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Port numbers 16 bit FTP 20 OR 21 22: Secure Shell (SSH) 23: Telnet protocolunencrypted text communications, remote login service 25: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)used for e-mail routing between mail servers 80: Hypertext Transfer protocol (HTTP) 110: Post Office Protocol v3 (POP3) 110 Domain Name System 53 DHCP 67, 68 143: Internet Message Access protocol IMP4 161: Simple Network management Protocol SNMP LDAP Llight weight Directory Access Protocol 389 443: HTTP Secure HTTPS Well known ports 0 to 1023 Registered ports 1024 to 49151 IP address size 32 bit difference between broadcasting and muti casting Network interface cards r usually programmed to listen for three types of messages. They r messages sent to their specific address, messages broadcast to all NICs, and messages that qualify as a multicast for the specific card. There r three types of addressing: Unicast - A transmission to a single interface card. Multicast - A transmission to a group of interface cards on the network. Broadcast - A transmission to all interface cards on the network. RFC 919 and 922 describe IP broadcast datagrams. Limited Broadcast - Sent to all NICs on the some network segment as the source NIC. It is represented with the 255.255.255.255 TCP/IP address. This broadcast is not forwarded by routers so will only appear on one network segment. Direct broadcast - Sent to all hosts on a network. Routers may be configured to forward directed broadcasts on large networks. For network 192.168.0.0, the broadcast is 192.168.255.255. All other messages r filtered out by the NIC softwr unless the card is programmed to operate in promiscuous mode to perform network sniffing. Broadcasting The types of broadcasting uses on TCP/IP that I know abt r: ARP on IP DHCP on IP Routing table updates. Broadcasts sent by routers with routing table updates to other routers. The ethernet broadcast address in hexadecimal is FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF. There r several types of IP broadcasting: The IP limited broadcast address is 255.255.255.255. This broadcast is not forwarded by a router. A broadcast directed to a network has a form of x.255.255.255 where x is the address of a Class A network. This broadcast may be forwarded depending on the router program. A broadcast sent to all subnetworks. If the broadcast is 10.1.255.255 on network 10.1.0.0 and the network is subnetted with multiple networks 10.1.x.0, then the broadcast is a broadcast to all subnetworks. A broadcast sent to a subnet in the form 10.1.1.255 is a subnet broadcast if the subnet mask is

255.255.255.0. Multicasting Multicasting may be used for streaming multimedia, video conferencing, shrd white boards and more as the internet grows. Multicasting is still new to the internet and not widely supported by routers. New routing protocols r being developed to enable multicast traffic to be routed. Some of these routing protocols r: TCP transmission Control protocol ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode ARP/RARP Address Resolution Protocol / Reverse Address Resolution Protocol DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (TCP/IP) FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface, standardized by ANSI FTP File Transfer Protocol (TCP/IP) GSM GPRS Session Management HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol (TCP/IP) IP Internet Protocol, routing layer datagram service of the TCP/IP suite LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol RIP Routing Information Protocol, maintains a database of network hosts and exchange information about the topology of the network (XNS). SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, mail service modeled on the FTP file transfer service (TCP/IP). SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol, developed by the Internet community to allow diverse network objects to participate in a global network management architecture. UDP User Datagram Protocol, provides a simple but unreliable message service for transactionoriented services (TCP/IP). Layers in TCP/IP Model Link Layer- protocols in this layer-ARP,NDP, PPP, media Access Control Internet layer- protocols in this layer- IPV4, Ipv6, ICMP, IPSec Transport layer-protocols in this layer-TCP, UDP Aplication layer-protocols in this layer- DHCP, DNS, FTP, HTTP,POP, TELNET, IMAP, LDAP

HUB: contains multiple ports. When packet arrives at one port, it is copied unmodified to all ports of the hub for transmission Question: What is the difference between a router and hub or switch? Answer: A router is a more sophisticated network device than either a switch or a hub. Like hubs and switches, network routers are typically small, box-like pieces of equipment that multiple computers can connect to. Each features a number of "ports" the front or back that provide the connection points for these computers, a connection for electric power, and a number of LED lights to display device status. While routers, hubs and switches all share similiar physical appearance, routers differ substantially in their inner workings. Traditional routers are designed to join multiple area networks (LANs and WANs). On the Internet or on a large corporate network, for example, routers serve as intermediate destinations for network traffic. These routers receive TCP/IP packets, look inside each packet to identify the source and

target IP addresses, then forward these packets as needed to ensure the data reaches its final destination. Routers for home networks (often called broadband routers) also can join multiple networks. These routers are designed specifically to join the home (LAN) to the Internet (WAN) for the purpose of Internet connection sharing. In contrast, neither hubs nor switches are capable of joining multiple networks or sharing an Internet connection. A home network with only hubs and switches must designate one computer as the gateway to the Internet, and that device must possess two network adapters for sharing, one for the home LAN and one for the Internet WAN. With a router, all home computers connect to the router equally, and it performs the equivalent gateway functions. Difference difference between Bridge and Gateway? Bridge is a interface between two or more separate collision domains (limits broadcast to devices connected onto that port only). While Gateway is exit or entrance point to a network and performs changes in protocols if required for e.g. DSL Broadband router connection.gateway may have protocol translators but bridge can not ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a set of CCITT/ITU standards for digital transmission over ordinary telephone copper wire as well as over other media. Home and business users who install an ISDN adapter (in place of a telephone modem) receive Web pages at up to 128 Kbps compared with the maximum 56 Kbps rate of a modem connection. ISDN requires adapters at both ends of the transmission so your access provider also needs an ISDN adapter. ISDN is generally available from your phone company in most urban areas in the United States and Europe. In many areas where DSL and cable modem service are now offered, ISDN is no longer as popular an option as it was formerly ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a set of CCITT/ITU standards for digital transmission over ordinary telephone copper wire as well as over other media. Home and business users who install an ISDN adapter (in place of a telephone modem) receive Web pages at up to 128 Kbps compared with the maximum 56 Kbps rate of a modem connection. ISDN requires adapters at both ends of the transmission so your access provider also needs an ISDN adapter. ISDN is generally available from your phone company in most urban areas in the United States and Europe. In many areas where DSL and cable modem service are now offered, ISDN is no longer as popular an option as it was formerly 802 MAN 802.6 DQDB 802.3 CSMA/CD Access Method( Ethernet) 802.5 Token ring Access control 802.4 token bus 803.2 Logical Link control 802.16 Wi Max JAVA difference between class and interface Advantages of java java virtual machine Thread creation life cycle of thred multi threading

difference between applet and servlet CGI Thread synchronization- waitand notify functions Exception handling- list few java built in exception-try, catch finally blocks ArithmeticException Arithmetic error, such as divide-by-zero. ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException Array index is out-of-bounds. IndexOutOfBoundsException Some type of index is out-of-bounds. NegativeArraySizeException Array created with a negative size. NullPointerException Invalid use of a null reference. NumberFormatException Invalid conversion of a string to a numeric format. StringIndexOutOfBounds Attempt to index outside the bounds of a string. InterruptedException One thread has been interrupted by another thread. NoSuchFieldException A requested field does not exist. NoSuchMethodException A requested method does not exist XML- Extensible Markup Language XSL-Extensible Stylesheet Language javabeans features properties of javabeans applet RMI architecture