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SCREWS, FASTERNERS, AND THE DESIGN OF NON PERMANENT JOINTS Shigley 8th ed.: Chapter 8 Outline I. General a.

Threaded Fasteners Provides clamping force Temporary allows disassembly Examples 1. Bolt (with nut) Machine screw b. Power screws II. Transmit force over some distance Examples: House jack, Tensile testing machine

Thread Basics a. Thread Terminology Pitch, p Lead, l Major diameter, d Minor (root) diameter, d1 (dr ) Mean diameter (pitch diameter), dm Multiple start thread: double, triple Class : 1 (loose fit) 3 (snug fit) Lead angle, tan =l/( dm ) Unified National Metric Coarse or Fine Thread Designation Examples: 1 8 UNC A1 or M12X1.75 (See tables 8-1 & 8-2)

b. Fastener Threads

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c. Threaded Fastener Mechanical Advantage (1 8 UNC) Inclined plane 5.5X Lever Arm of Wrench 12X Typical Total Mech. Ad. = 50X to 100X This is a huge mechanical advantage the main reason threaded connections are so common. III. Power Screw a. Power Screw Thread Forms (1/2 the included thread angle = ) Square = 0 Acme = 14.5 Buttress = 7

From a force balance on the thread: b. Raising torque (with thrust collar friction negligible) TR = Fd m 2 l + fd m sec n Eqn. 8-1 modified [ = 0 for square thread] d m fl sec n

Where tan n = tan (cos ) accounts for normal force orientation with respect to the thread in force balance calculations. c. Lowering torque (with thrust collar friction negligible) TL = Fd m 2 fd m sec n l Eqn. 8-2 modified [ = 0 for square thread] d m + fl sec n

fd m l cos n = l or f If TL = 0 => Self Locking Equation d m cos n Also, can be written: f tan (cos n ) Note: tan n = tan (cos ) Nominally this gives the friction coefficient to provide a self locking thread. Note: vibration has a huge affect on the requirement of self locking. Usually, mechanical devices must be used to prevent loosening in an environment with vibration (shaft rotation, etc). Example are

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lock washers and lock nuts: nylon insert nuts, castellated nut, nut tapered and swaged, etc. d. Thrust Collar (often required for power screws) Tfd =c CF 2 c e. Efficiency e= F l cos n f tan workout = = 2T cos n + f tan workin R + =+or L L C = {with Thrust Collar: TT C TTT } R RT

0 f. For acme threads: tan n = tan(14.5 )(cos ) [See handout for acme

efficiency vs. lead angle] IV. Static Bolt Stresses a. Thread loading upper threads (nearest the bolt head) take the highest load. Normally, the nut is softer than the bolt to allow some minor yielding in the nut to help distribute the load on the threads. b. Nut height (thickness) Nut height needs to be equal to 0.5 times the bolt diameter for full strength connection (assumes nut and bolt are the same material). Nut is usually made of a softer material than the bolt. Standard nut height is 7/8ths of the bolt diameter. V. Bolt Tightening a. Proof load, Fp F A [ S p in tables 8-9,10,11 and At is the tensile area table 8-1,2] =t p S p b. Preload, Fi Fi = 0.75 F p non-permanent fastener Fi = 0.9 F p (semi) permanent fastener c. Loosening Self locking thread condition (TL 0):

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l (cos n ) = tan cos n d m

Vibration is a significant factor in bolt loosening Locking mechanism usually are required: see examples

d. Bolt torque for desired preload (with standard washer) T = [( d m tan + f sec n )( ) + 0.625 f c ]Fi d 2d 1 f tan sec n

=i F d or TK =5 0 =K 1 . 2 for ff0 = c. VI. Separation in a Bolted Connection with an external force P a. Bolt stiffness, kb see handout or text pages 410 to 413 b. Member stiffness km see handout or text pages 413-416 c. Force in the bolt, Fb k b F PF +i b= k+m b k d. Force in the member, Fm k F = m PF i m k+m b k F m 0 F m 0

e. Example: km = 8 kb ; Fi = 1000 lb ; P = 1100 lb (P is the external load) k F b ( ) 1) 1l = 1+ 1 ( 0 0 = b 0 0 1 f 0 2 2 b k8 + b k b 8 k F b ( )1) f = 1 =l 1 ( 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 b m k8 + b k b Note Fm is still negative (Compressive) VII. Bolt Fatigue Strength a. See text pages 429 to 435 b. Advantages of high initial bolt tension for fatigue resistance: The dynamic load on the bolt is reduced because the effective area of the clamped members is larger.

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The maximum protection against external loads which can cause joint separation There is a maximum protection against thread loosening

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