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September 2002
P H YSI C S E D U C AT I O N
439
F RONTLINE
Where teachers share ideas and teaching solutions with the wider physics teaching community: contact ped@iop.org
Table 1. Sample inductors. Sample A Type Choke of a 65 W, 220 V uorescent lamp with siliconiron core Close-wound, single-layer, air-cored solenoid Close-wound, single-layer, rectangular cross-section, wooden-cored toroid Circular wire loop Coaxial cable Dimensions External dimension of buckle-shaped core about 2.5 cm 4 cm 12 cm (gure 1) l = 0.28 m, r = 4.18 cm and N = 493 (gure 2) a = 18.7 mm, b = 23.6 mm, h = 17.4 mm and N = 193 (gure 3) l = 1.0 m and d = 0.6 mm (gure 4) a = 0.3 mm, b = 2.2 mm and l = 3.06 m (gure 5) Calculated value (except sample A) 0.61.0 H at 50 Hz (printed on the case) 5.26 0.21 mH 30.2 0.6 H 1.67 0.05 H 1.22 0.04 H
B C
D E
The approximate value of sample A is printed on the case. The theoretical values of samples BE are calculated using the following formulas in SI units. The percentage error in each case is obtained by assuming a 1% error in length measurement and a 1% error in the formula, except for the circular wire loop. For the solenoid [1] L (in H) = For the toroid [2] L (in H) = 0 N 2 h b ln = 30.2 0.6 H. 2 a r 2N 2 104 H = 5.26 0.21 mH. 2.54(9r + 10l)
For the circular loop, we are unable to nd a formula to calculate the inductance; the inductance per unit length of a straight wire [3] is used. The calculated result is a slight overestimation because the ux produced by any small arc segment tends to cancel, to some extent, the ux produced by the arc subtended by the opposite angle: L (in H) = For the coaxial cable [4] L (in H) = 0 l b ln 2 a = 1.22 0.04 H. 0 l 7 8l ln 2 d 4 = 1.67 0.05 H.
(table 1). With the exception of the last method, which is applicable to inductance down to 1 H, all the methods can be used for L > 10 H. Also, the
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P H YSI C S E D U C AT I O N
September 2002
F RONTLINE
Where teachers share ideas and teaching solutions with the wider physics teaching community: contact ped@iop.org
VL = 0.42 0.01 V,
VZ = 6.00 0.10 V
= 2f = 2 (50.0 0.05) kHz rst three methods are applicable only when the resistance of the inductor is negligible compared with its reactance within the working frequency range, that is when L r. and the multimeter R = 23.97 0.02 k and r = 12 R.
The error contribution comes mainly from voltage measurements and adds up to about 4%. Substitute measured values of V and R into (1), giving L= VL R = 5.34 0.20 mH. VZ
September 2002
441
F RONTLINE
Where teachers share ideas and teaching solutions with the wider physics teaching community: contact ped@iop.org
T = (7.5 0.1) 0.02 s = 0.15 0.002 s. Therefore, from (4) L = 30.1 0.5 H. The measured should be slightly larger than its true value due to the neglect of r, but this systematic error will introduce an overestimation of L by no more than 0.1%.
Figure 7. (a) Circuit for method 2: measurement of difference in zero-crossings. (b) Phase relation between VL and VR .
3. Use a CRO to display the voltage traces across Z (VZ ) and R (VR ). Adjust the zero level of both traces so that they coincide with one another and the zero line of the screen. 4. Increase the sensitivity of the sweep time and V -gain until the largest possible separation of the zero-crossings, T , can be seen clearly. Check zero levels again if necessary. Record T. Theory and result From the vector diagram shown in gure 7(b), tan = For small , tan = T . Eliminate from (2) and (3), L = R T. Actual measurement shows R = 200.5 0.05
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P H YSI C S E D U C AT I O N
VL L = VR R
(2)
(3)
(4)
September 2002
F RONTLINE
Where teachers share ideas and teaching solutions with the wider physics teaching community: contact ped@iop.org
For R L, Z = R 2 + (L)2 R and VZ VR . Replacing VR by VZ , and taking maximum value for both sides of the equation, L= RVL |max . (dVZ /dt)|max (5)
, VL |max = (2.9
Figure 11. The initial V t trace (the lower portion is distorted in an actual experiment).
300 3 mV 300 3 ns
3. Adjust the x-shift, y-shift, V -gain and timebase of the CRO until a signicant portion of the decay curve is displayed on the screen (gure 12). If a sine wave from a low voltage power supply is used, only the lower portion of the decay curve is suitable for measurement. Record the zero level and the half-life of the trace. 4. Disconnect the circuit and measure the total resistance of the discharge loop.
443
September 2002
P H YSI C S E D U C AT I O N
F RONTLINE
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Theory and result The inductor is charged by the SG and discharged through R0 periodically in the above circuit. In the reverse-bias half-cycle, the connection to the source is cut off. The collapsing magnetic eld in the coil generates an induced emf and produces a transient current in the upper LR loop. By Kirchhoffs law, L di + iR = 0 dt
where R is the total resistance in the discharge loop. Solving this equation, i = i0 e L t
R
or
V = iR0 = V0 e L t .
R
Figure 13. (a) Circuit for method 5: measurement of resonance frequency. (b) Phase relation of VR , VL and VC in a RLC series circuit.
. When the frequency of the source is equal to the resonance frequency, i.e. 1 = LC (6)
= e L T1/2
R
or
ln 2 =
R T1/2 . L
If C and R are chosen such that 1/C R at the resonance frequency, VC is approximately equal to V2 . From the phasor diagram of voltage vectors (gure 13(b)), VR and V2 (VC ) should be almost 90 out of phase. This condition provides a double check to ensure that the variation in VR is not caused by variations in the output voltage due to changes in loading of the SG. Substitute measured results, C = 1.00 0.02 F and = 2f = 2 (2.20 0.01) kHz, into equation (6): L= 1 (2 2.20 103 )2 1.00 106 = 5.23 0.15 mH.
September 2002
F RONTLINE
Where teachers share ideas and teaching solutions with the wider physics teaching community: contact ped@iop.org
By measurement, C2 = 0.31 0.01 F. For the 1 m wire loop fwl = (2.40 0.05) 105 Hz, 1 Lwl = 2 C 1 = 5 )2 0.31 106 (2 2.40 10 = 1.42 0.11 H For the 3 m coaxial cable fcc = (2.60 0.05) 105 Hz, 1 Lwl = 2 C 1 = (2 2.60 105 )2 0.31 106 = 1.21 0.10 H.
References
[1] Jordan E C 1985 Reference Data for Engineers: Radio, Electronics, Computer and Communications 7th edn (Indianapolis: Howard W Sams) ch 6-2 [2] Resnick R and Halliday D 1966 Physics (New York: Wiley) p 902 [3] Harnwell G P 1949 Principles of Electricity and Electromagnetism (New York: McGraw-Hill) p 330 [4] Johnk C T A 1988 Engineering Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (New York: Wiley) p 303 [5] Mak S Y 1994 The RLC circuit and the determination of inductance Phys. Educ. 29 pp 947
Se-yuen Mak Department of Curriculum and Instruction, Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong E-mail: symak@cuhk.edu.hk
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