2.

5 UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF A FORCE A student is able to : describe the effects of balanced forces acting on an object describe the effects of unbalanced forces acting on an object determine the relationship between force, mass and acceleration i.e F = ma Solve problems using F = ma 1. Answer the following questions. (a) What are the effects of a force when acting on an object? A force can. (i) move a stationary object (ii) stop a moving object (iii) change the shape / size of an object (b) Force is a ( scalar / vector ) quantity . (c) What is the SI unit for force? kg m s-2 Newton, N The S.I. unit for force is ____________ or ___________. 2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers for balanced and unbalanced forces. (a) (b) (c) zero Forces acting on an object are said balanced when the net force is rest ___________. When the forces acting on an object are balanced, it is either at ___________ constant velocity or moving with ___________ _____________. accelerate / decelerate An object will ___________________ if the forces acting on it are not balanced. change the direction / speed of an (iv) object

3. (a) Draw the graph and state the relationship between acceleration, a, force, F and mass, m. a (i) a

1 m

(m is constant) (ii) Relationship :

(F is constant)

Relationship :

1 m

directly proportional a is __________________ to F (iii) Combined the relationship:

inversely proportional a is __________________ to m

F = k F=

F m mm
m

a a a ; k is constant (k = 1)

second (b) The relationship between F, m and a is known as Newtons _____________ law motion
of ____________. 4. Solve the following. a = 3 m s-2 m = 1000 kg F

(a)

A force, F is required to move an object of mass 1000 kg with an acceleration of 3 m s-2. Calculate F when (i) object is on a smooth surface (ii) object is on a surface where the frictional force is 200 N F = ma = (1000) (3) = 3000 N (ii) F 200 = (1000) (3) F = 3000 + 200 = 3200 N

Solution : (i)

(b)

A block of mass 20 kg is pulled along the ground by a force, F of 60 N. The frictional force is 10 N. Calculate the acceleration of the block. F f = ma 60 10 = 20 a a=

Solution:

50 = 2.5 m s-2 20

(c)

A car of mass 1200 kg which is travelling at 90 km h-1 comes to a stop in a distance of 50 m when the brakes are applied. What is the average braking force of the car? m = 1200 kg , u = 90 km h-1, v = 0, s = 40 m, F = ? u = 90 km h-1 =25 m s-1 v2 = u2 + 2as 0 = 25 2 + 2a(50) a = - 6.25 m s-2 , F = ma = 1200 x 6.25 = 7500.0 N

90 10 3 m u= 60 60 s
= 25 m s-1

2.6 ANALYSING IMPULSE AND IMPULSIVE FORCE A student is able to : Explain what an impulsive force is Give examples of situations involving impulsive forces Define impulse as a change of momentum ie Ft=mv-mu Define impulsive force as the rate of change of momentum in a collision or explosion i.e F= mv-mu t Explain the effect of increasing or decreasing time of impact on the magnitude of the impulsive force Describe situations where an impulsive force needs to be reduced and suggest ways to reduce it Describe situations where an impulsive force is beneficial Solve problems involving impulsive forces

1.

Define impulse and impulsive force by completing the following. Situation From : A ball of mass, m is kicked with a force, F. The time of contact is t. The ball accelerates from u to v. F = ma Explanation

mv mu F=m t
F= mv mu

momentum mv mu = change of Impulsive force F F= mv mu

1 t

t rate of change of momentum mv mu = t rate of change Impulsive force is defined as the .........................
of momentum . in a collision or explosion. mv mu Impulse = Ft = momentum = change of .. kg m s1 Ns SI unit for impulse is or ..

F mv mu

Impulse = force x time

2) (i) Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers. large short Impulsive force is a force which acts over a very .. time interval collision explosion during .. and . (ii) By using the figures given, determine whether the impulsive force acting is large or small.

large

small

large

small

large

large

3.

Two eggs of the same mass are released from the same height, as shown in the figure below. Egg A falls on a concrete floor while egg B falls on a thick folded towel.

Figure A

Figure B

Using Figure A and Figure B, compare the conditions of the eggs after the fall and explain therelationship between the material where the eggs landed and the force acting on the eggs upon landing. Egg A cracked while egg B did not. Egg A fell on hard surface but egg B fell on soft surface .The time of impact for hard surface is shorter and produce a larger impulsive force. A tennis ball of mass 45 g travels at a velocity of 70 m s1 immediately after it is struck by a racket. The time of contact between the racket and the tennis ball is 0.5 ms. Calculate (a) impulse and (b) impulsive force exerted on the ball. Solution : 4. (a) impulse = mv mu = (0. 045)(70) (0. 045)(0) = 3.15 N s (b) impulsive force, F =

3.15 0.5 10 3

= 6.3 x 10 3 N

2.7 BEING AWARE OF THE NEED FOR SAFETY FEATURES IN VEHICLES A student is able to : Describe the importance of safety features in vehicles Reinforced passenger compartment Automatic air bag ______ dashboard Padded ___________ rest Head ______ Shatter proof windscreen ___________ belt Safety seat ________

Anti lock braking _______________ _________ (ABS)

Crumple zones Side impact bars

system

Safety features Padded dashboard Head rest Shatter-proof windscreen

Importance time interval To cushion an impact and increases the ______ __________ of impulsive _______ produced is thereby reduced collision so the __________force To prevent injury to the necks when the car is hit. To prevent the windscreen from shattering. Acts as a cushion to lessen the chance of head and body injuries in an accident.

Automatic air bag

Safety seat belt Side impact bar Anti-lock braking system

To prevent the passenger from being thrown out of the car. To minimize the force acting from a side- on collision. To prevent wheel lock and skidding, thus contributing to safer braking To increase the time interval of impact so that the resultant impulsive force is reduced.

Crumple zone

2.8

UNDERSTANDING GRAVITY

A student is able to : Explain acceleration due to gravity State what a gravitational field is Define gravitational field strength Determine the value of acceleration due to gravity Define weight (W) as the product of mass (m) and acceleration due to gravity (g) ie W=mg Solve problems involving acceleration due to gravity 1. Complete the following by fill in the appropriate answer. fall a. An object will .. to the surface of the earth because it is pulled down by the force of gravity .. b. c. Earths gravitational force The pull or force of gravity also known as When an object falls without encountering any resistance and under the force gravity free falling of . only, the object is said to be .

feather

constant fall d. All objects freely with the same shape mass acceleration regardless of their and

vacuum e. The constant .. of objects falling freely due stone

gravity gravitational to the force of .. is known as acceleration , g.

acceleration

fall f. Practically, a free . can only take place in vacuum . where there is no air resistance.

f.

gravitational The region around the earth is the . field of the earth. gravitational force g. The gravitational field strength is defined as the . acting on a 1 kg mass.

h.

10 m s-2 When an object is falling freely, acceleration due to gravity, g = An object -1 the surface of the earth experiences gravitational force, g = at 10 N kg 2. State the differences between weight and mass in the table below. Weight 1. the gravitational force acting on the object. 2. depends on the acceleration due to gravity 3. vector quantity 4. derived quantity, weight, W = mg 5. SI unit : Newton (N) Mass 1. the quantity of matter in an object 2. is a constant quantity (everywhere) 3. scalar quantity 4. base quantity, mass = m 5. SI unit : kilogram, kg

Solve the problems below 3. A coconut falls from rest and hit the ground after 1.2 s. (a) What is the velocity of the coconut just before hits the ground? (b) Calculate the height of the coconut before it fall. Solution: t = 1.2s , g = 10 m s-2, u = 0 m s-1 , v = ?

v = 12 m s -1
b) s = ut + gt2 = 0 + (10) (1.2)2 = 7.2 m

a) v = u + at

4.

A stone is thrown vertically upwards at a velocity of 20 m s-1. If g = 10 m s-2, calculate (a) the maximum height reached (b) the time taken for the stone to return to its original position. u = 20 m s -1, v = 0 m s-1 , g = -10 m s -2 (a) v2 = u2 + 2gs 0 = (20)2 + 2 (-10) s 20s = 400 s = 20 m (b) g =

vu t
t=

vu 0 20 =2s = g 10

time to go up and return = 4 s 2.9 A IDEA OF EQUILIBRIUM FORCES

student is able to : Describe situations where forces are in equilibrium State what a resultant force is Add two forces to determine the resultant force Resolve a force into the effective component forces Solve problems involving forces in equilibrium

1. Complete the following. i) ii) iii) iv) v) equilibrium Forces that act on an object are said to be in .. when the object is stationary constant velocity . or is moving at . The net force that acts on an object when two or more forces act on it is known resultant force as the . equilibrium When . is reached, the resultant force acting on the object zero is third action Newtons law of motion states that to every . there is an equal reaction but opposite .. perpendicular A force can be resolved into component which are to one another.

Fy

F cos Horizontal component, Fx = F Vertical component , Fy =F sin Fx

2. In the table below, mark and label all the forces that act on the object. i) A box is at rest on a table. R ii) An object that is suspended by a rope.

W Weight, W = Reaction R iii) An airplane flying at a constant velocity. R

Weight, W = Tension, T W iv) A trolley being pushed at a constant velocity R

F2

F1 f W Reaction, R = Weight, W Pushing force F1 = friction f

Lift, R = Weight, W W Thrust F1 = Drag F2 v) Fy

60 N 4 kg
f Solution : (a) Fx = F cos = 60 cos 300 = 51.96 N

30 0

Fx

A box of mass 4 kg is being pulled by a force of 60 N at an angle of 30 0 to the surface of a floor. Calculate (a) the component ot the force which causes the box to move forward. (b) the acceleration of the box if the frictional force between the floor and the box is 5 N, (b) Resultant force = 51.96 5 = 46.96 N 46.96 = 4 a a = 11.74 m s -2

vi)

400 N

mg sin f W = mg

mg cos

A man pushes a box of mass 40 kg is up an inclined plane. The inclined plane makes an angle of 30 0 with the horizontal floor. The frictional force acting between the inclined plane and the box is 120 N. If the man pushes the box with a force of 400 N, calculate the acceleration of the box. Solution : frictional force, f = 120 N mg sin = 40 (10) sin 300 = 200 N F = ma 80 = 40 a a = 2 m s-2

Resultant force, F = 400 (200 + 120) = 80 N

vii) 4 kg

Smooth pulley T

T 6 kg

A 4 kg trolley is connected by a rope to a load of mass 6 kg. The friction between the table and the trolley is 15 N. The load is then released. Assuming that the pulley is smooth and the rope is of negligible mass, find (a) the resultant force that act on the system (b) the acceleration of the system (c) the tension of the rope

Solution :

W c) 60 T = ma 60 T = 6 (4.5) T = 27 N

a) Resultant force, F = 60 15 = 45 N b) 45 = (6 + 4) a a = 45 / 10 = 4.5 m s -2 viii)

Two loads of mass 3 kg and 5 kg are connected by a rope which passes through a smooth pulley. If the system is released from rest, calculate the acceleration of the 5 kg load. T 3 kg T Solution : 50 30 = (5+3) a a = 20 / 8 = 2.5 m s-2 5 kg

30 N

50 N

3 Forces In Equilibrium i

30 0
T1

O 6 kg
W

T2

A block of mass 6 kg is suspended vertically by a string tied at O to the string AOB. If the system is in equilibrium, draw a vector diagram (triangle of forces) and hence determine the tension of string OA and OB. Solution : sin 30 0 = T1 = T2 T1 W

60 T1 60 sin 30 0 60 T2

= 120 N tan 30 0 =

T1

60 T2 = = 103.9 N tan 30 0

ii)

A lamp of mass 1.5 kg is hung from a beam as shown in the diagram. Calculate the tension in the rope. Solution: T = 2T sin 700 Therefore, mlampg = 2T sin 700

T=

mlamp g 2sin70 0

1.5 kg

1.5(10) 2sin70 0

= 7.98 N