Chng I.

Di truyn cc h thng sinh sn thc vt

I. Cc dng sinh sn hu tnh thc vt c hoa
1. Biu hin gii tnh thc vt
Nh -> ht phn -> tinh t
Nhu -> non -> bo trng
Nu cng 1 cy trn cng 1 hoa -> hoa lng tnh
Nu hai hoa khc nhau-> hoa n tnh
- Cy c cc loi hoa n tnh + lng tnh:
- Hoa lng tnh + hoa n tnh ci -> hoa lng tnh ci V d: cc cy hoa phc
- Hoa lng tnh + n tnh ci = 1 : cy kinh gii
- Hoa lng tnh + hoa n tnh c -> hoa lng tnh c
V d: hoa tn
(Da chut: c hoa lng tnh + n tnh ci, hoa lng tnh +n tnh c, hoa
n tnh cng gc, hoa n tnh ci)
- Phn b hoa trn cy: Vi hoa c v hoa ci ring r:
- cc vng khc nhau: Cch xa, v tr khc nhau ca cng 1 cy -> n tnh
cng gc.
-> n tnh cng gc: hoa c v hoa ci ring bit nhng trn cng 1 cy.
V d: bu b c hoa c v hoa ci ring r, ng c chm hoa c v ci ring,
+ trn trc hoa: gn nhau, cng 1 cy (cng 1 chm hoa)
V d: thu du c hoa c v hoa ci trong cng chm hoa nhng hoa c phn
trn hoa ci phn di.
- hai cy khc nhau -> n tnh khc gc
-> n tnh khc gc: hoa c v hoa ci sinh ra trn nhng cy khc nhau
V d: ch l, u , ci b xi, mng ty...
- Thi gian chn ca nh v nhu:
+ Cng chn
+ Lch giao: hoa c v hoa ci thnh thc (chn) cc thi im khc nhau.
Nh chn trc: ng, hnh, c rt, k, mn tru...
Nhu chn trc: Ch, cacao..
- Cc bin i do t bin:
Thoi ho nh hoc ht phn: cy lng tnh tr thnh cy n tnh (bt dc
c).
Nh vy, kim sot di truyn:
+ Do cc gen kim sot biu hin gii tnh
+ Do NST gi tnh: ng vi trng hp n tnh khc gc
+ Do tc dng ca hocmn v iu kin ngoi cnh tng quan n biu hin
gii tnh.
Gibberellin hoa c
Etylen hoa ci
->t l biu hin hoa c v hoa ci khc nhau trn cy V d: Nu x l
gibberellin vo cy n tnh ci cy li ton hoa c.
2. Nhng c ch kim tra qu trnh t th phn:
- Khi nim t th phn: ht phn th phn cho nhu chnh hoa ca mnh hoc
hoa trn cng mt cy.
V d: la nc, la m, u tng, c chua...
- C ch kim tra qu trnh t th phn:
+ Th phn ngm (cleistogamy):
Qu trnh th phn din ra trong hoa cha n, do m bo t th phn hon
ton.
V d: lc, i mch, yn mch
+ Th phn m (Chasmogamy):
nhng loi cy c phng thc th phn ny hoa ch m sau khi th phn
hon thnh. Kh nng giao phn c th xy ra nhng mc rt thp.
+ Cu trc hoa:
nhiu loi cy mc d th phn thng din ra sau khi hoa n, t th phn c
m bo nh cu trc hoa:
+ Hoa lng tnh (c kh nng t th cao).
+ Nh bao quanh u nhu, v tr cu bao phn so vi u nhu bo m cho
qu trnh t th phn (c chua, c).
+ Nh v nhu c cc c quan khc ca hoa che khut, ngn cn qu trnh giao
phn (cy u ).
+ u nhu c kh nng tip nhn phn v vn di xuyn qua b nh, bo m
t l th phn cao.
+ Thi gian tung phn th phn hp l vo thi im xc nh (thng l bui
sng), nh v nhu chn ng thi.
-> tuy nhin khng c t th phn tuyt i (khi giao phn t nhin <10%), mc
nhn phn ngoi l rt khc nhau cc loi t th phn v ph thuc vo ma
v.
V d: u : 0.01- 1%
C chua: 1-6%
- S t th phn c u im l c ch ca n rt n gin.
- Nhc im: 2 giao t tham gia sinh sn u thuc cng 1 cy , hn na chng
li pht trin trong cng 1 hoa. V vy, nhng c im di truyn ca chng
n iu. Con ci sinh ra do t th phn t bin i v t mm do thch
nghi.
3. Nhng c ch kim tra qu trnh giao phn cho:
a. Khi nim giao phn cho:
cy giao phn, ht phn ca cy ny th phn cho nhu hoa ca cy khc.
S chuyn phn t cy ny sang cy khc c thc hin nh gi v cn trng.
b. C ch o bo s giao phn:
- Lch giao: hoa lng tnh nhng nh v nhu khng chn cng lc.
- Hoa n tnh
- Xut hin t bin lm cho hoa lng tnh c cu trc khng tng hp v nh v
nhu (bao phn v u vi nhu) hay bao phn khng m.
- Do kim sot v c ch t bt hp
- Do xut hin dng bt dc c
- Nhng hoa do su b truyn phn thng c nhng c im sau:
Mu sc sc s, i khi khng nhng ch trng v c i cng c mu. Hoa c
kch thc ln, nu hoa nh s tp hp li thnh cm hoa ln, su b d thy. Dng
p v c bit, d hp dn su b. Ngoi ra trong hoa c tuyn mt thng
nm gc bu. v tr su b mum ly mt hoa bt buc phi chm vo
nh hoc u nhu. tng thm sc hp dn su b t xa mt s hoa c mi
c bit (thm, thi). Ht phn c kch thc ln, mng ngoi c cht sinh d
dng bm vo chn hoc cnh su b.
- Hoa ca nhng cy truyn phn nh gi: hoa thng khng p. Bao hoa tiu
gim, i khi ch cn l nhng vy nh, khng mu hoc kh xc nh vy s
khng cn tr vic ht phn ri vo trong hoa. C khi c hoa trn khng c bao
hoa. Ch nh thng di mnh, th ra ngoi khi hoa chn, bao phn nh lng d
ung a theo gi mang ht phn i. Ht phn thng nh, nh. Mt vi trng
hp c bit, u nhu c th ko di thnh hnh si mang chm lng d
dng qut ht phn (v d h la).
-> nh vy trong trng hp giao phn duy tr c lng d hp t cho nn chng m
bo cho vic hnh thnh th h con chu c sc sng cao hn, kt hp c cc
c tnh tt ca b v m, tnh bin d d dng hn v d thch nghi vi
nhng bin i ca iu kin sng. Tuy nhin n c nhc im c bn l khng
phi lc no cng thc hin c, v cn ph thuc vo cc iu kin bn ngoi
trong tc nhn truyn phn rt quan trng.
II. Cc h thng bt hp thc vt
1. Khi nim, phn loi:
a. Khi nim:
- T bt hp l hin tng ht phn khng ny mm v pht trin ng phn trn
nhu ci ca cy chnh n.
- l phn ng gia ht phn v nhu xy ra trc th tinh ngn cn s ny mm
v ng phn pht trin. Hin tng ny do nhn t di truyn quyt nh c kim
sot bi mt h thng a alen (alen S).
b. Phn loi
C hai h thng t bt hp l bt hp d hnh v bt hp ng hnh.
a. T bt hp d hnh: trong h thng ny cu trc hoa c nhng khc bit khng
cho php s t th phn xy ra.
- l hin tng khng tng hp gia v tr nh v nhu, hoc i lp v ln
gia ht phn vi t bo nm nhu.
Dng vi nhu di thng c t bo nm nhu to, ht phn b
Dng vi nhu ngn thng c t bo nm nhu b, ht phn to
- Hin tng vi nhu ngn di do 2 alen S v s kim sot
V d loi cy bo xun (primula) c hai cu trc hoa khc nhau : hoa mnh v
hoa th.
Hoa mnh c nhu di v nh ngn, hoa th c nh di nhu ngn. Nh vy trong
nhng loi ny phn hoa trn cng mt hoa khng th th cho nhau c.
Ss c sinh ra trong loi hnh th
ss c sinh ra trong loi hnh mnh
Kiu hnh ca hoa: mnh x th
Kiu gen ca cy: ss Ss
Giao t: s S s
Phn ng t bt hp ca ht phn: tt c s
Phn ng t bt hp ca vi nhu: s tt c S
ss x ss - khng tng hp
Ss x Ss - khng tng hp
ss x Ss - 1Ss : 1ss
Ss x ss 1Ss : 1ss
b. T bt hp ng hnh: gm t bt hp giao t th v t bt hp bo t th
Trong chn ging ngi ta quan tm nhiu n bt hp ng hnh.
2. Bt hp giao t th:
East v Mangelsdorf (1925) l nhng ngi u tin pht hin ra tnh khng hp
trng thi giao t th thuc l Nicotiana sanderae.
C >60 h thc vt ht kn, in hnh cy h u, c, ho tho..
- c im:
+ Locus S l 1 locus a alen
V d: c ba l 41 alen S, thuc l 16 alen S...
+ Kiu gen ca tng tiu bo t quy nh ht phn- nhng gen cha alen khc
nhau s hot ng khng ging nhau v chng c lp vi nhau v phn ng i
vi vi nhu.
+ Phn ng ca tnh bt hp xy ra gia ht phn (n) v m vi nhu (2n) l c
nh cho tng loi.
+ Ht phn mang 1 alen no s khng ny mm hoc khng sinh trng c
trong m vi nhu c cha chnh alen . Tc l khi ht phn v non c alen S
ging nhau xy ra phn ng t bt hp, khc nhau khng xy ra bt hp ht phn
sinh ra protin to iu kin cho ng phn pht trin vn ti bu nhu.
+ Mi locus S chc t nht hai thnh phn chc nng: gen cu trc m ho protin
c trng cho alen S, on ADN hot ho gen cu trc: A
P
dnh cho ht phn v A
s
dnh cho nhu.
(Hnh 4.12 tr125)
- Mt s s :
S
1
S
2
x S
1
S
2
bt hp hon ton
S
1
S
2
x S
1
S
3
50% ht phn c hiu lc
S
1
S
2
x S
3
S
4
tng hp hon ton
ng dng: sn xut ht lai gia hai dng b m.
3. Bt hp bo t th:
Hughes v Bubcock (1950) pht hin loi Crepis foetida v Parthenium
argentatum. Ph bin vi h hoa thp t v hoa kp, ci, cc..
- c im:
+ Do 1 locus a alen kim sot nhng quy m bin d rng hn, phc tp hn
+ Chu s kim sot ca nhn lng bi trng thi th bo t (kiu hnh ca ht
phn hay ng phn do kiu gen lng bi ca c th 2n quy nh).
+ Gia cc alen c trong ht phn hoc vi nhu c mi tng tc (quan h tri
ln).
+ Nguyn tc: nu mt trong 2 alen S m 2n vi nhu c th hin tri so vi
alen S ht phn th ht phn khng ny mm.
4. Cc bin php khc phc tnh bt hp v ng dng:
- Th phn vo giai on cn non, th phn mun, tc ng ca nhit cao v
mt s ho cht nh CO
2
, x l mt s cht hoocmon sinh trng nh AIA, ANA...
- Chuyn cy sang trng thi t bi, tin hnh lm gn sinh l bng ghp cy
thun nghch, th phn bng hn hp ht phn, ct b m u vi nhu ci ri
th phn...
- ngha: C ngha ln trong tin ho, l mt trong cc c ch di truyn kim
tra s th phn cho thc vt. Giao phn cho to ln cc dng lai gy a dng
kiu gen v c sc sng cao.
- ng dng trong chn ging v nhn ging i vi cy c hin tng ny sn
xut ht lai bng cch chn hai qun th b m ng dng theo tnh trng nng
hc thu c dng lai ng nht ng u.
V d: xu ho, bp ci.
III. Bt dc c thc vt
1. So snh cc khi nim: bt hp, bt th, bt dc
- Bt hp: Do bn cht di truyn ca giao t c (ht phn) v nhu ci (2n v 1n)
- Bt th: khng ri v khng ny mm ng phn hoc km pht trin.
Nguyn nhn: do di truyn v do mi trng
- Bt dc: lin quan n hnh thnh giao t c v ci
Nguyn nhn: do di truyn v do mi trng
-> 3 hin tng ny khng dn ti th tinh nhng hin tng v nguyn nhn l khc
nhau.
2. Bt dc c do gen nhn kim sot:
a. Cc gen ny th hin ln do 1 hoc 2 cp gen ln kim sot trong nhn, k
hiu l ms
- Dng bt dc c: msms
- Dng phc hi: MsMs
- Dng duy tr: Msms
- Nu gen gy bt dc ms t chu nh hng ca mi trng th d iu khin v
thu nhn c cc dng bt dc hoc hu dc.
b. Nu gen bt dc mn cm vi bin ng ca yu t ngoi cnh (nhit d, thi
gian chiu sng):
EGMS (Environmental Genic Male Sterility) gm:
TGMS (Thermo sensitive Genic Male Sterility) v
PGMS (Photoperiod sensitive Genic Male sterility).
- TGMS: bt dc c chc nng di truyn nhn mn cm vi nhit :
+ Do 1 cp gen ln trong nhn kim sot (tms)
+ S chuyn ho hu dc ca dng TGMS ch yu quy nh bi nhit trong
giai on phn ho t bo m ht phn- bt u phn chia gim nhim (12-18
ngy trc lc la tr).
19-24
0
C TGMS hu dc
>26
0
C - TGMS bt dc
Min Bc: 10-30/3 v 15- 25/10 TGMS hu dc
Duy tr TGMS vo v xun; sn xut ging vo v ma.
- PGMS: bt dc c chc nng di truyn nhn mn cm vi quang chu k
+ Giai on mn cm chuyn ho t hu dc sang bt dc v ngc li ca
PGMS l thi k phn ho mm hoa hnh thnh t bo m ht phn (bc 3-5 ca
phn ho ng - 15-21 ngy trc tr).
Bt dc > 14h/ ngy
Hu dc <13h/ngy
(22/6 ngy c thi gian chiu sng di nht cha t c 14h/ngy H Giang
13h37pht).
V vy chn to PGMS c chuyn ho t hu dc bt dc : 12h15 12h20
Duy tr PGMS trong iu kin ngy ngn (<12h15)
Sn xut ht lai trong iu kin ngy di(>12h40)
TGMS cng ph thuc vo quang chu k v PGMS cng ph thuc vo nhit :
PTGMS hay TPGMS.
- ng dng: s dng trong h thng hai dng.
IV.Bt dc c t bo cht (Cytoplasmic male sterility CMS)
1. Hin tng, c im do truyn ca h thng 3 dng
a. Khi nim, nguyn nhn, c ch di truyn kin sot tnh bt dc c t bo
cht
- Khi nim: l bt dc do yu t t bo cht tng tc vi cc gen nhn
- Nguyn nhn:
+ Do lai xa: bt dc xut hin khi quan h gia nhn v t bo cht bt hp
+ Do t bin gen: Khng cung cp nng lng cho ht phn pht trin
- C ch di truyn kim sot tnh bt dc c t bo cht: 3 gi thuyt
+ Gi thuyt n gen: cc yu t gy bt dc c t bo cht tng tc vi 1
cp gen nhn.
+ Gi thuyt 2 gen:
CMS: S. rf
1
rf
1
rf
2
rf
2
; S. rf
1
rf
1
Rf
2
-; S. Rf
1
-rf
2
rf
2
Dng duy tr: F.rf
1
rf
1
rf
2
rf
2
Dng phc hi: F(S).Rf
1
Rf
1
Rf
2
Rf
2
; F(S). Rf
1
-Rf
2
-; F. Rf
1
-rf
2
rf
2
, F.rf
1
rf
1
Rf
2
-
+ Gi thuyt a gen:
S phc hi tnh hu dc dng t bo cht bt dc l do tc ng nhiu gen
tri c tc ng b sung. Vic chuyn 1 gen y vo trng thi ln l nguyn
nhn gy bt dc.
- Phng php xc nh s lng gen m bo cho s phc phi hu dc: khi th
phn cc cy bt dc bng ht phn ca nhng dng phc hi d hp t th s
cy hu th so vi tng cy trong mi h l:
1/2 (bt dc c do 1 gen kim sot)
1/4 (btdc c do 2 gen kim sot)
1/8 (btdc c do 3 gen kim sot)
(1/2)
x
(btdc c do x gen kim sot)
T s gia tng s cy trong th h con lai vi s lng cy hu dc:
n
k
k: s cy phc hi hu dc
n: tng s cy
x= =
KL: c 2-5 gen kim sot s phc hi tnh hu dc.
=2
x
lgn- lgk
lg2
lgn lgk
0.3010
b. c in di truyn ca h thng ba dng (la lai 3 dng):
* Dng CMS (dng A): S. rfrf dng lm m lai: dng A c nhn t S kim sot
tnh bt dc trong t bo cht, cn nhn cha cc gen duy tr bt dc dng n
ng hp t rfrf.
- L dng c bao phn lp
- C quan sinh sn ci ca dng A kho mnh, c kh nng tip nhn phn th
tinh.
- Dng A dng sn xut ht lai cn phi c nhng yu cu sau:
+ Phi bt dc hon ton v n nh qua cc v, khng thay i khi iu kin
thi tit bin i, khng bin i sau nhiu ln gieo li.
+ Phi tng i d phc hi: ph phc hi rng, kh nng u ht khi lai vi dng
phc hi cao v n nh.
+ C cu trc hoa v tp tnh n hoa tt, gc m rng, thi gian m lu, vi nhu
di
* Dng duy tr (dng B):
- Chc nhn t hu dc trong t bo cht (N) kim tra kh nng hu dc, trong
nhn cha cc gen duy tr bt dc di dng ng hp th ln rfrf.
N. rfrf
- L dng duy tr bt dc, l dng cho phn dng a to ra ht c nhim v duy
tr tnh bt dc c dng A. Dng B c nhiu c im nng sinh hc tt c
thi gian sinh trng ph hp vi yu cu.
- Yu cu:
+ Phi l dng thun
+ C nhiu ht phn, sc sng ca ht phn cao.
- S duy tr:
Dng CMS (A) x dng duy tr (B)
&S. rfrf (AA) x % F. rfrf (BB)
F
1
; &S.rfrf(0.5A: 0.5 B)
% F.rfrf (BB)
F
2
: &S.rfrf (0.25A: 0.75B)
% F.rfrfb(BB)
F
7
: & S.rfrf (0.008A: 0.992B)
Trong qu trnh duy tr nhiu ln dng A c thay th bng dng B (dng A
nhn b thay th hon ton bi dng B). A v B ging nhau v nhn, khc nhau
v t bo cht.
* Dng phc hi (dng R-Restorer):
- C chc nhn t S hoc N trong t bo cht, nhn cha gen phc hi phn
dng tri ng hp th RfRf.
N. RfRf
N. Rfrf
- L dng cho phn dng A sn xut ht lai F
1
, cy F
1
hon ton hu dc
- Yu cu:
+ L dng thun c nhiu c tnh tt, nng sut phm cht tt, thi gian sinh
trng ph hp
+ C kh nng phc hi mnh, t l u ht ca con lai cao
+ C kh nng phi hp cao, cho u th lai cao
+ Cy cao, kho hn dng A, TGST bng hoc di hn dng A
* Quan h gia cc dng:
Dng A (dng m) Dng B (dng b) Dng A (dng m) Dng R (dng b)
2. c im ca cy CMS v gi thit gii thch c ch ca hin tng:
a. c im ca cy CMS:
- Sinh trng: Giai on u bnh thng nhng t giai on tr hoa tung phn th
sc sinh sn gim mnh so vi cy bnh thng, d nhim cc loi bnh, d tn
a.
- T bo:
+ Phn tch ht phn: teo, bin dng, bt mu km (tch lu t tinh bt, t nng
lng..)-> cu trc bao phn thay i, tng nui dng bao phn km.
- Ho sinh: thiu ht mt s enzim tham gia vo tch lu nng lng
- Cy bt dc khng n nh mi iu kin
V d: hnh nhit >30
0
C lm thay i mc btdc t 100 70%
b. Mt s gi thit gii thch hin tng bt dc c t bo cht v s phc hi:
- Nhng c s gii thch s th hin tnh bt dc cy CMS
+ Bin c v chc nng nng lng ca ty th l nguyn nhn s cp gy ln tnh
bt dc ca ht phn.
- Nhng gi thit gii thch c ch ca s phc hi tnh bt dc c t bo cht
+ Hot ng ca cc gen phc hi th hin s chn chnh cu trc v b
khuyt nhng thiu ht ca enzim, kt qu ty th c nhn enzim, phc hi
hot ng bnh thng ca mnh.
+ Hot ng ca cc gen hi phc c tc ng sa cha, chn chnh li qu
trnh chuyn enzim vo ty th.
c. ng dng bt dc c t bo cht.
- ng dng bt dc c to ging lai v sn xut ht lai khng cn kh c
cy m. c bit vi nhng cy c cu trc nh kh kh c bng th cng.
- Bt dc c t bo cht c th do kiu gen 2n kin sot (bt dc c bo t
th) hoc do kin gen ht phn 1n kim sot (bt dc c giao t th).
+ Bt dc giao t th:
& S. rfrf (bt duc) x % F.RfRf (hu dc)
F
1
: S.Rfrf (hu dc)
F
2
:
%
&
S.Rf (hu dc) S.rf (bt dc)
S.Rf (hu dc) S. RfRf (hu dc) Khng th tinh
S.rf (hu dc) S. Rfrf (hu dc) Khng th tinh
+ Bt dc bo t th:
& S.rfrf (bt dc) x % F. RfRf ( hu dc)
F
1
: S. Rfrf (hu dc)
F
2
:

&
%
S.Rf (hu dc) S.rf (hu dc)
S.Rf (hu dc) S. RfRf (hu dc) S. Rfrf (hu dc)
S.rf (hu dc) S. Rfrf (hu dc) S.rfrf (bt dc)
* Nhng kh khn v hn ch trong vic ng dng bt dc c t bo cht
- Mc bt dc cy CMS thng b bin ng di tc ng ca yu t ngoi
cnh.
- S lng cc dng m khng nhiu, sc sng cy CMS km.
V. Cu trc di truyn ca cc qun th thc vt vi cc phng thc sinh
sn khc nhau:
1. Giao phn cho ngu nhin
- Khi nim: l nhu ci c th tip thu phn ca bt k cy no trong qun th
n.
- Tnh cht ngu nhin c th khc nhau dn tin ti mc l thuyt theo quy lut
Hardi Weinberg:
Alen A - p
a q
p
2
(AA) + 2pq (Aa) +q
2
(aa) =1
Nu gim mc ngu nhin th quy lut chung xy ra l: 2pq (Aa) gim i gi tr
2pqF (F l h s cn thn). ng hp t tng 2pqF =pqF (AA) + pqF (aa).
- Tnh cht a hnh:
+ Locus c nhiu trng thi alen to nn s a dng v kiu gen, tn s ca chng
do tn s cc alen quyt nh.
+ Theo Hardi Weinberg khi locus c 2 alen qun th thu c 1 kiu d hp t,
tn s kiu ny ln nht khi tn s 2 alen bng nhau.
P(A) =q(a) =0,5 -> 2pq (Aa) = 2. 0,5 .0,5 = 0,5
+Khi locus c 3 alen, qun th thu c 3 kiu d hp t, tn s ca chng ln nht
khi ba alen c tn s bng nhau.
p(a
1
) = q(a
2
) =r(a
3
) = 1/3
p
2
(a
1
a
1
) +q
2
(a
2
a
2
) +r
2
(a
3
a
3
) =1/3
2pq (a
1
a
2
) + 2pr (a
1
a
3
)+ 2qr(a
2
a
3
) =2/3
Nh vy,qun th giao phn cho c tnh a dng (c nhiu kiu gen khc nhau)
v tnh d hp t (duy tr mt t l no cc kiu gen di hp t).
- S th hin ca tnh trng qun th giao phn cho c mt s c im
sau:
+ Gi tr trung bnh qun th v biu hin tnh trng c th khng ln song cc
kiu d hp t c th thu c hiu qu u th lai.
+ Cc kiu di hp t che khut nhiu alen ln c hi, kho cc alen ny trng thi
ng hp t chng gy ra s suy thoi kiu gen-> qun tht giao phn cho gnh
nng di truyn ln hn nhiu so vi qun th cy t th phn
- Cc yu t lm tng nn ng hp t:
Cc yu t cn tr, hn ch tnh cht ngu nhin trong giao phn:
+ Gii hn v liu lng c th tham gia vo qu trnh giao phi
+ La chn th phn do cn trng
+ Hiu qu tung phn khng xa
+ Hin tng tng hp kiu hnh.
2. Giao phn cho khc ngun:
- Khi nim: l trng hp xy ra vi cy t bt hp, do dy alen t bt hp kim
tra. Ht phn ca cy khng th th phn cho nhu ca n.
Khi cc alen t bt hp giao t c v giao t ci ging nhau, vi nhu xy ra
phn ng ngn cn s pht trin ng phn, khng dn ti th tinh. S th tinh v
hnh thnh hp t xy ra khi cc alen t bt hp giao t c v giao t ci khc
nhau.
Gi s trong qun th liu lng alen bt hp tn ti vi gi tr g
Liu lng qun th tham gia vo giao phi ngu nhin l 1-g
Trng hp ton b cc c th qun th c hin tng t bt hp g=1
Giao phi ngu nhin Xy ra t bt hp Trng hp g=1
P
2
AA (1-g)p
2
AA 0 AA
2pq Aa (1-g) 2pq Aa +g 2pq Aa 1 Aa
q
2
aa (1-g) q
2
aa 0 aa
Nh vy vi s tng gi tr g, lng ng hp t gim, khi g ->1 t l cc ng hp t
tin ti 0 -> trng hp t bt hp hon ton trong qun th tn ti ton b cc kiu
gen d hp t.
V d: S
1
S
2
x S
2
S
3
S
1
S
2
S
2
S
3
S
1
S
2
, S
1
S
3
, S
2
S
3
Qua nhiu th h qun th lun tn ti 3 kiu gen d hp t trn:

%
&
S
1
S
2
S
1
S
2
S
2
S
3
S
2
S
3
S
1
S
3
S
1
S
3
S
1
S
1
S
2
S
2
S
1
S
3
S
2
S
3
S
1
S
3
S
2
S
3
S
2
S
2
S
3
S
3
S
1
S
2
S
1
S
3
S
1
S
2
S
1
S
3
S
1
S
1
S
3
S
3
S
1
S
2
S
2
S
3
S
1
S
2
S
2
S
3
3. Nhng c im v cu trc di truyn ca qunth thc vt loi t
th phn:
a. Tnh cht ng hp t:
- T th phn dn ti qu trnh ng hp t ho cc kiu gen, mi th h gi tr
d hp t gim i mt na. T th phn lin tc gi tr ng hp t tin ti 1.
) 1 (
2
1
1

t t
F F
->Trong qun th loi sinh sn theo t th phn s thu c nhng c th ng
hp t. - Tnh cht ng u v th hin tnh trng ca cc c th qun th
loi t th phn quyt nh tng gi tr qun th bnh qun.
- qun th loi t th phn gnh nng di truyn c gim mnh. Tc ng ca
chn lc s cho pht trin nhanh chng cc kiu thch ng, bn cnh nhanh
chng o thi cc kiu khng thch ng. Tuy nhin, qun th t th s bnh
chng ln ca mt cu trc ng nht nn c nguy c km mm do trc cc
binng ln, t xut ca iu kin ngoi cnh.
b. Gi tr d hp t tn d:
- Cc yu t gy nn s xut hin cc kiu d hp t qun th:
+ t bin t nhin
+ Giao phn cho ngu nhin khc nhau cc loi
+ Lng d hp t vn c ca n
c. a dng cc kiu ng hp t:
- l s ng cnh nhau ca cc dng ng hp t (cc dng thun).
d. Din t m hnh cu trc qun th loi t th phn:
(Hnh 13.2 tr331)
4. Qun th sinh sn v phi:
- Sinh sn v phi bao hm nhng phi c ngun gc: khng bo t (aposporie),
mu sinh (parthennogenese), khng giao t (apogamie).
- Sinh sn v phi ch chim t l nh, xen k vi sinh sn hu tnh. Tn s hnh
thnh phi v phi ph thuc vo kiu gen.
- Cu trc qun th v phi:
T th
AA Aa aa
AA AA 2Aa aa aa
....
Tng ng hp t, gim d
hp t
V phi
AA - phi 2n - cho AA
- phi 1n - cho AA (cy n bi lng bi
ho)
aa - phi 2n - cho aa
- phi 1n - cho aa (cy n bi lng bi
ho)
Aa - phi 2n - cho Aa
- phi 1n - cho AA v aa (cy n bi lng
bi ho)
- Nh vy cy t th lm tng ng hp t + v phi cng lm tng ng hp t, d
hp t ch c hnh thnh khi phi 2n l Aa. ng hp t tng hn nhiu so vi
giao phn cho.
- V phi xy ra vi tn s ln nhng loi chng t kh nng thch ng cao vi mi
trng, tn dng mi kiu sinh sn bnh chng .
- Nu v phi chim u th hn ch giao phn cho th qun th tng s ng
nht, hn ch tnh cht ng thi trong tin ho ca qun th.
Chng 2. Di truyn tnh trng s lng - cn phi v u th lai
I. Khi nim v nhng c im v nghin cu di truyn tnh trng s l-
ng.
1. Khi nin tnh trng s lng, nhng tip cn thng k
a. Khi nim tnh trng s lng:
L tnh trng khng biu hin phn bit nhau mt cch r nt, cc trng thi ca
n to hnh dy bin d lin tc, c xc nh thng qua cc php nh lng nh
cn, o, m...
b. Tip cn thng k trong nghin cu di truyn tnh trng s lng
V d: tnh trng c o m nhiu c th to thnh dy s liu x
i
: x
1
, x
2
,
x
3
, ...x
n
(dy s liu ny c thu t s liu ca tng c th hoc gi tr trung bnh ca
mt nhm c th).
- Gi tr trung bnh
n
xi
X

- Phng sai:

( )
1
2
2

n
x xi

- lch chun:
=

1
) (
2
n
x xi
- H s bin ng
100 %
x
CV

2. Tip cn di truyn khi nim v cc hiu ng: cng, tri, tng tc
- Tnh trng s lng l tnh trng c nhiu kiu gen, nhiu kiu tng tc kim sot
ln ca tnh trng.
- Hiu ng di truyn l tng tc cc gen dn n hiu qu th hin tnh trng.
a. Hiu ng cng (D)
L thng s din t hot ng tng tc ca cc gen l c lp nhau khi chng
cng li th biu hin ln tnh trng tng.
b. Hiu ng tri (hiu ng d hp t) (H)
Lin quan n trng thi d hp t ca gen, gp phn y mnh biu hin tnh
trng (xut hin t tng tc cng locus).
c. Hiu ng tng tc gia cc hiu ng (I)
DxD; HxH, DxH
Hiu ng ny xut hin khi xy ra mi tng tc gia cc gen khc locus hay biu
hin kiu hnh ca tnh trng s lng lin quan ti tc ng ca cc gen ph thuc
vo nhau.
-> gi tr kiugen ca tnh trng s lng = D +H +I
3. c lng s lng gen kim tra tnh trng s lng
Trong phn tch di truyn i vi cc tnh trng s lng ta thng a vo t hp lai
cc b m khc nhau r nt v mc biu hin tnh trng ( thi cc ln v thi
cc nh). F
1
c th t c nhng gi tr khc nhau so vi cc gi tr ca b m.
a. Trng hp F
1
tnh trng th hin hiu qu trung gian
) ( 8
2 1
2
F F
V V
D
n

b. Trng hp F
1
tnh trng th hin hiu ng tri:
) ( 16
4 4 3
1 2
2
1 1
2
F F
V V
D DD D
n

c. F
1
x P c tnh trng th hin xa nht so vi F
1
:
) ( 16
3
1 1
2
1
F BCP
V V
D
n

n- s lng gen kim tra tnh trng s lng

D = X
P2
- X
P1
D
1
= X
F1
X
P1
V
F1
, V
F2
, V
BCP1
phng sai ca F
1
, F
2
v ca F
1
x P c tnh trng biu hin xa nht
so vi F
1
.
- iu kin ca cng thc:
+ Cc b m tham gia vo cc t hp lai l cc dng thun
+ Mc tc ng ca cc gen l nh nhau trong s kim tra ln ca tnh trng s
lng.
+ Hai b m tham gia vo t hp lai c s th hin tng phn v tnh trng
nghin cu.
+ Cc gen phn ly c lp
+ i phn ly sc sng cu cc kiu gen l nh nhau.
II. Phng sai kiu hnh, kiu gen v h s di truyn
1. Cc thnh phn phng sai kiu hnh, kiu gen
- Phng sai kiu hnh (
2
P
hay V
P
): n c trng cho kh nng bin ng ca
tnh trng trong qun th.
- Gm phng sai kiu gen (
2
g
hay V
g
) v phng sai mi trng (
2
e
hay V
e
)

2
P
=
2
g
+
2
e
hay V
P
= V
g
+ V
e
- Tnh trng s lng v c bn do hiu ng cng ca cc gen quy nh. Tuy
nhin bn cnh hiu ng cng gi tr kiu gen cu tnh trng s lng cn c hiu
ng tri, hiu ng tng tc gia cc gen khng cng alen.

2
G
=
2
D
+
2
H
+
2
I
2. Phn tch thnh phn phng sai mi trng, nh gi cc thnh phn
phng sai kiu gen
a. Phn tch thnh phn phng sai mi trng
- Phn tch phng sai

2
G
=
n
SS MS KG MS ) ( ) (

2
e
= MS (sai s)

2
P
=
2
g
+
2
e
- Php lai: th nghim c trng c b m P
1
, P
2
v cc con lai F
1
, F
2
. P
1
, P
2
, F
1
cc c th c kiu gen ging nhau, do khi nghin cu tnh trng nhng sai
khc ca chng l do mi trng:
V
e
= ) (
3
1
1 2 1 F P P
V V V + + (1)
F
2
c cc kiu gen khc nhau, nn phng sai kiu hnh gm di truyn v mi tr-
ng:
V
F2
=V
g
+ V
e
(2)
Thay (1) vo (2) Tao c:
V
g
= V
F2
- ) (
3
1
1 2 1 F P P
V V V + +
b. nh gi cc thnh phn phng sai kiu gen:
- Cc b m P
1
, P
2
, cc con lai F
1
, F
2
v cc lai ngc F
1
x P
1
-> B
1
, F
1
x P
2
-> B
2
- T cc kt qu o m c lng V
P1
, V
P2
, V
F1
,V
F2
, V
B1
, V
B2
- Thnh phn phng sai mi trng: V
e
= ) (
3
1
1 2 1 F P P
V V V + +
- Cc thnh phn hiu ng cng (D), tri (H):
E H D V
F
+ +
4
1
2
1
2
E H D V
F
2
2
1
2
2
+ + (1)
E H D V V
B B
2
2
1
2
1
2 1
+ + + (2)
- T (1) v (2) rt ra:
D V V V
B B F
2
1
) ( 2
2 1 2
+
- Bit D v E tnh ra H:
E D V H
F

2
1
4
1
2
3. H s di truyn: khi nim, c lng, ngha
a. Khi nim:
H s di truyn (kh nng di truyn) din t phn ng gp do sai khc v di
truyn trong bin d kiu hnh chung ca tnh trng qun th.
e g
g
p
g
H
2 2
2
2
2
2

+

b. c lng:
- H s di truyn bin i t 0->1. nh gi h s di truyn ta cn tch
thnh phn phng sai mi trng ra khi phng sai kiu hnh xc nh ph-
ng sai kiu gen, bng cc phng php:
- Da vo phn tch phng sai tnh ra V
g
v V
e

- Da vo kt qu cc phng sai V
P1
, V
P2
, V
F1
,V
F2
thu c th nghim b tr cc
b m v cc con lai F
1
, F
2
.
- Bn cnh c th s dng h thng tng quan (b) gia b m v i con theo
tnh trng nghin cu:
H
2
=2b
(H s di truyn theo ngha rng- thng c s dng trong chn lc qun th
cy t th phn).
- H s di truyn c nh gi trn c s ng gp ca phn phng sai di truyn
theo hiu ng cng ca cc gen trong ton b bin d chung ca kiu hnh
qun th gi l h s di truyn theo ngha hp (h
2
).
p
d
h
2
2
2

2
d
phng sai hiu ng cng ca cc gen
T
E H D V
F
+ +
4
1
2
1
2
->
2
2 2
1
F
V
D
h
M ) ( 2
2
1
2 1 2 B B F
V V V D +
- H s di truyn cao (t 0,8 tr ln) tnh trng c hiu qu chn lc cao. H s di
truyn thp (<0,4)- chn lc tnh trng km hiu qu.
- H s di truyn (v cc thnh phn phng sai) l cc thng s mang tnh cht
qun th. S nh ga chng tnh trng s lng no ph thuc vo qun th
c th, ngi ta nghin cu ly s o. Khi qun th nghin cu cc iu
kin mi trng, canh tc khc nhau th kt qu nh gi h s di truyn cng
khc nhau.
c. ngha:
- H s di truyn l mt cng c gip cho qu trnh chn lc. N cho php d
on kt qu chn lc tnh trng s lng i con:
SE= h
2
SD
SE =h
2
SD
SD=X
i
- X
P
(vi sai chn lc)
SE= X
F1
X
P
(hiu qu ca chn lc)
X
F1
=X
P
+SE = X
P
+h2.SD
4. Tng quan kiu hnh v tng quan kiu gen
III. Cn phi
1. Khi nim cn phi, h s cn thn
a. Khi nim:
Cn phi l s giao phi gia cc c th gn nhau v mt di truyn.
b. H s cn thn (F):
Ch kh nng xut hin cc th ng hp t, hay xc sut cc alen gp g
tr li.
) 1 (
2
1
1
1
A
nd ns
i
x
F F +

,
_

+ +

Nu h s cn thn t tin = 0:
1
1
2
1
+ +

,
_

nd ns
i
x
F
Trong ns: S i t b ti trc t tin
nd: s i t m ti trc t tin
i: l s t tin
F
A
:
h s cn thn ca t tin
2. Mt s kiu cn phi cn phi h thng:
a. Mt s kiu cn phi
+ B con, m con:
4
1
2
1
1 0 1

,
_

+ +
X
F
+Anh ch em rut (full sibs):
4
1
2
1
2
1
1 1 1 1 1 1

,
_

+
,
_

+ + + +
X
F
+Na anh em (half sibs)
8
1
2
1
1 1 1

,
_

+ +
X
F
+C chu, ch chu:
8
1
2
1
2
1 1 2

1
1
]
1

,
_

+ +
X
F
+Anh ch em con c con cu.
16
1
2
1
2
1 2 2

1
1
]
1

,
_

+ +
X
F
+Con c con cu kp:
8
1
2
1
4
1
1 2 2

1
1
]
1

,
_

+ +
X
F
b. Cn phi h thng
- L trng hp cn phi xy ra nhiu i lin tc, khi y h s cn thn s lin
tc bin i.
- T phi:
) 1 (
2
1
1
+
t t
F F
- B m x i con (lai tr li lin tc):
) 2 1 (
4
1
2 1
+ +
t t t
F F F
- Full sibs x full sibs:
) 2 1 (
4
1
2 1
+ +
t t t
F F F
- Half sibs x half sibs:
) 6 1 (
8
1
2 1
+ +
t t t
F F F
Trong t l s th h.
-> Cn phi lin tc qua cc th h dn ti s tng lin tc lng ng hp t. Tc
tng nhanh hay chm ph thuc vo mc gn trong cn phi: t phi tng rt
nhanh, full sibs tng chm hn, chm hn c l hafl sibs.
- Cn phi lin tc c ngha ln trong chn ging nhm to cc cu trc ng hp
t.
3. Ch s nguy him do cn phi
T s gia tn s xut hin cc kiu ln c hi do cn phi trn tn s ny trng
hp giao phi ngu nhin gi l ch s nguy him do cn phi.
2
2
q
pqF q +
4. Suy thoi do cn phi, gnh nng di truyn ca qun th
a. Suy thoi do cn phi:
- L hin tng cc dng cn phi xy ra s suy gim mc th hin ca mt lot
tnh trng, suy yu sc sng v tnh thch ng ca c th.
- Nguyn nhn di truyn ca s suy thoi cn phi:
+ cn phi cc gen ln c hi c tng c hi tr thnh ng hp t, gy suy
gim sc sng v kh nng thch ng ca c th.
+ Suy thoi cn phi l h qu ca s chuyn dch gi tr trung bnh qun th
v pha cc alen ln.
- Cng thc c lng mc gim gi tr trung bnh qun th khi xy ra cn phi:
M
F
M
P
=-2dpqF
M
F
, M
P
gi tr trung bnh qun th khi xy ra cn phi v trng hp bnh thng
P tn s trung bnh cc alen tri
q- tn s trung bnh cc alen ln
F- h s cn thn
d- gi tr th hin ca cc d hp t
- Thng s suy thoi th h u din ra mnh, cng v sau th cng chm hn
-> Nhiu dng t phi c th duy tr lu di.
b. Gnh nng di truyn ca qun th
- S tn ti, tch lu ngy cng nhiu cc t bin ln c hi mt qun th no
li xem nh mt gnh nng di truyn m qun th phi chu ng.
- Gnh nng di truyn do:
+ t bin
+ Khng c chn lc (hiu qu chn lc thp)
+ T phi
- Gim gnh nng di truyn:
+ Gim yu t gy t bin
+ Tng hiu qun chn lc
+ Gim cn phi, tng kh nng giao phi ngu nhin
IV. u th lai
1. Khi nim v ngha
a. Khi nim
u th lai l hin tng khi con lai F
1
th hin vt tri hn b m v nhng c
im ring bit.
+ u th lai thc (Heterobeltiosis): F
1
vt hn dng b m tt nht theo tnh trng
nghin cu (v c chiu dng v chiu m).
100 %
1

b
b
P
P F
Hb
+u th lai trung bnh (Heterosis): F
1
vt hn gi tr trung bnh ca cc b m.
100
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
%
2 1
2 1 1

+
+

P P
P P F
Hb
+ u th lai chun (Standard Heterosis): F
1
vt hn gi tr ca mt ging
chun(ging i chng) no em so snh.
100 %
1

S
S F
Hs
b. ngha
- i vi sinh vt: tng kh nng thch ng,
- Trong chn ging: to u th lai, tng th hin tnh trng v phi hp c nhiu
tnh trng gi tr vo mt kiu gen -> to ging u th lai l con ng ngn nht
v c hiu qu cao trong vic tp hp nhiu tnh trng qu vo mt ging.
- Phi c cng ngh sn xut ging tt -> u th lai ln -> gi thnh r -> sn xut
nhiu -> tng nng sut.
- Trong qun l v thng mi ht ging:
+ Quy nh tiu chun ht ging
+ Qun l ht ging
2. C s di truyn ca u th lai
a. Gi thit lin quan ti tng tc cng locus hiu qu tri, siu tri
AabbCCdd x aaBBccDD -> F
1
: AaBbCcDd
F
1
tch lu c nhiu gen tri hn so vi b m, c u th hn so vi b m
- Th hin:
+ Gen ln b lp trng: hiu ng tri
AA =Aa (gen ln a c lp trng bi A- th hin tt hn aa)
+ Tng d hp t -> ngoi hiu ng tri cn hiu qu siu tri
- L thuyt siu tri:
+ Theo gi thit liu lng
AA< Aa > aa
AA d tha, aa thiu ht, Aa- cho mc liu lng ti u-> con lai F1 (Aa) c u th
hn dng b m (AA, aa).
+ Theo gi thuyt to sn phm
A- cho sn phm 1
a- cho sn phm 2
Aa- lai : sn phm 1 + sn phm 2 c hiu qu tc ng mnh hn hai sn phm
ban u trong vic hnh thnh t bo. D hp t cng nhiu th cng lm tng
cng tnh trng s lng biu hin -> phn ly F
2
cng ln.
b. Gi thit lin quan ti cc tng tc khc locus
- Hiu qu tng tc b sung gia cc gen:
Aabb x aaBB > AaBb
+ Khc phc c c ch ln
Trong tng tc khc locus, hot ng ca cc gen ny c th b ph thuc vo
gen kia. Trng hp mt gen trng thi ln c th gy c ch biu hin kiu
hnh ca cc gen khc. Gen ln ny tn ti b m, xong F
1
n c lp trng
bi gen tri, do hiu qu c ch khng xy ra, kt qu l th hin ca tnh
trng F
1
c u th hn so vi b m.
+ Do phi hp nhiu gen
Biu hin kiu hnh ca tnh trng c th do hiu qu tc ng ca gen chnh
phi hp vi tc ng ca mt lot gen ph -> F
1
c th thu c cc t hp i mi
gia cc gen chnh vi cc gen ph c hiu qu cao hn trong s th hin kiu
hnh ca tnh trng so vi b m.
c. Cn bng di truyn bn trong v cn bng di truyn quan h:
- Cn bng bn trong lin quan ti mt trt t cc gen no sp xp dc theo
nhim sc th, c th dn ti mt trt t sp xp cc gen c mc cn bng tt
-> cn bng bn trong tt.
- mi locus cc alen khc nhau ca hai nhin sc th tng ng c th thit
lp nn mc cn bng tt v quan h gia cc alen > cn bng quan h tt.
(Hnh 6.3- tr 176)
d. Gi thit lin quan ti tng tc nhn - bo cht
- Trong qu trnh t th: khng c s i mi gia nhn bo cht
- Lai: quan h nhn bo cht thay i
3. Vn d on v duy tr u th lai
a. D on u th lai
- Phng php lai nh
- Phng php lai lun giao
* nh gi kh nng kt hp chung bng s lai nh:
- Kh nng kt hp c biu hin bng gi tr trung bnh ca u th lai, quan st
tt c cp lai, v lch so vi gi tr trung bnh ca mt cp lai c th no
. Gi tr trung bnh biu th kh nng kt hp chung (Genenal Combining
Abilyty GCA) cn lch biu th kh nng kt hp ring (Specific Combining
Ability SCA).
- Sprague cho rng nh dng v kh nng kt hp thc cht l xc nh tc
ng ca gen. Kh nng kt hp chung c xc nh bi yu t di truyn cng,
cn kh nng kt hp ring bi yu t c ch, tnh tri, siu tri v iu kin
mi trng.
-> chn ging trn c s u th lai l chn lc kh nng kt hp cao.
- KNKH chung kh nng ca mt dng t phi to ra th h con c nng sut
cao, c o bng nng sut trung bnh ca mt dng t phi con lai vi nhiu
b m/ dng khc.
- KNKH ring kh nng ca mt dng t phi to ra mt con lai s th c nng
sut cao vi mt dng khc. KNKH ring c o bng lch nng sut c d
on thng qua KNKH chung.
- Lai nh (Top cross):
+ Lai nh ton phn:
Lai nh l phng php lai th ch yu xc nh kh nng kt hp chung
(Devis xut nm 1927, Jenkins v Bruce pht trin nm 1932).Cc dng hoc
ging cn xc
nh kh
nng kt hp
c lai vi
cng 1 dng
chung gi l
cy th
(tester).
Phng php
ny c
ngha giai on u ca qu trnh chn lc, khi khi lng dng cn qu ln
khng th nh gi bng lun giao. Yu t thnh cng ca lai nh l chn
ng cy th. Thng dng 2 hoc nhiu cy th tng s chnh xc. Cy th
c th c nn di truyn rng (ging, ging tng hp, ging lai kp..) hoc hp
(dng thun, lai n...).
+ Lai nh tng phn:
Lai nh tng phn l mi dng m khng lai vi tt c m ch lai vi mt s cy
th, nh vy c th tng cy th ln m khng tng s t hp lai.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Xi.
A 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
A
7
B 1B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B
B
7
X.j
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
Xij
* Lun giao (dialen cross):
- Lun giao ton phn
Lun giao l phng php th KNKH do Sprague v Tatum xut.
Lun giao ton phn l h thng lai th m cc dng hoc ging c lai vi nhau
theo tt c cc t hp c th.
1 2 3 4 5 ..... n
1 1 x1 1x2 1x3 1x4 1x5 ...... 1xn
2 2 x1 2x2 2x3 2x4 2x5 ..... 2xn
3 3x1 3x2 3x3 3x4 3x5 ..... 3xn
4 4x1 4x2 4x3 4x4 4x5 ..... 4xn
5 5x1 5x2 5x3 5x4 5x5 ...... 5xn
.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... ......
n nx1 nx2 nx3 n x4 nx5 ...... nxn
X A.
X B.
X .7
X .1 X .3 X .2 X .4 X .5
X .6
C th chia lm 3 nhm:
n dng b m
2
) 1 ( n n
cp lai thun
2
) 1 ( n n
cp lai nghch
Griffing a ra 4 s lai lun giao:
- Cc cp lai thun v nghch + cc dng b m, s t hp l n
2
-
Cc cp lai thun v b m
2
) 1 ( + n n
- Cc cp lai thun v nghch n(n-1)
- Ch c cc cp lai thun
2
) 1 ( n n
- Lun giao tng phn
L h thng nghin cu KNKH m cc vt liu khng tham gia vo tt c cc t
hp lai c th.
Lun giao tng phn J.Fyffe v N. Gilbert (1963)
Lun giao tng phn vi tc ng m ca Rojas (1973)
b. Duy tr u th lai
- Nhn v tnh: cc i nhn kiu gen F
1
vn c gi nguyn -> u th lai c
duy tr qua cc i nhn.
V d: tch cc nhnh, mm, chi, gim cnh...nhn ging invtro
- Nhn qua h thng khng phn ly, thng qua phi v phi aposporie (sinh sn
khng bo t).
Chng 3 . Lai xa, phn tch genom v phn tch lch bi
I. Cc c ch cch ly sinh sn gia cc loi v khc phc s ngn cn
trong lai xa
1. Cc c ch cch ly sinh sn
S cch ly sinh sn l mt tiu chun quan trng nht phn bit cc loi khc
nhau.
2. Nhng ngn cn trc th tinh v gi php khc phc
a. Nhng ngn cn trc th tinh
Tnh khng ph hp gia giao t c v ci ca cc loi b m gy ra nhiu tr
ngi trc th tinh:
+ Ht phn khng ny mm trn vi nhu ca cy m
+ ng phn pht trin rt chm, hn ch kh nng a tinh trng vo ti phi
th tinh.
+ Tnh khng ph hp di truyn gia giao t c v giao t ci, th tinh khng xy
ra.
b. Gii php khc phc
- Ct ngn hoc kh b vi nhu ci, u nhu ci c gn vi khi aga + ng
+ genlatin, ri th phn.
- Th phn sm hoc mun trnh phn ng bt hp
- Ghp cy m ln cy b - lm gn sinh hc
- X l nhu ci bng cc ch phm tng qu trnh th phn
- Trn ht phn: ht phn cy b + ht phn cy m (lm mt sc sng) - ht
phn b c c hi ny mm.
- T bi ho mt trong hai b m
- Th phn vo iu kin thun li
- Lai vi loi trung gian
- Chiu th phn
3. Nhng ngn cn sau th tinh v gii php khc phc
a. Nhng ngn cn sau th tinh
- nh tr s pht trin ca hp t
- Tiu phi
- Phi b ngng pht trin giai on no m cha t ti giai on phi trng
thnh.
- Ni nh pht trin khng hon chnh xut hin cc khng bo t bo cht,
bo cht ngo c quan t...
- Cy lai c sc sng yu, bt dc
b. Gii php khc phc
- Nui cy phi non mi trng nhn to (cu phi)
- Dung hp t bo trn
- a bi ho - hu dc (cy song lng bi)
- T hp lai hp l
II. c im ca con lai xa, di truyn tnh trng v bin d trong lai xa
1. Nhng c im ca con lai xa
Pht trin khng bnh thng, bt dc, cy d dng, gim phn c nhng bt th-
ng. Kt qu ca gim phn thu c rt nhiu bin lon. Ch c xc sut rt nh
F
1
gim phn bnh thng thu c cy lai.
2. c im di truyn tnh trng
- C s kt cp nhng tn s trao i cho rt thp so vi lai trong loi gim
hnh thnh ti t hp.
- T l phn ly F
2
hoc trong lai phn tch khc bit so vi lai trong loi
V:
+ T l cc giao t hnh thnh khc nhau
+ Kh nng th phn, th tinh ca cc giao t khc nhau
+ Sc sng v pht trin phi khc nhau
- T l phn ly khc nhau cc tnh trng v cc php lai
3. Nhng bin d bt thng xut hin trong lai xa
- Xut hin nhng bin d mi m khng c b m. Nhng tnh trng xut hin
mi trong lai xa m khng th d on trc c trn c s nghin cu loi b m
gi l nhng bin d bt thng. Cc nghin cc cho thy i a s cc tnh trng
thuc nhng bin d ny thng th hin ln.
- Ngoi ra cn c nhng bin d xut hin do tng tc gia nhn v t bo cht
xut hin dng bt dc c t bo cht.
III. Phn tch genom (mc t bo)
1. nh gi mc tng ng genom ca cc loi (ln cn)
- Genom l ton b vt liu di truyn tn ti trong b NST ca loi.
- nh gi mc tng ng genom phi tin hnh lai xa: gi s trng hp lai
c phi con lai xa . Nghin cu gim phn F
1
thng qua nghin cu kh nng
kt cp th hin hai mt:
+ S lng NST kt cp: kh nng kt cp cng ln quan h cng gn
+ c im kt cp bnh thng, km hoc khng kt cp
V d:
Loi 1 x Loi 2
2n= AA =24 2n =? =24
F1 n + n = A + ? =12+ 12 =24
Nghin cu gim phn
Gi s c cc kh nng sau:
(1) n+n = 24 c 12 cp bnh thng (//) loi 2 c b genom hon ton tng
ng vi loi 1 Loi 2 c 2n = AA = 24
(2) n+n = 24 c 9 kt cp i tt, 1 kt cp km, 2 cp khng kt cp
-> genom loi 2 khng tng ng vi loi 1 (mc tngng km) loi 2 c
2n = A

= 24
(3) n+n= 24 c 5 i tip hp tt, 2 kt cp km, nhng trng hp khc b ri
lon hoc ng n loi 2 rt khc bit loi 1 loi 2 c 2n = BB = 24
3 trng hp trn thu c con lai c hu dc gim dn, kh nng lai gim dn.
2. Mt s v d v phn tch genom
V d chi Triticum (la m): x=7
T. monococum: 2n=2x=14
T. durum: 2n=4x= 28
T. dicocum: 2n=4x=28
T. timopheevi :2n=4x=28
T.aestuvum: 2n=6x=48
T. zhukovskyi :2n=6x=48
................
a. S hnh thnh T.durum?
T. durum x T. monococum
2n=28 (AABB) 2n=14(AA)
F
1
: n+n =14+7=21
2n=21[7( )+ 7( )]
Gim phn 7( )+ 7( )
AA +B
T.durum 14(AA) +14(BB) -> AABB =28
b. T.durum x T.aestivum
2n=28 2n=42
AABB AABBDD
F
1
: n(AB) +n(....)=35
Gim phn: 14( ) +7 ( )
AABB +D
F
1
: 2n=35 (28AABB +7D) =28+a, b, c, d, e, f,g
Qun th cy t 28 -> 42 NST
28+a, 28+aa
28+a,b; 28+aa,bb
28+a, b, c ;28+aa,bb, cc
.......
28+a, b, c ,d ,e ,f ,g; 28+aa, bb, cc, dd, ee,ff,gg
c.T. timopheevi x T. monococum
2n=28(A

- -) 2n=14 (AA)
F
1
: 2n=21[n(A) +n(- -)]=7+14=21
Gim phn: 6( ) +(7+1) ( )
AA

G
2x=14(BB)
Aegilops speltoides
2x=14DD
aegilops squaraosa
T th ca con lai gia 48
x28
T th
Nhn i
T. zhukovskyi
(AAA

GG) =6n
d. T.timopheevi x T. zhukovskyi
2n=28(A

GG) 2n=42 (A

G--)
F
1
:2n=35 [14( ) +7( )]
A

GG A
e.T.durum x T. timopheevi
2n=28 2n=28
AABB
Rt kh c F
1
- Xem thm la nc v bng.
IV. Phn tch cc th lch bi, cc ng dng
1. Nhng nguyn nhn hnh thnh cc th lch bi
a. Khi nim lch bi v cc dng lch bi
Lch bi l trng hp b NST c s thay i s lng theo tng cp NST. Tu vo
dng thay i m c cc tn gi khc nhau. Ngoi lch bi n cn c cc lch
bi kp l trng hp hai i NST no u c thay i s lng.
Dng Cng thc
Th mt 2n-1
Th ba 2n+1
Th khng 2n-2
Th bn 2n+2
Th mt kp 2n-1-1
Th ba kp 2n+1+2
b. Nguyn nhn hnh thnh cc th lch bi
- Do gim phn khng bnh thng
+ Trong phn bo nguyn nhim hay gim nhim mt hay vi NST b ri khng
chy v hai cc ca t bo.
+ phn bo gim nhim khi hai NST tng ng tip hp vi nhau m khng
phn chia, c hai dnv mt t bo t hnh thnh nn cc giao t tha v
giao t thiu theo mt NST no - cc dng giao t tha, thiu, bnh thng phi
hp vi nhau to nn cc lch bi khc nhau.
- Do lai xa
2. Phn tch th khng
- Cc th khng c sc sng km, mc bt dc cao, kh duy tr.
- Th khng thng xut hin khi cho dng th mt t th
- S dng th khng xc nh nhm ln kt ca gen nghin cu.
+ Trng hp gen nghin cu l t bin ln
(Hnh 9.14 a tr242)
Lai ng:
Dng bnh thng (2n) mang gen t bin lm b x vi cc th khng
F
1
c kiu hnh ln -> gen nghin cu thuc nhm lin kt ca th khng em
lai
Lai khng ng:
F
1
cho kiu hnh tri
+ Trng hp gen nghin cu l t bin tri
Lai ng:
Dng bnh thng (2n) mang gen t bin x vi cc th khng
F
1
th hin tri
F
2
cho t l phn ly khc bnh thng
Lai khng ng:
F
2
cho t l phn ly bnh thng
(Hnh 9.14b- tr242)
3. Phn tch th mt
- Trng hp gen nghin cu th hin ln:
Lai ng:
Dng bnh thng mang gen nghin cu x cc th mt
F
1
th hin kiu hnh ln
(Hnh 9.15a- tr243)
- Trng hp gen nghin cu th hin tri
Lai ng:
Dng bnh thng mang gen nghin cu x cc th mt
F
1
u th hin tri
F
2
phn ly khc bnh thng
(Hnh 9.15b tr243)
4. Phn tch th ba
- c im di truyn t bo
+ Tu vo kh nng tip hp ca cc NST m s hnh thnh nn mt tr ba hoc
theo lng tr vi mt n tr.
+ S phn ly NST c th xy ra cc trng hp sau: Hai NST gn nhau i v 1 cc,
NST th 3 i v cc cn li ca t bo hoc hai NST u ln lt i v hai cc
ca t bo, NST th 3 nm li vng xch o ca t bo.
- Gi s s phn ly ca cc gen gn lin vi s phn ly ca cc NST tng ng,
c hai trng hp u thu c cc dng giao t vi t l bng nhau.
Kiu gen Cc dng giao t v t
l ca chng
AAA 1AA : 1A
Aaa 1aa: 1a
AAa 1AA: 2Aa: 2A: 1a
Aaa 1aa: 2Aa: 2a:1A
V ht phn mang NST tha (n+1) kh cnh tranh vi nhng ht phn bnh thng
cho nn v c bn ht phn ch cung cp cho hu th nhng giao t mang 1
alen.
- Trng hp gen nghin cu l t bin ln
Lai ng cho phn ly khc bnh thng
- Trng hp gen nghin cu l t bin tri
V. Lai xa v chuyn gen t loi ln cn ti loi trng
1. Thay th NST
- Dng th khng
(Hnh 9.18 tr246)
- Dng th mt
a
2
a
3
RR( ) x DD( )
a
3
a
3
a
3
RD( ) ; RD( )
a
2

a
3
a
3
a
2
RD( ) x RR( ) RD( ) x RR( )
C th p dng nhng kh phn bit 2
th mt c ( ) v ( ).
2. B sung NST
Lai la m trng (2n- 6x=42) x mch en 92n=2x =14)
F
1
3x+1x=21+7 =28
Lng bi ho F
1
dng song lng bi hu dc (6x+2x =42=14=56)
F
1
lng bi ho x la m trng
6x+2x = 42+14 6x=42
6x+x =42+7 =49 (trong c 7 NST ca loi ln cn)
Gi s k hiu ca 7 NST l a, b ,c ,d,e ,f,g
Cho dng 49 NST t th hoc lai tr li vi la m trng mt s i
Thng qua phn tch t bo ta thu cthr mt v th hai khc nhau
42+a 42+aa
42+b 42+bb
42+c 42+cc
...... ......
42+g 42+gg
Cng c th thu c th mt kp v th hai kp
3. Chuyn on NST
- Mt s kiu chuyn on:
+ Mt on NST l (ca loi ln cn) c chuyn xen vo NST ca loi trng
+ Kiu chuyn on thun nghch: mt on NST ca loi trng v mt on
NST l chuyn trao i cho nhau.
-Mt s phng php x l phng x cc dng thm NST l
+ X l phng x dng th mt giai on ngay trc gim nhim. Sau thu ht
phn th cho cy m bnh thng. i con tin hnh nghin cu, phn tch t
bo xc nh on NST chuyn.
+ X l phng x ht phn ca dng th lai. Sau th phn cho cy m bnh
thng. Hu th nghin cu pht hin nhng dng mang gen cn chuyn.
+ X l ht ca dng th lai: T cc cy x l phng x ta thu ht thng qua t th
phn nghin cu nhng c th hu th, pht hin dng mang gen cn
chuyn.
Chng 4. Di truyn t bo xoma v k thut di truyn thc vt
I. Cc khi nim v c im tip cn nghin cu di truyn t bo xoma
thc vt
1. Khi nim t bin xoma v bin d dng t bo xoma
- t bin t bo xoma tn ti hai trng thi: tim n v th hin tnh trng
- Dng t bo xoma l khi t bo xoma a vo mi trng nui cy tch dng.
Nhng t bo bin i c th phn chia to nn mt khi t bo -> cy. Cy
c th c nhng bin i khc so vi i chng > bin d dng t bo xoma.
- Dng t bo xoma sn c tch dng- cy bin i
Trong qu trnh nui cy bin i cy ti sinh bin
i
2. Phn lp cc t bin xoma
- Phn lp cc t bin chi
- Cc bin i xut hin khi x l phng x
- Phn lp bng nhn v tnh
3. c im ca phng php nui cy in vitro
Mi t bo sng tch ra t c th, khi iu kin thch hp u c kh nng
phn chia v pht trin thnh c th hon chnh (tnh ton nng ca t bo).
Qu trnh nui cy invitro thc vt gm 3 cng on:
+ To cc vt liu nui cy : cc t chc m nui khc nhau c v trng, cc t
bo n, t bo trn...
+ Qu trnh nui cy: s dng cc mi trng nui cy khc nhau, iu kin nhit
, nh sng, quang chu k... thu cc khi t bo, cc phi xoma, chi bt
nh, cy non...
+ Cc chi c tch ra, nui dng, a ra bu t thu cy trng thnh.
II. Bin d dng t bo xoma
1. Nguyn nhn v cc yu t nh hng ti s xut hin cc bin d dng
t bo xoma
a. Nguyn nhn
- Tnh khng ng nht v di truyn ca cc t bo xoma vt liu ban u a
vo nui cy
- Cc yu t ca qu trnh nui cy c th trc tip gy ra cc bin d di truyn
v cc tn bin.
b. Cc yu t nh hng ti s xut hin cc bin d dng xoma
- Mc th hin cc bin d dng t bo ph thuc vo kiu gen, vo ngun
gc m nui dng to calus hay dng tch t bo trn.
V d: La m (2n = 6x = 42) tn s cy ti sinh l cc dng a bi lch c th
t ti 27%
ng tn s cy ti sinh thuc dng a bi lch c t l thp
Khoai ty, trng hp m nui l t bo tht l cho tn s bin d dng t bo
thp hp trng hp m nui l cch hoa hay cung hoa.
- iu kin nui cy v ti sinh cy c nh hng rt ln ti bin d dng t bo.
Cc dng phytohoocmon khc nhau c th gy nn nhng bin i khc nhau
qun th t bo nui. Ngoi ra cc thnh phn khc trong mi trng nui cy nh
mui khong, vitamin, ng... v ch nui cy cng nh hng ti b my di
truyn ca t bo nui.
2. Cc bin d dng t bo xoma khi nui cy t bo trn dung hp
- T bo trn: l t bo c phn hu v cng (thnh t bo thc vt) bng:
+ Phng php c hc
+ Phng php enzim
Khi thnh t bo c tch ra, t trn c phng thch ra mi trng c p sut
thm thu cao trnh nc xm nhp vo khng bo, gy v t bo. Tuy nhin
khng nn lu li qu lu s gy tn hi qu trnh trao i cht v cu trc
mng li sinh cht.
- Dung hp t bo trn
T bo trn loi A + t bo trn loi B b my di truyn nhn v t bo cht
2 t bo c dung hp li lai t bo xoma.
Trong thc nghim thng s dng 2 phng php dung hp t bo trn:
+ S dng ho cht polyethylenglycol (PEG). PEG c tc dng to lc ht cc t bo
trn
+ S dng xung in
Dung hp t bo trn c th xy ra rt nhiu trng hp khc nhau nh:
Nhn b o thi hon ton 1 b (lai t bo cht)
Dung hp b my di truyn cn xng (kh nng ny khng nhiu)
Bo cht b o thi ch cn ca 1 loi
Dung hp b my di truyn khng cn xng
......
T dn n:
+ a dng v b NST
+ a dng v t bo cht
+ a dng v cc t bin gen, t bin cu trc NST
3. Mt s c im trong ng dng phng php chn lc h thng
invitro
- cp t bo v khi t bo nui cy invitro
- Mi trng chn lc: mi trng nui cy bnh thng + tc nhn chn lc
- Nhng tnh trng th hin mc t bo mi c th xc nh c bng s sng
lc t bo nui cy.
- Qu trnh chn lc t bo invitro bao gm cc bc sau:
+ Nui cy t bo ca kiu gen c nhng nhc im nhng tnh trng no
cn ci tin.
+ Tc ng ln t bo nui cy bng tc nhn chn lc theo mc ch ra,
nhm c ch sinh trng ca mi t bo, ngoi t bo c kh nng khng.
+ Nhn v ti sinh cy t t bo sng st
+ Nghin cu qun th cy ti sinh: phn lp cc bin d dng, nghin cu bn
cht bin i di truyn ca chng. Chn lc nhng c th c tnh trng cn ci
tin v kim tra s n nh ca n qua cc th h sinh sant hu tnh. Trin
khai nh gi trn ng rung.
III. To dng ng hp t v a dng di truyn cc qun th chn lc
1. Cc phng php to cy n bi
- Thng ta s dng k thut t phi nhiu i thu dng ng hp t (dng
thun)
- To cy n bi (n) lng bi ho (2n) -ng hp t v tt c cc gen:
+ Phng php mu sinh
* Th tinh gi: c th tinh nhng giao t c bt hot (c tc dng kch thch t
bo trng pht trin thnh phi).
Tinh trng bt hot: X l ht phn, lai xa
* o thi b NST ca b sau khi hnh thnh hp t : lai xa
- Nui cy tiu bo t
+Giai on ti u ca ht phn a vo nui cy l giai on trc xy ra phn chia
nguyn nhim 1.
+ Tiu bo t (trc phn chia nguyn nhim) c cc tim nng pht trin sau:
(1) Bnh thng nguyn nhim 1 xy ra theo c ch nhn phn chia u, bo
cht phn chia khng u hnh thnh nn t bo pht trin v t bo pht sinh,
tip theo xy ra s phn chia nhn t bo pht sinh hnh thnh 2 tinh trng.
(2) Trong nui cy invitro, nguyn nhim 1 xy ra vi s phn chia ng u v
t bo cht, t pht trin thnh khi t bo dng phi hoc khi t bo callus.
-> Nh vy mi trng nui cy nhn to, s pht trin ca tiu bo t khc vi
bnh thng l s phn chia ng u ca t bo cht ca nguyn nhim 1, n
tr thnh r bo c tim nng pht trin phi, tc mang tnh ton nng nh t bo
soma bt k
+ Nui cy tiu bo t gm cc bc sau:
Xc nh giai on pht trin tiu bo t a vo nui cy
a vo mi trng to khi t bo dng phi, hoc khi t bo callus.
Ti sinh cy v nui dng
a ra bu t
C th nui cy tiu bo t: bao phn hoc nui cy tiu bo t phn lp
2. c im v kh nng ng dng ca cc cy n bi
a. c im:
- Cc bin d khng mong mun nh bch tng .. xut hin
- Sc sng gim hn so vi cy bnh thng do thiu ht v c quan t .
- Tc ng ca nui cy c th to nn mt s t bin nhn v cc bo quan
khc.
b. ng dng
- To cc t bin v chn lc mc n bi
- Chuyn np gen mc n bi
- To dng ng hp t : cc cy n bi lng bi ho - c ng dng nhiu trong
di truyn v chn ging cy trng.
3. Nui cy phi trong lai xa v to s a dng di truyn ca qun th
chn lc
Nui cy phi trn mi trng nhn to c p dng nhng trng hp sau:
+ Cc phi km pht trin, khng c sc sng thu c trong lai xa gia cc loi
+ Bo ton tnh a dng qun th phn ly
+ Ht khng ny mm iu kin thng thng, ht c thi gian ng ngh lu
+ Nui cy phi non trong cc thc nghim to cy ti sinh v tc ng chn lc
invitro
a. Nui cy phi trong lai xa
- Trong lai xa gia cc loi, cc chi nhiu bin c c th xy ra i vi qu trnh
pht trin phi v ni nh: xut hin cc khng bo trong bo cht, bo cht
ngho cc c quan t, mt cn i trong pht trin phi v ni nh, ni nh km
hon chnh...-> phi con lai xa km sc sng.
- Nui cy phi lai xa trong mi trng nhn to cc tc dng khc phc nhng
thiu ht m ni nh khng m nhn, hon thin pht trin phi thu
nhn cay lai xa.
b. Nui cy phi v mt s ng dng khc
- Khc phc hin tng ht t mt sc sng
- Khc phc hin tng ht ng ngh lu
- Trong nghin cu s da dng di tryun ca qun th
- ng dng nui cy phi trong cc thc nghim chn lc phi mi trng nui cy
c b sung tc nhn chn lc.
c. Nui cy phi non
Phi non c s dng nh mt trong cc dng m nui c a vo nui cy invitro
nhm to callus v thu cy ti sinh.
IV. Ch th phn t
1. Cc enzim gii hn v cc on ct ADN
a. Cc enzim gii hn v tnh cht ca chng
- Trong t bo vi khun c nhng enzim c bit, chng c kh nng nhn bit
cc ADN l ca phage thm nhp vo v phn hu chng lm hn ch s sinh sn
ca phage - l cc enzim hn ch.
- Cc enzim hn ch ch ct ADN l xm nhp vo t bo vi khun m khng ct
ADN cu mnh. V vi khun cn c enzim sa i, c tc sng b sung mt
nhm phn t vo gc baz ca ADN t bo ch, lm n khc vi ADN l, v th
n khng b ct bi enzim gii hn. Tc ng cp i ca hai h enzim ny gi l
hin tng gii hn sa i.
- C ch hot ng ca enzim gii hn: cc enzim ny nhn bit mt trt t
nucleotit c th trn phn t ADN v ct ADN ti v tr . S ct xy ra lin
kt photphodiester ging nh cc enzim endonuclease.
- Theo phng thc ct ADN cc enzim gii hn chia lm 2 nhm:
+ Nhm 1 bao gm cc enzim c kh nng nhn bit mt on trnh t c
hiu v cc nhn bit.
+ Nhm 2 bao gm cc enzim c c im l ct ADN ti im nhn bit c
hiu
- S ct ca enzim gii hn ADN xy ra theo 2 cch:
+ Ct theo hnh zigzag to u t lch (u dnh)
+ Ct thng to cc u t t
2. Phng php RELP
(Hnh 12.1 Tr 285)
- Mi loi ADN ca sinh vt c c im nhn bit c hiu vi mt enzim gii
hn phn b theo chiu di ca si phn t.
- Mu ADN c x l bi mt s loi enzim. Cc enzim s ct on ADN thnh cc
im c hiu. Cc on ct c phn tch bng chy in di trn gel
agarose. So snh cc bng mu ADN vi cc on c kch thc bit trc ngi ta c
th xc nh c di ca cc on ct. Thng qua vic sp xp cc on
ct, rt ra trnh t cc im ct di vi enzim .
Nh vy, khi x l mt mu ADN bi mt enzim gii hn xc nh, s xut hin s
a dng no v cc on ct ADN vi cc di khc nhau biu hin bng
cc bng c trng trn bng in di, gi l s a hnh v cc on ct gii hn
(RFLP- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism)
- Phng php RFLP c ng dng cao trong chn ging.
3. Phn ng chui trng hp (Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR)
- Phn ng chui trng hp hay cn gi l k thut nhn on ADN c hiu do
Kary Mullis pht hin.
- Phn ng chui trng hp cho php to ra mt s lng ln cc bn sao ca on
ADN cn chn t genom m khng cn tch v nhn dng.
a. Taq polymerase v s tin hnh ca phn ng chui trng hp
Phn ng chui trng hp l qu trnh nhn (khuch i) mt on ADN c
hiu di s xc tc ca cc enzim ADN- polymerase chu nhit cao (Taq
polymerase) din ra theo chu k nhit lp li lin tc.
- Taq polymerase v cc thnh phn khc ca chui trng hp
+ Taq polymerase c chit xut t vi khun chu nhit cao sng sui nc
nng (75
0
C) l Thermophilus aquaticus), c hot tnh ti u 72
0
C, song n c th
bn vng ti 94
0
C.
+ ADN khun, tc on ADN cn nhn
+ Cc on n olygonucleotit lm mi (primer) c di khong 6-30 nucleotit
+ Cc loi nucleotit triphotphat
+ Dung dch m thch hp MaCl
2
- S tin hnh ca phn ng chui trng hp
Si ADN kp ban u tch ra thnh hai mch n (94
0
C. 5 pht)
on ADN kp phn tch Cc on mi ti bm vo u
thnh hai mch n ca on nhn (65
0
C, 30 giy)
(94
0
C, 30 giy)
Enzim ADN polymerase chu nhit xc tc tng hp hai si ADN mi
(65
0
C - 70
0
C, 2-5 pht)
(Hnh 12.3 tr289)
- Mt s c im ca phn ng chui trng hp
+ Trong k thut PCR mt on ADN nh trc c nhn ln. on ch c
nhn ny do hai on mi P
1
v P
2
quyt nh.
+ Thit k cc on mi rt quan trng trong vic nhn on ch. V vy cn
bit trc trt t nucleotit (hay mt phn) ca on nhn.
+ Taq polymerase khng c kh nng sa cha nhng kt cp sai trong qu
trnh ko di chui.
+ Phn ng chui trng hp c nhy cao.
+ Mu ADN a vo nhn theo PCR khng i hi s tinh sch cao.
- ngha ng dng ca phn ng chui trng hp
+ Gip xc nh trnh t cc nucleotit ca on nhn. T s dng trong s
xc nh cu trc gen, cc thnh phn ca n, pht hin v xc nh cc t
bin gen...
+ ng dng cao trong chun on s ly nhim cc bnh virus, vi khun, nm
vo c th sinh vt. Chun on sm bnh ung th, cc bnh di truyn, xc nh
sm tnh c, ci.
+ Trong lnh vc hnh s, gip cho vic pht hin ti phm qua nhng mu sinh
phm, xc nh nhanh chng thuyt thng...
+ ng dng hiu qu trong chn ging: chn lc cc kiu gen, xc nh con lai
F
1
...
4. Phng php RAPD (Radom Amplified Polymorphics DNA)
- RAPD l phn ng chui trng hp nhm nhn cc on ADN ring bit, ngu
nhin nm ri rc genom vi s s dng mt loi on mi. y nhng on
nhn ring bit khng cn bit trc trnh t cc nucleotit.
- k thut RAPD on mi s dng thng c di 7-10 nucleotit l hiu qu
nht.
- nhit cao (95
0
C) ADN tch thnh hai mch n. Khi nhit h xung
thp hn cc on mi tm n im c trnh t tng hp to hai u trn hai
si khun, t on ADN gia nhn ln.
- Trn ADN ca genom c nhiu in tng hp vi on mi, v th c nhiu
on ADN ring bit c nhn ln, Cc on ADN ny c tch trn ph in di.
- RAPD ADN ban u c s dng vi liu lng ln hn.
- Phng php RAPD c hiu qu cao trong vic phn bit kiu gen v chn lc
tnh trng.
5. c im ca cc phng php chn lc theo ch th
V. Chuyn np gen
1. Thu nhn cc gen
- Thu nhn gen tc l tch cc on ADN t genom, thu ADN (gen) t ARNm thng
qua sao chp ngc, hay bng phng php tng hp ho hc.
- S thu nhn gen
M t bo
Chit xut
ARNm ADN genom
Sao chp ngc (enzim revrtas Ct bng 1 hay nhiu enzim gii hn
c- ADN Phn tch cc on aDN
To cc ADN c kh nng gn vi plasmid Tch v nhn dng ADN
a. Tch cc on ADN t genom
- Mi phn t ADN ca genom c ct ra nhiu mnh nh cc enzim gii hn
- Nhng on ct ADN c phn tch v pht hin bng phng php in di
trn gel. Nhng on ADN c th c phn lp ra bng s dng k thut to khi
lai phn t:
+ S dng mng lc notroxenlulose, c np cc on ADN mch n c
nh du phng x, cc on ny phn b mng lc nh nhng vt bng.
Nhng mu ADN th ny l cc on ADN bit trc kch thc v cu trc.
+ Cc on ADN trn gel c tch mch n bng kim, sau chng thm sang
mng lc khi cho gel v mng lc p st nhau. mng lc nhng on ADN no t-
ng ng vi cc on th chng s to khi lai phn t. Sau mng lc c ra
sch. T nh khi lai ngi ta tch c nhng on ADN c th trong hn hp
nhiu on ct.
Mng lc np cc on ADN th - Southern E.M 1975 Southern blots
Mng lc np cc on th l ARN Nothern blots
Mng lc c lp cc protein - Western blots
b. Thu nhn gen t ARNm ca gen tng ng
- Phng php ny c thc hin nh s dng enzim ARN- dependent ADN-
polymerase hay reverse transcriptase.
- Nh enzim sao chp ngc mt gen bt k c tng hp khi c ARNm ca gen .
- ARNm c tch ra t hn hp cc loi ARN nh cu trc chui poly A c u 3

.
Ngi ta np cc on poly dT vo ct xenlulose hay agarose. Khi i qua, ARNm
c gi li nh s lin kt ca chui poly- A vi poly dT. Sau khi ra cc ARNm c
tch ra.
- Qa trnh sao cho ngc gm hai giai on:
+ on mi s dng y l on olygo dT, n kt cp vi poly A, t xy ra
tng hp mch ADN n b sung theo si ARNm khun di xc tc ca enzim sao
chp ngc.
+ Tip theo mch c- ADN n c tch ra v tip tc tng hp thnh c- ADN mch
kp nh enzim ADN polymerase.
(Hnh 12.4- tr293)
- Cc c-ADN c nhn dng bng cch gn chng vo vector. Tp hp cc c- ADN
thu nhn t tt c cc loi ARNm t bo chuyn ho ca mt loi sinh vt gi l
ngn hng c- ADN hay th vin c- ADN ca loi .
c. Tng hp gen bng phng php ho hc
- tng hp nhn to gen cn phi bit trnh t cc nucleotit ca n, t ngi
ta thit k h thng tng hp ADN trong ng nghim. Thng p dng i vi gen
ngn.
2. Tao cc vector chuyn gen
a. Nhng i hi i vi vector chuyn gen
- Mt gen mun chuyn vo t bo nhn theo ch nh cn a n vo mt n
v nh hng (vector) nhm:
+ B sung cho gen nhng thnh phn iu ho v cc vng chc nng khc, gip
cho gen bo ton tnh ton nng ca n.
+ Nhn ln thnh nhiu bn
+ C th np mt cch c hiu qu vo NST ca t bo nhn
- Vector chuyn gen l phn t ADN c kh nng t ti bn tn ti c lp trong
t bo v mang gen cn chuyn.
- Cc vector chuyn gen cn tho mn cc yu cy sau:
+ C cc trt t khi u sao chp tin hnh qu trnh ti bn
+ Cc cc trt t nhn bit c hiu cho cc enzim gii hn thc hin s ct to
u h th thc hin gn cc gen cn chuyn vo vector.
+ C cc vng khi ng b sung cho gen l m bo hot tnh sao m ca
n.
+ Vector phi chc gen ch th d dng pht hin v chn lc chng khi c
gen l gn vo.
+ Vector c gen l c tn ti n nh trong t bo ch trng thi c lp hoc
khi gn vo NST ca t bo nhn.
b. Mt s loi vector
- Cc plasmid
+ Plasmid nhn t di truyn ngoi NST, n l mt phn t ADN vng, nh, c kh
nng ti bn c lp vi s ti bn ca ADN NST t bo vi khun,. Plasmid c th
chc mt s gen khc nhau.
+ Plasmid p ng yu cu ca mt vector chuyn gen, trong thc nghim ngi
ta kin to nn cc plasmid hon thin hn, phc tp, a nng v chuyn dng,
phc v cho cc mc ch s dng khc nhau.
+ pBR 322
C di 5000 cp baz
(Hnh 12.5 tr 295)
C ngun gc l plasmid nh Col E1 c b sung thm cc on ADN ca cc
plasmid khc nhau. N c gn vi cc gen khng thuc: tet
R
khng tetracyline,
amp
R
- khng ampicillin, c cc trt t ca cc enzim gii hn nm hai gen ny.
+ Gia nh Genmini
(Hnh 12.6 tr 295)
- Phage
Cc thc khun th (phage virus sng t bo vi khun).
- Mt s dng vector khc
+ Cosmid
+ Phagemid
c. To plasmid ti thp
Plasmid khi c gn vi ADN l gi l plasmid ti t hp
- S gn cc ADN l vo vector khi s dng cc u dnh
Vector c ct bi mt enzim gii hn no to ra hai u dnh c trnh t
c th. Khi ADN ca genom khc c ct bi enzim cng loi s to ra on ct
c hai u dnh vi cc trt t tng ng vi cc u dnh vector. Enzim ligase
xc tc phn ng ni cc on ADN c u dnh vi hiu qu rt cao.
(Hnh 12.7 tr297)
- Phng php dng cc on ni (linkers)
i vi nhng an ADN ct u t, nht l cc c- ADN, ngi ta thng dng cc
mu oligonucleotit ngn lm cu trc u ni theo kiu u dnh. Cc mu
ni c thit k sao cho chng c trt t c hiu i vi enzim gii hn cat
vector. Sau khi thc hin qu trnh ct bi enzim gii hn, ta thu c cc u
dnh tng ng ADN l v vector. Chng c ni vi nhau mt cch hiu qu
nh ADN- ligase.
(Hnh 12.8 tr298)
- Dng terminal nucleotdyl transferase gn ADN l vo vector
Khi a cc plasmid ti t hp vo t bo vi khun, ngi ta thng x l bng dung
dch CaCl
2
tng hiu qu xm nhp ca cc plasmid v t bo vi khun.
3. Ti- plasmid v chuyn np gen thc vt
a. Ti- plasmid, cu trc v hot ng ca n
* Ti plasmid v c ch gy bnh khi u cy
- Ti- plasmid l vng ADN ln, c kch thc 200 ngn i baz. Phn ADN c
bit quan trng Ti- plasmid l T- ADN
(Hnh 12.9 tr300)
- Khi vi khun nhim vo t bo cy ch (thc vt hai l mm), Ti- plasmid ca vi
khun chuyn T-ADN vo nhn t bo cy ch. , cc nhm gen ca T-ADN
c biu hin nh h thng sinh tng hp protin ca t bo cy ch to ra
cc sn phm phc v cho hot ng k sinh ca vi khun:
+ Nhm 1: gm cc gen m ho cc enzim tham gia vo s tng hp mt s axit
amin bt thng gi l opines. Cc opines c s dng nh cht dinh dng ca vi
khun A. tumefaciens nh mt nhm gen khc c mt Ti- plasmid.
+ Nhm 2: gm cc gen iaaM v iaaH m ho cc enzim c vai tr c bn trong
vic hnh thnh auxin. Gen th 3 l iptZ m ho enzim tham gia vo s hnh
thnh mt phytohoocmon th 2. Hai loi phytohoocmon ny cm ng s phn chia
t bo gia tng ch b nhim vi khun trn cy ch, to khi u ln.
- Ti-plasmid cn c cc gen m ho cc protein tham gia vo qu trnh tch v
chuyn T- ADN vo nhn t bo cy ch.
* C ch chuyn T-ADN t Ti- plasmid ca vi khun vo t bo ch
- Cc vir gen (Cc gen tham gia vo chuyn T-ADN) c kch thch hot ng bi
cht gy cm ng (c to ra t bo ch khi b nhim vi khun). Sn phm ca
cc gen vir tham gia vo s tch T-ADN ra khi Ti- plasmid v chuyn n vo t
bo ch.
- hai u ca T- ADN trn Ti- plasmid c hai trt t c bit di 25 i baz
(trt t b phi v trt t b tri). T-ADN tachs ra t hai b ny, gm hai bc:
+ b phi xy ra s ct v tr 3-4, sau s ct th 2 xy ra b tri- T-ADN
mch n c tch ra.
-T- ADN c chuyn vo t bo ch nh c ch tip hp hai vi khun
( Hnh 12.10 - tr 300)
- Trn Ti- plasmid on T-ADN c tng hp phc hi li.
- nhn t bo ch cc on T- ADN mch n c th gn vo nhng v tr
ngu nhin trn si ADN mch n ca NST cy ch.
b. Ti- plasmid v thit k cc vector chuyn gen
* Phng php to vector hp nht
- T-ADN c gn vo mt plasmid chun (pBR 322) vector trung gian.
(Hnh 12.11 tr 301), bn cnh nhng cu phn c bn ca mt vector, plasmid
ny cn c a vo mt gen ch th dng cho vic chn lc sn phm chuyn
np (gen NPTII kim tra tnh khng vi kanamixil kan
R
). Vector ny c gn vi
gen cn chuyn np.
- Chuyn vector trung gian ny vo E.coli, sau vic chn dng tin hnh chuyn
n vo t bo vi khun Agrobacterium tumefaciens c Ti-plasmid nguyn thu
theo c ch tip hp hai vi khun. Agrobacterium tumefaciens hai plasmid tip
hp vi nhau theo on tng ng T-ADN. T xy ra qu trnh ti t hp, kt
qu thu c vector hp nht.
* Phng php to h thng vector kp trong s chuyn gen
- Theo h thng ny, t bo Agrobacterium tn ti hai plasmid: (1) Ti- plasmid
nguyn thu thc hin chc nng tr gip: n cung cp cc protein tham gia v s
tch v chuyn T- ADN,(2) Mt plasmid chun c gn vo hai trt t b tri v b
phi ca Ti- plasmid v gen cn chuyn.
(Hnh 12.12 tr302)
* Mt s thun li khi s dng Agrobacterium tumefaciens trong s chuyn gen
thc vt :
- D thc hin s ly nhim cho t bo ca cy thuc nhm hai l mm
- Vt liu cho ly nhim c th a dng nh: t bo trn, t bo callus, nh
sinh trng, cc loi m khc nhau c kh nng ti sinh cy.
- Sau ly nhim tin hnh chn lc nhng t bo c chuyn gen theo biu hin
ca gen ch th c h thng chuyn np.
V d chuyn gen ngc ngha polygalacturonase (PG) v t bo c chua nh s
dng h thng vector kp:
-T ARNm ca gen PG thu nhn c- ADN, ri tch dng n dng ngc ngha
- Tip theo n c gn vi mt vng khi ng ca virus khm hoa l (CaMV) v
a vo plasmid thit k a vo t bo c chua thng qua h thng vector
kp Agrobacterium.
- t bo cy chuyn gen, ARNm ca gen PG ngc ngha s kt cp vi ARNm
ca gen PG khi thu- kt qu ARNm khng thc hin c qu trnh dch m
riboxom. S thiu ht enzim polygalacturonase l qu c chua chm chn, c th
bo qun lu.
4. K thut ARN ngc ngha
- S dung ARNm ngc ngha trong qu trnh iu khin s biu hin ca gen.
ARNm ngc ngha bt cp b sung vi ARNm bnh thng, t qu trnh dch
m b km hm.
(Hnh 12.14 tr305)
- K thut to dng ADN ngc ngha cho mt gen bt k bng cch quay ngc ton
b phn m ho ca gen.
(Hnh 12.14 b tr305)
5. Mt s phng php chuyn gen khc thc vt
a. S dng vector chuyn gen l virus
b. Chuyn gen trc tip bng vi bn
c. Phng php chch in
VII. Chuyn np gen v chin lc ci tin cy trng, trin vng v nhng
vn t ra khi s dng cy chuyn gen
1. To ging khng su, bnh hi
a. To ging khng virus
- Ngi ta s dng nhng gen khc nhau phn lp t virus chuyn cho cy
trng:
+ Chuyn gen m ho protein v virus v t bo cy ch, cc protein ny to ra
p ng c ch khng bnh ca cy ch- km hm s nhn ca virus, ngn
chn pht sinh bnh: virus khm l c Medicago, khm l da chut, virus m
vm u ...
+ Tch dng cha mt u ca gen replicase v chuyn vo t bo cy trng.
Gen ny sao m ra ARN cha mt on nhn bit lin kt vi replicase. T
phn t ny cnh trang vi ARN ca virus trong qu trnh lin kt vi replicase
nhn bn. Cy chuyn gen to ra s lng ARN p ng cho s cnh tranh, s
nhn bn ca virus b c ch.
+S dng k thut to dng ngc ngha.
b. To ging khng su
- Tch gen kim tra c t Bt t vi khun ri chuyn vo cy trng nhm to
ging khng li su hi.
- ....
2. To ging khng thuc tr c v cc ci tin khc cy trng
a. To ging khng thuc tr c
- Cy chuyn gen c hot tnh tng hp enzim tng mnh, m bo cho n kh
nng khng thuc tr c.
- S dng gen m ho enzim bin i khng mn cm vi thuc tr c chuyn
cho cy trng.
- S dng gen m ho enzim c kh nng kh c tnh gy c ca thuc tr c.
b. Cc ci tin khc cy trng
- Ci tin chin lc thc phm ca cy trng: to ra ging khoai ty cha rt t
amilose, nhng c hm lng glucose v surcose tng nn 6-8 ln, ci tin du thc
vt bng cch bin i thnh phn cc axit bo, ci tin thnh phn protein
thc vt, c hng v c bit v c hp cht c th cng c pht trin mnh.
- i vi nhng cy hoa, cy cnh, ngi ta x dng k thut di truyn nhm bin
i mu sc hoa theo mun.
- To cy trng chuyn gen sn xut nhng hp cht qu him
- To cc dng bt dc c, to ging chng chu vi mt s yu t bt li ca ngoi
cnh.
3. Trin vng v nhng vn t ra trong s dng cy chuyn gen
Chng 5. Di truyn pht trin c th v tim nngthch ng thc vt
I. Thng tin di truyn trong qu trnh pht trin c th
1. T chc b my di truyn v cc c ch iu ho bi hin gen trong
qu trnh pht trin c th
- Genom l t chc cc gen dn ti iu ho hai gc : nh tnh v
nh lng.
- cp si nhim sc:
+ Cc kiu t chc gia nh gen
+ C ch khuch i gen
+ Cc yu t di truyn di ng trong genom
+ c im kt t si nhim sc trong cu trc NST
+ Qu trnh ti cu trc ca si NS qua mi chu k phn bo c ch gen cp
NST.
-> dn n iu ho gen cp genom, cp NST
- Cp sao m (cc thng tin ng m genom):
- Cp mARN (si ARN thnh thc):
- Cp dch m: mARN- protin
- Cp phn t protein: l thngtin t cc protein
C hai loi protein: +Trao i cht
+ Tc ng vo b my di truyn
-> phn bo v th hin tnh trng
Gen c th phn thnh hai nhm:
+ Tham gia trao i cht kin trc c th, c quan
+ Tham gia vo cng vic ca b my di truyn
Protein Sao m
Trao i cht, cu trc t bo Tc ng b my di truyn ARN s dng trc
tip
Phn bo
Th hin tnh trng
2. S phn chia, phn ho t bo, th nng ca s pht trin
Hp t khi t bo T bo khc nhau
- Khi t bo c kh nng pht trin thnh bt c b phn c quan no trc khi
phn ho gi l khi t bo gc.
-Tip theo va phn chia va phn ho to ra cc dng khc nhau, chc nng khc
nhau sinh ra cc t bo bit ho (chuyn ho).
- Th nng ca s pht trin:
+ Mt t bo c th pht trin thnh mi t bo ton th
+ T bo pht trin ra nhiu nhnh, nhiu dng khc nhau, chc nng khc nhau -
a th
+ Mt t bo ch c kh nngto ra mt dng t bo - n th
-Phn nhm gen:
+Nhm gen to sn phm cn thit cho mi hot ng sng cn bn mi t bo
nhm gen ni tr.
+ Nhm gen phn ho bc 1
+ Nhm gen phn ho bc 2
+ Nhm gen bit ho
3. S pht trin theo khng gian pht trin theo hnh mu thit k
- Khi to ra khi t bo th chng tip thu thng tin pht trin hnh mu thit
k. Trc tin cc t bo phi lin lc vi nhau c pht trin hng mu
(morphogen).
- Nh pht hin cc t bin HOM tc l cc gen to ra sn phm quyt nh
hnh mu pht trin (Homeobox).
-Mt trong cc t bin in hnh l rui: thay v v tr mc hai ru l hai
chn.
- Nhm gen Homeobox thng ging nhau hon ton on Homeo (280 i Nu
ng vi khong 60 aa). Cc gen HOM c pht hin rt nhiu sinh vt. Cc gen
ny c th c hot ho theo mt dng vt nh dng t bo thn. Vt quyt
nh s pht trin hnh mu khng gian ng thit k.
II. Thng tin di truyn vng m thc vt
1. S pht trin vng m v cc mi tng quan
Pht trin Phn chia, phn
ho
- Qu trnh pht trin thc vt th hin rt r nt nh sinh trng, nh
sinh trng c hai qu trnh: phn chia (nhm t bo nh) v phn ho (nhm
t bo di nh).
- Pht trin theo trc thn phn ho chi cnh l - ra hoa
- Mi s pht trin nh sinh trng c tin hnh theo hai c ch l c th t
ng hoc chu tc ng ca ngoi cnh.
- M hnh to cc hot ho mi nh sinh trng:
nhit , nh sng Hot ho gen Phn bo
nh sinh trng
l (lc lp)
Chu trnh trao i cht (quang hp)
2. M hnh biu hin kiu hnh ca tnh trng
3. Phn ng ra hoa
- Chu tc ng ca ngoi cnh v hoocmon m quyt nh ra hoa th no. 3
dng cy:
+ Trung tnh
+ Ngy ngn
+ Ngy di
- gii thch ra hoa trong iu kin ngy di, ngy ngn ngi ta a ra l
thuyt to cc hoocmon ra hoa (gibbrlelin + cht ra hoa- antexin)
Cy ngy ngn to ra antexin: Gibblelin to ra c ngy di v ngy ngn
Cy ngy di : antexin to ra c di v ngn, gibblelin ch to ra iu kin
ngy di
III. Tim nng thch ng thc vt
1. Mt s khi nim, phn loi
- Thch ng pht trin c th: ngay chu k sng ca n biu hin thng tin nh th
no di tc ng ca mi trung
- Phng thc sinh sn: khi sinh sn to ra a dng qun th, mc a dng
tu thuc v bin ln nh v a dng di truyn, bin biu hin tnh trng
nhiu hay t. Kiu gen a dng di truyn cng chu tc ng ca yu t mi tr-
ng dn n sng lc kiu gen thch ng pht trin thch ng qun th.
- H thng gen trong qu trnh pht trin c th phn loi theo mc tiu, tiu ch
ca mnh. Nu gen quyt nh tnh trng pht trin c th : F; quyt nh h
thng sinh sn to qun th phn ly kiu hnh: R
- Quan h gia hai thch ng:
Hai thch ng c mi quan h v nh hng qua li vi nhau
+ Nu thch ng F cao bin d thng bin p ng c cc thay i ca mi
trng- dn ti t bin d di truyn lm gim R v ngc li.
- Phi phn bit:
+ S thch ng v tnh thch ng
+ S thch nghi v tnh thch nghi
2. c im ca thch ng pht trin c th v thch ng pht trin
qun th
a. c im thch ng pht trin c th
- Thch ng sinh l l kh nng gi n nh mc ti u cc phn ng trao i
cht khi c cc bin i ca mi trng.
- Thch ng hnh thi gii phu l nhng biu hin trong kin trc tng quan
p ng li cc bin i ca mi trng.
- Khi nghin cu phn ng thch ng
3. Nhng giai on khng hong trong thch ng pht trin c th thc
vt
- Pht trin c th thc vt tri qua cc giai on k tip nhau, cc loi v cc
ging trong loi c phn ng khc nhau vi cc yu t mi trng.
- Mi mt dng thch ng c c trng bi nhng giai on khng hong tc l
cc giai on pht trin c th rt mn cm vi tc ng bt li ca mi trng,
cc giai on ny th kh nng chng chu km hn so vi cc giai on khc,
l do h thng iu ho thch ng mc ti u b suy gim nh: quang hp, quang
h hp, vn chuyn nc, vn chuyn vt cht, rt kh iu khin mc ti u khi c
bt li xy ra.
V d thc vt giai on khng hong ln nht l n hoa hay t pht trin sinh d-
ng sinh thc, giai on cy con...
- Nhh vy trong thc tin phi nghin cu hai mt: nghin cu chng chu tt
giai on khng hong, hai l trnh s trng khp gia giai on khng hong v
cc tc ng bt li ca ngoi cnh.
4. c im tin cn v bn cht di truyn ca cc biu hin thchng
cy trng
- Kim sot di truyn ca tnh trng thch ng l rt phc tp c th do 1, 2 hay
nhiu gen c cc tng tc khc nhau. Khi nghin cu v tip cn ta cn phn lp
ra cc cu phn, cc phn ng chh th nh gi thch ng.
- Tch cht hp nht quan h qua li ca cc h thng thch ng
- Cc kiu d hp t hay kiu lai F
1
thng c kh nng chng chu tt hn cc
ging thun, l hiu qu u th lai.
- Cc kiu di, kiu a bi di thng c kh nng thch ng cao hn.
Chng 6. Thch ng pht trin c th v thch ng qun th ca cy
trng
I. C s di truyn v c im thch ng ca cy trng ti cc tc ng
bt li ca iu kin ngoi cnh
1. Tc ng ca nhit bt li
- Nhit bt li:
+ Nht cao: chu nhit cao
+ Nng: chu nng
+ Nhit thp: chu lanh, chu gi rt
-> Gii hn chu nhit ca 1 loi trong phm vi nht nh. V vy chia ra cc
nhm sinh vt : a nng, a m, a lnh, a mt...
- Khi c cc iu kin bt li ny s nh hng n hot ng sng nh cng
quang hp, ra hoa, u qu, kh nng hp thu cc cht v kh nng dn chuyn.
- c im v chu nng
+ iu kin nng nhng cy chu dng tt th hin chng c dng protein
bn vi nhit cao.
+ Bo ton c hot tnh ca cc hoocmon v enzim h hp nh xitokinin, -
galactoxidase
+ Mt s loi cn c th pht trin qu trnh pht trin chuyn nc t t ln
cy nh cng thot hi nc cao.
+ Cy chu nng c protein chong nhit tng hp mnh hn so vi cy mn
cm.
+ c im chu nng thng lin quan n c im chu hn
- c im chu lnh
+ Chm sinh trng, chm hnh thnh c quan sinh sn (hoa), gim xitokinin r,
gim hp thu ion nc l ho
+ Nhit lnh gim cng tng hp mt s cht, thay i hot tnh ca
nhiu enzim, tng keo TB.
- c im di truyn tnh chu nhit d cao hoc thp
+ Khi nh gi v vn ny gp rt nhiu kh khn. nh gi hai gc :
tnh chng chu chung v pht hin cc c im c th.
+ V d: la m: Gen kim tra tnh chu rt nm nhiu NST khc nhau, khi
a c th lai F
1
v F
2
iu kin bnh thng th chng rt th hin tri,
iu kin rt rt th th hin siu tri.
2. Tc ng bt li ca ch nc
a. Mt s c ch lin quan n chu hn
Sinh vt c hai c ch cn bng l : trnh hn v chu hn
- Trnh hn:
+ B r n su, tc vn nhnh ly nc
+ Hiu qu lm vic ca h thng thot hi nc nh kh khng hay h thng lng
+ Bin dng cu trc l: l qun nh li trnh thot hi nc
+ Tng s lng ng dn nc
+ Rt ngn chu k sng trnh hn
- Chu hn: c quy nh bi cc qu trnh
+ C ch iu khin p sut thm thu
+ Cy phi xut hin qu trnh lm gim th nng nc (tch lu nc) cc b
phn tng cng (b phn non). Trong qu trnh ny cy trng c c ch pht
trin cc hp cht ho tan c gi nc cao trong t bo -> tng ngm n-
c v hn ch dng chy nc t t bo n - t bo kia.
+ Nhng cy c hun luyn chu hn t giai on nh th khi xy ra hn n
iu khim p sut thm thu tt hn.
+ Khi ng th t b tch t nhiu ion gy c cho cy v thiu oxi trm trng
lm gim kh nng ht v vn chuyn cc cht cy.
b. Bn cht di truyn ca tnh chu hn
- Chu hn gc tng qut th rt phc tpdo nhiu gen kim sot v t
phi i vo cc kha cnh nh:
+ Kh nng gi nc cao c th do 1,2, 3 gen kim sot
+ Hm lng axit abxixic tng lin quan n kh nng chu hn v tnh cht ny do
1 gen kim sot.
+ V d: biu hin hot ng kh khng tt, ng iu kin hn l th hin
tri F
1
+ Hm lng axit clolin tng lin quan n kh nng chu hn
- Thng tnh trnh hn nghin cu d hn chu hn v kim sot di truyn
- Khi nghin cu tnh chu hn cy trng gp nhiu kh khn v n cn chu
tc ng ca yu t khc nh nhit ...
- Cc gen tham gia vo c ch trnh hoc chu hn th chng to nn khi ng
nht lin kt (khi gen lin kt).
3. Tc ng bt li ca nh sng
a. sinh vt c cy a sng, cy a bng hoc a nh sng trung bnh
- nh sng c vai tr rt quan trng giai on u, rt cn thit giai on tng
trng ca cy, nu khng ng sng cy yu v chm pht trin l v hoa.
Nu nh sng qu gay gt vo giai on cy ang pht trin mnh n chu nh
hng ln v c th b ho.
- nh sng yu l nht, gim clorophin, mm lp bo v, v yn, vn di lng.
b. Bn cht di truyn ca tnh thch ng nh sng bt li
- Phn ng quang chu k ca cy c kim sot di truyn , rt a dng.
V d: quan h gia ngy di v trung tnh thuc l c th do 1 gen kim sot
cn i tng khc nh .... do 3 gen kim sot, bng v la c th do 1 hay nhiu
gen kim sot.
- nh sng bt li lin quan n bin i cng quang hp
4. Mt s tc ng bt li khc
V d: mn, phn
II. C s di truyn tnh chng chu ca cy trng ti tc ng ca cc
bnh hi
1. Cc khi nim v phn loi
- C ch khng bnh: lin quan ti nhu k trong sinh trng ca cy c th trnh
c lc bnh pht trin mnh. Cu trc gii phu hnh thi ca cy c th trnh
s nhim bnh nh h thng lng, h thng v dy..
- C ch min dch: Cy khng b nhim bnh hon ton do khng tng hp v
sinh l gia k sinh v k ch.
- C ch khng hay chng bnh: cy c kh nng chng li tc ng ca bnh
dn ti mc biu hin khng khc nhau tng qun th cy.
- C ch chu bnh: cy c th b nhim bnh nhng biu hin bnh c th nh
iu kin ny v nng iu kin khc.
- Mm cm: mc khc nhau cu cc iu kin vn chnh cy l c ch
khng bnh c chia ra hai nhm khng l khng thng v khng ngang:
+ Khng thng hay khng dc c th l phn ng c tnh cht phn ho
cy vi 1 chng no dng bnh dn ti cy khng nhim chng . C ch
ngn cn khng cho s lan truyn bnh nhanh sau khi hnh thnh cc vt bng
nh (siu mn cm). Dng khng ny c th do 1 gen, n gen hay .. kim sot
+ Khng ngang (khng khng c th, khng ng rung, khng chung). Cy
trng khng c phn ng phn ho ti 1 chng no m c bc tranh khng
chung ti tt c cc chng ca 1 loi bnh no . Biu hin khng ca cy phi
nh gi bng thng k l bin ng t nh - nng. c im biu hin ca
dng khng ny lin quan n nhng yu t khc, iu kin canh tc v cc b
phn khc trn cy.
+ C ch phi hp hay quan h ca hai dng khng ny th hin: khng thng
lin quan ti lm gim hay hn ch qu trnh khi u ca gy bnh. Khng
ngang th lin quan ti lm chm, hn ch qu trnh pht trin v ly truyn
bnh. Nu ta thm v hng a cc gen khng thng th c th hn ch khng
ngang.
2. Bn cht di truyn ca tnh chng chu bnh hi cy trng
a.Th gy bnh (k sinh) -> K ch
+ C b my di truyn n gin hn + C b my di truyn phc tp
hn
+ C mc bin d cao hn + Tc bin d t bin chm
hn
+ Tnh c do gen khng kim sot + Tnh chng chu do gen kim
sot

Cc yu t mi trng
b. Cc h gen tham gia vo tnh khng cy trng
- n gen (monogenic)
- ng gen (olygogenic): gen ch + cc tc ng tng h tr ca cc gen ph
to ln tnh khng thay i ln.
- a gen (nhiu gen khc nhau tham gia vo phn ng khng v chng c cc tng
tc rt a dng)
- Cc gen bo cht (ty th, lp th..)
c. Biu hin a hiu trong phn ng khng
V d: cc phn ng khng olygogenic
V d: khng bnh thi c hnh do gen R kim sot c lin quan n hiu qu a
hiu l vy mu ca c...
d. L thuyt gen i gen antigen
- ng vi mi gen gy bnh th k sinh th c gen khng k ch. y ch
yu gii thch lin quan n khng thng.
-Php vung kim nh l thuyt gen i gen
Theo l thuyt gen i gen th cy trng do qu trnh to ra cc bin d chm
hn so vi bin d xy ra th gy bnh nn rt kh p ng c s chng chu.
Trong thc hnh nu nhng dng bnh no nhanh bin i chng th p dng
khng thng l km hiu qu khi y cn s dng khng ngang tng cng kh
nng khng bnh.
e. Gc bnh hc phn t
- Cc c ch gy bnh khng bnh
3. C s di truyn sinh thi trong h thng k sinh- k ch, phn ng
chng chu trong h thng thch ng chung vthch ng c th cy
trng
- Quan h k sinh k ch c thit lp bi mi quan h tam gic c thm thnh
phn th ba l yu t mi trng.
K sinh K ch
Mi trng
K sinh thch ng tt, k ch thnh ng km -> dch bnh
K sinh thch ng km, k ch thch ng tt -> chng chu
-> mi cn bng cng tn ti trong khng gian
Nh vy cng 1 vng sng to ra c ch ng tin ho gia k sinh v k ch. Bin
d protein th gy bnh song hnh vi bin d gen hay protein cy trng t
c th xut hin cc kiu gen chng bnh, trong nu xut hin nhng
gen c phn ng rt r nt vi chng bnh th gi l khng thng hay khng n
gen. Cn s lng cc gen khc nhau nh hng chung ti qu trnh gy bnh ng
thi chng c lin quan ti cc phn ng chng chu to nn h thng gen khng
ng rung hay khng ngang.
Nh vy khi bin d xy ra k sinh th ng thi cgn phi xy ra k ch. cc
trung tm hnh thnh cy trng th d hnh thnh gen khng c th.
Cc gen khng bnh khc nhau cng d dng hnh thnh cc khi ng thch
ng, ng thi cc gen bnh cng d dng to khi ng thch ng vi cc gen
khng yu t bt li khc.
- Nu ta xem xt khng bnh l 1 cu phn trong h thng thch ng th ta c
s din t sau:
Nh vy bnh cng coi nh l 1 yu t mi trng.
III. Kim tra di truyn tn s ti t hp
1. Tng qut v vai tr ca cc h thng sinh sn trong kin to cc bin
d di truyn
- Cc h thng sinh sn khc nhau -> xut hin cc bin d di truyn phn ly
khc nhau.
- Trong c th sinh vt c cc yu t di truyn + tc dng mi truyn iu khin
mc a dng qun th phn ly.
2. nh hng ca kiu nhn, cc t bin gen ti tn s trao i cho
- c im cu trc ca bn thn NST c lin quan ti qu trnh trao i cho.
vng xung quanh tm ng, nhng vng d nhim sc ca NST trao i cho
xy ra t hn. Cng xa tm ng, trao i ho c xu hng tng. Vng u mt
ca NST t xy ra trao i cho.
- Vng di nhim sc trao i cho bin ng kh mnh c tc ng ca mi tr-
ng.
- o on, chuyn on, mt on lm gim tn s trao i cho.
- t bin v s lng NST (th mt, th khng) gy gim tn s trao i cho.
- Cc yu t di ng trong genom cng nh hng ti qu trnh trao i cho.
3. nh hng ca yu t gii tnh v tui sinh l
a. nh hng ca yu t gii tnh
- nhiu sinh vt, yu t gii tnh c nh hng ti tn s trao i cho
V d: rui, tm
- S sai khc ng k v tn s trao i cho giao t c v ci thy nhiu
itng.
V d: C c XY tr thnh c ci di tc ng ca hoocmon, tn s trao i
chp nhng con ny tng hn 5 ln so vi tn s ny con c bnh thng.
- C s sai khc v tn s trao i cho trong gim phn ca t bo m ht
phn v t bo m i bo t thc vt.
b. nh hng ca tui sinh l
- c chua, tn s trao i cho chm hoa u cao hn (tng gp 3 ln) so vi
chm hoa tip theo.
4. Tc ng ca cc yu t ngoi cnh
- Trong iu kin kh khn v ngho dinh dng cc cy F
1
cho tn trao i
cho tng hn...
- Yu t nhit nh hng ng k ti s thay i tn s trao i cho
- Cc tc nhn vt l, ho hc khc nhau c tc ng lm thay i tn s trao
i cho.
IV. F1 nh tim nng bin d, ngha ca diu khin qu trnh ti t hp
trong chn ging
1. Cc yu t hn ch ph v tn s cc bin d di truyn qun th
phn ly
- Mc d hp t v cc gen con lai F
1
c lin quan ti mc a dng v cc
kiu gen qun th phn ly F
2
. Cc bin d ti t hp qun th phn ly thu -
c do hai c ch:
+ S phn ly ca cc gen c lp
+ Trao i cho i vi cc gen lin kt
- Mc tiu ca chn ging l cn to ra qun th chn lc a dng c ph rng v
cc kiu bin d ti t hp v tn s ca chng tng, c c hi chn lc c
nhng kiu him, c gi tr trong chn ging.
- Nhng c ch di truyn c bn gy ln s hn ch vic xut hin cc bin d
di truyn qun th phn ly t kiu d hp t :
+ Nhng hn ch lin quan ti nh hng lm gim tn s trao i cho gen ca
NST kiu nhn.
+ S gp g cc giao t khng mang tch cht ngu nhin m c tnh chn lc,
mt s kiu giao t c cnh tranh km -> hn ch s xut hin mt s kiu t hp
no .
+ Tc ng ca chn lc ln cc giai on khc nhau ca vng sng cc th: hp
t, phi, cy non,...dn ti mt i 1 s kiu ti t hp, m chng c th mang
ngha cao cho vt liu chn ging.
-> a ra cc bin php khc phc hn ch trn nhm tng cng qu trnh hin
thc ho nhng bin di di truyn tim nng ca F
1
, thu qun th phn ly c
tn s v ph cc bin d ln, p ng cho vic chn lc.
2. Cm ng tn s trao i cho
3. Chn lc giao t v chn lc hp t, phi
V. Quan h phi hp gia tim nng thch ng pht trin c th v thch
ng qun th
1. Quan h gia thng bin v t bin
2. Cc khi ng thch ng cc gen
- l khi lin kt cc gen cht, c di truyn nh mt th thng nht, trn vn.
Nhng khi ny c th lin quan ti mt NST trn vn, mt on NST no , m
y rt him, hoc khng xy ra trao i cho.
- Cc gen trong khi ny tng tc vi nhau theo nhiu phng thc, to nn mt gi
tr thch ng tt no ti mi trng sng.
- S c ch trao i cho trong khi c th do mt s nguyn nhn sau: Tn ti
cc o on hay chuy n on, vng khng xy ra s hnh thnh cc chiasma,
do cc gen lin kt rt st nhau...
- sinh vt tn ti nhiu khi ngthch ng cc gen khc nhau.
3. Tnh cht hai cu phn trong h thng gen ca loi, ngha trong
tin ho