G

(Matrix Stimulation and Hydraulic Fracturing)

Alberto Casero

Production Enhancement

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Eni E&P Division

Well Stimulation
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Production Enhancement

REMOVE DAMAGE

MAX PRODUCTIVITY

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FORMATION DAMAGE

Filter cake

Formation

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FORMATION DAMAGE
HOLE Formation

FRACTURE Filter Cake

Zone invaded by mud spurt Formation

Bridging Zone

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PERFORATIONS

#2 A downside perforation #4 A topside perforation Multiple Perforations in Sandstone block

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Production Enhancement in Limestone

Formation type i Good K ii Medium K or Low K with existed micro fractures CT Jetting HCl Main treatment technique With the help of Pulsonix Hydra Blast Pro Gelled HCl

CT Spotting+ Bullheading Gelled HCl using MAPDIR StimGun StimStick

iii Low K iv Very Low K and closure stress problem

Acid Gelled Frac with Closure Fracture Acidizing Proppant Frac

Mechanical barrier in CH SurgiFrac in OH

Proppant bridge Mechanical barrier

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PURPOSE OF MATRIX STIMULATION

To remove formation damage from the ENTIRE producing sections of Vertical Wells & Horizontal Wells

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TRADITIONAL APPROACH PROBLEM :

Fluid naturally tend to follow the path of least resistance (higher permeability / undamaged zones )

SOLUTION :
Effective diversion methods

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UNIFYING CONCEPT FOR DIVERSION TECHNIQUES

To be effective , any Diversion Technique must be able to provide sustained , planned Dp levels during matrix stimulation

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UNIFYING CONCEPT FOR DIVERSION TECHNIQUES

Darcys equation shows how different diversion techniques help maximize p in radial flow conditions :

141.2 qi w p = Kwh
Mechanical Isolation Ball Sealers Chemical ( Particulate ) Diverters Viscosified Fluids , Foams

[ ( ) ]
In rb rw +s

(1)

Reduction of h (Kh) Reduction of h (Kh) Increase of s Increase of

New Diversion Technique

Increase of qi

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MAXIMIZED PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL INJECTION RATES ( MAPDIR ) TECHNIQUE

Injection rate is the key for sustained , planned Dp levels Stimulation fluids must be placed downhole so as to cover the total interval to be treated Applicable wherever Darcys law holds Sandstones Poorly consolidated sands Unfractured or microfractured limestones / dolomites

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MAPDIR TECHNIQUE GUIDELINES FOR FIELD APPLICATION

1) Set pmax in matrix conditions

pmax = 0.8 pf = 0.8 ( pf - pe ) pf = 2

1-

p )(

- pp + pp

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MAPDIR TECHNIQUE GUIDELINES FOR FIELD APPLICATION

2) Select qimax stimulation rates 0.00708 Kwh = pmax rb w In rw + s

qimax

[ ( ) ]

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MAPDIR TECHNIQUE OVER A 100ft INTERVAL

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MAPDIR TECHNIQUE
STIMULATION RATE SCHEDULE

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FIELD - ACID - RESPONSE CURVES FOR SANDSTONES

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FIELD ACID RESPONSE OF SEVERAL SANDSTONE RESERVOIR

MAPDIR TECHNIQUE

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FIELD - ACID - RESPONSE CURVES FOR LIMESTONES

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FIELD EXPERIENCE The MAPDIR technique has been applied to 1200+ matrixstimulation treatments Key factor for success rate : > 85 % Multilayered sandstone reservoirs as thick as 300+ ft successfully stimulated ( without diverting agents ) MAPDIR an effective stimulation technique for horizontal well and drain hole

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MATRIX STIMULATION DESIGN

WELLHEAD PARAMETERS

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FRICTION LOSS REDUCTION FOR ACID MIXTURE

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SUMMARY OF ANALYZED HORIZONTAL DRAIN - HOLE WELLS

WELL TURNING RADIUS HOLE SIZE (inches) 6 1/2 6 8 1/2 8 8 8 8 8 5 5 5 6 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 7/8 7/8 7/8 COMPLETION OPEN LENGHT (feet) 1460 564 650 815 720 846 920 510 470 314 626 380 MATRIX STIMULATION C.E. (%)

H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 DH1 DH2 DH3 DH4

MEDIUM SHORT LONG LONG LONG LONG LONG LONG SHORT SHORT SHORT SHORT

OPEN HOLE OPEN HOLE 5 SLOTTED LINER 5 SLOTTED LINER 7 CEMENTED 7 CEMENTED 7 CEMENTED 7 CEMENTED OPEN HOLE OPEN HOLE OPEN HOLE OPEN HOLE

CT + BH TP + BH CT + BH ( 13 bbl / min ) CT + BH ( 30 bbl / min ) CT CT CT + BH CT + BH CT TP + BH TP + BH CT + BH CT + BH

70 --35 75 --60 84 95 -----------

CT = Spotting acid mixture with coiled tubing BH = Bullheading phase

TP = Spotting acid mixture with tail pipe C.E.. = Completion efficiency

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SUCCESS IS RELATED TO THE MAXIMUM INJECTION RATE

FIELD EXPERIENCE

H3

LONG

8 1/2

5 SLOTTED LINER

650

CT + BH ( 13 bbl / min ) CT + BH ( 30 bbl / min )

35 75 60 84 95

H5 H6 H7

LONG LONG LONG

8 1/2 8 1/2 8 1/2

7 CEMENTED 7 CEMENTED 7 CEMENTED

720 846 920

CT CT + BH CT + BH

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DEPENDENCE COMPLETION EFFICIENCY ON SPECIFIC INJECTION RATE

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WELL H7 EXPERIENCE

H7 H7

LONG LONG

8 1/2 8 1/2

7 CEMENTED 7 CEMENTED

920 920

CT + BH CT + BH

95 95

Stimulation job steps :

Spotting HCI 28 % ( 15 gal / Ft ) with coiled tubing Bullheading phase with HCI 28 % ( 30 gal / Ft )

Maximum injection rate : 52 bbl / min

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MATRIX STIMULATION PRESSURE - RATE CHART

WELL H7

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EVALUATION OF MATRIX STIMULATION

WELL H7

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WELL H2 EXPERIENCE
H2 H2 SHORT SHORT 6 6 OPEN HOLE OPEN HOLE 564 564 TP + BH TP + BH -----

Stimulation job steps :

Spotting acid mixture with tail pipe Bullheading phase : 6000 gal 28 % HCL 3000 gal 28 % viscosified HCI 2000 gal 28 % HCI 2000 gal 28 % viscosified HCI 4000 gal 28 % HCI

Maximum injection rate : 56 bpm

( Equivalent rate at w = 1 cp ) Eni Corporate University Eni E&P Division
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MATRIX STIMULATION PRESSURE - RATE CHART

WELL H2

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EVALUATION OF MATRIX STIMULATION

WELL H2

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SKIN FACTOR vs INJECTED ACID MIXTURE VOLUME

WELL H2

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CONCLUSIONS
Effective diversion is obtained by using injection rate as the key to maximized p during matrix stimulation Fluids must be placed down hole so as to cover entirely the interval to be stimulated The MAPDIR technique :

Is very simple to use ; cheap and low risky Is applicable to both cased and open holes Favourably replaces diverting agents Allows real-time evaluation and fast decision Allows field stimulation response evaluation

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STIMULATION TECHNIQUES HYDRABLAST

This CT-run tool is effective in cleaning out tubulars and perfs: Fluid jet technology from downward and side nozzles Low rotating speed to allow for enough time for jetting action to remove damage/deposits

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STIMULATION TECHNIQUES PULSONIX

Effective for near wellbore and perforation damage: Fluidic oscillator: no moving parts (lower chance of failure) Pulsating pressure waves are generated that break damage/deposits by fatigue

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STIMULATION TECHNIQUES STIMGUN-STIMSTICK

These tools combine conventional guns with perforation frac capability: High pressure CO2 is produced upon gun detonation The gas enters the perfs and small fractures
are generated

Can be used in combination with extreme

under or over-balance

Can be used to favor frac initiation

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STIMULATION TECHNIQUES SURGIFRAC

To create multiple fractures in openhole sections: Combines annular and tubing flow High P fluid jet from tbg creates a cavity which initiates a frac Annular fluid is drawn into the frac
extending it

DP or CT conveyed tool Suitable for prop and acid fracturing

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STIMULATION TECHNIQUES
Guidelines: Target intervals 60-70 m high Typical volumes: 30 m3 pad + 30 m3 acid (gelled HCl 15%) Perform closed-fracture acidizing Short perf interval Expected results: 30-35 m half length Production FOI: 1.3 for one frac 2.3 for four fracs

ACID FRACTURING

Half length Up growth Down growth Width

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INTELLIGENT COMPLETIONS
Selective interval production No effective fluids placed during stimulation

ANTICIPATE HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION SHUTOFF UNDESIDERATE FLUIDS

REDUCTION OF FORMATION DAMAGE ? FUTURE NEW STIMULATION TECHNIQUES ?

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DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS

Reduce the solid and filtrate invation into producing zones Environmentally friendly oil mud (LAO) Drill-in fluids (DIF) Clean brine during perforation and completion Please, monitor pore pressure development-minimize the overbalance Properly use shale shaker and cyclone Clean tanks and equipment When necessary waste the old dirty fluids and input new one

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STIMULATION PERFORMANCE

250

Well Umoru N 3 Well Performance WHP vs. Flow rate Back pressure equation

200

(Kg/cm)

150

FTHP

After stimulation 100

50 Before Stimulation 0 200 400 Flow rate (STm/d) 600 800 1 000 Initial IPR

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