SALMANASSAR II. _ SALMANASSAR III. II. SalmdnuSalmanassar (Shalmaneser, Writking of Assyria,_ro3o-1.o1g. aSared), ten''dSILlM-ma-nu-MAS/SAG.

According to the AssyrianKing List S. ruled for twelve years, succeedinghis father A5Sur-nasirby apli" (I) and being succeeded his son A55ur-nrrri (lV) (A55ur-nirAri"; Konigslisten'r-und Chroniken p.a4 S 6r). In the SynchronisticKing List he appearsalongside the Babylonian king Ulma5-Sakina Su m i" ( ibid.p. t 19 iii S).In fo rma tio n b o u t There is an extant the reign of S. is scanty. eponym list with entries,albeit poorly preserved, covering the twelve years of his reign, beginningwith 'S., the king' (Grayson 1976, 69 S llz). The single royal inscription which can be attributed to him with certainty comesfrom a stelefound in the Stelenreihe"at Assur; the text simply gives his ancestry(RIMA z A.o.93.r). A document excavatedat Assur records an endowment made by S. for the A55urTemple; it lists quantities cedarbalsamallotof ted to the temple and its various shrines (KAV 78, ed. by Menzel r98r, ll T 4f.). There are a number of other inscriptions which may concern S. but whose attribution is quite uncertain- they may alternato tively be assigned S. I or III (for further details see Grayson,RIMA z p.tz4). Finally, S. is mentionedin an inscription of a A55ur-danll" b34-97z.), where successor, a broken passage refersto the actions of a people who had apparently been troublesome sincethe time of S., king [of Assyria] (RIMA z 4.o.98.r: t6).

581

of royal inscriptions(RIMA 3, 5-q9). Additionally, most of the fragmentaryadmintstrativeand legal documentsexcavatedat Sibaniba" (mod. Thll Billa) are probably to be dated to S.'s reign (J. J. Finkelstein, JCS Z bgSl) tr.t-t76 nos. 68-9o). Later sourcesinclude the AssyrianKing List and the Eponym Chronicle(below),as well as History, the Synchronistic the Synchronistic King List and a further chronicle fragment (references: ABC, z4o).Someof S.'sbuilding activitiesare mentioned in inscriptions of later Assyriankings (see$ 6). $ z. Reign. S. ruled for thirty-fiveyears according to the Assyrian King List (Konigslisten"und Chroniken p.7L4 S 7o), a period which saw the expansionof Assyrian-controlledterritory far beyond the bordershandeddown by his father A5Surnasirpal (A5Surndsirapli.) He was eponym II. for the year 8 57 and again in 827 (Eponymen"'1 Millard r994, 27, 30).Towardsthe end of S.'s reign, in 826, a revolt (stPu) took place according to the Eponym Chronicle entry for that year (Millard 799!,3o). It continuedinto the early reign of Sam5i-AdadV" who put it down; he reports that the insurgence,instigated by (ASSurddnapli"), S.'sson A55ur-da"in-aplu cities (RIMA r. broke out in twenty-seven 181 ' )

S l . F a mi l y. S .w as the son of hi s predeAS5urnasirpal and the father of his II cessor successor SamSt-Adad V another son of his was A55ur-da"in-aplu.His mother A. K. Grayson ry76: ARlllI. - B. Menzel was probably Mullissu-mukanniSat-Ninua, 198r: AssyrischeTempel (= StPohl SM roll-Il). Chief Cupdaughter of ASSurnasirpal's H. D. Baker In bearer,A55ur-nlrka-da"in. Tomb III, excavatedin Room 57 of the North-Westpallid ace at Kal[u", the sarcophagus bore an III. Salmanassar (Shalmaneser, Salmanu- inscription of Mullissu-mukanniSat-Ninua a5ar dd)k ing of As s y ria858 -8 2 4 . , king callingher "queenof A55ur-nAsir-apli, of Assyria,and S., king of Assyria". This $ r. Sources. - $ z. Reign. - S l. Family. S +. Military campaigns. S +.r. Chronology. implies that, as the mother of S., she was $ 4.2. Syria. S +.1. Anatolia. $ 4.4. Urartu and queen(-mother)during his reign (cf. the vicinity. $ 4.5. Zagros region. $ a.6. Babylonia. zoo7,85); it is translationof Oates/Oates organisation. - $ 6. Building op)r;;,j;::t.cial unlikely that she was the wife of both A5Sur-ndsir-apli and then his son, as others $ r . S our c es . T he princ ip a lc o n te mp o - have maintained (e.g. Roaf ry95)._Samrary sources wife of Samiicomprisea substantialnumber mu-ramat ("Semiramis"'"),

582

SALMANASSAR III.

Adad V, referredto herselfas "daughter-in- others) the cities of Til-Barsip and Pitru", law of S.,king of the four quarters"(RIMA renaming them Kar-Shalmaneser Anaand A55ur-uter-asbat respectivelyand settling 3, zz6). Assyriansin them (RIMA 3,, t9i Aramu"' Military campaigns. p.86).However, Af;uni himselfhad fled, S+. and it was only in the followingyear_(855) S +.r. Chronology.S. campaignedannu- that S., after besieging him at Mt. Sttamally from his accession 85g up to his 33'd in him and deportedhim rat"', finally defeated regnal year, 826 (= 31" palft). A total of to Assyria(RIMA 3, ztf.). thirty-five campaigns attested, with two are Subsequently continued to campaign S. having been conductedin 855. There is a in the north, conquering the cities Tildating problem with the later regnal years a b n e " -(S S z)and P aqaral ubuni "(S 47) as of S. arising from a discrepancybetween well as cities belonging to Aramu. (Abithe campaigns mentionedin the Eponym as rdmu), ruler of Blt-Agusi, and Sangara, Chronicle (campaigns being preserved there (8+ ru l e ro f K a rkami S 9,8+ 8)(R IMA 3, 37from his rSthregnalyear on, i. e. 84r) and however,he was preoccu39). Increasingly, in the royal annals.The palft-datingof the pied with subduingsouthernSyria.In 853 annals is defective from year zz (= zL't he marchedthrough the Balilru"' river area palnt)on, with a two-year discrepancy from and Hatti" to reach Halab" (Aleppo),reyear zB (= z6'h pal7) (Reade1978, z5rceiving the tribute of local rulers as he z6o; for the consequences regarding the passed through. Having conquered three dating of S.'s campaigns see Fuchs L998, cities belongingto Hamath", he was con8g-gS). From 83o until 826, campaigns fronted near Qarqdr" by a coalition led by were led not by S. in person but by his its ruler, Irluleni", and Adda-idri of DaCommander-in-Chie f (turtdnu),Dajjan-A5mascus together with twelve rulers of S ur ( DajAnu-A55ur" ). coastalSyria (RIMA 3, zz-24). DespiteS.'s military achieve- claim to have inflicted a resoundingdefeat S +.2. Syria.S.'sgreatest ments lay in his westward territorial expan- on their forces, the same coalition led by sion (for a detailed treatment see Yamada Adda-idrl and Irbuleni" again tried to zooo). In the early years of his reign he check his southward progressin 849, 848 campaigned extensively againsta coalition and 8+5; on each occasion he defeated in of Arameanand Neo-Hittite states north- them but they escaped with their lives ern Syria dominated by At_runi",ruler of (RIMA 3, 37-9). It was only after the Bit-Adini" basedat Til-Barsip*',formerly a usurper Aaza'el" had succeeded Adda-idri vassal ASSurnagirpal Aluni's alliesin- as ruler of Damascus of II. that S. inflicteda concluded the rulers of Sam'al",Patina (Hat- clusive defeat on that state in 84r, wheretin"), KarkamiS"'and Q,re". S.'s first en- upon the coastalpeoples Tyros" and Siof gagement with this coalition,in 858, ended don"' and the house of Omri submitted to in an Assyrianvictory (RIMA 3, r5-r7).ln him peacefully(the submissionof Jehu", "son" of Omri, is depictedon the Black the following year, 857, S. approached TilBarsip and destroyedcities of Btt-Adini be- Obelisk; cf. Obelisk" S 4) (RIMA 3, 48). longing to Alruni, including the fortress Nevertheless, had to return to the region S. Dabigu" (RIMA 3,17-19).During this cam- in 838, when he conqueredfour cities of paign Assyrian aggression was targetedal- Yaza'el, including the fortressesof Damost exclusivelyat Alruni. This, and the nabi" and Malabu, and receivedtribute fact that many other rulers in the region, from the coastalpeoples Tyre, Sidon and of ( including those of Bit-Gabbari, Bit-Agusi B y b l o s G u b l a " )( R I M A 3 , 7 8 f . ) . (Jaban") and Karkami5,now paid tribute Following the defeatof Adda-idri and Irto S., suggests that the coalition had been luleni in 845, few further military actions seriouslyweakened;nevertheless, some of of S.were directed Syria.ln 842 and 84o to the allies figure sporadicallyas enemiesin he travelledthrough Hatti in peace,receivlater campaigns. 856 S.captured(among ing the tribute of its kings and procuring In

SALMANASSAR III. cedar timbers in the Amanusrange (RIMA j, 54f.\. Some years later, returning from he Cilicia in 81,1,, captured the fortress Muru belonging to Aramu (Abi-rdmu), ruler of Bit-Agusi,and built a royal palace in it ( RIM A 3, 68).

583

defeatedSugunia,a fortified city of the Urartian ruler Arramu, and burned fourteen citiesaround it before returning via the sea of the land Na'iri (Lake Urmia) and the land Gilzanu"', whoseruler As0" paid tribute (RIMA 3, 8f.). In 856 S. set out from the newly conThe only western campaign led by the Comquered Til-Barsip in an easterlydirection, mander-in-Chief Daijan-A55urwas to the land Patina (Hattin") in 829, where he punished the instipassing through the upper Euphrates regators of a revolt against the deposed ruler Lu(Amida") to reachthe gion and Btt-Zamd,ni barna", installing Sasi" in place of the usurper lands Enzi(te)", Suf;Lmu" and Daia(e)ne", Surri'- (RIMA 3,69). destroyingtheir citiesas he passed through. S +.3. Anatolia. S. had receivedtribute From Daienu he marched to Arzaikun", from Lalla", ruler of Melid", in Pitru" the royal city of Aramu.TheUrartian ruler (8Sf ) and also on his way back from the fled with S. in pursuit, but despitebeingdeland of Na'iri'- in 844 (RIMA 3,, 23, 39). featedin battle he was not apparentlycapThe first of his six campaigns Anatolia tured; S. devastated to ArsaSku(n) and many proper was conductedsomeyears later, in citiesin the environs.He returnedvia Lake the 839, when he crossed Amanus rangeto Urmia and the land Gilzdnu. where AsCr reach Q.re (Cilicia) and conquered cities again paid_tribute;he also captured and belonging to its ruler Kati (one of the allies plundered Silaia, a city of the Hubu5kian of Abuni back in 858) with the assistance ruler Kakta (RIMA 3, t9-zt). of r uler s of Hat ti (RIMA 3, 5 5 ).In 8 3 6 S . During the following decade S. conwent to Thbal" and, havingconqueredcit- ductedthreerelativelyminor campaigns to ies belonging to its ruler Tuatti, received the upper Tigris region. In 854 he passed tribute from his son Kikki and from twen- through the KaSiaru" range (mod. Jirr ty (variant: twenty-four) kings of Thbal Abdin), capturingelevencitiesand besieg(RIMA 3, 67, Zg). ln the following year, ing the Subrian ruler Anlrite" (Subria"), (Ueta5) 835, he captureda fortress belong- who submittedand paid tribute (RIMA 3, ing to Lalla of Melid, and the kings of Ta- 36).ln 852 S. set out from the newly debal again brought him their tribute (RIMA feated city Til-abne and marched to the c 3 , 6 2 ) . I n 8 33 a n d8 3 2S .a g a i n a m p a i g n e d sourceof the Tigris, killing the inhabitants in Que, conqueringcitiesof its ruler Kati. of recalcitrant cities and receiving tribute On the secondof thesetwo campaignsthe from the land Na'iri (RIMA 3, 37).ln 846 people of Thrsoso submitted and S. in- he traversedthe Tur Abdin via the Passof stalled Kirri, brother of Kati, as their ruler the Goddesses reachMatiate", which he to (RIMA 3,68f.); anotheraccountmaintains conquered (RIMA 3, j9). that, havingconfinedKati to his city Palru, ln 844 S. conducteda major campaign S. carried off his daughter to Kalk-ru with in the upper Tigris region. Upon reaching her dowry (RIMA 3,7r9). This was the last the land of Na'iri he erecteda statueat the campaignthat S. led in person. sourceof the Tigris, proceedingfrom there cities of the Urartian ruler Arto devastate of S +.+. Urartu and uicinify.S.'scampaigns ramu, as far as the source the Euphrates; to the north and north-eastwere intended the ruler of the land Daia(e)nesubmitted to check the expansion of the Urartian and gave tribute. From the Euphrates state,which poseda threat to Assyria's bor- source S. marched to Melid via the lands ders. At the very beginningof his reign, in Subnu and Enzu, conquering their cities 859, he conquered the city Aridu", fol- and massacringtheir inhabitants on the lowed by HubuSkia", city of Kakia, the w a y (R IM A j , 3g) . ruler of HubuikiaA.,la'iri, and roo settleSubsequentcampaigns in the region were led by ments in its vicinity; other peoplesof the Dajjan-A55ur.In 83o he passedthrough Btt-Zamani region submitted and paid tribute. He also ( A m i d a " ) a n d c r o s s e d h e r i v e r A r z a n i a ' ' . H e w a s a t t

r8+

SALMANASSAR III. He then made sacrificesand offerings in Kutha't, Babylon and Borsippa (RIMA 3, rei of 3 o f.; A B C , 167).S .' s nstatement Marduk-zakir-5umias ruler of Babylon is commemoratedby a scenecarved on a throne base found in situ in Fort Shalmaneser (Oates/Oates zoo1, q+f.); the accompanying inscriptionclaimsthat S. gaineddominion over the whole of Kaldu" and the Seal a n d (R IMA 3, Meerl and* ). " 38; $ 5 . P r o v i n c i a l o r g a n i s a t i o n .S . c r e ated new provinces as "border marches" on those sectors of the Assyrian frontier which were most vulnerableto attack, entrusting them to the highestofficials of the land, the so-called"Magnates" (Liverani zoo4, zr8; cf. Provinz" C. S l.z). The lands added to the empire as a result of his conquests included Bit-Adlni (as part of the Provinceof the Commander-in-Chief; Provinz"' C. Nr. rz ), Amdi (Amida"l placed, with TuSt-ran"', under the authority of the Chief Crib.ur.r; cf. Provinz*'C. Nr. r5), Zamua*, Rasappa",and Nasrbrna".Other conqueredlands at the fringes of the empire were not placed under direct administrative control but rather remained in a tributary relationship.

tacked by the Urartian ruler Sarduri I"' but defeated him in battle; Dajjan-A55ur devastatedmany cities including IJraS"', royal city of the ruler Alsianna (RIMA 3, 69,8r). In 828 the Commander-in-Chief was despatchedto the land l,{abf;u", which he duly devastated. On the last recorded campaign of S.'s reign (826), Dajjan-A55ur conquered the fortress Zapparia and forty-six other cities of the land Musasir" on the south-eastern fringe of Urartu and then crossedover the border to destroy a number of Urargian fortressesand settlements(RIMA 3, 7o).

S +.S. Zagros region. S. conductedseveral campaigns to the upper Diyala and Zagros"' regions, extending Assyrian control over the area during the courseof his reign. In the secondcampaign of the year 855 he captured towns in Inner Zamva" ( R IMA 3, 36).Ov era dec a d e te r,i n 8 4 3 , la he returnedto the region, making extensive conquests Inner Zamua and Namri (Nain mar't). He defeated citiesfrom Allabria" to Parsua(5)"', installed and Janzi" of Btt-Habban"' as ruler of Namri in placeof Mardukmudammiq", who had fled after being defeatedin battle (RIMA 3, 40,67). The last campaignto the region led by S. in person was that of 834 when he defeated and deported Janzi, ruler of Namri, whom he himself had installed; havingreceived tribute from twenty-seven rulers of Parsua, went he on to destroyand plunder cities of Media and other lands in the vicinity (RIMA 3, 6 z f. ) .
ln 827 the Commander-in-Chief campaigned in the Zagros, receiving tribute from the cities of $ubuSkia and conquering cities in Mannea (Mannder*), Llarna and Parsua; rulers of other cities in P a r s u ap a i d t r i b u t e ( R I M A l , 6 g f . ) . I n t h e f i n a l m i l i tary campaign of S.'s reign (826), after subduing M u ; a 9 i r o n t h e U r a r r i a n b o r d e r ( a b o v e ) ,D a i i a n - A 5 5ur received tribute from the lands of Gilzdnu and Mannea, among others, and went on to conquer citi e s i n P a r s u aa n d N a m r i ( R I M A 3 , 7 o f . ) .

S6. Building operations. S. conductedbuildingprojectsat A55ur" (see also Qal'at" Sirqat), Kal!1u", Ninive" and a number of other settlements(references: RIMA 3,, 5-6). At A55urhe rebuilt the main inner and outer wall and gates(notablythe Tabira Gate;cf. A55ur" S rS), and the wall of the Newtown district, as well as the templesof A55ur, Anu/Adad (in 839), and Sarrat-nipfi". At Kallru" (S r j ) S. built the zigtwo cam- gurat (of Ninurta) and probablycarriedout S +.6. Babylonia.S. conducted paigns to Babylonia in order to help Mar- work on the Ninurta Temple; also, an duk-zdkir-5umi*' suppress rebellionled inscription of his was found in the Nab0 the by his brother Marduk-bl-usdti"following Temple. His best known monument at the deathof their father,Nab0-aplu-iddin", Kalt-ruis the complex dubbed by its ex(Kallu" S z9 with whom S. had concluded a treaty. In cavators"Fort Shalmaneser" 85r S. defeated Marduk-bel-usdti and con- p. 3a7),a building which was known later as fined him to his town Gannandte",laying on (time of Esarhaddon) "Review Palwasteto the hinterland.It was not until the ace" (ekal maiarti) but in contemporary following year that S. actually killed Mar- inscriptionswas called simply "Palace of duk-bel-usiti,havingbesieged in Arman. S.". S. may also have completedthe dehim

SALMANASSAR IV. _ SALMANASSAR V. fencesof Kallu which had been begun by zoor, z8). his father (Oates/Oates At Nineveh S. is known to have carried out work on the I5tar Temple (Ninive" of SSrl 4 t7.r); other monuments his include an inscribed altar dedicatedto the Sebettu(Siebengotter"). Like his father, S. erectedat Imgur-Enlil* (Balawat)a pair of enorrnous gates of cedar bound with bronze strips bearingrelief decoration and inscriptions (Schachner zooT). Other works include the l5tar Temple at Sibaniba" and the AdadTemple Tall al-HawA. at Inscriptions of S. have been found also at Thrbisu*- and Til-Barsip", though without shedding light on what construction projects he carriedout in those places.An inscribed statueof S. dedicatedto Adad of Kurba'il" but found in Fort Shalmaneser could derive from a shrine of that deity in Kalbu (rather than from Kurba'il itself). Inscriptions of Assurbanipal name S. as the original builderof the Sin temple (Ebulbul) in tlarrdn" (R. Borger,BI'WA 4z).
A. Fuchs 1998. Die Annalen des Jahres 7t v . C h r . ( = S A A S8 ) . - M . L i v e r a n i z o o 4 : A s syria in the Ninth Century: Continuity or Change?, Fs. A. K. Grayson (= PIHANS ror) z13-226. - A. Milla rd ry94: The Eponymsof the Assyrian Empire, 9to-6tz BC (= SAAS z). J. Oates/D. Oates zoor:Nimrud. An Assyrian I m p e r i a l C i t y R e v e a l e d-.J . E . R e a d e r 9 7 8 : A s syrian Campaigns,84o-8t B. C., and the Babyl o n i a n F r o n t i e r ,Z A 6 8 , z 5 t - 2 6 o . - M . R o a f ry9y The Chief Cupbearer, his daughter, the king, and the eponym official for 86o B.C., N A B U r y 9 5 1 9 4- A . S c h a c h n e r z o o T : B i l d e r . ( einesWeltreichs = Subartu zo). - S. Yamada zooo: The Construction of the Assyrian Empire: A Historical Study of the Inscriptions of Shalm a n e s e r I I ( 8 5 9 - 8 2 4 B . C . ) R e l a t i n gt o H i s C a m I paigns in the West (= CHANE 3). H. D. Baker

s8s

(Millard 7994,38).The Eponym Chronicle entry for 772 refersto the number of years (broken)completedby S., king of Assyria (Millard 7994, 39). Fewconcretedetailsconcerningthe reign of S. are preserved. Two of his highestofficials figure prominently in the extant contemporary inscriptions,acting with a considerabledegreeof independence. stele A found near Marag,written at the end of his reign rn 723, relatesthat the Commanderin-Chief, SamSt-ilu"', marched to Damascus,whereuponS. received precioustribute from its king Hadianu", including his daughter together with a rich dowry. On returningfrom Damascus set up the said S. steleas a boundarymarker on behalf of U5pilulume, the king of KummuLru"(RIMA 3 A.o.ro5.1).A secondstele,from Thll Abta on the'Wadi Tharthar. was inscribedin the name of Bel-Harran-belu-usur"', originally stated to be the palace herald of S. However, S.'s name was later effacedand replaced by that of Tiglath-pileser(III). The inscription commemorates founding of the the city Dur-Bel-Harran-belu-usur'r-,act an attributed - unusually- to the palaceherald himselfrather than to the king (RIMA 3 A.o.ro5.z). Another palace herald of S., (BOlli5ir"), Bel-le5ir was eponymofficial for the year 778 (Mrllard ry94,9o).
A tablet which contains decrees from various kings' reigns includes details (mostly broken away) of items due from various members of the palace staff as laid down by S. (SAA 72, 77 i r'-ro'). Finally, a 'Letter to the God' may have been written early in the reign of S., in 78o, to commemorate the aforementioned campaign against Urartu (RIMA 3 A.o.ro5.3); however, the attribution of the text is u n c e r t a i n( s e eA . K . G r a y s o n ,R I M A 3 p . ; - 4 3 ) . A . M i l l a r d r y 9 4 : T h e E p o n y m so f t h e A s s y r i a n Empire,9to-6tz BC (= SAAS z). H. D. Baker

Salmanassar

IV. (Shalmaneser, Salmdnu-

aiarOd), king of Assyria,782-773. Written -oSILIM-ma-nu-MAS. S., the son of his predecessor Adad-nrdri III (AdadnirAri m. " ) and brother of his successor A55urdan"- [I, ruled for ten years accordingto the Assyrian King List (Konigslisten"und Chr onik enp. n4 S Z l). H e w a s th e e p o nym official for his first full regnal year, 78r, when a campaignto Urartu took place

Salmanassar (Shalmaneser, V. SalmanuaSared),king of Assyria and Babylonia (Bab. 727-722. Vritten Sul-man-a-id-red -ma-nu-MRS/ -SILltvlChron.)/_-'ISILIM man-MAS.S.,son and successor Tiglathof pileser" III, ruled for five years according to the Assyrian King List (Konigslisten" und Chronikenp. 115 S ZZ). The Eponym