PH LC Trang PH LC Trang............................................................................................................................1 M U.......................................................................................................................4 CHNG 1..................................................................................................................5 SINH VT CH TH MI TRNG.......................................................................

1.1. KHI NIM V VAI TR CA SINH VT CH TH MI TRNG 5 1.2. SINH VT CH TH MI TRNG NC...........................................6 1.2.1. Sinh vt ch th ph dng..................................................................6 1.2.2. Sinh vt ch th nhim kim loi nng .............................................11 1.3. SINH VT CH TH MI TRNG KHNG KH..............................13 1.3.1. Thc vt ch th mi trng khng kh..............................................13 1.3.2. ng vt v ngi ch th mi trng khng kh..............................16 1.4. SINH VT CH TH MI TRNG T............................................18 1.4.1. Vi sinh vt ch th mi trng t......................................................18 1.4.2. Thc vt ch th mi trng t.........................................................19 1.4.3. ng vt ch th mi trng t........................................................25
CHNG 2................................................................................................................27 NG DNG VI SINH VT TRONG BO V MI TRNG...........................27

2.1. NG DNG VI SINH VT TRONG X L PH THI HU C....27 2.1.1. Phng php x l ph thi hu c ..................................................27 2.1.2. Cc ch phm vi sinh vt s dng trong x l ph thi hu c .......29 2.1.3. Mt s v d ng dng vi sinh vt trong x l ph thi hu c........32 2.2. NG DNG VI SINH VT TRONG X L NC THI.................42 2.2.1. Khi nim v x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc....................42 2.2.2. iu kin x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc....................43 2.2.3. Khu h vi sinh vt trong nc thi....................................................43 2.2.4. Thnh phn v cu trc cc loi vi sinh vt tham gia x l nc thi .....................................................................................................................44 2.2.5. X l nc thi bng vi sinh vt trong iu kin t nhin...............45 2.2.6. X l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc trong iu kin nhn to. .46 2.3. NG DNG VI SINH VT TRONG X L T B NHIM........59 2.3.1. Vi sinh vt trong t.........................................................................59 2.3.2. S dng cng ngh vi sinh vt trong ci to t...............................59
CHNG 3................................................................................................................62 NG DNG THC VT TRONG BO V MI TRNG..............................62

3.1. NG DNG THC VT TRONG X L RC THI.......................62 3.1.1. Nguyn l ca ng dng thc vt trong x l rc thi......................62 3.1.2. Mt s ng dng thc vt trong x l rc thi..................................62 3.2. NG DNG THC VT TRONG X L NC THI....................63 3.2.1. Nguyn l ca ng dng thc vt trong x l nc thi...................63 3.2.2. Mt s ng dng thc vt trong x l nc thi...............................63 3.3. THC VT TRONG X L T NHIM......................................72 1

3.3.1. Nguyn l ca ng dng thc vt trong x l t nhim...............72 3.3.2. ng dng thc vt trong x l t nhim .....................................74 3.4. THC VT TRONG HP PH BI, KH C...................................79 3.4.1. Nguyn l ca ng dng thc vt trong hp ph bi, kh c..........79 3.4.2. Mt s ng dng thc vt trong hp ph bi, kh c.......................79 3.5. VAI TR CA THC VT TRONG VIC GIM NHIM TING N...................................................................................................................81
CHNG 4................................................................................................................83 NG DNG NG VT TRONG BO V MI TRNG..............................83

4.1. NG DNG NG VT TRONG X L RC THI.......................83 4.1.1. Nguyn l ca ng dng ng vt trong x l rc thi.....................83 4.1.2. Mt s ng dng ng vt trong x l rc thi.................................83 4.2. NG DNG NG VT TRONG X L NC B NHIM ......85 4.3. NG DNG NG VT TRONG CI TO T .............................86
TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH...........................................................................87

LI NI U Bi ging Bin php sinh hc trong x l mi trng c bin son ging dy hc phn Bin php sinh hc trong x l mi trng trn c s k hoch o to h i hc theo tn ch ngnh Khoa hc mi trng, a chnh Mi trng v mt s ngnh c chuyn mn gn ca Trng i hc Nng Lm Thi Nguyn. Bi ging ny cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn nht v ng dng sinh vt trong chn on mi trng v bin php sinh hc x l mi trng b nhim. Trong khi bin son, tc gi bm st phng chm gio dc ca Nh nc Vit Nam v gn lin l lun vi thc tin. ng thi vi vic k tha cc kin thc khoa hc hin i trn th gii, tc gi mnh dn a cc kt qu nghin cu mi nht ca Vit Nam vo trong ti liu, c bit l cc kt qu nghin cu vng ni pha Bc Vit Nam. Bi ging Bin php sinh hc trong x l mi trng bao gm 4 chng: Chng 1: Sinh vt ch th mi trng. Chng 2: ng dng vi sinh vt trong x l mi trng. Chng 3: ng dng thc vt trong x l mi trng. Chng 4: ng dng ng vt trong x l mi trng. Tc gi cm n s ng gp kin cho vic bin son cun bi ging ny ca cc thy c gio Khoa Ti nguyn v Mi trng, Trng i hc Nng Lm Thi Nguyn. y l cun bi ging c bin son cng phu, nhng chc chn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. V vy chng ti rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca ng nghip v cc c gi. Xin chn thnh cm n. Tc gi

M U KHI NIM MN HC nhim mi trng ngy cng tr nn vn ca ton cu. nc ta, trc y nhim mi ch yu xy ra mt s khu vc nh th ng dn c, mt vi ni khai thc khong sn.... Nhng hin nay nhim xy ra ph bin mi ni v trn mi mi trng t, nc, khng kh. x l nhim mi trng ngi ta c rt nhiu bin php: T bin php l hc, ha hc, c hc n sinh hc. Ty theo tng iu kin c th m p dng phng php no cho hiu qu. Cc bin php ha hc, l hc hoc c hc v c bn x l trit nhng thng c chi ph u t ln. t lu ngi ta quan tm n bin php sinh hc trong x l nhim mi trng. C s khoa hc ca bin php sinh hc l mi sinh vt sng trn Tri t u chu nh hng ca mi trng sng v chng c kh nng thch nghi vi iu kin sng khi tn ti lu . Mt khc, sinh vt vi mi trng tn ti nh mt h sinh thi v v vy chng c quan h tng tc ln nhau. Ni dung chnh ca mn hc Bin php sinh hc trong x l mi trng bao gm cc phn sau: - Sinh vt ch th mi trng. - ng dng vi sinh vt trong x l mi trng. - ng dng thc vt trong x l mi trng. - ng dng ng vt trong x l mi trng. MC CH V YU CU CA MN HC Mc ch: Nhm trang b cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn v ng dng sinh vt trong chn on v x l nhim mi trng, t la chn bin php ti u p dng cho tng trng hp c th trong thc tin. Yu cu: Cn nm c: Sinh vt ch th mi trng l g, ng dng chng trong chn on mi trng nh th no. Nm c bin php ng dng vi sinh vt, thc vt, ng vt trong x l mi trng.

CHNG 1 SINH VT CH TH MI TRNG 1.1. KHI NIM V VAI TR CA SINH VT CH TH MI TRNG Sinh vt ch th mi trng hay ch th sinh hc mi trng l cn c vo sinh vt sng nh gi mi trng m n ang sng. Tt c sinh vt sng trn tri t, k c con ngi u chu nh hng bi cc iu kin vt l v ha hc trong mi trng sng xung quanh. Mc d sinh vt u c bin thch ng vi mi trng sng, nhng t nhiu u b nh hng khi mi trng sng thay i. C th ni, sinh vt l tm gng phn nh iu kin mi trng m n ang sng. y chnh l c s khoa hc cho vic ly sinh vt lm ch th phn nh mi trng. Trn c s nhng hiu bit v tc ng ca cc yu t vt l, ha hc ln nhng c th sng m ngi ta c th xc nh c s c mt v c cc mc ca nhiu cht c trong mi trng. Nh vy, thng qua sinh vt ch th chng ta c th nhn bit c thc trng mi trng m n ang sng. S tc ng ca mi trng ln c th sinh vt sng c th quan st thy bng mt hoc qua mt s biu hin sau: - Nhng thay i v thnh phn loi hoc cc nhm u th trong qun x sinh vt. - Nhng thay i v a dng loi trong qun x. - T l cht trong qun th gia tng, c bit giai on non, mn cm nh trng, u trng, cy con - Thay i sinh l v tp tnh trong cc c th. - Nhng khim khuyt v hnh thi v t bo trong cc c th. - S tch ly dn cc cht gy nhim hoc s trao i cht ca chng trong cc m ca nhng c th. S dng sinh vt ch th mi trng v ang l hng i khng ch gim chi ph m cn thn thin vi mi trng. V vy, trn th gii vic nghin cu v s dng cc sinh vt nh gi, kim sot v ci thin mi trng ang c quan tm ca rt nhiu quc gia. Thnh phn loi ca mt qun x sinh vt mt vng c xc nh bi cc yu t mi trng m cc yu t ny chnh l iu kin qun th sinh vt tn ti v pht trin. Nu trong qu trnh tn ti v pht trin, cc yu t mi trng tr nn gy hi cho mt sinh vt no th sinh vt ny s b loi tr ra khi qun th, k c khi cc iu kin gy hi ny ch xy ra trong mt thi gian ngn. Chnh iu kin ny lm cho cc sinh vt tr thnh vt ch th cho cc yu t mi trng. Khi nim chung v c bn ca sinh vt ch th c tha nhn l: Nhng i tng sinh vt c yu cu nht nh v iu kin sinh thi lin quan n nhu cu dinh dng, hm lng xy cng nh kh nng chng chu (tolerance) mt hm lng nht

nh cc yu t c hi trong mi trng sng v do s hin din ca chng biu th mt tnh trng v iu kin sinh thi ca mi trng sng nm trong gii hn nhu cu v kh nng chng chu ca i tng sinh vt . Cc sinh vt ch th mi trng khc nhau c th xp thnh nhm theo nhng tiu ch sau: - Tnh mn cm (Sensitivity): Cc loi mn cm c trng cho nhng iu kin mi trng khng thch hp l cc cng c gii on mi trng. - Nh mt cng c thm d (Detector): Nhng loi xut hin t nhin trong mi trng c th dng o c s phn ng v thch nghi i vi s thay i ca mi trng (thay i tui, nhm loi, gim kch thc qun th, tp qun sng). - Nh mt cng c khai thc (Exploiter): Cc loi c th ch th cho s xo trn hay nhim mi trng. V d: Tp qun ca cc loi thy sinh vt, s hin din ca cc loi giun v cc loi giun ch th s nhim ca mi trng. - Nh mt cng c tch ly sinh hc (Accumulator): Cc loi sinh vt c th tch ly ha cht gy nhim trong c th ca chng. - Cc sinh vt th nghim (Bioassay): Cc sinh vt chn lc i khi c th s dng nh l cc cht trong phng th nghim xc nh s hin din hoc nng cc cht nhim. 1.2. SINH VT CH TH MI TRNG NC Thng thng nh gi cht lng nc hoc xc nh nc c b nhim hay khng ngi ta thng phi ly mu nc v phn tch trong phng th nghim. y l phng php nh gi chnh xc, hay cn gi l phng php nh lng. Tuy nhin, khng phi lc no ngi ta cng c th phn tch mu nc v rt tn km. V vy, nh gi cht lng nc hoc xc nh nc c b nhim hay khng ngi ta cn dng phng php nh tnh thng qua quan st hin trng nc v sinh vt. nhim mi trng nc c nh gi bi kh nhiu ch tiu v cng c nhiu phng php nh gi cc ch tiu y. Tuy nhin, c hai hin tng nhim ph bin l hin tng ph dng v tch ly kim loi nng trong nc l ng quan tm hn c. 1.2.1. Sinh vt ch th ph dng Ph dng l hin tng thng gp trong cc h th, cc sng v knh dn nc thi. Biu hin ph dng ca cc h th l nng cht dinh dng N, P cao, t l P/N cao do s tch lu tng i P so vi N, s ym kh v mi trng kh ca lp nc y thu vc, s pht trin mnh m ca mt s loi vi sinh vt v thc vt thy sinh bc thp nh to, rong, rus km a dng ca cc sinh vt nc, c bit l c, nc c mu xanh en hoc en, c mi khai thi do thot kh H2S v.v... Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ph dng l s tch ly cht dinh dng m ch yu l N v P. S tch ly ny thng qua nc thi, nc chy tp trung t khu vc

dn c, th v cui cng l do tch ly thng qua hot ng sng ca ng thc vt trong nc b nhim. Nhng thc vt pht trin trong iu kin ph dng khi cht s to nn khi lng ln cc hp cht hu c. Nhng hp cht hu c ny trong qu trnh xy ha s tiu th nhiu xy ha tan trong nc (nh qu trnh khuch tn b mt t kh quyn). iu ny dn n s thiu ht xy nghim trng v qu trnh phn gii cht hu c xy ra theo hng k kh, lm bin i hnh thi mt s hp cht hu c trong nc nh tng nng cc cht kh (H2S, NH3, CH4), chuyn ha cc ion kim loi (Fe, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni) tch t cn lng dng kh ha tan do lin kt vi cc gc anion (PO43-, NO3-) lm tng tnh c ca ngun nc. S tch t xc ng thc vt thy sinh do thiu xy lm tng chiu dy bn y, thy vc b lp y dn tr nn ly ha. V th cn bng sinh hc b ph v vi s bin mt ca nhiu loi ng thc vt v mt s loi mi xut hin l nhng ch th sinh hc cho qu trnh ph dng. Trong nhiu trng hp, ph dng lm tng sinh khi, cung cp thc n cho c, cc sinh vt thy sinh khc v nu c x l tt th cn l ngun nc tt cho sn xut nng nng nghip. Tuy nhin, ph dng v c bn l tc ng tiu cc: - Tc ng trc tip n con ngi do mi trng khng kh b nhim, gy nhim c to ngi, lm ri lon tiu ha v h hp. - Gin tip gy nn nn thy triu , dn n nhim c c da trn, tng pht trin sn l. - Gy tc nghn cc b lc trong cc nh my, x nghip, gy mi kh chu, nh hng n nc ung v nc sinh hot. - Tc ng n c vt bc cao nh gy ng c ng vt do n hoa ca to, cc c t gy bnh cho chim nc. - Tc ng n gi tr ngh dng ca cc thy vc nh mt thm m do mi kh chu, do to pht trin v khi cht b phn hy to cc c t nh H2S, CH4. Sinh vt ch th ph dng:

Vi sinh vt:
Ch yu l s xut hin ph bin ca to, bao gm: - To lam: Phormidium, Anabacna, Oscilatoria, Anacystis, Lyngbia, Spirulina. - To lc: Careia, Spirogyra, Teraedron, Cocum, Chlorella, Stigeoclonium, Chlamydomonas, Chlorogonium, Agmenllum. - To Silic: Nitochia, Gomphonema. - To mt: Pyro botryp Phacus, Lepocmena Eugrema. Cc loi to c s phn b nhiu t khc nhau trong cc mi trng ph dng v su khc nhau. Nhn bit ph bin l nhn nc ao, h, sng knh dn nc thi chuyn sang mu xanh, xanh en v hin tng n hoa do to.

Thy triu (red tide), hin tng n hoa nc (water bloom) l thut ng ch s n hoa ca cc loi vi to. y l hin tng t nhin xy ra do mt t bo vi to gia tng ln n hng triu t bo/lt (thng thng c khong 10 - 100 t bo vi to/ml, nhng trong trng hp n hoa mt c th ln trn 10.000 t bo/ml) lm bin i mu ca nc bin t xanh lc m, cho n vng xm (ngi dn ven bin thng gi l nc cm, nc mn ca). Hin tng thy triu c lin quan cht ch ti s ph dng ca thy vc. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng trn c lin quan n cc yu t mi trng nh: nhit , mn v hm lng mui dinh dng cng nh cc trng kh - thy vn. Ngoi ra, cc cht thi t hot ng ca con ngi nh nui trng thy sn thiu quy hoch, s pht trin ca cc nh my ch bin thy sn, ha cht cng l mt trong cc nguyn nhn dn n s hnh thnh Thy triu . Hu ht cc loi vi to bin n hoa thng a n hu qu lm cho mi trng xu i, hm lng xy ha tan suy gim nhanh chng, gy nh hng nghim trng n i sng thy sinh vt. To cht v chm xung y thy vc v b phn hy bi cc vi sinh vt khc c bit l vi khun. Kt qu gy nn hin tng thiu xy trong cc tng nc lm cht cc loi thy sn. Qu trnh ny lm thay i thnh phn ha hc trong nc, gy tng cc kh c. n nay, cc nh khoa hc xc nhn c khong trn 300 loi vi to hnh thnh s n hoa lm thay i mu nc. Trong c khong 1/4 loi (70 80 loi) gy hin tng n hoa c kh nng sn sinh c t ang l mi e da n khu h ng vt v thc vt t nhin nc, ngh nui trng thy sn v sc khe ca con ngi (nguyn nhn do c t to c th c tch ly trong vi loi ng vt thn mm s, c hay c v khng b ph hy trong qu trnh un nu, khng nh hng n mi v ca thc phm. Do vy c ng dn cng nh ngi tiu dng kh c th xc nh c cc thc phm bin b nhim c do to gy ra. Hin nay, c 5 loi triu chng ng c do tiu th thc phm bin nhim c t to xy ra vi con ngi. Trong , c bit dng ng c gy t lit c (PSP) c th gy t vong v dng ng c Ciguatera rt ph bin trong vng nhit i. Theo cc nh khoa hc, trong vi thp k qua, hin tng Thy triu v n hoa nc ang gia tng c 2 kha cnh tn s/cng xut hin v phn b a l. Vn nhim to c v c t ca chng t lu tr thnh mt thch thc ln i vi cng tc qun l, s dng ngun nc mt. Ngoi vic to ra c t, to c cn gy nn mi kh chu cho nc ung v nc sinh hot, nh hng ti i sng ca dn c quanh khu thy vc . Vic n hoa ca to c trn bin v nhng thy vc nc ngt ko theo s nhim c cho thy hi sn v t nh hng ti cc ngnh cng nghip nui trng v nh bt thy hi sn nhiu nc, t ra nhim v cp bch cho nhng nc ny phi kim tra gim st v qun l to c v cc c t ca chng trong thy sn. Cn phn bit cch nhn bit nc ao, h, sng knh dn nc thi c su nng khc nhau.

Di y l mt s hnh nh v cc loi to xut hin trong mi trng ph dng.

Hnh 1.1: Hin tng n hoa v thy triu

Hnh 1.2: To lc

Achnanthes

Asterionella

Attheya

Hnh 1.3: To Silic

 Thc vt: Ch th thc vt c trng ca ph dng l rong, ru v cc loi bo. Khi mi trng nc b ph dng, ta c th d dng nhn ra s xut hin ngy cng nhiu ca rong, ru v s pht trin vi tc nhanh ca bo tm, bo ci, bo ty, hoa sng. Di y l mt s hnh nh v cc loi thc vt xut hin trong mi trng ph dng.

Hnh 1.4: Rong, ru

Hnh 1.5: Bo tm, bo ty ng vt: Trong mi trng ph dng ta c th quan st thy cc loi ng vt in hnh: - ng vt y khng xng sng nh nghu, s, c, hn. - Gip xc nh tm, cua, ra, ba ba. - Thn mm, giun, cn trng. - C: t.

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C th tham kho kt qu nghin cu ca De Pauw D. v G. Vanhooren v mi quan h gia sinh vt ni ch th vi tnh trng dinh dng trong h ca B bng 1.1. Bng 1.1: Sinh vt ni ch th cho tnh trng dinh dng ca h Thng s To/ml (Algae) Cht dip lc (mg/m3) (Cc gi tr cc i trong vng chiu sng) Sn xut s cp (g C/m2/ngy) Sinh khi (mg/lit) Khi lng t bo (mm3/lit) Thn l/lit (Rotifera) Gip xc c nh/lit (Microcrustacea) Tnh a dng loi Tnh trng dinh dng Kit dng 0 2.000 0-3 0 0,2 0-1 0-5 1 - 10 0-1 Thp (De Pauw D. and G. Vanhooren, 1983) 1.2.2. Sinh vt ch th nhim kim loi nng Nhng kim loi nng nguy him nht v phng din gy nhim mi trng nc l Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Hg, Ni, As v Cr. Trong s nhng kim loi ny c Cu, Ni, Cr v Zn l nhng nguyn t vi lng cn thit cho sinh vt thy sinh nhng li rt c hi khi chng nhng nng cao. Nc b nhim kim loi nng kh ph bin v ch yu do cc ngun sau: - Ngun t nhin: + Kim loi nng c trong trong , t v xm nhp vo thy vc qua cc qu trnh t nhin nh phong ha, xi mn. + Ra tri t ni khai khong v nhng vng rc thi rn. + nhim khng kh: Ma axit c cha kim loi nng cng nh cht rn l lng hp ph kim loi nng xm nhp vo cc thy vc. - Ngun nhn to: + Ngun cng nghip: Cc hot ng cng nghip, c bit l cc hot ng lin quan n khai khong v ch bin qung kim loi. Cc hp cht kim loi c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc nh ch bin sn, thuc nhum, cng nghip thuc da, ch bin cao su, dt, giy, cng nghip m Cromphn b gn ngun nc, hot ng ca cc lng ngh ch bin kim loi nng. + Nc thi sinh hot: Nc thi sinh hot cha lng b sung kim loi nng nh cc tc nhn bt git, m phm. + Ngun nng nghip: Vic s dng cc loi phn khong, cc loi ha cht bo v thc vttrong nng nghip a vo t v nc nhiu kim loi nng. Trung bnh 2.000 15.000 3 - 20 0,2 0,75 1 - 10 5 - 30 10 - 250 1 - 25 Cao Ph dng > 15.000 > 20 > 0,75 > 10 > 30 > 250 > 25 Thp

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Khc vi ph dng, s nhim kim loi nng trong nc kh pht hin v nhn bit hn khi quan st bng mt. Sinh vt ch th nhim kim loi nng:

Vi sinh vt:
Vi sinh vt rt mn cm vi kim loi nng, khi mi trng nc b nhim kim loi nng th cc loi vi sinh vt s pht trin km. Nh vy, vi sinh vt khng in hnh lm trong ch th sinh hc i vi mi trng nc b nhim kim loi nng. Thc vt: C kh nhiu loi thc vt ch th mi trng nc b nhim kim loi nng. in hnh l cc loi bo (bo ty, bo tm, bo ci), hoa sng, lau sy, c nn, c nn. Khi quan st thc vt chn on mi trng nc b nhim kim loi nng ta cn ch rng cc loi cy trn s phn b l ch yu, cn cc cy thng thng rt t thy. Mt lu na l a s cc loi thc vt ch th mi trng nc nhim kim loi nng ng thi cng l ch th mi trng nc ph dng. V vy cn quan st cc cc loi sinh vt khc na. ng vt: Trong mi trng nc nhim kim loi nng c cc loi ng vt ch th sau: - ng vt y khng xng sng nh nghu, s, c, hn.kh ph bin. Cc loi ng vt ny thng c s dng nh gi nhim kim loi nng v chng c nh loi r rng, d nhn dng, c kch thc va phi, s lng nhiu, d tch t cht nhim, c thi gian sng di v c i sng tnh ti. - C: L ch th in hnh cho mi trng nc nhim kim loi nng. Tuy nhin, do c di chuyn lin tc nn gy kh khn cho vic xc nh mc nhim. Trn th gii, mt s cng trnh nghin cu la chn c mt s loi c in hnh lm ch th cho mi trng nc nhim kim loi nng v chng c kh nng tch t cao hm lng kim loi nng trong m ca chng. in hnh l loi c r Tilapia, c r ng. Mt khc, ngi ta cng s dng quan trc c nh gi nc bt u b nhim kim loi nng. l hng lot cc loi c thng thng s b cht. Gn y cc nh khoa hc ti i hc quc gia Singapore ang pht trin mt ging c bin i gen, c th t i mu trong nc nhim. Khi bt gp cc ho cht nh estrogen, kim loi nng v cc cht c, chng s pht quang mu hoc xanh lc. C vn thng c mu en v mu bc. Nhng nh chuyn gen cho chng, cc nh nghin cu to c mt s con c th pht ra nh sng hunh quang mu hoc xanh lc. H hy vng s sn xut ging c ny trn quy m thng mi, nhm c

12

c loi ch th sinh hc r v n gin hn so vi cc h thng pht hin nhim ho hc hin ti.

Hnh 1.6: C r Tilapia 1.3. SINH VT CH TH MI TRNG KHNG KH Mi trng khng kh b nhim ang l vn nng bng hin nay. Ngc li vi nhim nc v t, nhim khng kh kh pht hin hn, nhng li nguy him hn v khng kh l ngun dinh dng s mt ca ht thy cc loi sinh vt sng trn Tri t. Chnh do khng kh tc ng trc tip v cp tnh n h hp ca sinh vt nn ch th sinh hc cho nhim khng kh l mt hng quan trng trong chn on nhim mi trng. Cc cht gy nhim mi trng khng kh l cc xit quang ha, SO 2, HF, NH3, B, Cl, HCL,Pb, Hg v a s chng u khng mu v thm ch l khng mi v. Ngun gy nhim khng kh a s l t hot ng ca con ngi: - Hot ng ca sn xut cng nghip, nht l cng nghip ch bin. - Hot ng giao thng, nht l ng b. - Hot ng sn xut nng nghip do s dng ha cht bo v thc vt. xc nh mi trng khng kh c b nhim hay khng v nhim do ci g th thng thng ngi ta phi ly mu khng kh phn tch v so snh kt qu vi tiu chun quy nh. Tuy nhin, thng qua ch th sinh hc cng c th nh gi nh tnh i vi mi trng khng kh b nhim hay khng. Cc ch th sinh hc mi trng khng kh ch yu l thc vt v ng vt, cn vi sinh vt rt kh quan st v khng in hnh. 1.3.1. Thc vt ch th mi trng khng kh 1.3.1.1. Cc du hiu tn thng thc vt do nhim khng kh gy nn nhim khng kh gy tn thng cho thc vt c bit n t lu. Nhng tn thng thc vt thng xut hin gn cc thnh ph ln, nh my luyn kim, lc du, sn xut phn bn, nh my nhit in, xi mng, sn bay, ng cao tc v ng ph ni c mt giao thng cao.

13

Du hiu tn thng thc vt do nhim khng kh thng rt d nhm ln vi du hiu ca cc bnh do nm, vi khun, virus, cn trng v mi, hoc do thiu, tha dinh dng. y l im ng lu khi s dng thc vt chn on mi trng khng kh. Trc tin chng ta phi xem xt cc nhn t ngoi nhim khng kh bng phng php loi dn. S tn thng do nhim khng kh thng rt khc lit vo ma nng, bu tri trong, phng lng hoc thi tit m t v p sut khng kh cao. S tn thng do nhim khng kh i vi thc vt c th l mn tnh hoc cp tnh. Nu l mn tnh th thpng lm cho l cy b vng, xon l, cy thp ln v sinh trng chm. Cn cp tnh th lm cht m mt phn l, cnh hoc c l, cnh nn rt d nhn bit. Sau y l mt s v d v tc ng do nhim khng kh i vi thc vt: Nng ca zn cao trong khng kh thng lm cho l cy b tn thng lm m, l nhng m l b hoi sinh (bng 1.2). Bng 1.2: Mt s thc vt thng b O3 lm tn thng TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Thc vt Cy tn b (Fraxinus griffithii) Cy u (Glicin max.) Da chut (Cucumis sativus) Cy nho (Vitis vinefera) Hnh (Allium cepa) Khoai ty (Solanum tuberosum) Rau Bina (Spinacia) Thuc l (Nicotiana tobacum) Da hu (Citrullus lanatus) Du hiu in hnh Cc im mu trng, mu ng thau huyt d Mu ng thau, a vng Cc im mu trng Nhng im t mu nu n en Nhng m mu trng, u l khng mu Mu xm, cc m c nh kim loi Cc m mu trng xm Cc m mu trng xm Cc m mu xm, c nh kim loi (Feder W.A., 1979) Nng SO2 cao trong khng kh thng lm cho thc vt b tn thng. C th l gia gn l hoc ra l ca cy s b sng mu nu hoc trng (bng 1.3.). Bng 1.3: Mt s thc vt thng b O3 lm tn thng TT 1 2 3 4 Thc vt Cy mm xi (Rubus fruticosus) Cy thng (Pteridium ssp.) Bch dng (Betula lental) Du hiu in hnh Trng ht gia gn l vi sc mu nu Cc vt cht hoi mu hng ra l Trng nht vin l v gia gn l

Thng ui nga (Pinus massoniana) u cc l kim mu nu vng, l kim lm m

Thng ui nga (Pinus massoniana) u cc l kim c mu nu (Lacasse N.L. and M. Treshow, 1976)

14

Hp cht florua, ch yu l hydroflorua (HF) lm cho l b hoi t t nh l lan n bn l. u tin l cc m mu vng, mu nu sau l chy tp vin v nh l nhng thc vt l rng v chy nh l c v cy l kim. Tc ng ca bi ln thc vt rt r, l tp ra mt lp bi ph kn bn mt l cy, cnh v thn. Lu ngy v khng c ma, cy s ngng sinh trng v c th cht. 1.3.1.2. Thc vt ch th mi trng khng kh Nhng phng php sinh hc quan trc nhim khng kh xung quanh da trn cc nguyn l s dng khu h sinh vt (biota) nh nhng th tng hp (integrator) cho s tip xc mi trng. Cc loi trong khu h thc vt c s dng lm ch th sinh hc cho nhng thay i ca mi trng da vo kh nng mn cm ca chng. Ngc vi nhng kt qu ca ch th sinh hc cung cp thng tin v nhng thay i trong cht lng ca mi trng, phng php quan trc sinh hc li hiu nhiu hn v phng din s lng (MesjtriK v Pospisil, 1988). Nhng u th ca n l i hi thng tin v ln tch ly cc cht nhim, s phn b li trong c th v s phn b a l ca nhim c pht hin. Thc vt ch th l thc vt m cc du hiu b tn thng ca chng xut hin khi b tc ng bi nng nht nh ca mt hay hn hp cc cht gy nhim. Thc vt ch th l cm nhn (sensor) ha hc c th nhn dng khi c cht gy nhim trong khng kh. quan trc thng da vo c trng v s lng m khng phi l cht lng. Do , thc vt dng quan trc khng ch l vt ch th m cn gip thu nhn cc nh gi v mt s lng. Thc vt c xem l ch th khi chng tch ly trong m nhng cht gy nhim hoc nhng sn phm trao i cht sn sinh do kt qu tc ng tng h thc vt vi cht gy nhim. T kt qu ca s tc ng, thc vt c th thay i tc sinh trng, thi gian chn, ra hoa, s to thnh qu v ht km i, thay i qu trnh sinh sn v cui cng l gim sc sn xut nng sut. Mt hoc tt c cc thng s nu trn c th s dng xc nh s xut hin ca cht gy nhim trong khng kh xung quanh v tin hnh th nghim nhn dng, lm r s thay i ca thc vt vi mt cht hoc hn hp cc cht gy nhim. Mt s thc vt nh a y (Lichens, Peltigesa, Xanthoria) v ru (Bryiphyta) l nhng vt tch ly cc cht gy nhim khng kh, ch yu l cc kim loi nng chng c th tch ly ti nng ln hn nhiu nng ca cc kim loi nng trong khng kh xung quanh. Nhng loi mn cm nht trong s cc thc vt l ch th a y, bi v b mt ton thn ca chng u hp th cc cht khong. Ni no a y khng pht trin c th p dng phng php trng li a y. Qun x thc vt mc hoang d cng c th l nhng ch th mi trng khng kh. Cc loi mn cm dn b dit vong v ch cc thc vt c kh nng chng chu mi tn ti. Thc vt ch th mi trng khng kh c chia ra thnh hai dng:

15

- Dng chng chu tt vi mi trng b nhim: Khi mi trng khng kh b nhim ch cn tn ti nhng loi thc vt ny, cn hu ht cc loi thc vt khc u b cht hoc ngng sinh trng. - Dng th hai l i a s thc vt: Khi mi trng khng kh b nhim s lm xut hin cc tn thng ln l, thn cy. S biu hin tn thng thc vt ny ty thuc vo ngun nhim. C mt s cy kh in hnh cho ch th nhim: - Cy to, anh o, c rt: nhy cm vi kh sunfur. - Cy thuc l, cy kim t hng, hng dng, i mch: nhy cm vi kh Florua. - Cy ut kim hng, mai, b o c th gim st v o lng kh Flo. - To, i mch, o ng, hnh ty tng i nhy cm, c th gim st v o lng kh Clo. V d: Ch th nhim SO2 , O3 (hnh 1.7, 1.8).

Hnh 1.7: Ch th nhim SO2

Hnh 1.8: Ch th nhim O3

1.3.2. ng vt v ngi ch th mi trng khng kh nhim mi trng khng kh tc ng c hi n sc khe ca ngi v ng vt v rt t khi ngi ta pht hin ra s tc ng y, v a s cc cht gy nhim khng kh l khng mu, khng mi v. i vi ng vt: Biu hin ra ngoi r nt nht khi ng vt b phi nhim bi tc ng mn tnh ca nhim khng kh l a s b thay i mu lng hoc da v thay i v tc tng trng. Cn trong trng hp b tc ng cp tnh th a s l b bnh v cht. Mt th nghim ng rung i vi th nh s dng s phi nhim nhim khng kh vng ln cn ca nh my luyn Pb cho thy: Sau mt thi gain phi nhim, hm lng Pb trong mu ca th th nghim tng ln chc chn so vi khng phi nhim. Th b cht theo cc nhm 3 con sau phi nhim ko di 1, 3, 6, 9 v 12 thng. mt th nghim quan trc nh hng ca Mg trong khng kh n phi ca ng vt cho thy: Nhng con chut v th ci cho tip xc vi Mg trong vng 6 thng khi c phi vi cc con c khng b phi nhim th t l th tinh ch c 40 % so vi bnh thng v kch thc ca la con nh hn.

16

i vi ngi: Quan st v gim nh sc khe i vi ngi l hng rt quan trng trong gim st nhim mi trng khng kh. Trong iu kin nhim mn tnh thng s rt nguy him v biu hin t t v kh xc nh, nhng s lm cho ngi b bnh v a s l nhng bnh nguy him. Trng hp nhim cp tnh rt d pht hin v thng biu hin ra ngoi rt r nh au u, mt mi, nga ngy, rng tc, ngt v c th cht. Nhng vt liu sinh hc ngi c th ly mu c bao gm mu v nc tiu, tc, mng chn tay v rng rng. Tnh nhy bn ca tc nh ch th cho s tip xc vi cc kim loi c hi cng c Benecko (1991) cp n. Xc nh nng As c tin hnh trong trn tc, nc tiu v mu c ly ra t nhm b trai 10 tui sng trong vng b nhim As do t than c hm lng As cao. Trong tt c cc vt liu c kim tra pht hin thy hm lng As cao ng k. tin hnh kim tra nng Pb trong mu v trong tc bng phng php phn tch quang ph hp ph nguyn t 20 con trai tui t 7- 14 c cha l nhng cng nhn ca nh my sn xut c quy phi thng xuyn tip xc vi Pb cho thy: Mc Pb trong mu ven ca tr con thp hn trong nhng ngi cng nhn, nhng nng Pb trung bnh trong cc mu tc ca c hai nhm l nh nhau. Hm lng Ni trong sinh cht mu v nc tiu ca nhng ngi lm vic v tip xc vi mi trng cng gia tng tng t. Cc nghin cu v nh hng ca zn n sc khe con ngi a ra kt lun khi hm lng O3 trong khng kh t t 0,2 ppm tr ln bt u gy bnh (bng 1.4). Bng 1.4: Phn ng ca ngi v ng vt cc nng zn khc nhau TT Nng O3 (ppm) 1 2 3 4 0,2 0,3 13 8,0 Phn ng Khng c tc ng gy bnh Mi v hng b kch thch v b sng ty Mt mi, bi hoi sau 2 gi tip xc Nguy him i vi phi (Vogt, 1979 v Menzoian, 1974) Nhiu nm gn y, min dch hc sinh thi nh mt ngnh c lp ca khoa hc min dch c pht trin vi mc ch xc nh s phn hi ca h min dch vi nhng cht gy nhim mi trng (k c kim loi). Tnh trng min dch l du hiu rt mn cm i vi tc ng c hi ca mi trng gy ln nhng hu qu khng tt v sc khe. Cc du hiu sinh hc min dch th hin nhng thay i chc nng c th o c do cc cht gy nhim dn n nhng tn thng trc tip mt phn ca h min dch hoc gin tip do nh hng ca cc h khc. Nhng du hiu sinh hc min dch rt tin ch trong chn on nhng ngi trong vng nhim. Thm vo iu quan trng l tm kim nhng khim khuyt di truyn khc nhau ca h min dch c bit i vi tr em. Tnh mn cm gia cc c th ca h min

17

dch cui cng gy ln tc ng v sc khe (phn ng tc gin v tnh mn cm qu cao). 1.4. SINH VT CH TH MI TRNG T H sinh thi trong t v tnh a dng ca chng c vai tr cc k quan trng v n cung cp thng tin, chc nng sn xut v chc nng h tr cho sc sn xut ca t. Nghin cu h thng sinh vt ch th ca t nhm mc ch a ra cch nhn tng hp, ton din v hin trng ca h sinh thi t trong mi lin quan cht ch vi nhiu chc nng h tr sc sng ca t nh tnh sn xut, khong ha, chu trnh dinh dng, kh nng cung cp thc n khong cho cy trng. Trong nh gi mi trng t c th phn ra thnh hai dng in hnh: - Thoi ha mi trng t: Thoi ho l khi nim ch s suy gim theo chiu hng xu i so vi ban u. Thoi ho t c hiu l qu trnh suy gim ph nhiu ca t t lm cho sc sn xut ca t b suy gim theo. Theo mt nh ngha khc th thoi ho t l cc qu trnh thay i cc tnh cht ho l v sinh hc ca t dn n gim kh nng ca t trong vic thc hin cc chc nng ca t nh: Cung cp cht dinh dng v to ra khng gian sng cho cy trng, vt nui v h sinh thi, iu ho v bo v lu vc thng qua s thm ht v phn b li nc, ma, d tr m, hn ch s bin ng ca nhit , hn ch nhim nc ngm v nc mt bi cc sn phm ra tri. - nhim mi trng t: t b nhim c hiu l khi hm lng mt s nguyn t ha hc c trong t vt qu ngng thng c ca loi t , hoc t cha mt mt s cht gy c trc tip. nhim t khng nhng lm gim kh nng sn xut ca t m cn lm nh hng n cy trng, gia sc v con ngi. nhim t cn lm hi n mi trng khc nh nc ngm, nc mt v khng kh, t nh hng n con ngi. 1.4.1. Vi sinh vt ch th mi trng t Vic s dng vi sinh vt lm ch th sinh hc cho mi trng t n nay t c p dng v kh c th quan st bng mt thng. Mc d khi t b thoi ha hoc b nhim s lm nh hng trc tip n s lng v loi vi sinh vt sng trong t. Tuy nhin, ngi ta c th gin tip quan st vi sinh vt trong nh gi mi trng thng qua s phn hy cht hu c. Khi t b nhim, nht l nhim kim loi nng th s lng vi sinh vt s t v ta d dng quan st thy cc tn tch hu c (cnh l kh) t b phn hy hoc phn hy chm so vi ni t khng b nhim. Ngc li vi nhim kim loi nng v thoi ha dinh dng l hin tng nhim bn t, th trong trng hp ny c th mt s loi vi sinh vt t li c s lng tng ln ng k. t b thoi ha nghim trng hoc qu chua th nm l loi in hnh.

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1.4.2. Thc vt ch th mi trng t 1.4.2.1. Thc vt ch th thiu v tha cht dinh dng trong t Thc vt i hi nhng cht dinh dng cn thit cho sinh trng v m bo cc chc nng bnh thng khc. Ngng cc cht dinh dng c xem l ngng cc cht dinh dng cn thit p ng nhu cu dinh dng v sinh trng mnh nht ca thc vt. Cc cht dinh dng nm ngoi ngng ca thc vt gy hin tng thiu hoc tha dinh dng u tc ng xu n thc vt (hnh 1.9).

Ngng thiu

Ngng

Ngng c hi

Sinh trng v sc khe thc vt

Tng lng cc cht dinh dng d tiu

Hnh 1.9: Quan h gia sinh trng thc vt v tng lng cc cht dinh dng d tiu (Brady and Weil, 1999) S thiu ht dinh dng xy ra khi mt hoc mt s cht dinh dng cn thit khng v s lng cho sinh trng ca cy. S d tha gy ng c xy ra khi cht dinh dng qu nhiu so vi yu cu ca cy v lm gim sinh trng v nng sut cy trng. Vai tr ca cc nguyn t dinh dng i vi thc vt v biu hin thiu: Nit (N): Nit c mt trong rt nhiu hp cht hu c quan trng, c vai tr quyt nh trong qu trnh trao i cht v nng lng cng nh cc hot ng sinh l ca cy. Khi thiu N, cy sinh trng pht trin km, dip lc khng hnh thnh, l chuyn mu vng, nhnh v phn cnh km, hot ng quang hp v tch ly gim st nghim trng, dn ti suy gim nng sut. Photpho (P): Photpho cn cho tt c cc loi cy trng nhng r rt nht l vi cy h u v ngoi kh nng tham gia trc tip vo cc qu trnh sng ca cy, chng cn thc y kh nng c nh m ca vi sinh vt cng sinh. Khi thiu P, l cy ban u c mu xanh m, sau chuyn mu vng, hin tng ny bt u t cc l pha di trc, v t mp l vo trong. Cy la thiu P lm l nh, hp, nhnh t, tr bng chm, chn ko di, nhiu ht xanh, ht lp. Cy ng thiu P sinh trng chm, l c mu lc ri chuyn mu huyt d.

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Kali (K): Kali cn thit cho mi loi cy trng, nhng quan trng nht i vi nhm cy cha nhiu ng hay tinh bt nh la, ng, ma, khoai ty ... Bn K s lm tng hiu qu s dng N v P. Biu hin rt r khi thiu K l l hp, ngn, xut hin cc chm , l d ho r v kh. Cy la thiu K sinh trng km, tr sm, chn sm, nhiu ht lp lng, mp l v pha nh bin vng. Ng thiu K lm t ngn, mp l nht dn sau chuyn mu huyt d, l c gn sng. iu c bit l K c vai tr quan trng trong vic to lp tnh chng chu ca cy trng vi iu kin bt thun (hn, rt) cng nh tnh khng su bnh, v vy nu thiu K s lm nhng chc nng ny suy gim i. Lu hunh (S): Lu hunh tham gia trong thnh phn protein, axit amin, vitamin, c vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh trao i lipit v s h hp ca cy. Biu hin c trng khi cy thiu S cng c hin tng vng l nh khi thiu N, tuy nhin khc vi thiu N l hin tng vng l xut hin cc l non trc cc l trng thnh v l gi. Khi cy thiu S, gn l chuyn vng trong khi phn tht l vn cn xanh, sau mi chuyn vng. Km theo nhng tn thng trc ht phn ngn v l non, cng vi s xut hin cc vt chm trn l do m t bo cht. Canxi (Ca): Canxi c vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh t bo, hnh thnh cc m c quan ca cy. Chng c ngha quan trng trong vic trung ha chua ca t cng nh vic kh c do s c mt ca cc cation (Na+, Al3+ ...) trong nguyn sinh cht ca t bo. Cng vi P, Ca l nguyn t hng u tng nng sut v cht lng cy h u. Khi thiu Ca th nh sinh trng v chp r b nh hng nghim trng do cc m phn sinh ngng phn chia, sinh trng b c ch. Triu chng c trng ca cy thiu Ca l cc l mi ra b d dng, chp l un cu, r km pht trin, ngn, ha nhy v cht. Ca l cht khng di ng trong cy nn biu hin thiu Ca thng th hin cc l non trc. Magi (Mg): Magi l thnh phn quan trng ca phn t dip lc nn n quyt nh hot ng quang hp ca cy. y cng l cht hot ha ca nhiu enzym rt quan trng i vi qu trnh h hp v trao i cht ca cy. Mg rt cn i vi cc cy ngn ngy nh la, ng, u, khoai ty... Mg s lm tng hm lng tinh bt trong sn phm. Thiu Mg lm chm qu trnh ra hoa, cy thng b vng l do thiu dip lc. Triu chng in hnh l cc gn l cn xanh trong khi phn tht l bin vng. Xut hin cc m hoi t thng t cc l pha di, l trng thnh ln l non, v Mg l nguyn t linh ng, cy c th dng li t cc l gi. St (Fe): Vai tr quan trng nht ca st l hot ha cc enzym ca qu trnh quang hp v h hp. N khng tham gia vo thnh phn dip lc nhng c nh hng quyt nh ti s tng hp dip lc trong cy. Hm lng st trong l cy c quan h mt thit n hm lng dip lc trong chng.

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S thiu ht Fe thng xy ra trn nn t c vi. L cy thiu st s chuyn t mu xanh sang vng hay trng phn tht l, trong khi gn l vn cn xanh. Triu chng thiu st xut hin trc ht cc l non, sau n l gi, v Fe khng di ng t l gi v l non. Mangan (Mn): Mn l nguyn t hot ha rt nhiu enzym ca cc qu trnh quang hp, h hp v c nh nit phn t. Triu chng in hnh khi cy thiu Mn l phn gn l v mch dn bin vng, nhn ton b l c mu xanh sng, v sau xut hin cc m vng phn tht l v pht trin thnh cc vt hoi t trn l. Nu thiu nghim trng s gy kh v cht l. Triu chng thiu Mn c th biu hin l gi hay l non ty theo tng loi cy. ng (Cu): ng l nguyn t hot ha nhiu enzym ca qu trnh tng hp protein, axit nucleic v dinh dng nit ca cy. Hin tng thiu ng thng xy ra trn nhng vng t m ly, rung ly tht. Cy trng thiu ng thng hay c hin tng chy gm (rt hay xy ra cy n qu), km theo cc vt hoi t trn l hay qu. Vi cy h ha tho, nu thiu ng s lm mt mu xanh phn ngn l. Bo (B): B l mt trong nhng nguyn t vi lng c hiu qu nht vi cy trng. B tc ng trc tip n qu trnh phn ha t bo, trao i hocmon, trao i N, nc v cht khong khc, nh hng r rt nht ca B l ti m phn sinh nh sinh trng v qu trnh phn ha hoa, th phn, th tinh, hnh thnh qu. Khi thiu B th chi ngn b cht, cc chi bn cng thui dn, hoa khng hnh thnh, t l u qu km, qu d rng, r sinh trng km, l b dy ln. Molypden (Mo): Mo c vai tr rt quan trng trong vic trao i nit, tng hp Vitamin C v hnh thnh lc lp ca cy. Thiu Mo s c ch dinh dng m ca cy trng ni chung, c bit ca cc cy h u. Km (Zn): Zn tham gia hot ha khong 70 enzym ca nhiu hot ng sinh l, sinh ha ca cy. Thiu Zn s gy ri lon trao i auxin nn c ch sinh trng, l cy b bin dng, ngn, nh v xon, t ngn v bin dng. Niken (Ni): Thc vt cn Ni ny mm v l thnh phn trong emzym ureaza, mt loi enzym xa tc qu trnh chuyn ha ur thnh ammoni. Nhiu nghin cu cng cho thy Ni cn thit cho trao i cht trong cy h u v nhng cy khc. Thiu Ni cy b vng l v vng gia gn l nhng l non. Tm li: c th chn on thiu dinh dng thc vt da vo 5 biu hin sau: - Sinh trng ci cc - Bnh vng l - Bnh vng gia gn l - Xut hin mu ta

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- Hoi t (bng 1.5). Bng 1.5: Cc du hiu c trng l khi thiu cht dinh dng Cht dinh dng N P K Mg Ca S Mn, Fe V tr trn thc vt Tt c cc l Nhng l gi Nhng l gi Nhng l gi Nhng l non Nhng l non Nhng l non Bnh vng l C Khng C C C C C Vin l b hoi t Khng Khng C Khng Khng Khng Khng Mu sc v dng l Vng cc l v gn l Nhng m mu tm Nhng m vng Nhng m vng Cc l b bin dng L mu vng Mu vng gia gn l L bin dng

B, Zn, Cu, Ca, Mo Nhng l non Du hiu ng c thc vt:

(Dobermann A. And T. Fairhurst, 2000) Khi mt hoc mt vi nguyn t dinh dng a, trung lng hoc vi lng vt qu ngng th s gy c hi cho cy. Tuy nhin, cng c mt s nguyn t khng gy c. Tha N s lm cy sinh trng qu mnh, do thn l tng trng nhanh m m c gii km hnh thnh nn cy rt yu, d lp , d b su bnh tn cng. Ngoi ra s d tha N trong sn phm cy trng (c bit l rau xanh) cn gy tc hi ln ti sc khe con ngi. Nu N d tha dng NO3- th khi vo d dy, chng s vo rut non v mch mu, s chuyn hemoglobin (ca mu) thnh dng met-hemoglobin, lm mt kh nng vn chuyn oxy ca t bo. Cn nu dng NO 2- chng s kt hp vi axit amin th cp to thnh cht Nitrosamine - l mt cht gy ung th rt mnh. Tha P khng c biu hin gy hi nh tha N v P thuc loi nguyn t linh ng, n c kh nng vn chuyn t c quan gi sang c quan cn non. Tuy nhin, khi tha P s lm gim kh nng ht Fe, Mn v Zn v lm chng b thiu trong cy, dn n c ch sinh trng ca cy. Tha d v gy ng c Al: Lm cho r pht trin km, l vng a v da cam gia gn l, sau l trng l gia gn ri l b cht ho v vin l b tp nng. i vi cc nguyn t trung lng v vi lng, cy cn mt lng nh, nhng thiu chng nhiu chc nng ca thc vt b ph v. Ngc li, trong thc tin sn xut do hot ng cng nghip, lng ngh v hot ng khai khong dn n d tha cc nguyn t vi lng v trung lng trong t v dn n ng c cho cy (bng 1.6). Nhn chung, thiu hay tha cht dinh dng u lm cho cy sinh trng pht trin km, gim sc sn xut v gy ra nhng du hiu khng bnh thng c th quan st c bng mt thng.

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Bng 1.6: Cc yu t gy c, du hiu ng c v ngng c Nguyn t B Co Cu Cl Fe Mn Mo Zn Cc yu t gy c S dng nhiu compost thnh ph phn Ngng c hi (mg/kg) > 200 Du hiu ng c Mu vng, hoi t nh v vin l

t ct, t than bn, bn > 1.000, i Khng r vi, tiu nc khi > 4.000 S dng nhiu bn thi v phn compost thnh ph t ven bin v b nhim mn t ngp ng, nhng vng t trng t ngp ng, nhng vng t trng Bn vi v bn b sung Mo Di tn cy v cy trng trong nh c mi che > 20 > 3.500 > 500 > 500 > 1.000 > 400 Mu vng v hoi t l gi, km hm r di ra ca r L chy sm v sinh trng b km hm Mu ng thau la, mt mu tm nhng cy khc m mu nu trn gn l, hoi t nh v gn l, l b xon trn Chuyn mu vng sang da cam (i khi tm), dng v t ngn t xy ra. Du hiu ging thiu Fe v Mn

(Thomas Dierolf, 2001) 1.4.2.2. Thc vt ch th t nhim kim loi nng t b nhim kim loi nng l t c hm lng qu ln so vi bnh thng (vt ngng) ca mt hoc nhiu cc nguyn t c th l dinh dng vi lng nh Cu, Mn, Zn v Ni, hoc cc nguyn t khng phi l dinh dng nh Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Se. Nhn chung, t b nhim kim loi nng u lm nh hng n sinh trng v pht trin ca cy. Khi t b nhim kim loi nng a s thc vt b ngng sinh trng v dn n cht. Tuy nhin cng c mt s loi thc vt li khng b cht v thm ch c loi cn sinh trng pht trin tt. T hin tng , ngi ta phn ra c hai nhm thc vt trong ch th nhim kim loi nng trong t, l: - Nhm thc vt c kh nng chng chu vi nng kim loi cao gi l siu chng chu. - Nhm thc vt c kh nng thu ht kim loi nng v tch ly vo cc b ca cy gi l siu hp th kim loi. n nay ngi ta pht hin c trn 450 loi thc vt c kh nng thu ht kim loi nng trong t. Trong s ny c kh nhiu loi c tm thy Vit Nam. Sau y l mt s loi thc vt in hnh lm ch th cho t b nhim kim loi nng Vit Nam:

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- Cy dng x, vetiver, lau, sy. - Cy hoa ng sc, mua, sim, n but, ngi di. - Cy c tre, c g, mn tru. - Cy ci xanh, ci xoong, rau mung. - Cy bch n, keo tai tng, keo l chm. - t nhim Al cao (t phn): Cy nng bp, nng kim, nng ch, c bng, c ng, c lc.... Su y l hnh nh ca mt s cy ch th kim loi nng trong t:

Hnh 1.10: C vetiver Hnh 1.11: Dng x Hnh 1.12: C lau Hnh 1.13: Ng sc Hnh 1.15: Ngi di Hnh 1.14: n but

1.4.2.3. Thc vt ch th t dc thoi ha, chua t dc thoi ha ch yu do xi mn ra tri, do khng c bn phn hu c, do canh tc khng li sn phm ph ca cy trng v thiu nc. t dc b thoi ha thng chua, ngho dinh dng v giu Al3+, Fe3+. Trn t thoi ha mnh ngoi cy c tranh l cc loi c v cy bi in hnh sau: - Cy lau, gut.

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- Sim, mua, c lo, ch vng. - Cc cy thn b nh u mo di, trinh n c gai v khng gai. 1.4.3. ng vt ch th mi trng t Cho n nay cha c nhiu nghin cu v s dng ng vt t lm ch th sinh hc. Tuy nhin, chng ta u hiu r rng, khi t b nhim hoc b thoi ha s lm gim ng k ng vt t nh giun t, mi, kin.... nh gi ph nhiu ca t ngi ta thng dng giun t lm ch th. Giun t v cc ng vt t khc nh tiu tc, nhuyn th v ng vt c xng tham gia tch cc vo qu trnh phn hu xc ng thc vt, o xi t, to iu kin cho khng kh, nc v vi sinh vt thc hin qu trnh phn hu cht hu c, gip cho thc vt bc cao d dng ly c cht dinh dng t t. V vy giun t nhiu hay t l ch th tt cho nh gi t tt hay xu. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng mi nh l mt ch th sinh hc cho ph t. Chng ta c bit kh nhiu mt li ch ca cc loi mi, v d nh: Chng phn gii xenlul thc vt, tng mn cho t, l mt xch thc n trong chu trnh lun chuyn vt cht trong h sinh thi v.v Ngy nay, mi cn c ch nhiu vi vai tr l ch th sinh hc trong cc nghin cu v s phc hi ca h sinh thi. c nhng nghin cu cho thy, nhiu loi mi rt nhy cm vi s thay i ca mi trng sng, s c mt hay bin mt ca mt s loi gn lin vi nhng bin i ca iu kin mi trng, c bit l thm thc vt v cu trc t.

Hnh 1.16: Mi

Hnh 1.17: Giun t

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Cu hi n tp: 1. Ch th sinh hc l g? Vai tr ca ch th sinh hc?

2. Trnh by vi sinh vt ch th mi trng ph dng?

3. Trnh by thc vt ch th mi trng ph dng? 4. Trnh by ng vt ch th mi trng ph dng? 5. Trnh by ch th sinh hc mi trng nc nhim kim loi nng? 6. Trnh by thc vt ch th mi trng khng kh?

7. Trnh by ng vt v ngi ch th mi trng khng kh? 8. Thc vt ch th thiu v tha cht dinh dng trong t nh th no? 9. Thc vt ch th t nhim kim loi nng nh th no? 10. Thc vt ch th t dc thoi ha, chua nh th no?
11. ng vt ch th mi trng t nh th no?

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CHNG 2 NG DNG VI SINH VT TRONG BO V MI TRNG 2.1. NG DNG VI SINH VT TRONG X L PH THI HU C Ph thi l sn phm loi b c thi ra trong qu trnh hot ng, sn xut, ch bin ca con ngi. Ph thi c nhiu ngun khc nhau: rc thi sinh hot, rc thi th, tn d thc vt, ph thi do qu trnh sn xut, ch bin nng cng nghip, ph thi t cc nh my cng nghip (nh my giy, khai thc ch bin than, nh my ng, nh my thuc l, nh my bia, nc gii kht, cc l m, cc nh my x nghip ch bin rau qu hp ). Vit Nam l nc nng nghip c ngun ph thi sau thu hoch rt ln, rt a dng. Cng nghip ma ng li hng chc vn tn b ma, bn ma v tn d ph thi t sn xut, ch bin ma ra ng. Ngnh cng nghip ch bin xut khu c ph thi ra mi trng hn 20 vn tn v/nm. Trn ng rung, nng ry hng nm li hng triu tn ph thi l rm, r, li ng, cy sn, thn l thc vt Ngoi ra cn c ti hng triu tn rc thi sinh hot. Tt c ngun ph thi ny mt phn b t, cn li tr thnh rc thi, ph thi gy nhim nghim trng mi trng v ngun nc, trong khi t ai li thiu trm trng ngun dinh dng cho cy. Ph thi rt a dng, nhng ngi ta xp thnh 3 nhm sau: + Ph thi hu c. + Ph thi rn. + Ph thi lng. Hin nay dng bin php sinh hc x l ph thi l bin php ti u nht, n ang c tt c cc nc s dng. l dng cng ngh vi sinh vt phn hu ph thi, mun thc hin c bin php ny, iu quan trng nht l phi phn loi ph thi, v trong ph thi cn nhiu ph liu kh phn gii khng th thc hin c theo bin php ny nh: ti polyetylen, v chai l bng thy tinh v nha, cc loi ph liu rn bn phn gii lu. 2.1.1. Phng php x l ph thi hu c Khc vi rc thi ph thi cng nghip, rc thi sinh hot l mt tp hp khng ng nht. Tnh khng ng nht biu hin ngay s khng kim sot c ca cc nguyn liu ban u dng cho sinh hot v thng mi. S khng ng nht ny to ra mt s c tnh rt khc bit trong cc thnh phn ca rc thi sinh hot. Mt trong nhng c im r nht thy rc thi sinh hot Vit Nam l thnh phn cc cht hu c chim t l rt cao 45 55 %. Trong thnh phn ph thi th cc cu t phi hu c (kim loi, thu tinh, rc xy dng) chim khong 12 15 %. Phn cn li l cc cu t khc. C cu thnh phn c hc trn ca ph thi th

27

khng phi l nhng t l bt bin, m c bin ng lun lun theo cc thng trong nm v lun thay i theo mc sng ca cng ng. cc nc pht trin, do mc sng ca ngi dn cao cho nn t l thnh phn hu c trong rc thi sinh hot thng ch chim 35 40 %. Nh vy so vi th gii th rc thi th Vit Nam c t l hu c cao hn rt nhiu. Chnh nh c im ny, nn vic x l rc thi sinh hot Vit Nam bng cng ngh vi sinh vt l rt kh thi. x l ph thi hu c t rc thi sinh hot, ph thi nng nghip sau thu hoch hin nay c kh nhiu phng php khc nhau: * Phng php sn xut kh sinh hc (Biogas): C s ca phng php ny l nh s hot ng ca vi sinh vt m cc cht kh tan (Xenluloza, lignin, hemixeluloza v cc cht cao phn t khc) c chuyn thnh cht d tan. Sau li c chuyn ho tip thnh cc cht kh trong ch yu l mtan. u im ca phng php ny l c th thu c mt lot cc cht kh, c th chy c v cho nhit lng cao, s dng lm cht t, khng nhim mi trng. Ph thi sau khi ln men c chuyn ho thnh phn hu c c cht dinh dng cao bn cho cy trng. Tuy nhin phng php ny c nhng nhc im sau: - Kh ly cc cht thi sau khi ln men. - L qu trnh k kh bt buc v vy vic thit k b rt phc tp, vn u t ln. - Gp nhiu kh khn trong khu tuyn chn nguyn liu. * Phng php ph thi thnh ng, ln men t nhin c o trn: Rc c cht thnh ng c chiu cao t 1,5 - 2,0 m o trn mi tun mt ln. Nhit ng l 55 - 60oC, m 50 70 %, sau 3 - 4 tun tip khng o trn. Phng php ny n gin, nhng mt v sinh, gy nhim ngun nc v khng kh. * Phng php ph thi thnh ng khng o trn v c thi kh: Ph thi c cht thnh ng cao t 1,5 - 2,0 m. Pha di c lp t mt h thng phn phi kh. Nh c qu trnh thi kh cng bc, m cc qu trnh chuyn ho c nhanh hn, nhit n nh, t nhim mi trng. * Phng php ln men trong cc thit b cha: Ph thi c cho vo cc thit b cha c dung tch khc nhau ln men. Lng kh v nc thi sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men c kim sot cht ch. Cc vi sinh vt c tuyn chn b sung cho h vi sinh vt t nhin trong ng , nh m qu trnh xy ra nhanh v d kim sot, t nhim hn. * Phng php ln men trong l quay:

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Ph thi c thu gom, phn loi p nh bng ba a vo l quay nghing vi m t 50 60 %. Trong khi quay ph thi c o trn do vy khng phi thi kh. Rc sau khi ln men li c chn thnh ng trong vng 20 - 30 ngy. * Phng php x l rc thi hu c cng nghip: c im chung ca kiu rc cng nghip ny l t ng ho cao do rc c phn hu rt tt, nhng li i trnh khoa hc cng ngh cao, chi ph tn km cha ph hp vi trnh v kh nng u t ca cc nc ang pht trin. * Phng php rc thi hu c lm phn : Rc thi hay than bn khng b b i m c ti ch thnh sn phm cung cp cho nng nghip. Nhng phng php ny cn c mt s hn ch sau: Vn chi ph vn hnh tng i ln, din tch s dng kh ln, phn loi v tuyn chn rc mt nhiu cng. Vi tt c cc phng php trn u da trn nguyn tc l s dng vi sinh vt phn hy v chuyn ha cc cht ca ph thi. Ty theo phng php m ngi ta s dng cc ch phm vi sinh vt khc nhau. 2.1.2. Cc ch phm vi sinh vt s dng trong x l ph thi hu c Hin nay ang c kh nhiu ch phm vi sinh vt dng cho x l ph thi hu c. Sau y l mt s ch phm c s dng nhiu v c hiu qu tt. 2.1.2.1. Ch phm E.M (Effective Microorganisms) E.M (Effective Microorganisms) c ngha l cc vi sinh vt hu hiu. Ch phm ny do gio s Tin s Teruo Higa, Trng i hc Tng hp Ryukyus, Okinawoa, Nht Bn sng to v p dng thc tin vo u nm 1980. Trong ch phm ny c khong 80 loi vi sinh vt k kh v hiu kh. 80 loi vi sinh vt ny c la chn t hn 2.000 loi c s dng ph bin trong cng nghip thc phm v cng ngh ln men. l cac nhm vi sinh vt hu hiu: Vi khun quang hp, vi khun c inh Nit, vi khun lactic, nm men, nm mc v x khun. E.M c ng dng rng ri c hiu qu trong nng nghip, cng nghip, ch bin thc phm, ha m phm v x l mi trng. E.M gc c pH di 3,5 nhng khi pha long vi t l 1/1000 th n trung tnh v rt tt cho tiu ha, c th ung c nc ny. T nhiu nm nay E.M c s dng ti nc ta. E.M ha vi nc v phun u ln rc hn ch kh hiu qu mi hi thi bc ra t cc bi rc ln. Bi rc Ty M, H Ni (nay ng ca do ht din tch chn lp) sau khi c x l vi E.M gi c mi trng trong sch, ng ngay gia bi rc cng khng ngi thy mi hi thi. Cc bi rc Vit Nam hin nay phn nhiu u s dng bin php chn lp kt hp vi s dng E.M. Ti bi rc Nam Sn, H Ni, bi rc Mi, Thi Nguyn u tin hnh phun E.M 2 % vi lng 10 lt dung dch cho 100 kg rc v thu c kt qu kh quan.

29

T nm 2000, E.M c th nghim cho nhiu h gia nh thnh ph H Ni. Quy trnh x l rc thi hu c (rau, thc n, hoa qu...) theo phng php E.M (khng tiu hy c rc thi v c) cn 1 thng 25lt, c cao khong 15 cm, y thng c 1 v ngn v 1 vi dng tho nc.Trc khi cho rc vo thng phi lc u 1 lt cm bokashi vo y thng (bokashi l cht c ch to t dung dch E.M trn vi cm v gi kn 3 - 4 ngy n khi thy mi men). Sau rc vo thng, n rc xung ri rc 1 lt cm bokashi ln trn ri c lm nh th cho n khi rc y thng. Nu di y thng c nc th m vi cho nc chy ra (khng cho nc y v). Nc thi ny c th thi ra rnh nc hoc toillet, hoc cng c th pha long 1000 ln vi nc sch ri ti cy cng rt tt. Nghin cu ca Nguyn Ngc Nng, Hong Hi, Nguyn Ngc Sn Hi (2007) cng cho thy hiu qu ca vic s dng cc ch phm E.M ti tc phn gii rc hu c.

Bng 2.1: Kt qu x l rc thi sinh hot hu c bng mt s ch phm vi sinh vt

S T T 1 2 3 4 5 Trng lng rc thi hu c (kg) Cng thc th Trc Sau x l 60 nghim ngy x l (kg) kg % Khng x l 15,0 5,8 100,00 E.M - Bokashi 15,0 5,4 93,10 E.M 2 15,0 4,5 77,59 Ch phm VSV1* 15,0 4,8 82,76 Ch phm VSV1** 15,0 5,3 91,38 Th tch rc hu c Lng hu c (dm3) phn hy qua Trc Sau x l 60 sng 2mm ngy x l (%) (dm3) dm3 % 35,63 12,86 100,00 50,00 35,63 11,49 89,35 68,85 35,63 10,05 78,15 68,14 35,63 11,26 87,56 66,85 35,63 11,55 89,81 69,30

(Nguyn Ngc Nng, Hong Hi, Nguyn Ngc Sn Hi, 2007) Ghi ch: * Ch phm VSV ca HNN H Ni dng nc ** Ch phm VSV ca HNN H Ni dng bt Tuy E.M c s dng rt c hiu qu nh gi thnh r, d s dng,...nhng vn c 1 s hn ch do rc thi hin nay cha phn loi ti ngun nn vn ln cc rc v c vo lm hiu qu ti u ca E.M cha c pht huy ht.

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Hnh 2.1: E.M gc 2.1.2.2. Ch phm sinh hc Biomic

Hnh 2.2: Cm E.M - bokashi

Biomic c cha cc vi sinh vt c ch nh: Lactobaccillus aldophis 01, Lactobaccillus aldophis 03, Bacillus memgaterium, Bicillus Lichennoformis, Strepstococus facium, Nitrobacter,... Nhng vi sinh vt ny c th phn hy nhanh cc cht thi hu c, cc hp cht gy c hi. Kt qu cho thy, s dng ch phm sinh hc Biomic gip phn hy nhanh cc ph thi nh rc thi sinh hot, rm r, than bn, phn gia sc gia cm... to thnh phn bn hu c phc v sn xut nng nghip. Loi phn ny c cha nhiu vi sinh vt c ch nn em bn cho cy trng gip tng nng sut v cht lng sn phm. Ch cn dng 1 kg Biomic phi trn vi 1 kg NPK ha tan vi mi lt nc ti x l cho 1 tn phn gia sc, gia cm, rc thi, sau dng ni-lng ph kn; sau 20-25 ngy phn, rc s hoi mc khng mi hi thi. C th s dng 1kg Biomic trn vi 1kg ng vng ha vi 20 lt nc cho vo b nc thi chn nui dung tch 5m3, sau 5 ngy mi hi thi s gim hn. Sau 3 ngy x l, cc ch phm s tiu dit cc vi sinh gy bnh... 2.1.2.3. Ch phm sinh hc EMIC EMIC l hn hp cc vi sinh vt hu ch c kh nng phn gii mnh xenluloz, tinh bt, protein, Vi sinh vt tng s > 109 CFU/g. EMIC phn gii nhanh rc thi, ph thi nng nghip, mn b hu c, phn bc v phn chung lm phn bn hu c vi sinh. EMIC lm gim ti a mi hi thi ca cht thi hu c, dit mm bnh sinh vt c hi trong cht thi. X l cht thi lm phn bn: Ho 1 - 2 gi vo nc ti u cho 1tn nguyn liu, t m 45 50 % . thnh ng c che ph, c 7 - 10 ngy o trn mt ln. khong 20 - 30 ngy. EMIC l ch phm trung tnh, an ton khng c hi i vi ngi, gia sc v mi trng. Hnh 2.3: Ch phm sinh hc EMIC 2.1.2.4. Ch phm vi sinh Biovina Ch phm c dng x l cht thi to ra phn hu c vi sinh. Ging vi sinh biovina m bo tnh thun khit, n nh c kh nng phn gii cc cht hu c nhanh, mi trng nui cy c sn trong iu kin Vit Nam, quy trnh cng ngh n gin v d thc hin. Hai loi Biovina1 v Biovina2 c nghin cu, sn xut v thng mi ha. Trong Biovina1 dng x l rc ti ngun, rc chn lp ti bi rc ng Thch, x l ph liu ca nh my hp Tn Bnh v x l cht thi

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vng nui tm. Cn Biovina 2 c dng x l nc thi tri chn nui heo, x l mi cc bi chn lp rc. 2.1.2.5. Ch phm vi sinh BioMicromix Cc nh khoa hc Vit Nam xy dng m hnh x l rc thi sinh hot thnh phn hu c c b sung ch phm vi sinh BioMicromix thc hin ti H Ty. Rc thi ca cc h dn c phn loi s b ngay ti gia nh, mi gia nh c 2 thng rc, mt thng ng rc hu c (thc phm tha, l cy...), mt thng ng rc v c cc loi khng phn hy c (thy tinh, nilon, v s, v c...). Hng ngy cng nhn ca i thu gom i thu gom a v sn tp kt. y, rc c tip tc phn loi loi b cc cht v c. Phn hu c c trn ln vi ch phm vi sinh BioMicromix ri a vo b . Ch phm vi sinh BioMicromix l ch phm vi sinh vt a nhit, c tc dng thc y nhanh qu trnh phn hy cht hu c, lm nhanh mt mi hi, khng c rui mui. Thi gian ln men trong b ko di t 40 - 50 ngy. Khi qu trnh kt thc, ng xp xung, nhit xung di 400C, rc c chuyn ra sn phi cho kh, sau c a vo nghin v sng phn loi. Phn hu c tn dng lm phn bn. Nc rc c thu gom vo b cha qua h thng rnh, khi khi b kh dng nc ny b sung. Cc cht v c c phn loi, phn c th ti ch (thu tinh, nilon, st thp...) c thu gom li bn cho cc c s ti ch cn phn khng ti ch c (snh s, v c...) c em i chn lp. Gch ngi v dng san nn hay b tng ha, lt k ng i, xy mng. Ngoi mt s ch phm vi sinh trn, hin nay ngoi th trng ang c nhiu ch phm vi sinh vi nhiu tn khc nhau. Nhng c bn th nguyn tc chung l u cha cc vi sinh vt c ch v c kh nng phn gii cao cc ph thi hu c. 2.1.3. Mt s v d ng dng vi sinh vt trong x l ph thi hu c 2.1.3.1. Sn xut phn bn t ph thi hu c C mt s phng php sn xut phn bn t ph thi hu c: * rc thu hi kh sinh hc Dng cng ngh vi sinh phn hu rc, thu kh CH4 lm kh t chy my pht in hoc s dng vo cc mc ch khc. Chi ph ca phng php ny cng kh cao. * Ch bin phn vi sinh Trong phng php ny rc sau khi loi b cc cht v c c trong iu kin thong kh hay ym kh. Trong qu trnh , cc cht hu c chuyn ho dn v mt sinh hc thnh cc hp cht mn, gi l phn compost. Phn compost sau khi c trn u vi cc nguyn t dinh dng (NPK vi cc t l khc nhau) s thnh cc sn phm phn vi sinh khc nhau. Vic ch bin phn compost t rc thi c th c lm t cng ngh n gin hoc cng ngh tin tin t tin.

32

u im: Gii quyt c mt phn ng k cht thi rn. Thu hi, ti ch c cht thi rn di dng phn hu c. Tn thu v ti s dng mt s thnh phn nh: nha, nilon, thy tinh, kim loi. Nhc im: Ch x l thnh phn hu c trong rc thi. Tn nhiu thi gian, chi ph vn hnh cao, cng ngh phc tp. Nu s dng cng ngh n gin c th gy nhim mi trng khng kh xung quanh khu vc x l (mi hi thi v mt s kh c), nhim ngun nc khu vc ln cn. Cng ngh : Nguyn tc c bn: Ton b rc v cht thi c ln men hp v sinh trong cc h kh. Nc r rc trong qu trnh c thu hi v x l lm sch trc khi x ra ngoi mi trng. Cc gii php bo v mi trng: + Khng kh: To vnh ai cy xanh cch ly. + Nc: Chng thm v trn nc ra ngoi. + t: Bo m chng thm nc rc theo phng ng v theo phng ngang. c im h phn tm thi: C cu to l cc h nh c thnh v y c b tng hoc p mt lp t st dy 50 cm di y v m cht sau ri mt lp vi a k thut ln trn. Trc khi rc, cc h ny phi hon thin phn chng thm y v trn nc rc bng cch li ph thm mt lp st m dy 20 cm cu to lp nn v y thot nc, xy dng cc rnh thu nc rc ngm, to tng st bao quanh tng chn. Ti cnh thnh h, c bc thang ln xung d dng, tin cho vic tn thu sn phm sau . Phng php : Rc s c phn loi bng phng php th cng ti khu tp trung rc theo quy m u t nh. Sau khi phn loi, lng rc thi hu c c em trong h v phun ch phm sinh hc tng nhanh qu trnh phn hy thnh mn, cn cc cht tr th c chn lp n gin. Rc thu gom c xe chuyn dng ch n xung cc h v c phun ch phm sau dng my i bnh xch hoc cc thit b th cng san rc, p v nn cht cui chu k xung. Khi lp rc m nn c dy tng lp khong 0,6 m hoc vo cui ngy c ph mt lp t dy khong 0,20 0,22 m v m nn cht m bo t trng cht thi ti thiu sau m nn khong 0,8 tn/m 3 (h s nn khong 1,5).

33

Lp rc mi s c ph ln v lp li chu trnh. Qu trnh s c tin hnh t ny sang khc. Ch p dng m nn bng thit b m th cng v cc h chn cu trc nh v c xy tng. sinh hc (compost) c th c coi nh l qu trnh n nh sinh ho cc cht hu c thnh cht mn, vi thao tc sn xut v kim sot mt cch khoa hc to mi trng ti u i vi qu trnh. Qu trnh hu c t rc hu c l mt phng php truyn thng, c p dng ph bin cc quc gia ang pht trin v Vit Nam. Phng php ny c p dng rt c hiu qu. Nhng ng l hoc ng phn c th hng nm v thnh cht thi hu c ri thnh phn n nh, nhng qu trnh c th tng nhanh trong vng mt tun hoc t hn. Qu trnh coi nh mt qu trnh x l - tt hn c hiu v so snh vi qu trnh ln men ym kh bn hoc qu trnh hot ho bn. Theo tnh ton ca nhiu tc gi, qu trnh c th to ra thu nhp gp 5 ln so vi khi bn kh metan ca b metan vi cng mt loi bn v thi gian rt ngn li mt na. Sn phm cui cng thu c khng c mi, khng cha vi sinh vt gy bnh v ht c. t mc n nh nh ln men, vic i hi mt phn nh nng lng tng cao dng khng kh qua cc l xp, m ca khi coi nh mt my nn thi kh qua cc tm xp phn tn kh trong b aeroten - bn hot tnh. Trong qu trnh , oxy s c hp th hng trm ln v hn na so vi b aerten. Qu trnh c p dng i vi cht hu c khng c hi, lc u l kh nc, sau l x l cho ti khi n thnh xp v m. m v nhit c kim tra gi cho vt liu lun lun trng thi hiu kh trong sut thi gian . Qu trnh t to ra nhit ring nh qu trnh oxy ho sinh ho cc cht thi ra. Sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh phn hu CO2, nc v cc hp cht hu c bn vng nh Lignin, xenlulo, si.

Hnh 2.4: S cng ngh sinh hc theo cc ng

34

Cng ngh ng thc cht l mt qu trnh phn gii phc tp gluxit, lipit v protein vi s tham gia ca cc sinh vt hiu kh v k kh. Cc iu kin pH, m, thong kh (i vi vi khun hiu kh) cng ti u, vi sinh vt cng hot ng mnh v qu trnh phn cng kt thc nhanh. Tu theo cng ngh m vi khun k kh hoc vi khun hiu kh s chim u th. Cng ngh ng c th l tnh thong kh cng bc, lung c o nh k hoc va thi kh va o. Cng c th di h nh kiu chua thc n, chn nui hay trong hm kn thu kh metan. * Cng ngh sinh hc theo quy m cng nghip: Qu trnh (compost) quy m cng nghip c trnh by s hnh 2.5. Rc ti c chuyn v nh my, sau c chuyn vo b phn np rc v c phn loi thnh phn ca rc trn h thng bng ti (tch cc cht hu c d phn hu, cht v c, cht ti s dng) phn cn li l phn hu c phn hu c qua my nghin rc v c bng ti chuyn n khu vc trn gi m. My xc a vt liu ny vo cc ngn , qu trnh ln men lm tng nhit ln 65 - 700C s tiu dit cc mm bnh v lm cho rc hoi mc. Qu trnh ny c thc y nh qut gi cng bc. Thi gian l 21 ngy, rc c a vo chn trong thi gian 28 ngy. Sau sng thu ly phn lt qua sng m trong cc cht tr phi tch ra nh b phn t trng. Cui cng ta thu c phn hu c tinh c th bn ngay hoc phi trn thm vi cc thnh phn cn thit v ng bao. Nu th trng c nhu cu phn hu c cao cp, phn hu c c bn s c trn vi thnh phn dinh dng NPK v mt s nguyn t ho hc vi lng hoc mt s ph gia kch thch sinh trng.

Hnh 2.5: S cng ngh v sinh hc quy m cng nghip (bn trong nh my) Gii php x l rc thi sinh hot bng phng php ln men hiu kh sn xut phn bn hu c tng hp l phng php c nhiu u im nht v: - Loi tr c 50 % lng rc sinh hot bao gm cc cht hu c l thnh phn gy nhim mi trng t, nc v khng kh.

35

- S dng li c 50 % cc cht hu c c trong thnh phn rc thi ch bin lm phn bn phc v nng nghip theo hng cn bng sinh thi. Hn ch vic nhp khu phn ho hc bo v t ai. - Tit kim t s dng lm bi chn lp, tng kh nng chng nhim mi trng. Ci thin iu kin sng ca cng ng. - Vn hnh n gin, bo tr d dng. D kim sot cht lng sn phm. - Gi thnh tng i thp, c th chp nhn c. - Phn loi rc thi, s dng c cc cht c th ti ch nh (kim loi mu, st thp, thu tinh, nha, giy, ba...) phc v cho cng nghip. Trong qu trnh chuyn ho, nc rc s chy ra, nc ny s c thu li bng mt h thng rnh xung quanh khu vc a v mt b t cui khu rc. Ti y nc rc s c bm ti vo rc b sung m. Nhc im: - Mc t ng ca cng ngh cha cao. - Vic phn loi cht thi vn phi thc hin bng phng php th cng nn d gy nh hng n sc kho. - Np liu th cng, nng sut km. - Phn tinh ch cht lng km do t trang, t ch. - Phn pha trn v ng bao th cng, cht lng khng u.

Hnh 2.6: Phn vi sinh c sn xut t rc sinh hot * Mt s quy trnh sn xut phn bn t rc thi:

36

- Quy trnh chung c trnh by trong s hnh 2.7.

Hnh 2.7: Quy trnh sn xut phn bn dng trong nng nghip Rc thu gom - S quy trnh tng th x l rc thi Khu Cng nghip Ph Ni, Hng Yn s hnh 2.8. Nh tp kt (c h thng phun vi sinh kh mi,
ozone dit vi sinh vt c hi)

2.1.3.2. Cht thi ca ngnh cng nghip ma ng v cc gii php x l

Cht thi rn c thu rc Bng ti chuyn rc ti my gom thi Khu Cng nghip Ph Ni Hnh 2.8: S quy trnh x lx bng ph v mi loi bao b

Cht thi y t, Cht thi v c mt lng ln cc cht thi tn ng cc dng (ht st thp v thnh phn hu tnh cht h thng tr v ckhc nhau cng nghip Rc tip tc i qua Cht thi tuyn t v cc kim loi khc)th ti ch ri lt xung sng lng ho l.

Ngnh cng nghip ma ng bn cnh sn phm chnh l ng, thi ra

L v ngn ma: L ph thi chnh ca nhng vng trng ma. l v ngn ma chim mt khi lng rt ln 25 30 % tng sn lng ca cy ma. Trong l ma c hm lng C = 40 47 %; H = 7 -Phun %; O vi sinh- 41%; N = 1 2 %. ti h to ho 7,3 chng = 40 Thnh phn Cht t mm, d phn hu, Giy, ba,nilon,vo rc hu c thi v ng ASC hu c ti my Cht tr%; XenlulozaRc38 %; Ligninct 7,0 hc ca ngn ma: N nha) cht do kh mi hi, = phn = chuyn rcgi c (k c bao = 0,9 %; Hemixenluloza = 20 v kn nhm ti= 1,8 %. Trong l vlm chngma 3 thnh phn chnh l xenluloza, my v %; Silic ngn phn hu nhanh v dit Ch bin hemixenluloza, lignin to thnh mt s tc trc bn l lignoxenluloza, cu trc ny mt cu nhn c Bung trong thi gian quyt Chn lp bn c tnh cht ha l ca hi v ngn ma. nh c trong l 7 - 10 ngy
Phh cht v do i qua h Bn cho ti thi tr thi nguy Khu chn lp cht Phn bn B ma: L cht thi ca cng on p tr b ma chim 25 sinh %viso vi ma, 30 thng sy kh v tch lc bi tro ch him lng em gch C thnh phn ha hc nh sau: Xenluloza = 46 %; Hemixenluloza = p. H thng nghin v sng

24,5 %; Lignin = 20 %; Cht bo = 3,4 % Tro = 2,4 % Silic =2,0 %.

T hp bm ct, phi trn, s ch, c thnh phn ho hc nh gia nhit

Bn lc: L cht thi rn ca cng on lm trong nc ma th sau khi p ma, sau: Cht bo = 5 14 %; X = 15 - 30 % ; ng = 5 15 %; SiO2 = 4 10 %; CaO = 1 4 %; P2O5 =1 B 3 %;viMgO = 0,5 - 1,5 %. sung sinh vt Mt s nghin cu bc u v x l ph thi ngnh ma ng: X l l ma, ngn ma: Trong nhng nm gn y, vic ti s dng l, ngn ma thay th phn chung bn cho cy c nn c nhiu nh khoa hc quan tm. ng cng panel, cc gia ma V hu Ym, Trn Cng Hnh (1995 - 1997) nghin cu hiu qu kinh t ca vic vi l, ngn ma kt hp NPK. Kt qu cho thy: Ma ny mm nhnh sm hn, t l ny mm cho cao hn so vi cng thc bn NPK. Tit kim c 876.000/ ha, iu quan trng l thay th c lng phn chung thiu ht hin nay cho cy ma. Mc d c u im nh trn, nhng khi l ma, ngn ma c vi vo t qu trnh phn hu cc cht x si trong l, ngn ma rt chm. khc phc vn ny Nguyn Xun Thnh, Nguyn nh Mnh (2001) x l l, ngn ma c thu gom ti ng rung bng ch phm vi sinh vt, sau khi c x l nh thnh
mng, vn sn, cp pha H thng nghin v sng nh hnh p lc cao

Sn phm

37

ng trn ng rung thi gian 45 - 60 ngy, em bn lt cho cy ma. y l phng php x l rt tin li v cho hiu qu kinh t cao, c ngi trng ma tn ng.

X l b ma:
B ma c thi ra trong khu p ma th l cht thi cha nhiu cht x nht, rt kh phn gii, khi lng thi ln nht v nhiu nht ca cng on lm ng. Ngi ta thng dng b ma ny lm cht t phc v cho khu trng ct ng, nhng do khi lng qu ln t khng ht phi thi ra mi trng. Vi nm gn y ngi ta s dng ngun ph thi ny lm gi th nui nm n bng cch trn 1/2 - 1/3 b ma vi cc hp cht giu hu c lm gi th nui nm. Mt s c s sn xut trn b ma vi t c b sung cc cht dinh dng lm bu m cy ging. Trng i hc Nng nghip I nm 1999 - 2001 gip mt s nh my ng x l b ma bng cng ngh vi sinh vt, theo phng php bn ho kh. Sau 2 thng em ti ch thnh phn hu c bn cho cy ma.

Bn ma:
y l ph thi cui cng ca khu lc nc ma, khi lng ph thi ny khng nh. Mt s nm gn y ngi ta dng men vi sinh vt phn hu nhng cht cn li trong bn ma v dng nhng chng vi sinh vt hu ch c b sung lng NPK lm phn hu c vi sinh vt bn cho cy trng. Phng php ny kh ph bin hin nay v c ngi nng dn chp nhn vi gi thnh r, cho hiu qu kh cao trn ng rung (hnh 2.4).

nh hng ca ch phm vi sinh vt n qu trnh phn gii ph thi trong

ng : Kt qu nghin cu v nh hng ca vi sinh vt n ph thi hu c sau cho thy: - V pH: C 2 loi rc thi sinh hot v mn ma u c pH kim yu (7,6 8,6). Trong qu trnh pH tng cht t, do hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt lm kim ha mi trng (pH = 8,0 - 8,1).

38

Ch phm VSV

R ng+nc sch B nhn sinh khi (48gi)

ng ph thi ( m 60 - 70%) trong 8 tun Kim tra cht lng Ti ch sau (loi b tp cht, nghin, iu chnh pH, b sung khong)

VSV hu ch Phn hu c vi sinh

Hnh 2.9: S ph thi hu c thnh phn hu c sinh hc - V m: ng c m sau 15 ngy t 65 %, sau 2 thng gim xung ch cn 30 35 %. cng thc x l ch phm vi sinh vt, m lun lun cho cao hn cng thc i chng, nguyn nhn l do nhu cu v nc cho hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt trong qu trnh . - V nhit : Nhit t cc i sau 15 ngy , t 40 - 450C cng thc i chng v 68 - 720C cng thc c x l vi sinh vt. Nhit gim mnh sau 2 thng , ch cn 28 - 300C. - V xp: xp tng dn theo thi gian , cng thc c x l VSV xp lun lun cao hn so vi cng thc i chng. Nguyn nhn do qu trnh phn gii chuyn ho mnh ca vi sinh vt lm cho ti xp tng, sau 2 thng xp t 71 73 %. - V cc ch tiu dinh dng trong ng : Hm lng cc cht dinh dng trong ng tng dn theo thi gian , nht l cc cht dinh dng d tiu. cng thc c x l vi sinh vt hm lng cc cht dinh dng lun lun cho cao hn cng thc i chng, ng rc thi sinh hot c hm lng dinh dng cao hn ng mn ma. Sau 2 thng cho thy: OM = 26 27 %; P 2O5 = 0,7 - 0,9 %; K2O = 0,5%; P2O5 d tiu = 250 400 mg/100g; K2O trao i = 110 - 130mg/100g.

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- V mt VSV trong ng : cng thc x l vi sinh vt cho s lng ca 5 nhm vi sinh vt c phn tch lun lun cao hn cng thc i chng v t cao nht sau 2 thng , tr nm tng s t cc t ch sau 1 thng . C th l: vi khun tng s t 87 - 98.107TB/1g; nm tng s t 67 - 75.106 bo t/1g; x khun t 15 22.104TB/1g.... 2.1.3.3. Ph thi t ch bin c ph v cc gii php x l T nhng nm 80 tr li y, trn th gii, nht l nhng nc sn xut c ph xut khu, vic nghin cu cc bin php sinh hc x l ph thi c ph c nhiu ngi quan tm. Theo s liu ca Hajipakkos cho thy nc thi t cc nh my ch bin c ph c hm lng BOD v COD rt cao (tng ng 3.000 kg/ngy v 4.000 mg/lt, i khi c th cao hn 9.000 mg/lt ). Cht rn l lng l 1.500 mg/lt, gp 3 ln hm lng cho php, ngoi ra cn c cc cht du, m vi nng cao gp 2 ln bnh thng. Cc nh khoa hc dng mt s chng vi sinh vt ym kh c kh nng phn gii v c ph (cc cht xenluloza, Lignin) Nh ging nm Chladomyces, Penicilium, Trichderma, Fusariumoxysporium. Vikhun: Sporocytophaga Methanogenes, Rudbeckia hirta L x l ng v c ph. Kt qu cho rt kh quan, sau 2 - 3 thng t l xenluloza trong v c ph gim 60 80 % so vi ng i chng. Vit Nam c trn 350.000 ha c ph v sn lng c ph trung bnh l 3,00 tn nhn kh/nm vi lng v c ph kh khong 200.000 tn/nm, m thnh phn ca n ch yu l ligno- celluloza, mt hp cht rt kh phn gii trong iu kin t nhin. Nhng nm qua ngi ta dng mt phn v c ph lm gi th nui trng nm n, nhng cn phn rt ln v c ph c vo mi trng gy nhim mnh. Hin nay cc nh khoa hc ang th nghim x l ph thi ny bng cng ngh vi sinh vt v ti ch thnh phn hu c bn cho cy trng. Mt s kt qu bc u v x l ph thi v c ph bng vi sinh vt: Ph thi c ph c x l theo 3 kiu: 1. thnh ng ln khng c vch ngn ngoi tri, phun ch phm vi sinh vt. 2. X l trong cc h c vch ngn trong nh, phun ch phm vi sinh vt. 3. i chng: t nhin ngoi tri khng phun ch phm vi sinh vt. Kt qu cho thy: trng hp 1 ngoi tri sau 4 thng qu trnh mn ha c 80 %. trng hp 2 trong nh sau 3 thng qu trnh mn ho c 80 %. trng hp 3 t nhin ngoi tri sau 1 nm qu trnh mn ho mi t c 80 %. Ti ch ph thi sau x l lm phn bn cho cy trng:

40

Sau khi v c ph 3 - 4 thng, em phi trn vi NPK, vi lng v vi sinh vt hu hiu, thnh phn hu c vi sinh bn cho cy trng. Kt qu thc nghim trn ng rung bn loi phn ny cho cy: c ph, cao su, ma, ng cho thy: - Phn hu c vi sinh vt bn cho cy ma, lm tng s nhnh hu hiu, tng nng sut thc thu 4 16 % so vi cng thc i chng. - Phn hu c vi sinh vt bn cho cy ng lm tng s ht/hng, tng s 2 bp/cy, tng nng sut thc thu 12 - 25 % so vi cng thc i chng. - Phn hu c vi sinh vt bn cho c ph lm gim t l qu rng ng k, tng nng sut 11 - 19 % so vi cng thc i chng. - Phn hu c vi sinh vt bn cho cy cao su tng t l m sau mt ln co m. - Li sut t phn hu c vi sinh vt l 5,35 % i vi cy ma, 5,63 % i vi cy ng, 4,3 % i vi cy bng, 5,97 % i vi cy c ph, 1,59 % i vi cy cao su. 2.1.3.4. X l rc thi cng ngh USA Sn phm phn bn Compost Plus l mt cng ngh vi sinh ca M. Cng ngh ny x l trit cc c t trn ln vo rc nh cht thi du m, du ng c, cht thi bn qunh t cc hm cu.... Compost Plus khc phc c nhng tc hi do phn ha hc gy ra. Compost Plus l loi phn sch khng gy c hi cho ngi v tt c cc sinh vt khc, lm tng mu m ca t ai, gip cy trng c nui dng bng cc cht dinh dng t nhin do cc vi sinh vt to ra, khng cn phi s dng thm bt k loi thuc bo v thc vt no nn khng xut hin nhng ha cht gy nhim mi trng, nh n m nng phm sch hn, khng cha nhng ha cht gy bnh cho con ngi. Compost Plus c bn th nghim thnh cng t nm 1998 cc a phng nh c Lc, Lm ng, Pleycu...trn cc cy trng cng nghip, cc tnh Long An, Tin Giang, ng Thp, Tr Vinh v Cn Th trn cy la v cc loi cy n qu. 2.1.3.5. X l cht thi bng cng ngh Biogas Biogas l dng kh sinh hc, c ti to t qu trnh phn hy nhng cht thi t ngi v ng vt trong iu kin hm kn. Nh hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt, cc cht thi ny s ln men v to kh, trong chim ti 70 % l kh metan, c s dng lm cht t. nng thn nhng gia dnh chn nui t 4 con ln tr ln l iu kin to ra kh t ny. Ch cn u t khong 5 - 6 triu ng ta c th xy c mt hm biogas c dung tch trn 3 m3, tui th trung bnh khong 10 -15 nm. K thut xy dng bnh biogas kh n gin, hiu qu kinh t tng i cao. Mi nm s dng biogas c th tit kim c 1 - 2 triu ng, trong iu kin un nu. Khng nhng th, hm biogas cn gip chung tri chn nui lun sch s. Bp un nu kh biogas lun to khng gian thong sch, khng bm bi, khng c kh c...

41

S dng cng ngh kh sinh hc Biogas c phn ln nng dn ng h v thc hin do tit kim tin cht t, xung quanh nh khng c rui nhng, lng phn chung c a thng xung b cha nn t gy mi kh chu. Thc tin cho thy nu cc h chn nui s dng k thut k kh thng qua hm biogas, ngun nhim chn nui c th gim t 60 - 80 % v kt qu kim tra cc mu nc thi cho thy gim t 95 98 % trng giun sn v cc mm bnh.

Hnh 2.10: Biogas 2.2. NG DNG VI SINH VT TRONG X L NC THI 2.2.1. Khi nim v x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc Trong nhiu bin php x l nc thi, th bin php sinh hc c quan tm nhiu nht cng cho hiu qu cao nht. So vi bin php vt l, ha hc bin php sinh hc chim vai tr quan trng v quy m cng nh gi thnh u t, do chi ph cho mt n v khi lng cht kh l t nht. c bit x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc s khng gy nhim v ti nhim mi trng - mt nhc im ca bin php ha hc hay mc phi. Bin php sinh hc l s dng c im rt qu ca vi sinh vt, c im ny thu ht v thuyt phc c cc nh khoa hc v cc nh u t, nh sn xut l kh nng ng ha c nhiu ngun c cht khc nhau ca vi sinh vt, t tinh bt, cellulose, c cc ngun du m v dn xut ca n n cc hp cht cao phn t nh priotein, lipid, cc kim loi nng nh: ch, thu ngn, asen. Thc cht ca phng php sinh hc l nh hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt (s dng cc hp cht hu c v mt s cht khong c trong nc thi lm ngun dinh dng v nng lng) bin i cc hp cht hu c cao phn t trong nc thi thnh cc hp cht n gin hn. Trong qu trnh dinh dng ny vi sinh vt s nhn c cc cht lm nguyn liu xy dng c th, do vy sinh khi vi sinh vt tng ln. Bin php sinh hc c th lm sch hon ton cc loi nc thi cng nghip cha cc loi cht bn ha tan hoc phn tn nh. Do vy bin php ny thng dng sau khi loi b cc tp cht phn tn th ra khi nc thi. i vi nc thi cha cc

42

tp cht v c th bin php ny dng kh cc mui sulfate, mui ammoium, mui nitrat, tc l nhng cht cha b oxy ha hon ton. 2.2.2. iu kin x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc X l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc c nhiu u im v c s dng rng ri hin nay. Tuy nhin vic p dng bin php ny cn i hi nhng iu kin nht nh sau: Thnh phn cc hp cht hu c trong nc thi phi l nhng cht d b xy ha, nng cc cht c hi, cc kim loi nng phi nm trong gii hn cho php. Chnh v vy khi x l nc thi cn iu chnh nng cc cht ny sao cho ph hp. Ngoi ra, cc iu kin mi trng nh lng O2, pH, nhit ca nc thi.cng phi nm trong gii hn nht nh bo m s sinh trng, pht trin bnh thng ca cc vi sinh vt tham gia trong qu trnh x l nc thi (bng 2.2).

Bng 2.2: Nng gii hn cho php ca cc cht trong nc thi x l theo
bin php sinh hc Tn cht Acid ac rylic Ru amylic Aniline Acetaldehyde Acid benzoic Benzene Vanadium (ion) Vinyl acetate Hydroquinol Acid dichloacetic Dichlocyclohexane Diethylamine Diethyleneglycol C cp* 3 Tn cht Rezorcin C cp* Tn cht C cp* 1 100 400 85 12 10 1000 160 10 200 10 0,2 100 100

100 Caprolactan 100 Amon rodanua 750 Ch (ion) 150 Acid stearic 100 Sulfur (theo H2S) 5 Lactonitryl 250 M bi trn 15 12 ng (ion) Ru metylic

100 Nickel (ion) 100 Sn phm ca du 500 Pyridine 1 20 Triethylamine Triphenylphosphate 300 Trinitrotoluene 160 Phenol 100 Formaldehyde 500 Chlobenzene 0,4 Toluene 300 Sulphanole 200 Antimon (ion) 100 Crezol 0,2 Tributylphosphate

Vinilinden chlorua 1000 Acid butyric 100 Metacrylamide 100 Acid monochloacetic 300 Arsen (ion)

Ghi ch: C cp* L nng gii hn cho php ca cc cht (g/m3 nc thi). 2.2.3. Khu h vi sinh vt trong nc thi Mi loi nc thi c h vi sinh vt c trng. Nc thi sinh hot do cha nhiu cht hu c giu dinh dng d phn gii, th cha nhiu vi khun. Thng thng cha t vi triu n vi chc triu t bo/ml. - Vi khun gy thi: Pseudomonas fluorecens, P. aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Bac. cereus, Bac. subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae.

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- i din cho nhm vi khun phn gii ng, Cellulose, urea: Bac. cellosae, Bac. mesentericus, Clostridium, Micrococcus urea, Cytophaga. sp. - Cc vi khun gy bnh ng rut: Nhm Coliform, l vi sinh vt ch th cho mc nhim phn trong nc mc cao, c th giao ng t vi chc nghn n vi trm nghn t bo/ml nc thi. Trong nc thi hu c, vi sinh vt hnh ng gi vai tr quan trng, phi k n vi khun Sphaerptilus natans, thng hay b nhm vi nm nc thi, n ph ln b mt t bo mt lp nc cc bn, thng to thnh cc si hoc cc bi, khi b v ra s tri ni y trn mt nc. nhm ny thng pht trin mnh nc nhiu oxygen. Ngoi ra, vi khun Sphaerptilus natans thng thy cc nh my thi ra nhiu cellulo v nh my ch bin thc phm. Bn cnh vi khun, ngi ta cn gp nhiu loi nm, nht l nm men Saccharomyces, Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Leptomitus lacteus, Fusarium aquaeducteum. Ngoi ra cn c vi khun oxy ha lu hunh nh: Thiobacllus, Thiothrix, Beggiatoa, vi khun fn nitrt ha: Thiobacillus denitrificans, Micrococcus denitrificans. Trong nc thi cha du ngi ta tm thy vi khun phn gii hydrocarbon: Pseudomonas, Nocardia. Trong nc thi cn c tp on kh phong ph l to, chng thuc to silc: Bacillariophyta, to lc: , Chlorophyta, to gip: Pyrrophyta. 2.2.4. Thnh phn v cu trc cc loi vi sinh vt tham gia x l nc thi Yu t quan trng nht ca bin php sinh hc x l nc thi l s dng bn hot tnh (activated sludge) hoc mng vi sinh vt. Bn hot tnh hoc mng vi sinh vt l tp hp cc loi vi sinh vt khc nhau. Bn hot tnh l bng mu vng nu d lng, c kch thc 3 - 5m. Nhng bng ny bao gm cc vi sinh vt sng v c cht rn (40 %). Nhng vi sinh vt sng bao gm vi khun, nm men, nm mc, mt s nguyn sinh ng vt, di, giun. Mng sinh vt pht trin b mt cc ht vt liu lc c dng nhy dy t 1 - 3 mm hoc ln hn. Mu ca n thay i theo thnh phn ca nc thi, t vng sng n nu ti. Mng sinh vt cng bao gm vi khun, nm men, nm mc v nguyn sinh ng vt khc. Trong qu trnh x l, nc thi sau khi qua b lc sinh vt c mang theo cc ht ca mng sinh vt vi cc hnh dng khc nhau, kch thc t 1,5 3 m c mu vng xm v nu. Mun a bn hot tnh vo cc thit b x l, cn thc hin mt qu trnh gi l khi ng tc l qu trnh lm cho loi bn gc ban u (thng km v kh nng lng v hot tnh) c nui dng tr thnh loi bn c hot tnh cao v c tnh kt dnh tt. C th gi l qu trnh hot ha bn hot tnh. Cui thi k khi ng bn s c dng ht. Cc ht ny c bn c hc khc nhau, c mc v ra khc nhau khi chu tc ng khuy trn. S to ht ca bn dng ny hay dng khc ph thuc vo tnh cht v nng ca bn gc, cht lng mi trng cho thm vo

44

 hot ha bn, phng thc hot ha v cui cng l thnh phn cc cht c trong nc thi. Loi bn gc tt nht ly t bn cc thit b x l nc thi ang hot ng. Nu khng c loi ny th c th ly loi bn cha thch nghi nh bn ly t cc b x l theo kiu t hoi, bn cng rnh, knh rch nhim nhiu, bn phn ln, phn b phn huCc vi sinh vt cha trong bn ny ngho v s lng, nhng a dng v chng loi. 2.2.5. X l nc thi bng vi sinh vt trong iu kin t nhin C s khoa hc ca bin php ny l da vo kh nng t lm sch ca t v nc di tc ng ca cc tc nhn sinh hc (vi sinh vt) c trong t nhin, ngha l thng qua hot ng tng hp ca cc tc nhn t ng vt, thc vt n vi sinh vt lm bin i ngun nc thi b nhim bn bi cc hp cht hu c v v c. T tin ti gim c cc ch s COD v BOD ca nc thi xung ti mc cho php khin cc ngun nc ny c th s dng ti cho cy trng hay dng nui cc loi thu sn. Bin php x l ny thng p dng i vi cc loi nc thi cng nghip c nhim bn khng cao hoc nc thi sinh hot. Vic x l nc thi ny c thc hin bng cc cnh ng ti, bi lc hoc h sinh hc. Din bin ca qu trnh x l nh sau: Cho nc thi chy qua khu rung ang canh tc hoc nhng cnh ng khng canh tc c ngn b to thnh nhng tha, hay cho chy vo cc ao h c sn. Nc thi trong cc thu vc ny s thm qua cc lp t b mt, cn s c gi li y rung hay y h, ao. Trong qu trnh tn lu nc y, di tc dng ca cc vi sinh vt cng cc loi to s xy ra qu trnh oxy ha sinh hc, chuyn ha cc hp cht hu c phc tp thnh cc cht n gin hn, thm ch c th c khong ha hon ton. Nh vy, s c mt ca xy khng kh trong cc mao qun ca t hoc xy c thi ra do hot ng quang hp ca to v thc vt s l yu t quan trng cn cho qu trnh xy ha ngun nc thi. Cng xung lp t di su lng xy cng t, v vy nh hng xu n qu trnh xy ha lm cho qu trnh ny gim dn. n su nht nh, th ch cn nhm vi sinh vt ym kh kh nitrat trong nc thi.

Hnh 2.11: H hiu kh

45

Qu trnh x l ny cho thy ngoi vic lm sch ngun nc thi, con ngi cn s dng chnh ngun nc c x l ny ti cho cy trng hoc nui trng thu sn. Tu theo phng php x l ngun nc thi khc nhau, m c ng dng khc nhau. V d: Nu x nc thi ra ng rung hay khu t ngoi ng, th sau khi x l thng c s dng ngun nc ny vo ti cho cy trng, cn nu x vo ao, h th sau khi x l nc s dng nui trng thu sn. 2.2.6. X l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc trong iu kin nhn to 2.2.6.1. X l nc thi bng phng php hiu kh * Nguyn l chung ca qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh: Khi nc thi tip xc vi bn hot tnh, cc cht thi c trong mi trng nh cc cht hu c ha tan, cc cht keo v phn tn nh s c chuyn ha bng cch hp th vo keo t sinh hc trn b mt cc t bo vi sinh vt. Tip l giai on khuch tn v hp th cc cht bn t mt ngoi ca t bo vo trong t bo qua mng bn thm (mng nguyn sinh), cc cht vo trong t bo di tc dng ca h enzym ni bo s c phn hu. S xy ha cc hp cht hu c v mt s cht khong trong t bo vi sinh vt nh vo qu trnh h hp, nh nng lng do vi sinh vt khai thc c trong qu trnh h hp m chng c th tng hp cc cht phc v cho qu trnh sinh trng, pht trin. Kt qu l s lng t bo vi sinh vt khng ngng tng ln. Qu trnh ny lin tc xy ra v nng cc cht xung quanh t bo gim dn. Cc thnh phn thc n mi t mi trng bn ngoi (nc thi) li khuch tn v b sung thay th vo. Thng thng qu trnh khuch tn cc cht trong mi trng xy ra chm hn qu trnh hp th qua mng t bo, do vy nng cc cht dinh dng xung quanh t bo bao gi cng thp hn ni xa t bo. i vi cc sn phm ca t bo tit ra th ngc li, nhiu hn so vi ni xa t bo. * Yu t mi trng nh hng n qu trnh x l nc thi: to iu kin cho qu trnh x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc trong iu kin hiu kh cn iu chnh cc yu t mi trng sau: + xy (O2): Trong cc cng trnh x l hiu kh, O2 l thnh phn cc k quan trng ca mi trng, v vy cn m bo O2 lin tc trong sut qu trnh x l nc thi v hm lng O2 ha tan trong nc ra khi b lng t hai khng nh hn 2 mg/lt. + Nng cc cht bn hu c phi thp hn ngng cho php. Nu nng cc cht bn hu c vt qu ngng cho php s nh hng xu n hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt, v vy khi a nc thi vo cc cng trnh x l, cn kim tra cc ch s BOD, COD ca nc thi. Hai ch s ny phi c nng nh hn 500mg/lt. Nu dng b Aeroten, th BODtp khng c qu 1000mg/ lt, nu ch s BODtp vt qu gii hn cho php th cn ly nc t hoc khng b nhim pha long.

46

+ Nng cc cht dinh dng cho vi sinh vt: vi sinh vt tham gia phn gii nc thi mt cch c hiu qu, th cn phi cung cp cho chng y cc cht dinh dng. Lng cht dinh dng cho vi sinh vt khng c thp hn gi tr quy nh (bng 2.3). Bng 2.3: Nng cc cht dinh dng cho vi sinh vt x l nc thi BODtP ca nc thi (mg/lt) < 500 500 - 1000 Nng nitrogen trong mui ammonium (mg/lit) 15 25 (M.X. Moxitrep, 1982) Nng phosphor trong P2O5 (mg/lit) 3 8

Ngoi ngun nit v photpho c nhu cu nh nu bng trn, cc nguyn t dinh dng khong khc nh K, Ca, S.thng c trong nc thi do khng cn phi b sung. Nu thiu nit ngoi vic khng xc tin nhanh qu trnh oxy ha, m cn lm cho bn hot tnh kh lng v d tri theo nc ra khi b lng. xc nh s b lng cc cht dinh dng cn thit i vi nhiu loi nc thi cng nghip, c th chn t l sau: BODtP : N : P = 100 : 5 : 1 Ngoi ra cn c cc yu t khc ca mi trng x l nh: pH, nhit cng nh hng ng k n qu trnh hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt trong cc thit b x l. Thc t cho thy pH ti u trong b x l hiu kh l 6,5 - 8,6; nhit 6 - 370C. * Cng trnh x l hiu kh: x l nc thi theo bin php hiu kh, hin nay c kh nhiu phng php, nhng thng c s dng hai loi cng trnh l: b lc sinh hc (biofilter) v b sc kh (aeroten, oxyten). - B lc sinh hc (biofilter): L thit b x l nc thi da trn nguyn tc lc vi s tham gia ca vi sinh vt. Thit b ny lm bng b tng c dng hnh trn hay hnh ch nht c hai y (hnh 2.12). y trn gi l y dn lu, c cu to bng b tng ct thp c l thng vi tng din tch l thng nh hn 5 6 % din tch ca y. y di c xy kn, c dc nht nh nc d dng chy v mt pha v thng vi b lng th cp, l ni cha nc thi sau khi x l xong ra. b ny nc c lu li mt thi gian ngn c lng cn trc khi ra ngoi ha vo h thng thot ca c s. Chiu cao ca b lc hay ca ct nguyn liu s ph thuc vo thnh phn ca nc thi cng nh kh nng oxy ha ca mng sinh vt. Lu lng dng chy ca nc thi ph thuc vo kh nng oxy ha ca mng sinh vt.

47

Hnh 2.12: B lc sinh hc Biofilter to iu kin hiu kh cho qu trnh x l, t pha di ca y dn lu, ngi ta cho khng kh i ln qua vt liu lc hoc tm mang bng thng kh t nhin hay thi kh bng qut (hnh 2.13).

48

Hnh 2.13: S cu trc b lc sinh hc Biofilter Vt liu dng trong b lc l cc loi cui, dm v x than (theo phng php c in). Hin nay tng din tch tip xc gia vi sinh vt v nc thi, ng thi trnh tnh trng tc nghn dng chy trong thit b lc sinh hc, ngi ta thay cc vt liu lc bng nhng tm mng lm bng vt liu nh, xp c cu to dng ng hoc dng ming, chng c thit k sao cho c nhiu np gp khc tng din tch b mt. Nc thi c cha vi sinh vt tham gia x l c ti t trn xung lp vt liu lc hay tm mang theo nguyn tc chnh lch th nng. Khi dng nc thi chy qua vt liu lc hay tm mang, vi sinh vt s pht trin to thnh mng sinh vt bm vo khp b mt ca nguyn liu lc v tm mang, v khu tr y. Nh vy nc thi theo dng chy t trn xung s tip xc vi mng sinh vt. Khi s xy ra qu trnh oxy ha cc cht bn c trong nc thi, cui cng khi n b lng th cp, nc thi s c ch s BOD5 gim i rt nhiu so vi nc thi cha x l. Trong qu trnh vn hnh ca b lc sinh vt, s sinh trng v cht ca mng sinh vt xy ra khng ngng. Khi mng sinh vt b cht s b tch ra khi ni bm v b cun theo dng nc chy ra khi b lc, cui cng s c lng ng b lng th cp cng vi cn bn. Hiu qu ca h thng b lc sinh hc rt cao, nu hot ng tt c th lm gim 90 % ch s BOD5 ca nc thi. Mt s s x l trit nc thi bng b lc sinh hc (Biofilter) x l BOD, NH4+ v NO3- (hnh 2.14, 2.15).
Biofilter 1 Biofilter 2 methanol Biofilter
3

49

Nc thi vo

Xl BOD

Xl
NH
+ 4

Xl
NO3
X bn

Nc sau x l

Cp kh

L: b lng

Hnh 2.14: S cng ngh x l trit nc thi ring bit bng b lc sinh hc (biofilter) - x l BOD, NH4+ v NO3
Biofilter 1 Nc thi vo methanol Biofilter 2

Xl + BOD v NH 4

Xl NO3

Nc sau x l

Cp kh

L: lng

X bn

Hnh 2.15: S cng ngh x l trit nc thi ring bit bng b lc sinh hc (biofilter) - x l BOD v NH4+ cng trong mt b biofilter, x l NO3 ring - B sc kh (Aeroten): B sc kh l h thng b xy ha (hnh 2.16, 2.17) c dng hnh ch nht c ngn ra lm nhiu bung (3 - 4 bung) ni vi b lng. Ging nh b lc sinh hc, qu trnh x l nc thi b sc kh c tin hnh nh hot ng ca h vi sinh vt bn hot tnh. Nhng qu trnh sc kh ny c thc hin trong iu kin c thng kh mnh nh h thng sc kh t di y b ln. Cng thng kh 5 m3/m2/gi, bo m oxygen ti a cho qu trnh xy ha. b xy ha, bn hot tnh ly t bn gc sau khi qua giai on khi ng hay s dng bn lng ly t b lng cn chuyn vo. y bn hot tnh gp oxygen ca khng kh c bm vo b s tin hnh qu trnh xy ha v khong ha cc cht bn trong nc thi mt cch kh trit . Sau khi chy sut qua cc bung ca b xy ha, nc thi s chy vo b lng. y cng xy ra qu trnh lng cn xung y b, phn nc trn l nc c x l s c dn ra ngoi.Trong qu trnh vn hnh, b xy ha, theo thi gian lng bn hot tnh s tng ln, ng thi cng tch lu nhiu t bo vi sinh vt gi ci khin hot tnh ca bn s gim, bn b gi. V vy khi cho bn hot tnh thu b lng tr li b xy ha, khng nht thit cho 4 b s bn c ton 1 2 3 Nc trong b lng, m ch cho mt phn bo m nng bn hot tnh l 2 - 4 g/lt.
Thi KK Tun hon bn

vvvv vv

6 5

50 Hnh 2.16: S h thng Aeroten truyn thng

1. Song chn rc 3. B Aeroten.

4. B lng th cp

5. Bm bn 6. B x l bn. 7. Ca thot nc sau x l.

2. B iu ho v lng s cp.

Hnh 2.17: B sc kh Aeroten X l nc thi bng b Aeroten phc tp hn v i hi nhiu cng sc hn so vi b lc sinh hc. Ngi ta phi theo di lin tc kp thi iu chnh cc ch s sau: + Nng bn hot tnh. + Ch thng kh. + Nng cc cht bn trong nc thi. + Nng cc cht dinh dng cho vi sinh vt. 2.2.6.2. X l nc thi bng phng php k kh * Nguyn l chung ca qu trnh x l sinh hc k kh: Qu trnh x l ym kh l qu trnh phn gii ym kh cc hp cht hu c, v c c th chuyn ha sinh nh vi khun h hp ym kh v h hp tu tin. Phng php ym kh ch p dng cho nc thi c hm lng BOD v cn l lng cao (BOD >1800mg/l; SS 300 - 400mg/l). Sn phm phn gii hon ton cc hp cht hu c ca qu trnh x l ym kh l kh sinh hc (Biogas), ch yu l CH4 v CO2 c th s dng lm kh t.

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3CH3-CHOH-COOH 2CH3CH2-COOH + CH3COOH + CO2 + H2O a. Lactic a. Propionic a. Axetic CH3COOH CH4 + CO2 - CH4 hnh thnh do decacboxyl ha cc axit hu c khc: 4 CH3 CH2 COOH + 2H2O 2CH3(CH2)2COOH + 2H2O 2C2H5OH CH3 CO CH3 + H2O - Kh bng hydro phn t: CO2 + 4H2 CH4 + 2H2O
8 NADH+ 8 NAD

7 CH4 + 5CO2 5CH4 +3CO2

- CH4 cng c th hnh thnh do decacboxyl cc cht trung tnh: 3CH4 + CO2 2CH4 + CO2

- Kh bng phn ng oxy ho kh:

CO2

CH4 + 2H2O

* Vi sinh vt tham gia: - Vi sinh vt trong giai on thy phn v ln men axit hu c: + Vi khun Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Clostridium c nhiu trong mi trng giu xenlulo. + Vi khun Micrococus, Lactobacilus, Clostridium... c trong mi trng giu tinh bt. + Vi khun Bacilus, Bacterium coli... c trong mi trng giu protein. + Vi khun Bacteroides, Bacillus... c trong mi trng giu lipit. - Vi sinh vt trong giai on ln men to axit axetic: Mt s chng vi khun c hiu qu axetogen. Syntrophobacter wolonii, Syntro.wolfei v Syntro.buswellii. - Vi khun metan ha: gm 2 nhm chnh sau: + Nhm VK u m (Mesophyl): gm Methanococcus, Methanobacterium, Methanosarcina, pht trin nhit ti u 35 - 37oC v pH = 6,8 - 8,5. + Nhm VK a nng (Thermophyl): Methanobacillus, Methanothrix, Methano spirllum. Nhit ti u 55 60oC. * Quy trnh ny c nhng u nhc im sau: u im: - Nhu cu v nng lng khng nhiu. - Ngoi vai tr x l nc thi, bo v mi trng, quy trnh cn to c ngun nng lng mi l kh sinh hc, trong CH4 chim t l 70 75 %.

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- Cng nh x l sinh hc hiu kh, quy trnh ny, bn hot tnh c s dng lm tc nhn gy bin i thnh phn ca nc thi. Bn hot tnh c s dng y c lng d thp, c tnh n nh kh cao, duy tr hot ng ca bn khng i hi cung cp nhiu cht dinh dng, bn c th tn tr trong thi gian di. - V mt thit b: Cng trnh c cu to kh n gin, c th lm bng vt liu ti ch vi gi thnh khng cao. Nhc im: - Quy trnh nhy cm vi cc cht c hi, vi s thay i bt thng v ti trng ca cng trnh, v vy khi s dng cn c s theo di st sao cc yu t ca mi trng. - X l nc thi cha trit , cn phi x l hiu kh sau mi xong. Cho ti nay nhng cng trnh nghin cu x l k kh cn t, thiu nhng hiu bit v vi sinh vt tham gia vo quy trnh k kh ny. Hin nay bin php ny hy cn quy m Pilot c khi tch 6 m3, 30 m3, 200 m3...cho n quy m ln. n nay trn th gii c trn vi chc nh my x l nc thi theo kiu ny. Nht l H Lan, M, Thu S, c. * Cc qu trnh chuyn ha ch yu trong k kh: - Qu trnh thu phn (hydrolysis): Mun hp th c cc cht hu c trong nc thi, vi sinh vt phi thc hin cc cng on chuyn ha cc cht ny. Vic u tin l phi thu phn cc cht c phn t lng cao thnh cc polyme c phn t lng thp v monome. V ch khi cc cht ny mi c kh nng c hp th qua mng t bo vi sinh vt. thc hin qu trnh thu phn, cc vi sinh vt phi tit ra h enzyme nh proteinasa, lipasa, cellulasa. Sau thu phn, cc sn phm s c to thnh nh cc amino acid, ng, ru, cc acid bo mch di. Qu trnh thu phn xy ra kh chm, ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh nhit , pH, cu trc ca cc cht hu c cn phn gii. - Qu trnh axit ha (acidogesis): Cc sn phm ca qu trnh thu phn s c tip tc phn gii di tc ng ca vi sinh vt ln men axit to thnh axit bo d bay hi nh axit acetic, axit formic, axit propionic. Ngoi ra cn c mt s dng khc nh ru, methanol, ethanol, aceton, NH3, CO2.. - Qu trnh acetate ha (acetogenesis): Cc axit l sn phm ca qu trnh trn li c tip tc thu phn to lng axit acetic cao hn. Sn phm ca qu trnh ph thuc vo p sut ring phn ca H2 trong mi trng. p sut ring phn ca H2 c gi < 103 atm vi sinh vt c th bin i H2 thnh CH4 theo phn ng sau: 4H 2 + CO2 CH4 + 2H2O Thc t cho thy khi p sut ring phn ca H2 ln th sn phm ca qu trnh ny cha nhiu axit bo trung gian nh axit propionic, axit butyric Do vy lm chm qu trnh to methane.

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- Qu trnh methane ha (methangenesis): l giai on cui cng ca qu trnh phn hu cc sn phm hu c n gin ca cc giai on trc to CH4, CO2 nh cc vi khun ln men methane. Gm c 2 nhm sau: + Nhm bin i acetate: Nhm ny c tc pht trin chm, i hi cng trnh phi lu cc cht thi trong thi gian di. + Nhm bin i hydrogen: Nhm ny c tc pht trin nhanh hn nhiu, do c kh nng gi p sut ring phn ca H2 thp, to iu kin tt cho qu trnh bin i acetate t cc axit bo. * Yu t nh hng n qu trnh phn hu k kh: - Oxygen: Trong x l nc thi k kh oxygen c coi l c t i vi vi sinh vt. Do l tng nht l to iu kin k kh tuyt i trong b x l. - Cht dinh dng: Cht dinh dng nh hng n qu trnh pht trin, sinh trng ca vi sinh vt, lin quan trc tip n qu trnh phn hu cc hp cht hu c trong nc thi. Cng nh cc vi sinh vt khc, vi sinh vt k kh i hi cc cht dinh dng chnh bao gm cc hp cht cacbon, nitrogen, photphate. hnh thnh cc enzyme thc hin qu trnh phn hu cc hp cht trong nc thi. Vic cung cp y cc cht dinh dng cn thit s to cho bn c tnh lng tt v hot tnh cao, hot ng tt trong qu trnh x l. - Nhit : Nhm vi sinh vt k kh c 3 vng nhit thch hp cho s phn hu cc hp cht hu c v mi nhit thch hp cho mt nhm vi sinh vt k kh khc nhau: + Vng nhit cao: 45 - 650C + Vng nhit trung bnh: 20 - 450C + Vng nhit thp: < 200C Hai vng nhit u thch hp cho nhm vi sinh vt ln men methane, vng nhit ny lng methane c to thnh cao. i vi vng nhit cao, duy tr nhit ny cn thit phi cung cp thm nng lng, iu ny s gy tn km cho qu trnh sn xut, tnh hiu qu kinh t ca cng trnh s b hn ch. nc ta, nhit trung bnh t 20 - 32 0C, s thch hp cho nhm vi sinh vt vng nhit trung bnh pht trin. - pH: Trong quy trnh x l k kh, pH ca mi trng nh hng n tc phn hu cc cht hu c, c th l nh hng n 4 qu trnh chuyn ha c bn ca s phn hu k kh. qu trnh x l ngi ta nhn thy cc qu trnh chuyn ha c bn chu nh hng trc tip ln nhau, khi mt trong cc qu trnh ny b cn tr hoc thc y s nh hng n qu trnh xy ra tip theo, do s lm tc phn hu cc cht xy ra chm li hoc nhanh hn. V d: Khi nhit thay i hoc khi thnh phn nc thi thay i (do c s np mi vo cng trnh), th nhm vi sinh vt axit ha thch nghi hn so vi nhm vi sinh vt sinh metan. Khi pH gim mnh (pH < 6) s lm gim qu trnh sinh kh CH4. Hn na khi pH gim, cc axit trung gian tch lu nhiu, lm cc phn ng phn hu kh thc hin v dn n dng qu trnh acetate ha.

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pH ti u trong qu trnh phn hu k kh l 6,5 - 8,5. - Cc c t: Qua tm hiu c tnh sinh l cc vi sinh vt tham gia x l nc thi bng phng php k kh, ngi ta thy: + Mt s hp cht nh: CCl4, CHCl3, CH2Cl2.v cc ion t do ca cc kim loi nng c nng 1 mg/lt s th hin tnh c i vi cc vi sinh vt k kh. + Cc hp cht nh formaldehyde, SO2, H2S, vi nng 50 400 mg/lt s gy c hi vi vi sinh vt k kh trong cng trnh x l. + S2- c coi l tc nhn gy c ch qu trnh to methane. Do S 2- lm kt ta cc nguyn t vi lng nh Fe, Ni, Co, Mo.cho nn hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, ng thi cc electron c gii phng ra t qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c s dng cho qu trnh sulfate ha v lm gim qu trnh sinh methane. + Cc hp cht nh: NH4+ nng 1,5 - 2 mg/lt gy c ch qu trnh ln men k kh. * Cc dng cng trnh x l k kh: - B t hoi: y l loi cng trnh x l nc thi loi nh dng cho tng h gia nh. Loi cng trnh ny thc hin hai chc nng: lng v chuyn ha cn lng ca nc thi (ch yu l nc thi t cc nh v sinh) bng qu trnh phn gii k kh. - B lng hai v: C nguyn tc hot ng v thc hin hai chc nng tng t nh b t hoi, nhng quy m ln hn, cng sut x l nc thi ln hn.

- B methane c in: B ny c ng dng x l cn lng (t b lng) v bn hot tnh d ca trm x l nc thi. Hu ht cc trm x l nc thi thnh ph u p dng kiu b ny. - B lc k kh AF (Anerobic Filter): Loi hnh ny trn nguyn tc l qu trnh x l nc thi qua vt liu lc vi sinh vt k kh dnh bm vo v thc hin qu trnh chuyn ha sinh ha cc hp cht hu c cha trong nc thi, ng thi trnh c s ra tri ca mng vi sinh vt. - B lc k kh sinh hc vi dng chy ngc qua bng bn hot tnh UASB (Upflow Anaeribic Sludge Blanket): Loi cng trnh ny khng c vt liu (vt liu lc) nh b lc k kh AF (hnh 2.18). y cc vi sinh vt k kh lin kt v tp hp li thnh m ln dng ht v c vai tr ch yu chuyn cc hp cht hu c. Chng nng trnh hin tng ra tri ra khi cng trnh. B UASB c cu to gm hai ngn: ngn lng v ngn phn hu. Bng bin php thit k kh c bit ca ngn lng cng vi tnh lng

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cao ca bn hot tnh, ngi ta gii quyt c vn lu li nng sinh khi bn cao trong b v gim c thi gian lu nc.

nh Biogas B thu kh Chp thu biogas

N c sau XL L p b n ph

L p m N c vo L p b n c n Van x y

Hnh 2.18: M hnh thit b ym kh UASB Ngoi cc cng trnh x l nc thi c nu trn, ngi ta cn phi kt hp gia cng trnh UASB vi cng trnh AF v nhiu cng trnh khc nh: Xy dng cng trnh x l nc thi qua cc hnh chp bng phng php hiu kh, xy dng cng trnh x l nc thi qua cc hnh chp bng phng php xy b chm di t. 2.2.6.3. X l nc thi bng cng ngh vi sinh kt hp hiu kh v k kh C kh nhiu quy trnh x l nc thi bng cng ngh sinh hc kt hp, di y gii thiu hai cng ngh ph bin hin nay. B lc sinh hc Biophin B Biophin l mt thit b x l sinh hc nc thi trong iu kin nhn to nh cc vi sinh vt hiu kh kt hp ym kh (hnh 2.19). B lc sinh hc Biophin l thit b trong cc vi sinh vt sinh trng c nh trn lp mng bm vo mt vt liu lc. Nc thi c ti t trn xung qua vt liu lc, tip xc vi vi sinh vt xy ra qu trnh phn hu hiu kh. Lp vt liu lc rt mng song cng c th xy ra song song 2 qu trnh st b mt l qu trnh phn hu ym kh v lp ngoi c phn hu hiu kh c O2.

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Vng Ym kh

Vng hiu kh Cht hu c

Nc thi

Vt liu m
Mng sinh hc

O2
Sn phm cui

CO
2

Mng cht lng

Khng kh

Hnh 2.19: M hnh mng lc sinh hc Biophin Qu trnh x l din ra khi cho nc thi ti ln b mt ca b v thm qua lp vt liu lc. b mt ca ht vt liu lc v cc khe h gia chng cc cn bn c gi li v to thnh mng - gi l mng vi sinh. Lng oxy cn thit xy ho cc cht bn hu c thm nhp vo b cng vi nc thi khi ta ti, hoc qua khe h thnh b, hoc qua h thng tiu nc t y i ln. Vi sinh hp th cht hu c v nh c xy m qu trnh xy ho c thc hin. Nhng mng vi sinh cht s cng vi nc thi i ra khi b v c gi li b lng t II. Cng ngh DEWATS Cng ngh DEWATS (Decentralized Wasterwater Treament System) v ang c ph bin rng ri nh l mt gii php hu hiu cho x l nc thi phn tn t cc cm dn c, bnh vin, khch sn, trang tri, cc l git m gia sc, gia cm v cho cc doanh nghip va v nh ti cc nc ang pht trin. DEWATS, h thng x l nc thi phn tn, l mt gii php mi cho x l nc thi hu c vi quy m di 1000m3/ngy m, vi u im l hiu qu x l cao, hot ng tin cy, lu di, thch ng vi s dao ng v lu lng, khng cn tiu th in nng nu khu vc x l c dc thch hp, cng ngh x l thn thin vi mi trng, x l nc thi nh cc vi sinh vt c trong nc thi hoc nh qu trnh t nhin m khng s dng n ho cht v c bit l yu cu vn hnh v bo dng n gin v chi ph rt thp. H thng DEWATS gm c bn bc x l c bn vi cc cng trnh c trng: - X l s b bc mt: Qu trnh lng loi b cc cn l lng c kh nng lng c, gim ti cho cc cng trnh x l pha sau. - X l bc hai: Qu trnh x l nh cc vi sinh vt k kh loi b cc cht rn l lng v ho tan trong nc thi. Giai on ny c hai cng ngh c p dng l b phn ng k kh Baffle Reactor (BF) c cc vch ngn v b lng k kh Anarobic Filter (AF). B phn ng k kh vi cc vch ngn gip cho nc thi chuyn ng ln

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xung. Di y mi ngn, bn hot tnh c gi li v duy tr, dng nc thi vo lin tc c tip xc v o trn vi lp bn hot tnh c mt vi sinh vt k kh cao, nh m qu trnh phn hu cc hp cht hu c trong nc thi c din ra mnh m gip lm sch nc thi hiu qu hn cc b t hoi thng thng. B lc k kh vi vt liu lc c vai tr l gi cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin, to thnh cc mng vi sinh vt. Cc cht nhim ho tan trong nc thi c x l hiu qu hn khi i qua cc l rng ca vt liu lc v tip xc vi cc mng vi sinh vt. Ton b phn k kh nm di t, khng gian pha trn c th s dng lm sn chi, bi xe... iu ny rt thch hp vi cc khu vc thiu din tch xy dng.

Hnh 2.20: Cc bc x l nc thi ca DEWATS - X l bc ba: Qu trnh x l hiu kh. Cng ngh p dng ch yu ca bc ny l bi lc ngm trng cy dng chy ngang. Ngoi qu trnh lng v lc tip tc xy ra trong bi lc th h thc vt trng trong bi lc gp phn ng k trong x l nc thi nh kh nng cung cp xy qua b r ca cy xung bi lc to iu kin hiu kh cho cc vi sinh vt lp trn cng ca bi lc. B r ca thc vt cng l mi trng sng thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt c kh nng tiu th cc cht dinh dng c trong nc thi, tng hiu qu x l ca bi lc. Ngoi ra thc vt trong bi lc hp th cc cht dinh dng nh nit v phtpho. Nc sau bi lc trng cy thng khng cn mi hi thi nh u ra ca cc cng trnh x l k kh. Sau mt thi gian vn hnh h thc vt trong bi lc s to nn mt khun vin p cho ton b h thng x l. - Kh trng: H ch th vi chiu su lp nc nng c thit k loi b cc vi khun gy bnh nh bc x mt tri xuyn qua lp nc trong h. Tuy nhin, i vi nc thi c lng vi sinh vt gy bnh cao th vic s dng ho cht kh trng l iu cn thit.

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2.3. NG DNG VI SINH VT TRONG X L T B NHIM 2.3.1. Vi sinh vt trong t Khu h vi sinh vt trong t rt phc tp, c nhng c im sinh l, sinh thi rt khc nhau. Chng loi v s lng: Trong mt gam t trng trt c t chc triu n hng t t bo vi sinh vt, gm nhiu nhm khc nhau. C th phn thnh hai nhm chnh: - Nhm vi sinh vt c trng ca t, l nhm vi sinh vt thch nghi, c s pht trin tt v tr thnh h vi sinh vt thng ch trong t. - Nhm vi sinh vt do s cm nhim t nhiu ngun khc nhau vo t, pht trin khng thun li. Cho nn quan trng nht l nhm vi sinh vt th nht gm cc vi khun, nm men, nm mc, to, x khun, nguyn sinh ng vt. Tr vi loi l s t dng cn ni chung cc nm men, nm mc, phn ln vi khun v cc vi sinh vt khc l sng d dng. Vi sinh vt quan trng nht l vi khun v x khun. Vi khun c s lng ln nht, c th phn chng theo nhng thay i ch yu m chng to ra thnh cc nhm vi khun c nh nit, phn gii s, vi khun nitrt ho hay amonium ho. Trong 1 gam t c khong 100 triu vi khun, 10 triu x khun, 10 vn - 1 triu nm, 1 - 10 vn to v nguyn sinh ng vt. Vi sinh vt trong t thc hin s phn gii cc hp cht hu c trong t. ng thi c mt s chng vi sinh vt c kh nng phn gii mt s kim loi nng v cht c khc. Chnh y l c s cho vic s dng vi sinh vt trong ci to t b nhim. 2.3.2. S dng cng ngh vi sinh vt trong ci to t t c tnh m v lc, qua c vai tr quan trng trong vic ngn chn s phn tn ca cc cht nhim. Tuy nhin vi s pht trin ca cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc s pht trin ca cc cht nhim vt qu kh nng t cn bng ca t, gy nn hin tng tch t v lm nh hng xu n h sinh thi. Trong s cc cht gy nhim t trng, ngi ta quan tm nhiu n cc kim loi nng, cc thuc ho hc bo v thc vt. Ti sinh t nhim bng phng php sinh hc khng ch gii quyt v mt mi trng m cn c tc dng nng cao nng sut v cht lng cy trng. Trong t nhin mt s vi sinh vt vng r cy trng c kh nng sn sinh ra cc axit hu c v to phc vi kim loi nng, mt s khc c kh nng phn hu hp cht ho hc c ngun gc hu c. Cng ngh vi sinh vt trong ci to t b nhim l s dng cc loi vi sinh vt c kh nng phn gii hoc chuyn ho cc cht gy nhim trong t, qua to li cho t sc sng mi. Ngoi ra cc vi sinh vt s dng cng c kh nng phn hu cc ph thi hu c cung cp cc cht dinh dng cho cy trng, ng thi gip cy chng li cc tc nhn gy bnh c ngun gc t t v to ra cc cht kch thch sinh trng thc vt, lm n nh cu trc t vng r cy trng.

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Cc vi sinh vt thng dng trong ci to t thoi ho, t c vn do nhim c th k n l nm r cng sinh (VAM-Vascular-Abuscular Mycorhiza) v vi khun Pseudomonas. Sn phm Agrobacter sn xut c t hai loi vi sinh vt trn c nghin cu th nghim s dng nhiu ni trn th gii. Kt qu cho thy c th khi phc t phn mn, vng t b nhim kim loi nng hay vng t nhiu ct b sa mc ho bng ch phm vi sinh vt ny Vin Cng ngh Sinh hc, thuc Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam nghin cu v sn xut thnh cng ch phm sinh hc to m cho t l Lipomycin-M. Thnh phn chnh l ca Lipomycin-M l chng nm men Lipomyces PT7.1 c lp t vng t trng i trc huyn H Ho tnh Ph Th, vi u im l kh nng to mng nhy trong iu kin t kh hn v sinh trng nhit cao, c bit h tr tt cho vic ph xanh t trng i trc. Nghin cu sn xut v ng dng cc ch phm vi sinh vt ti sinh, phc hi t c vn v nng cao ph ca t ang c y mnh nhiu nc trn th gii, trong c nc Vit Nam. T nm 1999 n nm 2009, cc nh khoa hc Vin Cng ngh Sinh hc, Vin Khoa hc Cng ngh Vit Nam nghin cu mt s cng ngh ty c t nhim nng cht dit c - dioxin bng phn hy sinh hc (bioremediation) cn c qun s ca M ngu c ti Nng. Kt qu cho thy cc qui m phng th nghim n pilot hin trng t 0,5 100 m3 hiu qu kh c t t 40 100 pgTEQ/ngy. S phn hu sinh hc dioxin c x l hiu kh v k kh (chn lp tch cc) t tc trung bnh l 100 ppt hay 100pg TEQ/ngy. Phn hu k kh chm hn khong so vi hiu kh. Bin php tng cng sinh hc c hiu qu qui m nh, tuy nhin vi mt khi lng t ln th bin php kch thch vi sinh vt bn a mang li kt qu phn hu cao, kh thi khi p dng thc t. Cc cht b sung nui vi sinh vt v iu kin nui chng ngay ti hin trng c xc nh thc hin cho tt c cc im nng nhim dioxin.

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Hnh 2.21: Thi cng x l nhim dioxin Cng ngh ny c cng nhn l mt cng ngh xanh v c nhu cu nng lng rt thp, to t kh v l mt gii php tt nht cho t b nhim nng cht c, sau khi x l c th lp tc ti s dng mang li li ch cho cng ng. Cu hi n tp:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Cc phng php x l ph thi hu c thng gp ? Trnh by cc ch phm vi sinh vt trong x l ph thi hu c? Phng php sn xut phn bn t ph thi hu c? Cht thi ca ngnh cng nghip ma ng v cc gii php x l? Ph thi t ch bin c ph v cc gii php x l? X l cht thi bng cng ngh Biogas? Khi nim v x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc v iu kin? Thnh phn, cu trc khu h vi sinh vt tham gia x l nc thi?

9. X l nc thi bng phng php hiu kh? 10. X l nc thi bng phng php k kh? 11. X l nc thi bng cng ngh vi sinh kt hp hiu kh v k kh? 12. Trnh by ng dng vi snh vt trong ci to v x l t?

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CHNG 3 NG DNG THC VT TRONG BO V MI TRNG 3.1. NG DNG THC VT TRONG X L RC THI 3.1.1. Nguyn l ca ng dng thc vt trong x l rc thi Rc thi sinh hot v t cc ngun khc thng c tp trung, nht l th, v th s dng thc vt trong x l rc thi khng ph bin. Tuy vy, trong thc t cc vng nng thn, thc vt li rt ph bin trong xanh ha cc ni rc sinh hot v tn d cy trng. C s khoa hc ca s dng thc vt trong x l rc thi l: - Mt s loi thc vt c kh nng chng chu v thch nghi vi mi trng c hi do rc thi. - C mt s t thc vt c kh nng hp thu mt s cht c hi t rc thi v chng sinh trng v pht trin tt trong mi trng c hi. - Cc loi thc vt trn c th sinh trng ngay trn ng rc thi hoc ti ra cc bi rc c nc r ca cht thi. Qua thi gian thc vt pht trin s lm phn hy rc thi v v hiu ha s nhim ca rc thi. 3.1.2. Mt s ng dng thc vt trong x l rc thi Ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, tc gi Ng Hong Vn v cng s tn dng din tch t ti bi chn lp rc ng Thnh trng cy c gi tr kinh t cao nh c vetiver, c voi, c signal hoc cy du m. Cch lm ny va gip tn dng c t ca cc bi chn lp rc lm kinh t, va kt hp tn dng x l nc r rc lm ngun nc ti dinh dng cho cy nn gii quyt c vn nhim mi trng. Hnh 3.1: C x l nc r ca bi thi Thnh phn nc r rc c cha nng pH, COD, BOD, a-xt, kim loi nng... rt cao. Cn c vetiver c b r cha nhiu vi khun v nm, c kh nng x l cht thi gy nhim cho mi trng. C th, vi khun c nh m c tc dng chuyn ha ni-t t do thnh ni-t sinh hc; vi khun iu ha s sinh trng ca cy c th iu ha c cc cht nh auxin, gibbrrellins, ethylene, a-xt... l nhng cht hu c nh hng n qu trnh sinh l ca cy d nng thp; nm phn gii pht-pho; nm r... Nh vy m cy c th mc nhanh trn nhng vng t ngho dinh dng hoc t b nhim c kim loi nng trong nhng iu kin khc nghit nh hn hn, sng mui, nc mn, nc c ha cht, c cht. Tng t, cy du m cng c th sinh trng v pht trin trong mi trng nhim. Loi cy ny c trng th nghim ci to mi trng b nhim c i--xin ti Hu v Cn Th.

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Kt qu th nghim cho thy cc loi cy v c ny pht trin bnh thng. Ngun nc r rc m c c nng cc cht nhim cao sau khi c pha long vi t l 10% ti vo cy c cy hp th v x l bng phng php pht trin t nhin cho ra cht lng nc thi t tiu chun loi A. Kt qu thu c qua b r, phn ng ng ha ca thc vt c th x l cc cht nhim c trong nc. Ngoi ra, qua b l, thc vt cn c th x l c kh thi, mi hi v kh CO 2 c trong nc thi. Cc nh khoa hc dng nc r rc pha long nng 10 % ti cho khu trng c vetiver rng gn 100 m2, khu trng du m rng khong 150 m2, kt qu cho thy NH3, photpho v mi hi u c x l rt tt v n gin. 3.2. NG DNG THC VT TRONG X L NC THI 3.2.1. Nguyn l ca ng dng thc vt trong x l nc thi Nc thi c nhiu ngun, t sinh hot, t hot ng cng nghip, t cc ngun khc v l i tng gy nhim rt ph bin hin nay. cc nc pht trin, nc thi cng nghip thng c x l trit trc khi thi vo mi trng bn ngoi. Thm ch mt s thnh ph cc nc ny nc thi sinh hot cng c x l tp trung trc khi thi ra ngoi. nc ta, do nhn thc v do thiu kinh ph nn hu ht nc thi sinh hot v khng t cc nh my, x nghip u khng c x l, hoc x l khng trit v thi trc tip ra ngoi gy nhim nng n mi trng nc v t. V vy, x l nc thi bng thc vt hin nay ang l hng gii php hu ch gii quyt thc t trn. C s khoa hc ca s dng thc vt trong x l nc thi l: - Mt s loi thc vt c kh nng chng chu v thch nghi vi mi trng c hi ca nc thi. - C mt s t thc vt c kh nng hp thu mt s cht c hi t nc thi v chng sinh trng v pht trin tt trong mi trng c hi. 3.2.2. Mt s ng dng thc vt trong x l nc thi 3.2.2.1. Cnh ng ti Cnh ng ti v cnh ng lc, mt cng ngh mi x l nc thi bng thc vt (phytoremediation). X l nc thi v nc r rc bng gii php ny va t tn km kinh ph, thn thin vi mi trng m li t hiu qu x l nhim kh cao. Cnh ng ti v cnh ng lc l hai cng ngh c lp nhau. Tuy nhin trong mt s iu kin c th, hai cng ngh ny c kt hp vi nhau thnh mt dy chuyn cng ngh ni tip nhau. Thng th cnh ng lc h tr cnh ng ti khi ti thi k gim ti, hoc l ni ch bin t ngho thnh t giu dinh dng. Cng ngh cnh ng ti s dng thc vt x l cht nhim. Phn ng ng ha ca thc vt ngoi tc dng x l cc cht nhim ngun nc qua b r, cn x l kh thi, mi hi v CO2 qua b l. Phn ng ng ha ca thc vt cn to ra sinh khi, trong c sn phm nng nghip. Cc sn phm ny c th p ng mt nhu

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cu no ca x hi. Sn phm thu hoch ca cnh ng ti c th gp phn lm gim chi ph x l nc r rc. T lu ngi ta ngh n vic s dng cc cht phn bn c cha trong nc thi khng ch bng cch ti ln nhng cnh ng nng nghip thuc nng trng v thuc nhng vng ngoi th.... Theo ch ti nc ngi ta phn bit: cnh ng ti thu nhn nc thi quanh nm v cnh ng ti thu nhn nc thi theo ma. Khi thu hoch, gieo ht hoc v ma ma ngi ta li gi tr nc thi trong cc m h (h c, h sinh hc, h iu ha...) hoc x ra cnh ng c, cnh ng trng cy a nc hay vo vng d tr. Chn loi cy trng no l ty thuc vo c im thot nc ca vng v loi cy trng hin c. Trc khi x ra cnh ng, nc thi sinh hot phi x l s b qua song chn rc, b lng ct v b lng. Khi cn l lng ca nc thi ln c th cho qua b iu ha tnh vi thi gian nc lu 6 8 h. Tiu chun ti nc ln cnh ng nng nghip ly thp hn tiu chun ln cnh ng cng cng. Khi thit k xy dng cn c kin ca chuyn gia nng nghip. X l nc thi trn cnh ng ti v bi lc t c hiu sut cao: BOD20 t ti 10 - 15 mg/l, cha RNO 3 ti 25mg/l, vi trng gim n 99,9 %. Nc thi khng cn kh trng trc khi x vo ngun. Trong nc thi sinh hot c cha cc thnh phn dinh dng cho cy trng nh: m, ln, kali.... Hm lng ca chng ph thuc vo tiu chun thi. Trong nit l 15 - 60 mg/l, ln l 3 - 12 mg/l v Kali l 6 - 25 mg/l. Nhng nguyn t ny ch yu dng ha tan, mt phn dng l lng. V d i vi m 85 % dng ha tan, 15 % dng l lng; i vi ln tng ng l 60 % v 40 %; i vi kali l 95 % v 5 %. T l gia cc nguyn t dinh dng N:P:K cn cho thc vt trong nc thi l 5:1:2, trong khi phn chung l 2:1:2. Nh vy nc thi l mt ngun phn bn tt c lng nit cao thch hp vi s pht trin ca thc vt. Nc thi cng nghip cng c th dng ti (nu cha t cc cht c hi hoc cha vi hm lng khng nh hng g n s pht trin thc vt). Tng lng mui khng c qu 4 5 g/l, trong mui dinh dng l 2 g/l. trnh cho t ai khng b du m v cc cht l lng bt kn cc mao qun th nc thi trc khi a ln cnh ng ti, bi lc cn phi x l s b. Cnh ng ti cng cng v cnh ng lc thng xy dng nhng ni c dc t nhin 0,02 %, cch xa khu dn c v cui hng gi. V d: i vi bi lc vi cng sut nc thi 200 - 5000m3/ngy m l 300 m, vi q = 5.000 50.000 m3/ngy m l 500m, q > 50.000 m3/ngy m. i vi cnh ng ti cng cng khong cch v sinh tng ng l 200, 400 v 1.000 m.

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Cnh ng ti v bi lc nn xy dng nhng ni t ct.... Tuy nhin cng c th xy dng nhng ni pha st, nhng trong nhng trng hp tiu chun ti nc khng nn ly qu ln, tc l ch ti mc m cy trng yu cu v t c th kp thm.

Hnh 3.2: S cnh ng ti Cnh ng ti v bi lc l nhng (mnh) t c san phng hoc dc khng ng k v c ngn cch bng nhng b t. Nc thi phn phi vo nhng nh h thng mng li ti. Mng li ti bao gm: mng chnh, mng phn phi v h thng mng li ti trong cc . Nu khng p nc thm xung tng t pha di th s thu li ri ra sng h bng h thng tiu nc. H thng tiu nc c th l mng mng h xy dng theo chu vi ca tng v cng c th l mt h thng kt hp: ng ngm tiu nc t di cc vi su 1,2 - 2 m v cc mng mng h bao quanh. Kch thc ca cc , ph thuc vo a hnh, tnh cht ca t ai v phng php canh tc, ly din tch khng nh hn 0,3 ha. i vi cnh ng ti cng cng th din tch trung bnh ly vo khong 5 8 ha v t l gia cc cnh l 1:4 - 1:8. Din tch cc ca bi lc, v tiu chun ti nc ln nn ly nh hn. Ring i vi cc cnh ng nh th kch thc ca cc xc nh t iu kin s lng khng t hn 3 . thun li cho canh tc c gii, chiu di ca nn ly khong 300 1500 m, chiu rng ly cn c vo a hnh, nc ngm v bin php ti, nhng khng vt qu 100 200 m. xc nh din tch ca cnh ng ti ta cn phn bit cc loi tiu chun ti sau:

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- Tiu chun ti trung bnh ngy m: Lng nc thi trung bnh ngy m ti trn 1ha din tch cnh ng trong sut mt thi gian nht nh (thng l 1 nm). - Tiu chun ti theo v: Lng nc thi ti cho cy trng trong sut thi gian mt v. - Tiu chun ti mt ln: Lng nc ti mt ln. - Tiu chun ti bn: Lng nc cn thit i vi mi loi cy trng, xut pht t kh nng ti bn ca nc thi. Nh vy tiu chun ti ch c th xc nh c khi tnh n tt c cc yu t kh hu, thy vn v k thut cy trng. Trong mi trng hp iu kin v sinh l yu t ch o. T yu cu v bn v m i vi tng loi cy trng ngi ta nh ra tiu chun ti v bn. Nhng s liu xc nh tiu chun ti v bn l nhng yu cu v cht dinh dng ca cy trng v hm lng cc cht trong nc thi. Cy trng ch s dng mt phn lng cht dinh dng c trong nc thi. C th l 49 % nit, 37 % phtpho v 90 % kali. Phn cn li cc cht li ln trong nc thi v tiu i khi cnh ng. Din tch thc dng ca cnh ng ti, bi lc xc nh theo cng thc: Ftd = Q/qo (ha) Trong : Q - Lu lng trung bnh ngy m ca nc thi, m3/ngy m qo - Tiu chun ti nc, theo quy nh Theo ch ti nc m ngi ta phn bit: Cnh ng ti thu nhn nc thi quanh nm hoc theo ma. Ngoi nhng yu t phi p ng ca cnh ng lc, th khi thit k cnh ng ti cn phi quan tm ti cc yu cu sau: - Lu lng nc thi c th x l trn 1 ha ph thuc: + Tiu chun ti cho mi loi cy trng trong mt v. + Tiu chun ti 1 ln. - Nng lc lc c xc nh theo cng thc sau y:
Q .q0 .T

Trong :

qo : Tiu chun ti (m3/ha. ngy m) T :Thi gian gia cc ln ti (h) :H s thm thot do thm t, bay hi, = 0,3 - 0,5. t : Thi gian tiu nc t cc , (h ) (t = 0,4 - 0,5) .

Trong qu trnh hot ng, vn v sinh mi trng l yu t quan trng cn thng xuyn c gim st mt cch cht ch.

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Trn cnh ng ti cn quy hoch mt din tch cha nc ph hp chim khong 20 % n 25 %. Vo v thu hoch, gieo ht hoc v ma ma nc thi s c d tr trong cc h iu ha kt hp vi nui trng thy sn. Vi nc thi sinh hot hoc nc thi cng nghip c hm lng cn l lng cao, cn c x l s b qua song chn rc v mt b iu ho kt hp lng s cp. Vi cng trnh x l trn th BOD5 c th t ti 15 mg/l. 3.2.2.2. Bi lc trng cy (Constructed Wetland - CW) Bi lc trng cy l nhng vng t trong c mc nc cao hn hoc ngang bng so vi mt t trong thi gian di, duy tr tnh trng bo ha ca t v s pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt v thc vt sng trong mi trng . t ngp nc nhn to hay bi lc trng cy chnh l cng ngh x l sinh thi mi, c xy dng nhm khc phc nhng nhc im ca bi t ngp nc t nhin m vn c c nhng u im ca t ngp nc t nhin. Cc nguyn l c bn trong CW: - Lng, lc, hp ph SS, P, kim loi nng v cht hu c b hp ph. - Mng vi sinh vt trong vng r, lp lc: phn hu d dng cc cht hu c. - Trong vng hiu kh: phn hu sinh hc cht hu c, Nitrat ho, kt ta hydroxit st v mangan. - Trong vng k kh kh nitrat, kt ta v lng mui sunphit vi cc kim loi. - Dit trng bng h thng: lc, hp ph, cnh tranh, bc x nhit , pH, ... - Thc vt trong x l nc thi bng bi lc trng cy gip to vng r, l xp, vn chuyn xy, hp th cht dinh dng, kim loi nng .... C ch trong x l nc thi bng bi lc trng cy: H thng gm c bn bc x l c bn vi cc cng trnh c trng: - X l s b bc mt: Qu trnh lng loi b cc cn l lng c kh nng lng c, gim ti cho cc cng trnh x l pha sau. - X l bc hai: Qu trnh x l nh cc vi sinh vt k kh loi b cc cht rn l lng v ha tan trong nc thi. Giai on ny c hai cng ngh c p dng l b phn ng k kh (BR) c cc vch ngn v b lng k kh (AF). - X l bc ba: Qu trnh x l hiu kh. Cng ngh p dng ch yu ca bc ny l bi lc ngm trng cy dng chy ngang. Ngoi qu trnh lng v lc tip tc xy ra trong bi lc th h thc vt trng trong bi lc gp phn ln trong x l nc thi, nh kh nng cung cp xy qua b r ca cy to iu kin hiu kh cho cc vi sinh vt lp trn cng ca bi lc. B r ca thc vt cng l mi trng sng thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt c kh nng tiu th cc cht dinh dng c trong nc thi, tng hiu qu x l ca bi lc. Ngoi ra, thc vt trong bi lc hp th cc cht dinh dng nh Nit v Phtpho. Nc sau bi lc trng cy thng khng cn mi hi thi nh u ra ca cc cng trnh x l k kh. Sau mt thi gian vn hnh, h thc vt trong bi lc s to nn mt khun vin p cho ton b h thng x l.

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- Kh trng: H ch th vi chiu su lp nc nng c thit k loi b cc vi khun gy bnh nh bc x mt tri xuyn qua lp nc trong h. tin cy trong hot ng ca bi lc nhn to cng c nng cao do thc vt v nhng thnh phn khc trong bi lc nhn to c th qun l c nh mong mun. Bi lc trng cy bao gm: - Bi lc trng cy ngp nc (Free Water Surface Contructed Wetland FWS CW) - Bi lc trng cy dng chy ngm (Subsurface Flow Contructed Wetland SSF CW), c chia ra: + Bi lc trng cy vi dng chy ngm ngang + Bi lc trng cy vi dng chy ngm thng ng

Hnh 3.3: M hnh CW

Cu to ca bi lc trng cy ngp nc - FWS CW:

Cu to ca bi lc trng cy ngp nc: H thng ny ging nh nhng m ly t nhin, di y l lp chng thm l mt lp t st t nhin hay nhn to, hoc ri mt lp vi nha trng thm. Trn lp chng thm l t hoc vt liu lc ph hp cho s pht trin ca thc vt c thn nh ln mt nc. Dng nc thi chy ngang trn b mt lp vt liu lc. Hnh dng ca bi lc ny thng l knh di v hp, chiu su lp nc nh, vn tc dng chy chm v thn cy trng nh ln khi bi lc l nhng iu kin cn thit to nn ch thy lc kiu dng chy y. Cc nguyn l c bn ca bi lc trng cy ngp nc - FWS CW: Hp th cht dinh dng nh cy, c kh nng ti s dng nu thu hoch cy. Vn tc dng chy gim, c qu trnh lng v tch t P, kim loi nng v cht hu c b hp th, hp ph. Phn hu d dng cc cht hu c, vi cy trng nh ln mt nc thng c lng xy hn ch, khng c quang hp sy ra trong nc. Trong vng k kh c qu trnh kh nitrat v lng cn cc mui sunphit v kim loi.

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Tc dng ca cy trong FWS: Gim vn tc dng chy v lm tng kh nng lng cn. Gim xi mn v sc cn t y. Ngn gi v chng sc cn. To bng v gim s pht trin ca Phytoplankton (k c thc vt ni). Nguyn tc thit k bi lc trng cy ngp nc FWS: - Mc nc nng 0,5 m oxy thm nhp vo nc. - Cht rn lng c trong c cng nc su u bi hay ni cy mc. - Cc vng nc su lp li >1 m c b tr vung gc vi dng chy phn b li dng chy. - H thng nng, trng thc vt nh ln mt nc trc u ra ca dng chy. - Xy dng u vo v h lng su hn. - Xy dng sao cho d tip cn vi u vo v thun tin khi ly bn. - Thit k hnh dng h thng x l sao cho d thu hoch cy. - Xy dng u ra linh hot thun tin cho vic x nc t khi thu hoch. - Trng cc loi cy ph hp vi iu kin v c d kin trc khi thi cng. Bi lc trng cy dng chy ngm - SSF CW: Cu to ca bi lc trng cy dng chy ngm v c bn cng gm cc thnh phn tng t nh bi lc trng cy ngp nc, nhng nc thi chy ngm trong lp lc ca bi lc. Lp lc, ni thc vt pht trin trn thng c t, ct, si v , c xp th t t trn xung di, gi xp ca lp lc. Loi ny bao gm c cc loi bi lc c dng chy nm ngang (HF) hay dng chy thng ng (VF) t di ln, t trn xung. Lp bo m s sinh trng cho thc vt bao gm t, ct, si, , c xp theo th t t trn xung nhm to xp tt hn. Kiu dng chy ca nc thi c th l hng ln trn, hng xung di, ngang, kiu dng chy ngang l ph bin nht. Hu ht cc SSF c thit k vi dc 1 % hay hn mt cht. Nc thi chy qua cc vng lc, s c lm sch nh tip xc vi b mt ca cht liu lc, r thc vt. Vng ngm thng thiu oxy, nhng thc vt c th vn chuyn lng oxy d tha ti phn r, bng cch to ra nhng tiu vng vi sinh vt hiu kh ngay cnh cc r v thc vt thn r. Cn c mt lp xy mng trong lp t gn lp tip xc vi khng kh.

Thc vt trng trong bi lc:

C th s dng cc vt liu lc khc nhau trong bi lc trng cy. Hin nay, Vit Nam c n 34 loi cy c th s dng lm sch mi trng nc. Cc loi cy ny hon ton d tm kim ngoi t nhin v chng cng c sc sng kh mnh m. Thc vt trng trong bi lc thng l cc loi thc vt thu sinh lu nin, thn tho, thn xp, r chm, ni trn mt nc, ngp hn trong nc, hay trng trong nc

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nhng thn cy nh ln trn mt nc nh: c nn, sy, thu trc, mai nc, pht lc, ci, bc, lch.... Hnh 4: C nn, thy trc, sy X l nc thi sinh hot bng bi lc trng cy cho kt qu rt kh quan, nc thi ra t tiu chun x ra mi trng hay ti s dng li. y l cng ngh x l nc thi trong iu kin t nhin, thn thin vi mi trng, cho php t hiu sut cao, chi ph thp v n nh, ng thi lm tng gi tr a dng sinh hc, ci to cnh quan mi trng, h sinh thi ca a phng. Sinh khi thc vt, bn phn hy, nc thi sau x l t bi lc trng cy cn c gi tr kinh t. Cng ngh ny rt ph hp vi iu kin ca Vit Nam, nht l cho quy m h, nhm h gia nh, cc im du lch, dch v, cc trang tri, lng ngh.... 3.2.2.3. X l nc thi bng thc vt ni Nguyn l ca x l nc thi bng thc vt ni l s dng khu h vi sinh vt trong t, trong nc kt hp mt s thc vt h ng sng ni trn mt nc nh: Bo lc bnh, bo ci, bo tm, bo hoa du v hoa sng. chuyn ha cc cht bn hu c cng nh hp thu cc kim loi nng. Qua sinh trng v pht trin ca cc thc vt ni mi trng nc s c lm sch. Vai tr ca thc vt ni: Thu nhn cc cht dinh dng v cc nguyn t cn thit qua b r pht trin trong nc. Sinh khi ca mt s loi bo nh bo lc bnh (Eichhornia reassipe), bo ci (Postia straliotes), bo tm (Lemnaceae), bo hoa du (Azolla caroliniana), v cc loi thc vt ni khc pht trin rt mnh trong mi trng nc thi. B r ca bo cn l ni c tr ca vi khun hp th v phn hy cht hu c. Trong cc ao h nui thc vt ni bc cao, hiu qu kh BOD c th ln n 95 %, kh nit amoni v photpho ln n 97 %. Hiu qu thu hi cht dinh dng nit c th t t 200 1500kgN/ha.ngy. Thc vt ni cn cung cp xy cho vi khun phn hy cc cht hu c. Tuy nhin thc vt ni pht trin sinh khi kh nhanh. Trong iu kin pht trin bnh thng (sau khi nui cy 1 tun l), sinh khi ca chng c th t 250 kg cht kh/ha.ngy. V vy, cn c nh k thu hi thc vt ni ra khi h chng hin tng ti nhim nc h. Mt s cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc ch ra kh nng x l nc thi ca cc loi thc vt ni: - Trong nc thi c nhiu cht hu c, v c, cc cht l lng lm nhim mi trng. Di tc ng ca vi sinh vt, cc cht hu c b phn gii thnh cht v

3.

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c lm cho nng dung dch trong nc cng tng thm, l ngun thc n tt cho cc coliform gy bnh pht trin, c bit l cc vi khun ng rut. Cc cht v c trong mi trng nc khng nhng l thc n cho vi sinh vt m cn l ngun thc n cho thc vt. Nui bo trong mi trng nc thi chng ht thc n (cht bn) lm sch mi trng nc thi. - Kt qu nghin cu nui bo trong mi trng nc thi sinh hot, nc thi l m gia sc, nc thi lm bn... i vi c 3 loi bo trn u thy chng sinh trng pht trin nhanh. Nhanh nht l bo tm, th n l bo ci v thp hn l bo Nht Bn. Nc thi s trong sch hn. - Bo c kh nng hp th NH4+ kh cao t 90 100 %, trong , bo Nht Bn hp th t 93 100 %, bo tm hp th 90 - 93,33 % v bo ci hp th 90 - 99,99 %. Bo cng c kh nng hp th PO43- cao t 35 - 58,6 %, trong hp th cao nht l bo Nht Bn t 40 - 58,6 %, bo tm hp th 42,22 -50 % v bo ci hp th t 35 -53,44 %. - Bo ci c kh nng hp th mnh cc ion kim loi nng (Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn), kh nng hp th kim loi cao hn gp 1,5 ln so vi bo ty. Mt s nghin cu cho thy vi mu bn, bo ci hp th kim loi Pb t mi trng mnh nht (93,96 %) tip theo l Ni (53,87 %), Cu (35,78 %), Cr (20,12 %); Mn (5,76 %); v Zn (5,2 %). Vi mu nc thi, bo cng hp th Pb mnh nht (98,78 %) tip n l Cu (95,50 %); Zn (60,32 %); Cr (53,69 %); Ni (43,47 %); v cui cng l Mn (40,75%). S d kim loi c kh nng sng c trong mi trng c hm lng kim loi nng cao v c kh nng hp th chng l v cy sn sinh ra cc peptid lin kt gi kim loi trong cy ng thi tng sn xut cc emzyme chng oxy ha chng li tc hi ca kim loi lng kim loi tch t trong r cao hn trong l.

Hnh 3.5: Bo ci, bo ty - Mt th nghim vi bo ty ti thnh ph Thi Nguyn cho thy hm lng cc kim loi nng (Pb, Cd, As) sau 10 ngy gim r rt so vi b khng th bo. Sau 20 ngy th bo ty hm lng Pb trong nc ti l 0,078 mg/l (t TCVN 6773 - 2000) thp hn 6,5 ln so vi b khng th bo (0,509 mgPb/l) v gim 7,7 ln so vi hm lng lc ban u (0,602 mg/l). Hm lng As 0,093 mg/l (t TCVN 6773 -

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2000) gim 2,2 ln so vi ban u (0,217 mg As/l) v gim 2 ln so vi b khng th bo. Ring Cd, sau 30 ngy th bo hm lng Cd trong nc mi t TCVN 6773 2000 (0,006 mg/l), trong khi b khng th bo l 0,106 mg Cd/l. Hnh 3.6: Bo hoa du, bo tm v hoa sng

Nh vy, trong trng hp phi s dng ngun nc b nhim Pb, Cd, As th c th dng bo ty x l bng cch dn nc vo b cch ly v th bo ty, sau 30 ngy mi c a nc vo h thng ti. Bin php x l nhim bng bo c ngha rt ln v mt mi trng, y l mt gii php hu hiu gp phn x l nhim kim loi nng vi chi ph thp v c th p dng rt d dng trong iu kin sn xut ca nng h. 3.3. THC VT TRONG X L T NHIM 3.3.1. Nguyn l ca ng dng thc vt trong x l t nhim Lm sch t nhim l mt qu trnh i hi cng ngh phc tp v vn u t cao. x l t nhim ngi ta thng s dng cc phng php truyn thng nh: ra t; c nh cc cht nhim bng ho hc hoc vt l; x l nhit; trao i ion, xi ho hoc kh cc cht nhim; o t b nhim chuyn i n nhng ni chn lp thch hp,... Hu ht cc phng php rt tn km v kinh ph, gii hn v k thut v hn ch v din tch,... Gn y, nh nhng hiu bit v c ch hp th, chuyn ho, chng chu v loi b kim loi nng ca mt s loi thc vt, ngi ta bt u ch n kh nng s dng thc vt x l mi trng nh mt cng ngh mi trng c bit. Kh nng lm sch mi trng ca thc vt c bit t th k XVIII bng cc th nghim ca Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoissier, Karl Scheele v Jan Ingenhousz. Tuy nhin, mi n nhng nm 1990 phng php ny mi c nhc n nh mt loi cng ngh mi dng x l mi trng t v nc b nhim bi cc kim loi, cc hp cht hu c, thuc sng v cc cht phng x. Trong nhng nm gn y, ngi ta quan tm rt nhiu v cng ngh s dng thc vt x l mi trng bi nhiu l do: din tch t b nhim ngy cng tng, cc kin thc khoa hc v c ch, chc nng ca sinh vt v h sinh thi, p lc ca cng ng, s quan tm v kinh t v chnh tr,... Hai mi nm trc y, cc nghin cu v lnh vc ny cn rt t, nhng ngy nay, nhiu nh khoa hc c bit l M v chu u c rt nhiu ti nghin cu c bn v ng dng cng ngh ny nh

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mt cng ngh mang tnh cht thng mi. Hn ch ca cng ngh ny l ch khng th xem nh mt cng ngh x l tc thi v ph bin mi ni. Tuy nhin, chin lc pht trin cc chng trnh nghin cu c bn c th cung cp c cc gii php x l t mt cch thn thin vi mi trng v bn vng. Nm 1998, Cc mi trng Chu u (EEA) nh gi hiu qu kinh t ca cc phng php x l kim loi nng trong t bng phng php truyn thng v phng php s dng thc vt ti 1.400.000 v tr b nhim Ty u, kt qu cho thy chi ph trung bnh ca phng php truyn thng trn 1 hecta t t 0,27 n 1,6 triu USD, trong khi phng php s dng thc vt chi ph thp hn 10 n 1000 ln. Nh vy, x l t b nhim bng thc vt hin nay ang l hng gii php u tin. C s khoa hc ca s dng thc vt trong x l nhim t: - Mt s loi thc vt c kh nng chng chu v thch nghi vi mi trng c hi ca t. - C mt s t thc vt c kh nng hp thu mt s cht c hi nh kim loi nng, cc hp cht hu c, thuc sng v cc cht phng x v chng sinh trng v pht trin tt trong mi trng c hi y. C s ca gii php cng ngh s dng thc vt trong x l t nhim bao gm cc qu trnh sau: - Chuyn ha cht nhim (Phyto-transformation): p dng cho t b nhim bi cc cht thi hu c giu amoni, phosphat, thuc tr c, perclorat. Thc vt thc hin qu trnh c nh cc cht nhim v chuyn ha chng trong qu trnh trao i cht ca mnh. Cc loi thc vt in hnh l cy dng, liu, c linh lng. - X l bng vng r (Rhizosphere remediation): p dng cho t hoc bn lng b nhim bi cc cht bn hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc nh BTEX, TPH, PAHs, PCBs v thuc bo v thc vt. Thc vt tit ra cc cht kch thch vi sinh vt vng r nh nm men, nm mc, vi khun pht trin v phn gii cc cht nhim qua qu trnh trao i cht ca chng. Cc loi thc vt in hnh l cc loi c c r si (nh c ui tru), cc cy sn xut cc hp cht phenol (du, to), thc vt thy sinh. - Cng ngh c nh cc cht nhim (Phytostabilization): Cng ngh ny c p dng x l t b nhim bi kim loi nng v cc cht hu c k nc bng cch s dng cc loi c c r si, a nc ngm, hp th hay hp ph cc cht nhim vo r lm gim kh nng di ng ca chng trong mi trng. - Cng ngh chit xut bng thc vt (Phytoextraction): L qu trnh s dng thc vt hp th cc cht nhim nh kim loi nng t vo trong r v vn chuyn chng ln cc b phn khc ca cy. Ti , cht

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nhim c tch ly v c th c thu hi li sau khi x l sinh khi. Thc vt c s dng cho cng ngh ny hin nay kh ph bin nh ci xanh, hng dng, thm i, dng x, lau, c vetiver. - Cng ngh bay hi qua l cy (Phyto-volatilization): S dng mt s thc vt nh ci xanh, mt s cy chu nc loi b mt s kim loi nng ra khi t v bn lng. Thng qua hot ng sng ca thc vt, cc cht nhim c hp th v bin i thnh dng d bay hi thot ra khng kh. 3.3.2. ng dng thc vt trong x l t nhim 3.3.2.1. X l t nhim kim loi nng Thc vt c nhiu cch phn ng khc nhau i vi s c mt ca cc ion kim loi trong mi trng. Hu ht, cc loi thc vt rt nhy cm vi s c mt ca cc ion kim loi, thm ch nng rt thp. Tuy nhin, vn c mt s loi thc vt khng ch c kh nng sng c trong mi trng b nhim bi cc kim loi c hi m cn c kh nng hp th v tch cc kim loi ny trong cc b phn khc nhau ca chng. Trong thc t, cng ngh x l nhim bng thc vt i hi phi p ng mt s iu kin c bn nh d trng, c kh nng vn chuyn cc cht nhim t t ln thn nhanh, chng chu c vi nng cc cht nhim cao v cho sinh khi nhanh. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc loi thc vt c kh nng tch lu kim loi nng cao l nhng loi pht trin chm v c sinh khi thp, trong khi cc thc vt cho sinh khi nhanh thng rt nhy cm vi mi trng c nng kim loi cao. X l kim loi nng trong t bng thc vt c th thc hin bng nhiu phng php khc nhau ph thuc vo tng c ch loi b cc kim loi nng nh: - Phng php lm gim nng kim loi trong t bng cch trng cc loi thc vt c kh nng tch lu kim loi cao trong thn. Cc loi thc vt ny phi kt hp c 2 yu t l c th tch lu kim loi trong thn v cho sinh khi cao. C rt nhiu loi p ng c iu kin th nht, nhng khng p ng c iu kin th hai (bng 3.1). V vy, cc loi c kh nng tch lu thp nhng cho sinh khi cao cng rt cn thit (bng 3.2). Khi thu hoch cc loi thc vt ny th cc cht nhim cng c loi b ra khi t v cc kim loi qu him nh Ni, Ti, Au,... c th c chit tch ra khi cy. - Phng php s dng thc vt c nh kim loi trong t hoc bn bi s hp th ca r hoc kt ta trong vng r. Qu trnh ny lm gim kh nng linh ng ca kim loi, ngn chn nhim nc ngm v lm gim hm lng kim loi khuch tn vo trong cc chui thc n. C kh nhiu loi thc vt c kh nng hp th kim loi. y l cc loi thc vt thn tho hoc thn g, c kh nng tch lu kim loi trong thn cao hn nhiu ln so vi cc loi bnh thng khc. Cc loi thc vt ny thch nghi mt cch c bit vi cc iu kin mi trng v kh nng tch lu hm lng kim loi cao c th gp phn ngn cn cc loi su b v s nhim nm.

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Bng 3.1: Mt s loi thc vt c kh nng tch lu kim loi nng cao Tn loi Arabidopsis halleri (Cardaminopsis halleri) Thlaspi caerulescens Thlaspi caerulescens Thlaspi rotundifolium Minuartia verna Thlaspi geosingense Alyssum bertholonii Alyssum pintodasilvae Berkheya codii Psychotria douarrei Miconia lutescens Melastomamalabathricum Kim loi tch lu trong thn (g/g P kh) 13.600 Zn 10.300 Zn 12.000 Cd 8.200 Pb 11.000 Pb 12.000 Ni 13.400 Ni 9.000 Ni 11.600 Ni 47.500 Ni 6.800 Al 10.000 Al (Barcelo J, 2003) Bng 3.2: Mt s loi thc vt cho sinh khi nhanh c th s dng x l kim loi nng trong t Kh nng x l Salix KLN trong t, nc Populus Ni trong t, nc ngm Brassica napus, B. Cht phng x, KLN, Se Juncea, B. nigra trong t Cannabis sativa Cht phng x, Cd trong t Helianthus Pb, Cd trong t Typha sp. Mn, Cu, Se trong nc thi m khong sn Phragmites australis KLN trong cht thi m khong sn Glyceria fluitans KLN trong cht thi m khong sn Lemna minor KLN trong nc (Barcelo J, 2003) Hin nay ngi ta tm ra c hn 400 loi phn b trong 45 h thc vt c bit l c kh nng hp th kim loi nng Cc loi ny thuc thc vt thn tho hoc thn g, c kh nng tch lu kim loi nng v khng c biu hin v mt hnh Tn loi Tc gi v nm cng b Greger v Landberg, 1999 Punshon v Adriano, 2003 Brown, 1996 v Banuelos et al, 1997 Ostwald, 2000 EPA, 2000 v Elkatib et al., 2001 Horne, 2000 Massacci et al., 2001 MacCabe v Otte, 2000 Zayed et al., 1998 Tc gi v nm cng b

Ernst, 1968 Ernst, 1982 Madico et al, 1992 Reeves & Brooks, 1983 Ernst, 1974 Reeves & Brooks, 1983 Brooks & Radford, 1978 Brooks & Radford, 1978 Brooks, 1998 Baker et al., 1985 Bech et al., 1997 Watanabe et al., 1998

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thi khi nng kim loi nng trong thn cao hn hng trm ln so vi cc loi bnh thng khc. C nhiu gii thuyt c a ra gii thch c ch v trin vng ca loi cng ngh ny: - Gi thuyt s hnh thnh phc hp: C ch loi b cc kim loi c ca cc loi thc vt bng cch hnh thnh mt phc hp. Phc hp ny c th l cht ho tan, cht khng c hoc l phc hp hu c - kim loi c chuyn n cc b phn ca t bo c cc hot ng trao i cht thp (thnh t bo, khng bo), y chng c tch lu dng cc hp cht hu c hoc v c bn vng. - Gi thuyt v s lng ng: Cc loi thc vt tch kim loi ra khi t, tch lu trong cc b phn ca cy, sau c loi b qua l kh, ra tri qua biu b hoc b t chy. - Gi thuyt hp th th ng: S tch lu kim loi l mt sn phm ph ca c ch thch nghi i vi iu kin bt li ca t (v d nh c ch hp th Ni trong loi t secpentin). - S tch lu kim loi l c ch chng li cc iu kin stress v sinh hoc hu sinh: Hiu lc ca kim loi chng li cc loi vi khun, nm k sinh v cc loi sinh vt n l c nghin cu. Cc loi thc vt in hnh trong x l kim loi nng trong t: Mt s thc vt ph bin c s dng trong x l t b nhim kim loi nng nh sau: - Cy dng x: c kh nhiu nghin cu v s dng cy dng x trong vic x l t b nhim kim loi nng. Cc kt qu nghin cu u i n kt lun: + Cy dng x c kh nng sinh trng v pht trin bnh thng trong iu kin nng Pb trong t n 1.000 mg/kg t. + Cy dng x c kh nng sinh trng v pht trin bnh thng trong iu kin nng Zn trong t n 1.500 mg/kg t. + Cy dng x c kh nng sinh trng v pht trin bnh thng trong iu kin nng Cd trong t n 150 mg/kg t. + Cy dng x c kh nng sinh trng v pht trin bnh thng trong mi trng nhim thch tn (As) v c th ht t n 0,8 % As trong cy, cao hn hng trm ln so vi bnh thng, m cy vn tt ti. Thch tn c cy dng x lu trong lp lng t trn thn cy. Cy cng pht trin th nhu cu thch tn cng ln, v chng cn di truyn kh nng n cht c sang cc th h sau. Cy dng x rt ph bin Vit Nam v thng thng chng sinh trng v pht trin tt quanh nm. - C vetiver: Ti Vit Nam cn c tn l cy Hng Bi.

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Ngoi tc dng chng xi mn v l nguyn liu p du, c vetiver cn c kh nng thu ht kim loi nng trong t. V vy c vetiver c s dng nh l mt loi cy tin phong trong ci to t b nhim kim loi nng, nht l cc vng t sau khai thc khong sn. C vetiver c kh nng hp th cc kim loi nng v cc cht dinh dng khc trong t v c th chu c nhng cht ny d hm lng rt cao. Tuy hm lng nhng cht ny trong c vetiver nhiu khi khng cao nh mt s ging cy siu tch t khc, nhng do n pht trin rt nhanh v cho nng sut rt cao nn c Vetiver c th hp th mt lng cht dinh dng v kim loi nng ln hn nhiu so vi phn ln cc ging cy siu tch t khc. S phn b kim loi nng trong c vetiver c th chia lm 3 nhm: Rt t As, Cd, Cr v Hg do r hp th c chuyn ln thn l (1 5 %); Mt lng va phi Cu, Pb, Ni v Se do r hp th c chuyn ln thn l (16 33 %) v Zn c phn b ng u thn l v r (40 %). Nh vy, c vetiver c kh nng ht mnh nht l Zn, Pb v Ni, l nhng nguyn t kim loi nng c trong mi trng t.

Hnh 3.7: Cy dng x, c vetiver - Cy thm i: Cy thm i cn c tn l cy hoa ng sc, cy bng i. L cy bi thn g. Cy thm i c kh nng hp thu lng kim loi nng cao gp 100 ln bnh thng v sinh trng rt nhanh. Mn khoi khu ca loi cy ny l ch. Chng c th "n" lng ch cao gp 500 - 1.000 ln, thm ch cn ln ti 5.000 ln so vi cc loi cy bnh thng m khng b nh hng. Thm i c xem l loi siu hp thu ch v cadimi. Mt nghin cu ca Trng i hc Quc gia thnh ph H Ch Minh v cy thm i kt lun: Sau 105 ngy th nghim, kh nng hp thu Pb ca cy thm i cao hn 506 ppm (trong iu kin mi trng nhim Pb nng 1.000 ppm) so vi cy sng trong iu kin bnh thng v 1.037 ppm (trong iu kin mi trng nhim ch 2.000 ppm). Ngoi ra, kt qu th nghim cng cho thy cy thm i hp thu Pb rt nhanh: Trong iu kin mi trng cha 1.000 ppm ch, sau 24 gi (k t thi im tng t ngt nng ch) r cy thm i tch ly mt lng ch hn 470 ln so vi cy i

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chng (sng trong iu kin mi trng bnh thng); trong mi trng cha 2.000 ppm ch th r thm i tch ly mt lng ch hn 969 ln so vi cy i chng; trong mi trng cha 4.000 ppm ch, r thm i tch ly mt lng ch hn 4.908 ln so vi cy i chng. Theo tnh ton ca nhm nghin cu, cy thm i c kh nng tch ly ch cao hn 1 % so vi trng lng kh ca r v b phn r cy c xem l kho cha ch. Tng t, i vi cht cadmium, cy thm i cng c kh nng hp thu cht ny rt tt. c bit, nhm nghin cu cn thng bo n nay vn cn hai cy thm i sng trong mi trng nhim ch cc k cao, nng ln n 10.000 ppm v 20.000 ppm. Nhm nghin cu cho rng y l hai ngun gen qu c tm thy phc v nghin cu v cy siu tch ly sau ny. - Cy ci: Ngi ta tm ra hng trm loi ci c kh nng hp thu kim loi nng trong t. in hnh l kh nng hp thu Cd v Pb ca ci xanh v ci xoong. Tuy nhin vic s dng cc loi cy ci vo x l kim loi nng trong t cn l vn ang cn xem xt v a s cc loi ci l rau xanh thng dng.

Hnh 3.8: Cy thm i, ci xanh - Ngoi cc loi cy nu trn, hin nay ngi ta cn tm thy kh nhiu loi thc vt c kh nng ht kim loi nng trong t nh c mn tru, mua, n but, ngi di, rau mungv c mt s cy g ln nh keo l chm, keo tai tng. y l mt trin vng ln cho hng gii php s dng sinh hc trong bo v mi trng. 3.3.2.2. X l t nhim bn ngoi kim loi nng t b nhim bi cc cht thi hu c giu amoni, phosphat, thuc tr c, percloratc th s dng cc loi thc vt nh c vetiver, c voi, c singnal, cy cc ro, cy dng, liu, c linh lng, cc loi c c r si (nh c ui tru), cc cy sn

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xut cc hp cht phenol (du, to) lm sch mi trng thng qua kh nng chng chu v sinh trng, pht trin bnh thng ca chng. 3.4. THC VT TRONG HP PH BI, KH C 3.4.1. Nguyn l ca ng dng thc vt trong hp ph bi, kh c Nguyn l ca vic s dng thc vt trong lc bi v hp ph kh c l da vo kh nng ca cy x l nhim. C th chia thc vt thnh hai nhm: - Nhm mt l nhng loi cy c kh nng chng chu vi bi v hoc cc kh nhim trong khng kh gi l cy chng chu (tolerant). Chng c kh nng sinh trng v pht trin bnh thng trong mi trng b nhim c hi. - Nhm hai l cc loi thc vt d b tn thng bi bi hoc cc kh gy nhim. Chnh cc loi cy ny l cy ch th pht hin s c mt cc kh nhim c mt trong mi trng khng kh. Thc vt c mt vai tr cc k quan trng trong cn bng sinh thi ca sinh vt trn tri t. Thc vt ht CO2 tin hnh quang hp v nh ra O2 cho hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt, ng vt v con ngi. V vy chc nng quan trng s mt ca thc vt l lm sch mi trng khng kh nh qu trnh quang hp. 3.4.2. Mt s ng dng thc vt trong hp ph bi, kh c - Rng: Cy ci thng qua qu trnh quang hp ht lng kh cacbonic v thi ra mi trng lng kh oxy. Nh m con ngi v sinh vt mi c th duy tr c s sng ca mnh, kh hu mi c n nh. C ngi lm mt php tnh, cy d cao 33m c khong 110 nghn l th din tch l l 340 m 2. Mt khu rng c khong hn 10 triu cy th din tch l cy che ph l rt ln, kh nng quang hp cao. Mi mt nm, h thc vt trn Tri t nhn 400 t tn cacbonic v thi ra 200 t tn oxy. Nh vy cho thy nu khng c rng, con ngi cng nh h sinh vt s chng th tn ti c. Rng gi vai tr ln trong vic lm sch ho bu khng kh. Nhng thc vt rng c kh nng loi tr ton b nhng kh thi c hi nh: SO 2, HF, Cl SO2 l loi kh rt c, c mt nhiu ni. Khi nng SO2 trong khng kh ln ti 10 ppm s dn n mt s chng bnh nh tim p mnh, lon nhp kh th Rng c th hp th kh SO2 v chuyn chng thnh nhng thnh phn cu to nn cc axit gc amin trong cc thn cy v.v F cng l mt loi kh c hi vi c th con ngi. Nu chng ta n phi hoa qu, thc phm, rau c hm lng F cao s b nhim c, sinh bnh. Trong rng c rt nhiu loi cy c th hp th th kh ny. Trung bnh c mt 1 ha cy ngn hoa c th hp th 11,8 kg F, 1 ha cy du ty l 4,3 kg F v 1 ha cy liu th hp th 3,9 kg F. Rng cng l my ht bi khng l ca con ngi. Do trn mi phin l c mt lp lng dy nn n c th chn li nhng cht gy nhim, lc v hp th li chng lm trong sch mi trng. Cc nh khoa hc a ra s liu: Trung bnh 1 nm, c 15 mu t trng cy tng c th loi tr c 36 tn khi bi trong khng kh, 1 m 2 cy

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ph du c th ngn c 3,39 tn bi thi. Trong rng cnh v l cy tng i rm rp um tm nn lm gim sc gi. Do vy nn s bi thi cng nghip trong khng kh b gi li gn ht, sau mt trn ma ln, s bi cn li c tr v vi t, nh vy m khng kh c trong lnh v mt m hn. L cy sau khi c sch bi li tip tc qu trnh gi bi v chu trnh lm sch khng kh mi c bt u. Rng qu tht l L phi ca Tri t, khng c rng, tt c mi sinh vt trn Tri t ny k c con ngi s khng th h hp, kh c th sinh tn v pht trin. - Cy xanh trong nh: Cy xanh trong nh , vn phng khng ch l cy cnh, vt trang tr m cn c tc dng tuyt vi trong lm sch mi trng khng kh trong nh v vn phng. Hu ht cc loi cy xanh trng trong chu t trong nh , vn phng c kh nng lm sch khng kh trong nh. Nh: Thng xun Anh quc, lc tro tr, ry leo l x, bch dip, vn nin thanh, cau tre, li cp sc hoc li cp mp l vng, i mc l hnh tim, i mc selloum, i mc tai voi, huyt gic Madagascar, thit mc lan, pht d Janet Craig, pht d to, sanh, cc ng tin, cc hoa trng, a cao su, ct cn Boston, ct cn n hong Kimberly, ch l cnh, cau vng, hong tho, h ip . c nhiu nghin cu trn nhng loi cy dng lm cnh trong cc phng lm vic v nh . Mi loi cy c kh nng hp thu c mt s ha cht gy nhim. Nh sau 24 gi trong iu kin lun lun c nh sng, mt cy l hi kh c n 90 % formaldehyd trong 1m3 khng kh. Cng trong iu kin dy thng xun hp thu 90 % v cy bng bng hp thu 79 % benzen. c tnh c 9 m 2 mt bng trong nh cn c mt cy xanh duy tr cht lng khng kh c li cho sc kho. Theo ti liu ca T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) khng nh cc cht gy nhim trong nh c th gy nn nhiu vn sc khe. Mi nm c hn 1,6 triu ngi cht v nhim trong nh. Ti nhiu khu vc trn th gii, mc nhim khng kh trong nh cao gp 12 ln so vi khng kh ngoi tri. Nguyn nhn l khng kh trong nh cha nhng ha cht c hi t sn tng, vec ni, cht dnh, c, qun o, nhng cht ha tan, vt liu xy dng v thm ch vi nc. l nhng hp cht hu c d bay hi c kh nng gy nn nhiu bnh cho ngi (nh vim, sng v xut huyt phi). Ngoi ra, cc thit b vn phng (nh my iu ha, my photocopy, my in) cng thi ra cht c hi trong qu trnh hot ng. Mt nghin cu mi ca i hc Georgia (M) chng minh rng nhiu loi cy cnh c th lm gim ng k mc cng thng v nhiu loi bnh, ng thi lm tng hiu sut lao ng v chng ht nhng ha cht c hi trong phng. Thm ch cc nh khoa hc cn tm ra mt s loi cy cnh m mi cng ty nn trng trong vn phng, xng sn xut, chng hn nh dng x ru, thng xun. Ci thin cht lng khng kh: Nhiu nghin cu chng minh rng cht lng khng kh trong nh tng ln khi c cy xanh. Mt s ngi cho rng chng lm tng lng O2 trong nh, nhng thc t khng hon ton ng nh vy. Thc vt cn c th hp th nhng c t nh carbon monoxide (CO), mt s hp cht hu c d

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bay hi v thm ch cc nhm xyanua v chuyn ha chng. Cy ci cng c th hp th cc phn t kim loi nng v gi chng bn trong thn. Trc khi sn tng, bn nn trng mt s cy trong nh chng "ht" cc hp cht hu c d bay hi thot ra t sn, nh mi ngi s khng ht phi chng. Ngn chn d ng: Cy ci gp phn lm tng m khng kh, bi khi mt git nc xm nhp vo r cy, n s di chuyn ln thn qua h thng mao mch ri ha ln vo khng kh. Khi m khng kh tng, cc cht c hi cho sc khe nh bi v phn hoa s gim v hi m khin nhng ht nh li ti nng hn v ri xung di. Mt iu nghch l l thc vt ngoi tri l mt trong nhng tc nhn gy d ng cho con ngi, trong khi cy ci trong nh gip chng ta ngn chn hin tng d ng. Nh ca ngi Vit thng gn lin v ha hp vi thin nhin. Mt khng gian xanh trong nh khng ch l mang ngha m cn c ngha v mt tm linh. Chn la cy xanh trong nh khng nhng em li v ti mt m cn em li sinh kh cho ni .

Hnh 3.9: Lan , cy pht ti (thit mc lan) Lan (Spathiphyllum sp) : lc c nhiu c t nh aceton, benzene, formaldehyde v trichloroethylene. Cy pht ti (thit mc lan) (dracaena janet Craig) : ht c kh trichloroethylene. 3.5. VAI TR CA THC VT TRONG VIC GIM NHIM TING N Cy xanh cn c tc dng gim ting n. Sng m truyn qua cc di cy xanh s b suy gim nng lng, mc cng m thanh gim i nhiu hay t ph thuc vo mt l cy, kiu l v kch thc ca cy xanh v chiu rng ca di t trng cy. Cc di cy xanh s c tc dng lm phn x m, do lm gim mc n trong th.

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m thanh phn x qua li nhiu ln qua cc tn cy s gim lng m thanh ng k. V vy, thit k cc lp cy trng xen k cy bi, cy thp tng v cy cao gim bt m thanh thnh ph n cc cng trnh, nh l mt gii php va lm p cnh quan va lm sch nhim ting n. Hnh 3.10: Cy xanh th lm gim ting n

Cu hi n tp: 1. Nguyn l ca ng dng thc vt trong x l rc thi? 2. Mt s ng dng thc vt trong x l rc thi?

3. Trnh by nguyn l ca ng dng thc vt trong x l nc thi?

4. Trnh by phng php cnh ng ti?

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Trnh by phng php bi lc trng cy? Trnh by x l nc thi bng thc vt ni? Nguyn l ca ng dng thc vt trong x l t nhim? Trnh by ng dng thc vt trong x l t nhim kim loi nng? X l t nhim bn ngoi kim loi nng?

10. Mt s ng dng thc vt trong hp ph bi, kh c? 11. Trnh by vai tr ca thc vt trong gim nhim ting n?

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CHNG 4 NG DNG NG VT TRONG BO V MI TRNG 4.1. NG DNG NG VT TRONG X L RC THI 4.1.1. Nguyn l ca ng dng ng vt trong x l rc thi Hin nay, ng dng ng vt trong x l rc thi quy m ln cha tht s ph bin, v hiu qu x l khng bng s dng vi sinh vt. Tuy nhin, quy m nh ng vt tht s ng gp quan trng trong phn hy rc thi, nht l vng nng thn. Nguyn l chung l: - S dng ng vt phn hy rc thi do hot ng ng ha dinh dng ca chng. - S dng rc thi nh l ngun thc n sn xut mt s ng vt c li. ng vt t gm giun t, tiu tc, nhuyn th v ng vt c xng tham gia tch cc vo qu trnh phn hu xc ng thc vt, o xi t, to iu kin cho khng kh, nc v vi sinh vt thc hin qu trnh phn hu cht hu c, gip cho thc vt bc cao d dng ly c cht dinh dng t t. 4.1.2. Mt s ng dng ng vt trong x l rc thi Giun x l rc thi: - Cc nh khoa hc Vit Nam th nghim thnh cng phng php nui giun bng rc thi, nhm gii quyt nn nhim mi trng do rc gy ra, ng thi cung cp thc n cho gia sc. Loi giun ny c nhp t Philippines, c u im l d nhn nui, sinh sn nhanh, thch nghi tt vi kh hu nc ta. Vin Sinh thi v Ti nguyn sinh vt nghin cu kinh nghim dn gian, kt hp vi cc kin thc khoa hc hin i cho ra i mt quy trnh x l rc thi nh giun t Phillipinnes. Loi giun ny c tn khoa hc l perionyx excavalus, c th tiu ho cht thi rt tt. Theo tnh ton, phn hy 1 tn rc hu c trong mt nm, ngui ta cn khong 1.000 con giun ging v cc th h con chu ca chng. Trn thc t, vic nui giun t x l nhim mi trng c nhn dn ta p dng t lu. Kinh nghim ny c ph bin rng ri nht H ng. Nhn dn y thng lm chung g pha trn v nui giun t pha di, v phn do g thi ra l ngun thc n tt cho giun t. Mt khc nh giun n t, tiu ho v thi ra cht hu c, m sau mt thi gian, t pha di chung g s ti xp, rt tt cho cy trng. Khi , ngi ta li chuyn chung g ra ch khc, c nh vy... Chu trnh khp kn ny khin cho vic nui gia cm khng gy nhim mi trng. - Wormtech Limited l mt cng ty t nhn ti Anh ang p dng phng php s dng giun t lm phn r rc thi, t y sn xut phn bn v cc loi sn phm khc. Theo d tnh, cng vic bin rc thi thnh sn phm hu c i hi phi c khong 30.000 tn giun t, nh to c cng n vic lm cho khong 20 lao ng a phng. Graham Owen, thnh vin ca Wormtech, cho bit: "Chng ti bt

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u thu thp rc thi t thng 6 nm ngoi. Trong a phn ht Monmouthshire c khong 30.000 h gia nh, v cho n nay chng ti thu thp rc phc v mc ch ti ch thnh phn bn. Mc d vy, chng ti vn quyt nh th cho giun t "tham gia" sn xut phn bn hu c v cc sn phm khc. Cng vic chun b cho nh xng s mt khong ba thng, sau chng ti s mang giun ti chng t hon tt nt phn vic cn li. L giun cn khong mt thng lm phn r ton b ch rc, cung cp nguyn liu cho chng ti sn xut khong 12 loi sn phm hu c". - Theo GS.TS. Bi Cng Hin - Gim c Trung tm ng dng Cn trng hc, i hc Quc gia H Ni, vic nui giun x l rc thi khng c g mi i vi mt s nc tin tin, nhng cn mi Vit Nam v quan nim giun l bn. Nhng mt ngy, 1kg giun c th x l c 4 6 kg rc thi hu c trong gia nh, rt ph hp vi iu kin nng thn nh nc ta, bi n s kt hp c c hai vic l x l rc thi v chn nui. C th dng cc thng to hai lp, mt lp ng giun v thc n l rc thi, pha trn c lp vi ay ngn khng cho giun b ra ngoi, lp cn li ng phn giun. Hng ngy c th tn dng phn bn rau hoc nui g, ln.

Hnh 4.1: Giun t x l rc thi

Nhng rui x l rc thi:

Th gii cng nh ti Vit Nam hin nay ngi ta s dng nhng rui x l cc loi phn gia sc, gia cm, cc d tha thc vt t trang tri, sn phm tn tr b thi loi, sn phm d tha t qu trnh ch bin thc phm, cht thi t nh hng, nh bp. Mt kt qu nghin cu t Trng i hc Nng Lm TPHCM cho thy khi s dng nhng rui phn hy rc thi rt c hiu qu. Nhng rui l mt loi cn trng c kh nng x l rc thi, pht trin nhanh trn mi trng c ngun dinh dng cao nh cc loi xc ng vt phn hy, thc n tha. u trng c mu sng trong mi trng cha mt lng nc thch hp v c mu xm en trn mi trng c ngun thc n kh hn. Sau mt thng nui nhng rui, th tch cht thi gim xung 75 %, s nhng rui thu c ln ti 1kg/4,5kg thc n. Nh vy c th ng dng rng ri vo thc t

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bng cch xy dng cc khu x l cht rc thi tp trung nui nhng rui. Sau s tin hnh phn loi kt qu thu c, bin nhng rui lm thc n chn nui, rc thi b phn hy nhng vn bo v mi trng. l u ra tt cho ngun cht thi sinh

hot. Hnh 4.2: Nhng rui 4.2. NG DNG NG VT TRONG X L NC B NHIM ng vt c ngha khng nhiu trong x l nc b nhim. Tuy vy, hin nay x l cc ao h ti cc th b nhim bi ph dng hoc nhim bn kim loi nng ang i hi phi tm ra bin php hu hiu v t tn km. Ngoi vic s dng vi sinh vt x l nhim nc ao h, hin nay ngi ta cn s dng ng vt thy sinh. Trong cc ng vt thy sinh c th s dng cho lm sch mi trng nc phi k n cc loi c. C th p dng c trong bo v mi trng nc nh sau: - C lm ch th xc nh xem nc c nhim hay khng (c chng 1). - C lm sch mi trng nc b nhim: Ngi ta la chn mt s loi c c kh nng chng chu v c kh nng n cc cht nhim v to c trong nc lm sch mi trng nc. V d Trung Quc: Trong nhng nm gn y Thi H ca Trung Quc b nhim nng n bi cht thi cng nghip v nng nghip. Nc bn trong h to iu kin thun li cho s pht trin ca to c. S hin din ca to khin cn tr kh nng tip nhn nh sng mt tri ca nc v hot ng h hp ca sinh vt trong h. Theo AFP, gii chc tnh Chit Giang v Giang T tng th 10 triu c chp xanh v c m trng lm sch h vo thng 2 nm ngoi, sau khi to lm bn ngun cung cp nc cho hng triu ngi dn.

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Hin nay ngi ta th tip khong 20 triu con c n to xung h. Chi ph cho chin dch th c ln ti 1,3 triu USD. Chnh ph v ngi dn quyn tin cho chin dch ny. Mi con c m trng c th n 50 kg to v cc loi sinh vt ph du khc trong sut cuc i. Tuy nhin, trng lng ca n ch tng thm 1 kg trong sut qu trnh .

Hnh 4.3: Thi H v s pht trin ca to c 4.3. NG DNG NG VT TRONG CI TO T t lu ngi ta bit n vai tr ci to t ca h ng vt t, trong ng lu l giun t. c kh nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v vai tr ca giun t trong ci to t v c th thy chng c vai tr nh sau: - Cy xi t lm cho t ti xp. - Khi tin hnh ng ha dinh dng s to ra phn giun, l nhng kt cu vin bn vng cho t. - Tiu th cc cht bn nhim mi trng t. Ngoi giun t, hin nay ngi ta cn quan tm n kin, mi v cc loi ng vt thn mm khc sng trong t. Chng cng c vai tr trong ci to t v x l nhim t. Cu hi n tp:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Nguyn l ca ng dng ng vt trong x l rc thi? Mt s ng dng ng vt trong x l rc thi? Trnh by ng dng ng vt trong x l nhim n? Trnh by ng dng ng vt trong ci to t?

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TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH Ting Vit: Nguyn Th ng, o Chu Thu v ng Vn Minh, 2003 t i ni Vit Nam. NXB Nng nghip, H Ni Nguyn Th ng, ng Vn Minh, Nguyn Th Hng, Hong Hi, Th Lan, 2008 Gio trnh t trng trt. NXB Nng nghip, H Ni Nguyn ng v Nguyn Xun Thnh, 1999 Gio trnh Sinh hc t. NXB Nng nghip, H Ni L Vn Khoa, 2004 Sinh thi v mi trng t. NXB i hc quc gia H Ni L Vn Khoa, Nguyn Xun Qunh v Nguyn Quc Vit, 2007 Ch th sinh hc mi trng. NXB Gio dc, H Ni ng nh Kim, 2010 Bo co ti KC 08.04/06-10: Nghin cu ng dng thc vt ci to t b nhim kim loi nng ti cc vng khai thc khong sn. Hong Hi v D Ngc Thnh, 2008 Gio trnh Vi sinh vt i cng. NXB Nng nghip, H Ni Trn Th Thanh, 2007 Cng ngh vi sinh. NXB gio dc, H Ni. Trn Cm Vn, 2005 Gio trnh vi sinh vt hc mi trng. NXB HQG, H Ni Ting Anh: Edward J. Plaster. 1992 Soil science and management. The third edition. Delmar Publisher. ITP Malcolm E.S, 2000 Handbook of Soil Science. CRS Press LLC Nguyen The Dang and C. Klinnert, 2001 Problems and solutions for organic management in Vietnam. Proceedings of International workshop on tropical organic management: Opportunities and limitation, Bonn (Germany); 7-10 June 1999. Kluwer Express, Holland Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil, 1999 The Nature and Properties of Soils. Prentice Hall, INC. USA Scheffer und Schachtschabel, 1998 Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde. Enke Verlag Stuttgart, Germany Schnitzer M. and S.U. Khan, 1978 Soil organic matter. Elsevier, Amsterdam Stevenson F.J., 1986

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Cycle of soil. CRS Press LLC

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