for knights Benedictine Rule: Abbots were the elected officials for Monks Magna Carta: protected the liberties of nobles; King was not above the law! Medieval banking: slow to develop, people had a hard time getting money (usury-policy of charging interest on loans) PROBLEMS FACING CHURCH: lay investiture, worldly lives of clergy, simony(pay for high positions), heresy