t n ph gii phng trnh

Nguyn Thanh Tr
Ngy 11 thng 12 nm 2012
1 Gii phng trnh bng
cch a v h phng
trnh i xng
t n ph l mt phng php quen thuc
trong gii ton ni chung v gii phng trnh
ni ring. Trong dng ny, vic t n ph
ri tm lin h ngc li gia phng trnh v
bin x s dn ta n mt h phng trnh. H
phng trnh c gii c hay khng ty thuc
vo s kho lo trong cch t n ph ca cc
bn.
Trong chng ny, ta xt mt lp cc phng
trnh c dng:
ax
2
+ bx + c = d

dx + e
Trc ht, ta xt phng trnh:
V d 1. Gii phng trnh:
x
2
+ 2 = 3

3x 2
Li gii. Vi bt u n gin, ta s t a =

3x 2. Khi , ta c
_
x
2
+ 2 = 3a
a
2
+ 2 = 3x
y l h phng trnh i xng. Tr theo v
ca hai ng thc, ta c:
(xa)(x+a)3(xa) = 0
_
x a = 0
x + a 3 = 0
T y ta c th d dng gii bi ton.
Nh vy, mt cch tng qut, vi phng
trnh:
x
2
+ a = b

bx a
Ta lun c mt cch gii tng qut: t

bx a = t. Th th ta c t
2
+ a = bx. Ta
rt ra c h phng trnh i xng. Ta s
n vi mt v d kh hn.
V d 2. Gii phng trnh:
x
2
x
9
4
= 3

3x + 1
Li gii. t

3x + 1 = a
1
2
. Ta c a
2
a +
1
4
= 3x + 1 a
2
a
3
4
= 3x. Vy
_
x
2
x
3
4
= 3a
a
2
a
3
4
= 3x
Tr theo v hai ng thc. T y ta c th
d dng tm x.
Vic t

3x + 1 +
1
2
= a c v hi thiu t
nhin. Mt cch tng qut hn, c th gii bi
ton li nh sau.
Li gii.
x
2
x
9
4
= 3

3x + 1
(x
1
2
)
2

5
2
= 3
_
3(x
1
2
) +
5
2
y l dng ton quen thuc nh trn khi ta
coi x
1
2
nh mt bin y.
1
Nh vy, vi mi cch thay x bi cc biu
thc vo phng trnh (1) th ta s c nhiu
bi ton th v. Hy xt mt s v d c th.
V d 3. Gii phng trnh:
x
2
+ x +
13
4
= 2

2x 2
V d 4. Gii phng trnh:
2x
2
2

2x 2 = 3
_
3

2x
V d 5. Gii phng trnh:
x
2
+ 2

2x + 2 + 2

2 = 2

2x
V d 6. Gii phng trnh:
24x
4
+ 12x
2
3 = 2
_
2
3
x
2
+
11
12
gii cc bi ton ny, ta lm ngc li.
Tc l ta s phn tch ph hp xut hin
(axb)
2
+d = e
_
e(ax b) d. T t n
ph at b =
_
e(ax b) d. Ta s c cc h
phng trnh i xng.
Th nu h s ca x
2
khng phi l 1 th sao?.
Hay c th hn, ta xt cc phng trnh:
ax
2
+ b = c
_
cx b
a
iu ny ch l tng tnh phc tp ch khng
tng kh. Chia c hai v cho a = 0. Ta c:
x
2
+
b
a
=
c
a

_
c
a
x
b
a
Ta c th nhn thy ngay y l dng phng
trnh ban u.
Ta n vi v d tip theo:
V d 7. Gii phng trnh:
4x
2
+ 5x = (x + 2)

2x
2
+ 4x + 3
Li gii. By gi phng trnh ca chng
ta khng ch l a

ax + b na m l (x +
2)

2x
2
+ 4x + 3. Ta th bin i nh sau:
4x
2
+ 5x = (x + 2)

2x
2
+ 4x + 3
4x
2
+ 4x + 1 + x 1
= (x + 2)

2x
2
+ 5x + 2 x + 1
(2x + 1)
2
+ (x 1)
= (x + 2)
_
(x + 2)(2x + 1) (x 1)
Nu coi x1 = a v x+2 = b th phng trnh
ca chng ta c dng (2x+1)
2
+a = b

bx a.
Tng t suy ngh nh trn, ta t
_
(x + 2)(2x + 1) (x 1) = 2y + 1. Ta c:
_
(2x + 1)
2
+ x 1 = (x + 2)(2y + 1)
(2y + 1)
2
+ x 1 = (x + 2)(2x + 1)
Tr theo v hai phng trnh, ta c (2x+1)
2

(2y+1)
2
= (x+2)(2y2x) 2(xy)(2x+2y+
2) = 2(y x)(x +2) (x y)(3x +2y +4) =
0
_
x = y
3x + 2y + 4
i vi mi phng trnh
ta u quy v phng trnh bc 2. Vic gii cc
phng trnh ny l kh d dng.
Mt cu hi t ra l lm sao tm ra phn
tch 4x
2
+5x = (2x+1)
2
+(x1) hay ni cch
khc iu quan trng nht y l tm ra biu
thc 2x + 1.
mt cht l khi phn tch 4x
2
+ 5x =
(x +2)

2x
2
+ 4x + 3 (2x +1)
2
+(x 1) =
(x + 2)
_
(x + 2)(2x + 1) (x 1). Cng biu
thc v tri v biu thc trong du cn, ta c:
(4x
2
+ 5x) + (2x
2
+ 4x + 3)
= ((2x + 1)
2
+ (x 1))
+ ((x + 2)(2x + 1) (x 1))
= (2x + 1)
2
+ (x + 2)(2x + 1)
= (2x + 1)(2x + 3)
Nh th, khi cng biu thc v tri v biu
thc trong du cn v phn tch thnh nhn
t th mt trong hai nhn t l biu thc cn
tm.
Hy p dng phng php ny gii v d
sau:
2
V d 8. Gii phng trnh:
x
2
+ x + 2 = (x + 2)

x
2
+ 4x + 1
Li gii. Cng biu thc v tri v biu thc
trong cn, ta c:
x
2
+ x + 2 + x
2
+ 4x + 1 = (2x + 3)(x + 1)
Th phn tch vi 2x+3, ta thy bi ton kh
c hng gii.
Th vi x + 1. Ta c:
x
2
+ x + 2 = (x + 2)

x
2
+ 4x + 1
(x + 1)
2
(x 1)
= (x + 2)
_
(x + 1)(x + 2) + (x 1)
n y ta thy phng trnh quen thuc.

Ta c mt s v d tng t:
V d 9. Gii phng trnh:
4x
2
11x + 10 = (x 1)

2x
2
6x + 2
Pht trin tip bi ton vi bc 3 hay bc n.
Ta xt cc phng trnh:
x
n
+ b = a
n

ax b
C th gii mt cch tng qut bng vic t
n

ax b = t. Ta s c phng trnh i xng:

_
x
n
+ b = at
t
n
+ b = ax
H phng trnh i xng c th gii bng cch
tr theo v.
V tng t tng nh trn, nu thay x bng
cc biu thc phc tp, ta c nhng phng
trnh kh kh nhng cch lm tng t. Hy
n vi cc v d:
V d 10. Gii phng trnh:
2.27
x
+ 1 = 3
3
_
3
x+1
1
2
V d 11. Gii phng trnh:
x
3
+ 2 = 3
3

3x 2
V d 12. Gii phng trnh:
x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x + 4 = 4
3

4x + 1
Li gii. Vn tng t tng v phng
trnh vi s bc 2, ta rt gn biu thc v tri
x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x + 4 = 4
3

4x + 1
(x + 1)
3
+ 3 = 4
3
_
4(x + 1) 3
Nu coi x+1 l mt n mi th ta d dng nhn
thy dng ton quen thuc x
3
+b = a
3

ax b.
t y + 1 =
3
_
4(x + 1) 1, ta c
_
(y + 1)
3
+ 1 = 4(x + 1)
(x + 1)
3
+ 1 = 4(y + 1)
H phng trnh i xng ny c gii kh
d dng.
Ta n vi v d khc
V d 13. Gii phng trnh:
3

x 2 = 8x
3
60x
2
+ 151x 128
V d cui cng c v hi khc bit. Khi ta
nhm ht li ta c
3

x 2 = (2x 5)
3
+x 3
th c v khng c dng (ax b)
3
m li l
(2x 5)
3
+x 3. Biu thc x 3 tha ra mt
cch kh chu. Vy ta gii quyt nh th no?
Li gii. Ta bin i phng trnh:
(2x 5)
3
+ x 3 =
3

x 2
(2x 5)
3
+ x 3 =
3
_
2x 5 (x 3)
Tuy hi k l nhng ta vn nhn thy dng ton
quen thuc. t 2y 5 =
3
_
2x 5 (x 3)
ta c:
_
(2y 5)
3
+ (x 3) = 2x 5
(2x 5)
3
+ (x 3) = 2y 5
3
Tr theo v cc ng thc, ta c 2(xy)[(2x
5)
2
+ (2x 5)(2y 5) + (2y 5)
2
] = 2(y
x) x = yv a
2
+ ab + b
2
+ 2 > 0. Thay vo
phng trnh trn ta c (2x5)
3
= x2. T
ta tm c nghim ca phng trnh.
Trn mt phng din khc, ta c: Tch mt
cch tinh t, ta c:
3

x 2 = (2x 5)
3
+ x 3
(2x 5)
3
+ 2x 5 = x 3 +
3

x 3
Phng trnh a v dng f(2x 5) =
f(
3

x 3) vi f(x) = x
3
+ x.
Mt khc f(x) = x
3
+ x l hm s ng bin
nn 2x 5 =

x 3. T y ta tm c tt
c nghim ca phng trnh.
y l phng php "S dng tnh n iu
ca hm s gii ton" chng ny, chng
ta khng i qu vo chi tit.
Tng t tng trn l mt lp cc bi ton:
V d 14. Gii phng trnh:
x
3
3x
2
x + 6 = 3
3

3x
2
+ 4x 6
V d 15. Gii phng trnh:
x
3
x
2
6x 16 = 2
3
_
(x + 4)
2
Hy n vi mt s v d khc.
V d 16. Gii phng trnh:
x
3
= (x + 8)
3
_
(x + 4)
2
+ 16
Li gii. Ta bin i phng trnh nh sau:
x
3
= (x + 8)
3
_
(x + 4)
2
x
3
16 = (x + 8)
3

x
2
+ 8x + 16
x
3
16 = (x + 8)
3
_
x(x + 8) + 16
Phng trnh trn nu coi x+8 l mt s a th
ta nhn thy phng trnh quen thuc x
3
a =
b
3

bx + a. n y t
3
_
x(x + 8) + 16 = y,
ta c:
_
x
3
16 = (x + 8)y
y
3
16 = (x + 8)x
Tr theo v hai phng trnh, ta c x
3
y
3
=
(x+8)(y x) (xy)(x
2
+xy +y
2
+x+8) =
0 x = y (v x
2
+ xy + y
2
+ x + 8 > 0)
Thay x = y ta c x
3
16x(x+8) = 0. Phng
trnh ny c nghim duy nht l 4. Vy nghim
ca phng trnh ban u l x = 4.
V d 17. Gii phng trnh:
x
3
x =
3
_
4(x
3
+ 3x)
Li gii. Ta c:
(x
3
x) =
3
_
4(x
3
+ 3x)
(x
3
x)
3
= 4(x
3
+ 3x)

_
x
3
x
2
_
3
=
x
3
x
2
+ 2x
t
x
3
x
2
= y, ta c:
_
2y = x
3
x
y
3
= y + 2x

_
x
3
= x + 2y
y
3
= y + 2x
Phng trnh trn l phng trnh i xng
(x, y) tr theo v cc ng thc, ta c (x
y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
) = y x x = y 2x =
x
3
x.
Chng ta n vi mt bi ton tng t.
V d 18. Gii phng trnh:
x
3
x + 3 =
3
_
9(x
3
+ 8x 6)
Li gii. Ta c:
x
3
x + 3 =
3
_
9(x
3
+ 8x 6)
(x
3
x + 3)
3
= 9(x
3
+ 8x 6)

_
x
3
x + 3
3
_
3
=
x
3
+ 8x 6
3

_
x
3
x + 3
3
_
3
=
x
3
x + 3
3
+ 3x 3
Mt ln na ta t
x
3
x+3
3
= y. Th th
_
y
3
= y + 3x 3
x
3
= x + 3y 3
4
H phng trnh ni trn l h ng cp. Ta c
(xy)(x
2
+xy +y
2
) = 3(y x) (xy)(x
2
+
xy + y
2
+ 3) = 0 x = y x
3
= 4x 3. T
y ta c th tm c tt c cc nghim ca
phng trnh.
V d 19. Gii phng trnh:
_
x
3
+ x
1
3
_
x
3
+ x +
2
3
_
= x
2
+
1
3
Li gii. Ta c:
_
x
3
+ x
1
3
_
x
3
+ x +
2
3
_
= x
2
+
1
3

_
x
3
+ x
1
3
_
3
+ x
3
+ x
1
3
= x
2
+
1
3
t y =
_
x
3
+ x
1
3
. Ta c:
_
y
2
= x
3
+ x
1
3
y
3
+ y = x
2
+
1
3

_
x
3
+ x = y
2
+
1
3
y
3
+ y = x
2
+
1
3
(x y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
+ 1 + x + y) = 0
x = y
Vy vic cn li ch l gii phng trnh x
3
+
x = x
2
+
1
3
. Ta c:
x
3
+ x = x
2
+
1
3
3x
3
+ 3x = 3x
2
+ 1
2x
3
+ x
3
3x
3
+ 3x
2
1 = 0
2x
3
+ (x 1)
3
= 0 (x 1)
3
= 2x
3
x 1 =
3

2x
x =
1
1 +
3

2
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x =
1
1+
3

2

V d 20. Gii phng trnh:
(x
3
+ x + 1)

x
3
+ x = x
2
Nhng phng trnh nh trn l khng n
gin, cn c s tinh t khi t n ph xut
hin h phng trnh v gii quyt chng. Ta
n vi mt v d khc.
V d 21. Gii phng trnh:
3x
3
+ 8x 15 + 4
3

2x
3
+ 4x 5 = 0
Li gii. Ta bin i phng trnh:
4x
3
+ 8x 10 = x
3
4
3

2x
3
+ 4x 5 + 5
2(2x
3
+ 4x 5) = x
3
4
3

2x
3
+ 4x 5 + 5
t y =
3

2x
3
+ 4x 5. Ta c:
_
2y
3
= x
3
4y + 5
2x
3
= y
3
4x + 5
Tr theo v ca hai phng trnh ta c: 2(y
3

x
3
) = x
3
y
3
4(x y) 3(y
3
x
3
) = 4(x
y) x = y.
Thay vo h phng trnh, ta c: x
3
+4x5 =
0. T y ta c th tm c tt c nghim
ca phng trnh.
V d 22. Gii phng trnh:
x
3
x + 2 =
3
_
4(x
3
+ 3x 2)
V d 23. Gii phng trnh:
3

3x
2
3x + 3 =
_
4x
3
9
12
+
1
2
Li gii. iu kin x
3
_
9
4
. t:
3

3x
2
3x + 3 =
_
4x
3
9
12
+
1
2
= t
Ta c
_
3(x
2
x + 1) = t
3
_
4x
3
9
12
+
1
2
= t

_
3(x
2
x + 1) = t
3
4x
3
9
12
=
_
1
1
2
_
2

_
t
3
= 3(x
2
x + 1)
x
3
= 3(t
2
t + 1)

Tng t nh th, hy gii bi tp sau:

V d 24. Gii phng trnh:

x
3
+ 8 = 2
3

x
4
+ 4x 4 + 1
5

Phng trnh bc hai l mt ni
dung quan trng trong chng
trnh ton ph thng ni ring v
ton hc ni chung. ng dng ca
phng trnh bc hai rt a dng
v phong ph, p dng trong cc
bi ton a thc, bt ng thc,
lng gicTrong phm vi ca
bi vit ny, Truonghocso.com
mun gii thiu vi bn c mt
s ng dng th v v ph bin
ca phng trnh bc hai trong
vic gii lp cc bi ton phng
trnh, h phng trnh v hm s.


MT S NG DNG TH V CA PHNG TRNH BC HAI
(PHN 1)

Hong Minh Thi
(Team Ton Trng hc s)

Phng trnh bc hai l mt ni dung quan trng
trong chng trnh ton ph thng ni ring v
ton hc ni chung. ng dng ca phng trnh
bc hai rt a dng v phong ph, p dng trong
cc bi ton a thc, bt ng thc, lng
gicTrong phm vi ca bi vit ny,
Truonghocso.com mun gii thiu vi bn c
mt s ng dng th v v ph bin ca phng
trnh bc hai trong vic gii lp cc bi ton
phng trnh, h phng trnh v hm s.


Dng 1: ng dng gii phng trnh bng
phng php t n ph khng hon ton

Trong cc ng dng c bn ca phng trnh bc
hai, ng dng gii phng trnh v t bng
phng php t n ph khng hon ton l mt
ng dng c o. Sau y l mt s bi ton
in hnh:

Th d 1: Gii phng trnh
( )
2 2
3 5 6 2 3 x x x x x x R + + .
Hng dn:
Cch 1: Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
3 2 3 6 9 0
3 3 0
3
3
3 0
x x x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x
x
x
+ + + + +
+ +

+

'

Gi tr ny tha mn phng trnh ban u.
Phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht 3 x .
Cch 2: Bin i phng trnh cho v dng:
2 2 2
3 2 3 2 6 9 0 x x x x x x x + + + + .
t ( )
2
3 0 x x t t + thu c phng trnh
bc hai n
2 2
: 2 2 6 9 0 t t xt x x + + (1).
Bit thc
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 6 9 3 0 x x x x + .
(1) c nghim khi v ch khi 0 3 x .
6
Nhn xt: Gii bi ton theo cch 1 p v
n tng hn so vi cch 2 nhng da vo kinh
nghim v may mn nhiu hn. Cch 2 t nhin
v hp logic ty theo tng trng hp.

Th d 2: Gii phng trnh
( )
2
2
4 6 1
2 3
3 5
x x
x x R
x
+

.
Hng dn:
iu kin
2
3 5
;
2 3
x x .

Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
( )
( )
2 2
2 2 2
3 5 2 3 4 6 1
2 3 3 5 2 3 2 6 4 0
x x x x
x x x x x
+
+ +

t ( )
2
2 3 0 x t t ta thu c:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
3 5 2 6 4 0
3 5 4 2 6 4 3
1
2 4
t x t x x
x x x
t x
t x
+ +
+

Vi
2
1 2 3 1 t x x x .
2 2 2
2 3 2 1 2 4 0
1 1
1 5
x x x x x
x x
x
+ +

' '


+

Vi
2
2 4 2 3 2 4 t x x x .
2 2 2
2 2
2 3 4 16 16 2 16 19 0
8 26
2
x x
x x x x x
x


' '
+ +

+


Th li thy phng trnh c hai nghim:
8 26
1 5;
2
x x
+
+ .

Th d 3:
Gii phng trnh lng gic
2 2 3 2 sin x cos x sinx cosx + .
Hng dn:
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
( )
2
2
2sin 2 1 3 2
2 2 3 2 0
xcosx sin x sinx cosx
sin x cosx sinx cosx
+ +
+ +

Coi phng trnh ny l phng trnh bc 2 n
sinx , ta c bit thc
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 3 8 2 2 1 cosx cosx cosx .
1
1
2
2
1
1
4 2
5
2 ; 2
6 6
2 ; 2
2
sinx
sinx
cos x sinx cosx
x k x k
x k x k

+ +

Phng trnh c 4 h nghim nh trn.

Dng 2: ng dng gii h phng trnh bng
phng php nh gi.

Th d 4: Gii h phng trnh
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 3 4 2 3 4 18 2
;
7 6 14 0 3
x x y y
x y R
x y xy x y

+ +

'
+ + +

.
Hng dn:
Coi phng trnh (3) l phng trnh bc hai n x
ta c: ( )
2 2
7 6 14 0 x y x y x + + + .
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
7 4 6 14 3 10 7
7
0 3 10 7 0 1
3
y
y
y y y y y
y y y
+ +
+

Coi phng trnh (3) l phng trnh bc hai n y
ta c: ( )
2 2
6 7 14 0 y x y x y + + .
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
6 4 7 14 3 16 20
10
0 3 16 20 0 2
3
x
x
x x x x x
x x x
+ +
+

Nh vy
7 10
1; ; 2;
3 3
y x
1 1

1 1
] ]
.
Vi phng trnh (1), xt hm s

( ) ( )
( )
2
2 3 4; 4 3
3
0 1
4
f t t t f t t
f t t
+
<

7
D thy hm s ny ng bin vi 1 t > . Suy ra
rng
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 3 4 2 6
2 3 4 1 3
. 18
f x x x f
f y y y f
f x f y
+
+


ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ( ) ( ) ; 2;1 x y .
Nghim ny tha mn h phng trnh cho.
Nhn xt: S dng iu kin c nghim ca
phng trnh bc hai mt cch linh hot i khi
cho ta li gii p ca nhiu bi ton kh. Sau
y chng ta xt mt bi ton tng t.

Th d 5: Gii h phng trnh
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 3
2 0 4
;
2 4 2 0 5
x y x y
x y R
x x y
+

'
+ +

Hng dn:
Xt 0 y suy ra 0 x , r rng khng tha mn h
cho.
Coi phng trnh (4) l phng trnh bc hai n x
ta c:
4
1 0 1 1
y
y y .
Coi phng trnh (5) l phng trnh bc hai n x
ta c:
( )
3 3
4 2 3 0 1 0 1
x
y y y + + .
Kt hp li thu c 1 y ,suy ra 1 x ,tha
mn h cho. H phng trnh c nghim duy
nht ( ) ( ) ; 1; 1 x y .

Dng 3: ng dng trong cc bi ton hm s
lin quan

Th d 6:
Tm gi tr thc ca tham s m hm s bc ba
( )
3 2
1
1 2 1
3
y x m x mx + + + t cc i v cc
tiu ti hai im tng ng ng l di hai cnh
ca mt tam gic vung c cnh huyn bng
12 .
Hng dn:
Ta c
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 1 2
0 2 1 2 0 6
y x m x m
y x m x m
+ +
+ +

tha mn yu cu bi ton th (6) phi c hai
nghim phn bit cng dng
1 2
; x x tha mn
2 2
1 2
12 x x + .
( )
( )
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2 1 2
1 0
2 1 0
0
1
2 0
2 0
2 12
m
x x m
m
m
x x m
m m
x x x x
+ >

+ + >
>

' '
>

Gi tr cn tm ca m l 1 m .

Th d 7:
Tm gi tr thc ca m hm s sau c hai cc
tr phn bit
1 2
; x x tha mn
2 2
1 1 2 2 2 1
2 3 2 13 x x x x x x + + + :
( )
3 2 2
1 3
2 5
3 2
y x x m m x + + + + .
Hng dn:
( )
2 2
2 2
3 2
0 3 2 0 7
y x x m m
y x x m m
+ +
+ +

Hm s c hai cc tr phn bit khi v ch khi (1)
c hai nghim phn bit
( )
2 1
2 1 0
2
m m > .
Gi hai nghim ca (7) l
1 2
; x x .
p dng nh l Viete cho (7):
1 2
2
1 2
3
2
x x
x x m m
+
'
+ +

( ) ( )( )
( )( )
2 2
1 1 2 2 2 1
2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2 1
2 3 2 13
3 2 3 2 13
3 6 9 13 15 2
10 9 7 0
2 5 7 0
2
5 7 0
* 2 3 3
x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x x
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+

8
2
1 2
1 2
2
2 1
0
1; 2 2 0
1
* 5 7 0
19
15 21 323
2
; 0
17 2 2 4
2
m
x x m m
m
x x
m
x x m m
m

+ +

Kt lun, gi tr cn tm ca m:
19 17
0;1; ;
2 2
m


' ;

.
Nhn xt: Vn dng linh hot nh l Viete v
tnh ng bc ca phng trnh l mt cch tip
cn hiu qu cc bi ton c biu thc bt i
xng.

Th d 8:
Tm gi tr ca tham s m hm s sau t cc
i v cc tiu ti
1 2
; x x sao cho
1 2 1 2
2 3 4 8 x x x x + +
( ) ( )
3 2
1
1 4 2
3
y m x mx m x + + .
Hng dn:
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 2 4
0 1 2 4 0 8
y m x mx m
y m x mx m
+
+

Hm s cho c cc i v cc tiu khi v ch
khi (1) c hai nghim phn bit.
1 0
4
1
5 4 0 5
m
m
m

<
'
>

2 nghim ca (8) tng ng l honh 2 cc tr
1 2
; x x .
p dng h thc Viete cho phng trnh (8):
( )
( )
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 2 1 2
2 2
2
1 1
3 2 8
4 3
1
1 1
2 3 4 8 2 3 4 3 3 2
6 0 1 6 0
m
x x
m m
x x x x
m
x x
m m
x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x

+ +

+ +
'

+ + + + + +
+ +
.
1
2
1 2
2 2
0
1
6
8 4
* 0 0 4
3 1
1 51 2 145 145
*
6 16 1 48 49
x
x
m
x x m
m
m
x x m
m

Nhn xt: Trong mt s trng hp, vn dng h
thc c lp gia cc nghim ca phng trnh
bc hai cho ta li gii ht sc ngn gn

BI TP P DNG
Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau
( )
2
3 3
2
2
1, 2 2 2 7 2 4
2, 1 4 16
3 4
3, 2
5 3
sin x cos x sinx cosx
x log x xlog x
x x
x
x
+
+ +
+ +
+
+

Bi 2: Gii h phng trnh
( )( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
3 3
2
1 3
1, ;
2 3 25
4 13
2 2
2 1 2 2 1 2
2, ;
2 3 2 4
x y xy
x y R
x y
x y
x y
x y x y
x y R
y x y x x y
+

+ + '

+ +

+ + +

'
+ + + +

Bi 3: Gii h phng trnh
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 3
1, ; ;
2 1 0
2 5 2 3
2, ;
2 5 2 13 2
x y xy zy zx
x y z R
x y yz zx xy
x y xy x y
x y R
x y y
+ +

'
+ + +

'
+ +

Bi 4: Gii h phng trnh
( )
2
2
335 2010 12
;
3
xy y
x y R
xy x

'
+

Bi 5: Tm gi tr thc ca m ng thng
: d y m x + ct th hm s
2
2 1
1
x x m
y
x
+ +

ti hai im c honh ln
lt l
1 2
; x x sao cho biu thc sau t gi tr ln
nht
( )( )
2 2
1 2
1 4 F x x .
9



NHNG SUY NGH
BAN U T
MT BI TON


Giang Mnh Doanh


K thi tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng nm 2012
qua. thi tuyn sinh i hc mn Ton khi
A v khi A1 nm 2012 bm st chng trnh
Ton trung hc ph thng hin hnh, kin thc
trong thi c nh gi l kh ph hp v
va sc, tt yu i hi tnh ton chnh xc v t
suy c chiu su. Trong thi c mt s cu hi
mang tnh phn loi th sinh, v phn i s ng
ch hn c l cu 3 vi kin thc v h
phng trnh. Bi vit ny trnh by nhng tm
ti ban u trong vic gii h phng trnh, bt
phng trnh vi phng php s dng tnh n
iu ca hm s.

Cu 3 (1,0 im) Gii h phng trnh
( )

+ +

'
+ +

3 2 3 2
2 2
3 9 22 3 9
;
1
2
x x x y y y
x y R
x y x y

Li gii 1.
H phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )

+ +

'
+ +

3 3
2 2
1 12 1 1 12 1 1
1
2
2
x x y y
x y x y

t + 1 ; 1 x a y b ta c:
( )
( ) ( )

+ +


+ +

3 3
2 2
2 2
1 12 12
12 0
12 0
a a b b
a b a ab b
a b
a ab b

* Vi + + 1 1 2 a b x y x y .
( )

+ +

2
3 1
3
2 2
2 2 4 0
1 3
2
2 2
y x
y y
y x

* Vi + +
2 2
12 a ab b
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
+ + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
1 1 1 1 12
21
11
2
1
2 2 2
2
41
0
2
x y x y
x y x y xy xy
x y xy xy x y
x y x y VN

Li gii 2.
Bin i h a v (1) v (2) . Ch rng:
10

( )
( ) ( )
_ _
+ +

, ,

+
+
2 2
1 1
2 1
2 2
1 1
1; 1
2 2
3 1 1 3
1 ; 1
2 2 2 2
1 2; 2 ; 1 2; 2
x y
x y
x y
x y

Xt hm s
( ) ( )

3
12 ; 2;2 f t t t t ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
<
2 2
3 12 3 4 0 2;2 f t t t t
Suy ra hm
( )
f t lin tc v ng bin trn
min
( )
2;2
( ) ( ) ( )
+
+ +
1 1 1
1 1 2
f x f y
x y x y

Tng t cch gii 1 ta thu c nghim ca h:
( )
_ _


, ,
1 3 3 1
; ; , ;
2 2 2 2
x y .
Nhn xt
1. Li gii (1) c bn v sc tch. Li gii (2)
tinh t v gn gng, mang m t duy hm s.
2. Phng php s dng tnh n iu hm s l
mt cng c hu hiu trong cc bi ton gii v
bin lun phng trnh, h phng trnh.
Sau y l mt s th d lin h v minh ha cho
phng php hm s:

Bi ton 1. Gii bt phng trnh
( ) ( )
+ + +
3
3
3 1 2 1 x x x x R .
Hng dn:
Bin i bt phng trnh cho v dng:
( )
+ + + + + +
3
3
3 1 3 1 1 1 x x x x (3)
Xt hm s
( ) ( )
+ + >
3 2
; 3 1 0 f t t t f t t t R
Hm ny lin tc v ng bin. D thy
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
+ + + +
+
3
3
2
3 3 1 1 3 1 1
3 0 3
f x f x x x
x x x

Bt phng trnh c nghim
)
+

3; x .

Bi ton 2. Gii h phng trnh
( )

+ +

'
+ + +

2 2
2 3 4 6 5
;
2 3 4 1 6
x y y x x y
x y R
x y
Hng dn:
iu kin
1
2; 3
4
x y . Bin i h v
dng:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )

+ +

'
+ + +

2 2
2 2 3 3 4
2 3 4 1 6 5
x x y y
x y

R rng
( )
( ) ( )
4 2 3 f x f y trong
hm s
( ) ( )
+ + >
4 3
; 4 1 0 0 f t t t f t t t . Hm
ny lin tc, ng bin trn min ang xt nn ta
c 2 3 5 x y x y . Th vo (5) ta
thu c phng trnh + + 2 4 1 4 y y .
Tm c nghim duy nht ca h
( ) ( )
; 3;2 x y .
Nhn xt: Trong cc bi ton cha cn thc,
chng ta cn tm min gi tr ca bin, thng
qua n gin vic nh gi hm s.
Bi ton 3. Gii phng trnh
( )
+ + + + + + +
2 2
2 3 4 12 11 5 3 3 9 2 0 x x x x x x
Hng dn:
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
( ) ( )
+ + + + + + + +
2
2
2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 9 2 0 x x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
_
+ + + + + +

,
2
2
2 3 2 3 2 1 3 9 2 1 x x x x
D dng xt hm s
( )
( )
+ +
2
1 2 f t t t v
hm ny ng bin. Suy ra
( ) ( )
+
3
2 3 3
5
f x f x x .
Gi tr ny nghim ng phng trnh cho.

Bi ton 4. Gii bt phng trnh
+ +
2 3 2
8 2 3 4 x x x x
Hng dn:
11

iu kin 2 2 x .
Bin i phng trnh v dng:
( ) ( )
+
3
2
8 1 1 x x x
( ) ( ) ( )
1
+ +
1
]

3 2
1 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 2 2
x x x x
x x

Khi hm s
( ) ( )
+
3
1 1 f x x x ng
bin v hm
( )

2
8 g x x nghch bin.
Hn na
( ) ( )
2 2 2 f g nn bt phng trnh
c nghim 2 2 2 x .
Bi ton 5. Gii h phng trnh
( )

'
+ +

3 3 2
2 2 2
3 3 2 0
;
1 2 3 2
x y y x
x y R
x x y y

Hng dn:
iu kin 1 1 ; 0 2 x y .
Phng trnh th nht ca h tng ng vi:
( ) ( )
+ +
3 2
3 2
1 3 1 3 x x y y
rng
( ) ( ) ( )
+
1
]
3 2
1 1 0 1 2 ; 0 2
3 ; 3 2 0 0;2
x x y
f t t t f t t t t
Hm lin tc v nghch bin. Ta c
( ) ( )
+ + 1 1 f x f y x y
Phng trnh th hai ca h c dng:
( )
+ +

'
+

2 2 2
2 2
1 2 3 1
1 1
0 1
8 0
x x x
x
x y
x x

H cho c nghim duy nht
( ) ( )
; 0;1 x y .
Bi ton 6. Gii phng trnh:
( ) ( )
+ + + + 3 1 3 1 2 0 x x x x x
Hng dn:
iu kin 1 1 x .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
( ) ( )
+ + + + + + + +
3
1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 x x x x x x x

Xt hm
( ) ( )
+ + + + >
3 2 2
2 ; 3 2 2 0 f t t t t f t t t t R

Hm s ny lin tc v ng bin. Do ta thu
c:
( ) ( )
+ 1 1 0 f x f x x .
Bi ton 7. Gii h phng trnh
( )
( )

'
+ + +

3
2
3 55 64
3 3 12 51
x y
xy y y x

Hng dn:
Xt 0 x khng tha mn h cho. Vi 0 x
th h tng ng vi:

'

+ + +

3
3
64
3 55
12
3 3 51
y
x
y y
x

Cng tng v hai phng trnh trn thu c:
( ) ( )
+ + + +
_
+ + + +

,
3 2
3
3
3
64 12
3 6 4
4 4
1 3 1 3.
y y y
x x
y y
x x

Xt hm s
( ) ( )
+ + >
3 2
3 ; 3 3 0 f t t t f t t t R
Chng ta li c hm s ng bin v lin tc.
Suy ra c
( )
+ + +
+
3
3 2
4
1 3 55 1
3 54 0 3 1
y y y
x
y y y x

H cho c nghim duy nht.
Bi ton 8. Gii h phng trnh
( ) ( )
( )

+ +

'

3
3
3
1 1 1
;
4 4 0
xy x y x
x y R
x xy

Hng dn:
Bin i h v dng:
( )
( )

+ + + +
'
+

3
3
3
1 1
4 1
xy xy x x
x xy

Xt phng trnh th nht ca h v xt hm s
( )
+
3
f t t t . Hm ny ng bin, lin tc trn
R.
12

Suy ra
( ) ( )
+ + 1 1 f xy f x x xy .
Tm c 2 nghim ca h :
( )
_ _


, ,
1 3
; 2; , 2;
2 2
x y .
Bi ton 9. Gii phng trnh
( ) ( )
+ +
2
3
3
1 2 1 31 5 8 3 x x x x x
Hng dn:
iu kin 8 x .
Bin i phng trnh cho v dng
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
+
+ + + +
2
3
3
1 1 2 1
8 1 8 1 2 2 8 1
x x x
x x x
Xt hm s
( )
+
3 2
2 f t t t t ta c
( )
+ >
2
3 2 2 0 1 f t t t t . Hm lin tc
v ng bin. Ta thu c
( ) ( )
+ +
3 3
1 8 1 1 8 1 f x f x x x
t
3
1 x u ta c phng trnh
( ) ( )
+
+ +
_
_

+ + + + >


,
,
3 3 2
2
2
2
1 7 2 8 0
2 4 0
1 15
2 4 0
2 4
u u u u u
u u u
u u u u u R

Suy ra phng trnh c nghim duy nht 9 x .
13
Mc ny gii thiu mt s bi ton c sc
trn www.truonghocso.com
Bi ton 1 ( xut bi H Vn Din). Cho
cc s khng m a, b, c tha mn a
2
+b
2
+c
2
=
1. Chng minh rng:
a
1 + bc
+
b
1 + ac
+
c
1 + ab
1
Li gii.
Ta chng minh rng
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
2b(1 + ac)
Tht vy, ta c:
2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) = a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 1
= a
2
+ c
2
+ b
2
+ 1 2ac + 2b
2abc + 2b = 2b(1 + ac)
a
1 + bc

a
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
Vy, ta c:
a
1 + bc
+
b
1 + ac
+
c
1 + ab

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

Ta cn mt cch gii khc:

Li gii.
Ta dng bt ng thc AM GM.
a
1 + bc

a
1 +
b
2
+c
2
2
=
a
1 +
1a
2
2
=
2a
3 a
2
Ta s chng minh:
2a
3 a
2
a
2
a(a + 2)(a 1)
2
0
iu ny lun ng vi mi a khng m. Tng
t nh vy:
a
1 + bc
a
2
Tm li ta c:
a
1 + bc
+
b
1 + ac
+
c
1 + ab
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 1

Bi ton 2. Gii phng trnh:

3x
3
6x
2
3x 17 = 3
3

9(3x
2
+ 21x + 5)
Li gii.
3x
3
6x
2
3x 17 = 3
3

9(3x
2
+ 21x + 5)
x
3
2x
2
x
17
3
= 3
3

x
2
+ 7x +
5
3
x
3
3x
2
+ 3x 1 + 3(x 1) =
(x
2
+ 7x +
5
3
) + 3
3

x
2
+ 7x +
5
3
(x 1)
3
+ 3(x 1) = (x
2
+ 7x +
5
3
)
+ 3
3

x
2
+ 7x +
5
3
Xt hm s f(x) = x
3
+ 3x. D c f(x) ng
bin m f(x 1) = f(3
3

x
2
+ 7x +
5
3
)
14
x 1 =
3

x
2
+ 7x +
5
3
. Ta c:
x 1 =
3

x
2
+ 7x +
5
3
(x 1)
3
= x
2
+ 7x +
5
3
x
3
2x
3
4x
8
3
= 0
3x
3
6x
3
12x 8 = 0
4x
3
= x
3
+ 3 2 x
2
+ 3 2
2
x + 2
3
4x
3
= (x + 2)
3

4x = x + 2 x =
2
3

4 1

Nhn xt 1. Phn tch trong cch gii hi

thiu t nhin. Suy ngh khi gii bi ton nh
sau: Chia c hai v cho 3, ta c:
x
3
2x
2
x
17
3
= 3
3

x
2
+ 7x +
5
3
Phng trnh c mt v bc 3 v mt v bc
1/3. Ta nh hng tm a sao cho:
(x a)
3
+ 3(x a) = x
2
+ 7x +
5
3
+ 3
3

x
2
+ 7x +
5
3
x
3
3ax
2
+ 3a
2
x a
3
3x + 3a =
x
2
+ 7x +
5
3
+ 3
3

x
2
+ 7x +
5
3
x
3
+ (1 3a)x
2
+ (3a
2
4)x a
3
+ 3a
5
3
= 3
3

x
2
+ 7x +
5
3
Nh vy, thay vo phng trnh ban u ta
tm c a = 1.
Nhn xt 2. Vic gii phng trnh 3x
3

6x
3
12x 8 = 0 i hi mt k thut c
bit, tch thnh lp phng hai v.
Bi ton 3. Gii phng trnh:

3x
2
1+

x
2
xx

x
2
+ 1 =
1
2

2
(7x
2
x+4)
Li gii. S dng bt ng thc
Bunhiacopsky ta c:

3x
2
1 +

x
2
x x

x
2
+ 1 =

2
=

3x
2
1
2
.2 +

1(x
2
x)

x
2
+ 1
2
2x
2

2
(
3x
2
1
2
+ 1 +
x
2
+ 1
2
)(2 + x
2
x + 2x
2
)
=
(4x
2
+ 2)(3x
2
x + 2)
2

1
8
(7x
2
x + 4)

3x
2
1 +

x
2
x x

x
2
+ 1

1
2

2
(7x
2
x + 4)
Nh vy

3x
2
1+

x
2
xx

x
2
+ 1 =
1
2

2
(7x
2
x+4)
ng thc xy ra, suy ra 4x
2
+ 2 = 3x
2
x +
2 x
2
+ x = 0

x = 0
x = 1
Thay c hai gi tr ca x vo phng trnh ban
u thy x = 1 tha mn. Vy phng trnh
cho c nghim x = 1
Ta cn mt cch na
Li gii 2. iu kin x > 1 hoc x <
1

3
.
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
2

3x
2
1 +

x
2
x

2 x

x
2
+ 1
= (7x
2
x + 4)
S dng bt ng thc AM GM, ta c:

x
2
x 2 + x
2
x

2 x

x
2
+ 1 2x
2
+ x
2
+ 1 = 3x
2
+ 1

3x
2
1 2 + 3x
2
1 = 3x
2
+ 1
15
Vy:
2

3x
2
1 +

x
2
x

2 x

x
2
+ 1
(7x
2
x + 4)
ng thc xy ra, suy ra 3x
2
1 = 2 x =
1. Thay x = 1 vo phng trnh ban u thy
tha mn. Vy x = 1 l nghim ca phng
trnh.
Nhn xt. Vi phng trnh c nhiu
cn thc, ngh ti bt ng thc nh gi
phng trnh l mt tng t nhin.
16

ng h qu lc lc mi cng chm dn ri
dng, qu bng ny ln, ny xung mi th
cng s chm dn ri nm yn, xe i trn
ng gp g, xc ln xung 1 lc ri li
chy m, khng c ci g l vnh cu c. Bng
cch ny hay cch khc, nng lng ca mt
vt chuyn ng s dn ta ra xung quanh,
vt s chuyn ng chm dn ri dng hn.
chnh l hin tng tt dn chuyn ng
rt hay gp trong i sng. Tuy nhin, y l
mt vn rt phc tp, kh nghin cu c
th nn khi a vo chng trnh hc cho hc
sinh, ngi ta thng m hnh ha thnh cc
bi ton n gin nh dao ng iu ha
cho hc sinh d tip cn. Gn y, mt s
thi i hc xut hin mt s bi v hin
tng tt dn, a hc sinh gn hn n hin
tng thc t. Mc d vn di hnh thc
n gin nhng vn kh mi li v gy kh
khn cho hc sinh trong vic gii bi. Di
y, chng ti tng hp t nhiu ngun
c mt s phng php gii c th cho bi
ton dao ng tt dn. Hy vng n s gip
cc em c th vt qua nhng bi ton ny.
Ch 1. Xc nh gim tng i ca
bin khi bit gim tng i ca nng
lng ?
Phng php:
Ti thi im t = 0, nng lng:

Ti thi im t =
2
T
, nng lng: =

gim tng i ca bin sau na chu
k:

= 1 1

Ch 2. Dao ng tt dn
BI TON: Mt con lc l nm ngang c qu
nng khi lng m, cng ca l xo l k.
Ko qu nng ra khi v tr cn bng mt
on

ri th ra khng vn tc u. Qu
nng thc hin dao ng tt dn vi h s ma
st l .
Bi ton 1. Xc nh dch chuyn bin
sau na chu k. Xc nh bin sau
2
T
, sau
2
nT
?
1.Khi qu nng thc hin dao ng trong na
chu k u ( i t

):


DAO NG
TT DN

BI VN T
17
Ta c:

= +

= 0
t: =

=
Vy:

= 0, trong mt na chu k
u, vt dao ng iu ha quanh tm

c
ta =

; Tng t, trong na chu k

tip theo vt dao ng iu ha quanh tm

c ta =

. Do , hai tm dao ng

i xng nhau qua tm O.

Chu k dao ng: = 2

2. gim bin sau na chu k:
gim bin sau na chu k: = 2

=
2

= 2

Hay:

Sau hai na chu k:

2.
Sau n na chu k:

.
Bi ton 2. Xc nh vn tc cc i ca vt ?
Trong na chu k u, khi qu nng i qua
tm dao ng

( hoc

) th vn tc cc
i:
1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
c
o max o
F
O B A x Ao Ao
k
v

= = = =

Vn tc cc i ca qu nng sau 2 na chu
k:

= .

3
2

Tng t nh vy, vn tc cc i sau N na
chu k:

( 2 1)
2

Bi ton 3. Xc nh thi gian i c cho
n lc dng li ?
Khi qu nng ti ti mt im nm trong
on

th qu nng dng li. V lc ,

lc n hi nh hn lc ma st nn qu nng
khng dao ng na.
Gi N l s na chu k m vt i c cho
n lc dng li.
Nh vy: N = m + 1
Trong :
+ m l s na chu k u tin, lc qu
nng ti v tr bin

nm ngoi

.
Ta c:

. =

nm ngoi

, nn

>

, t ta
suy ra: <

<

+ 1 l na chu k cui cng khi v tr bin

nm trong on

.
Ta c:

. =

nm trong

, nn

, t ta
suy ra:

Vy, s na chu k con lc dng li l s
nguyn ca ng thc:

1
2
<

+
1
2

Thi gian con lc thc hin c N na
chu k n lc dng li:
. = .

Bi ton 4: on ng i c cho n lc
dng li?
18
on ng i trong N na chu k l:
=

+ +

Vi:

= 2

= 2

= 2

= 2

( 2 1)
Vy: = . 2

( 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 +
. + ( 2 1) )
Nhn xt: tng 1 + 3+ 5+ 7+.+(2N-1) l
cp s cng vi s hng u l 1, s hng
cui l (2N -1), cng bi l q = 2. Nh vy,
tng c gi tr : ( 1 + ( 2 1) ) . / 2 =

.
Vy, on ng i c cho n lc dng
li:
= . 2

Ch 3. Xc nh vn tc ca qu nng
dao ng tt dn ti thi im t ?
Phng php:
B1: Tm gim bin sau
2
T
: = 2.

=
2.

B2: Tm chu k = 2

B3: Phn tch = .

+
Nu t= 0, th v tr ti cui thi im t l bin

, do vn tc v = 0
Nu t =
4
T
th v tr ti cui thi im t l
tm dao ng

(hay

) nn vn tc cc
i:

= .

= (

)
Hay:

Nu t <
4
T
: ta p dng cng thc:
2 2 2
w
N
v O B x =
Vi:

x l ta ca vt ti thi im t, ta c:

| |

Nu t>
4
T
:

| |

Ch 4. Mt con lc l xo nm ngang dao
ng iu ha. t mt vt nh ln vt dao
ng. Tm chu k nh nht ca con lc
vt m khng vng ra khi vt dao ng. H
s ma st trt gia vt nh vi vt dao
ng l .
Phng php:
Khi vt m nm trn vt dao ng th n s
dao ng iu ha vi tn s gc . iu kin
vt m khng vng ra khi M th lc hi
phc ca vt m phi bng lc ma st ngh.

hay:

Biu thc trn vn ng khi x = A
Do , ta c:

Chu k cc tiu: 2
A
To
g

=
Ch :

= 2

= 2

+ =

19
Ch 5: Mt con lc l xo nm ngang gm
qu nng c khi lng M ng yn
VTCB. Mt vin bi c khi lng m bay vi
vn tc

va chm vo M. Tnh vn tc ca
qu nng sau va chm v bin dao ng
iu ha ca con lc l xo?
Phng php:
1. Trng hp l xo nm ngang:
a. Nu va chm l n hi xuyn tm: p
dng nh lut bo ton ng lng v nh
lut bo ton ng nng, vn tc ca vt M
sau va chm:
=
2
+

V qu nng ang v tr cn bng, nn vn
tc M sau va chm chnh l vn tc cc i.
Ta c:

= =

b. Nu va chm l n hi khng xuyn tm:
p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng, vn
tc ca vt M sau va chm:
=

V qu nng ang v tr cn bng, nn vn
tc sau va chm chnh l vn tc cc i.
Ta c:

= =

2. Trng hp l xo thng ng m qu nng
nm trn:
- Vn tc ca vt m khi chm vo M: p dng
nh lut bo ton c nng: = 2
- Vn tc ca vt M sau va chm: p dng
nh lut bo ton ng lng:
=

+
=

+
2
-Sau khi vt m va chm vo M, di tc dng
ca trng lc, v tr cn bng mi ca con
lc l:

, tn s gc ca con lc l xo
lc ny: =

- Bin ca dao ng iu ha:
=

1 +
2
( + )

p dng:
Bi s 1: Mt con lc l xo gm mt vt c
khi lng 100g gn vo l xo c cng
0,01N/cm dao ng tt dn chm t thi im
t = 0 vi bin ban u l 10cm. Trong
qu trnh dao ng, lc cn tc dng vo vt
c ln khng i l 10

( ) . Tnh tc
ca vt sau thi im t k t thi im ban
u. Ly
2
10 = .
a. t = 21(s)
b. t = 21,5(s)
c. t = 21,4(s)
d. t = 21,6(s)
Hng dn:
a. 21( ) 21 ,
2
T
t s = = vn tc ti thi im t l
v = 0
b. = 21,5 = 21.

Vn tc ti thi im t l cc i:

22

= 57( mm/s)
c. = 21,4 =

;
2 21
21 57( )
2
o
O B A mm

= =
20

| |
57

| |
57
=
2
5
| |
= 17,6 ( )
Vy: = 54,2(mm/s)
d. = 21,6 =

21

2
= 57( )

4
+

| |

=
3
10
| |
= 17,6 ( )
Vy: = 54,2(mm/s)
Bi 2:Mt con lc l xo gm l xo nh c
cng K=2N/m, vt nh c khi lng m=80
g, dao ng trn mt phng nm ngang, h s
ma st trt gia vt v mt ngang l 0,1.
Ban u ko vt ra khi v tr cn bng mt
on 10cm ri th nh. Cho gia tc trng
trng
2
10 / g m s = . Tc ln nht m vt
t c bng?
.0, 36 / .0, 25 /
.0, 5 / .0, 3 /
A m s B m s
C m s D m s
Bi 3:Mt con lc l xo c cng K=100
N/m v vt nng m=160g t trn mt phng
nm ngang. Ko vt n v tr l xo dn 24 cm
ri th nh. H s ma st gia vt v mt
phng ngang l
5
16
.Ly
2
10 / g m s = . T lc
th vt n lc dng li, vt i c qung
ng bng?

.43, 6 .60
.57, 6 .56
A mm B mm
C mm D mm

















21

Cu 1: Mt con lc n c chiu di l=1m,
u trn c nh u di gn vi vt nng
c khi lng m.im c nh cch mt t
2.5m. thi im ban u a con lc lch
khi v tr cn bng mt gc
o
(gc nh ) ri
th nh, khi vt va qua v tr cn bng th si
dy t. B qua mi sc cn, ly
2 2
10 / g m s = = . Tc ca vt nng thi
im t=0,55s c gi tr l?
.0, 55 / .0, 5743 /
.0, 2826 / .1 /
A m s B m s
C m s D m s
Bi gii:
( Li gii ca vatly@truonghocso.com)
Chu k dao ng ca con lc n T = 2
g
l

= 2 (s).
Thi gian n VTCB l T/4 = 0,5 (s)
Khi qua VTCB si dy t, chuyn ng ca
vt l C nm ngang t cao h0 = 1,5m vi
vn tc ban u xc nh theo cng thc:
2
2
0
mv
= mgl(1-cos) = mgl2sin
2
2

= mgl
2
2

v0 =
Thi gian vt C sau khi dy t l t =
0,05s. Khi vt cao
h = h0 -
2
2
gt
h0 h =
2
2
gt

mgh0 +
2
2
0
mv
= mgh +
2
2
mv

v
2
= v0
2
+ 2g(h0 h) = v0
2
+ 2g
2
2
gt

v
2
= v0
2
+ (gt)
2
v
2
= ()
2
+ (gt)
2

v = 0,5753 m/s
Cu 2: Mt ct thp cao 8m ang ng thng
ng th b xung t, ly gia tc trng
trng
2
10 / g m s = , hi vn tc di ca ct
thp khi b xung t bng bao nhiu? Bit
rng khi xung t th ct khng b trt.
Bi gii:
( Li gii ca vatly@truonghocso.com)
cao ban u ca khi tm ct thp l
4
2
l
m =
Khi ct thp b th n tham gia c chuyn
ng tnh tin c chuyn ng quay
C nng c bo ton nn ta c:
2 2
2 2
mv Iw
mgh = +
Vi h=4m,
2
, w
12
ml v
I
h
= = ( v vn tc gc
i vi mi im ta nh nhau nn vn tc
gc i vi khi tm bng i vi chn ct
thp)
T ta c:
2 2 2
2
2
60 7, 746 /
2 24
v l v
gh v v m s
h
= + = =
Cu 3: Con lc l xo nm ngang c cng
K, khi lng M, vt nng m. T v tr cn
bng ko m ra mt on nh, tnh chu k dao
ng. B qua mi lc cn.
Bi gii:
22
( Li gii ca vatly@truonghocso.com)
V l xo c khi lng nn cc phn t ca l
xo cng dao ng iu ha. Gi L l chiu
di ca l xo, chia l xo thnh cc on rt
nh di dl, khi l xo dn mt on X th mu
ny dch chuyn mt on l
Xl
x
L
= , khi
lng mu l xo ny l
d M l
dm
l
=
ng nng ca mu l:
2
2 2 2
3
1 1
Wd= ( ') ( ')
2 2 2
dl Ml
d dmv M x X dl
L L
= =
ng nng ca l xo:
2 2
2
3
0
( ') ( ')
Wd Wd
2 6
L
M X M X
d l dl
L
= = =


ng nng ca vt v th nng n hi ca l
xo:
2 2
m
( ') X
W = ; W
2 2
dh
m X K
K =
C nng ca h:
d d
2
2
W W +W W
1 X
( 3 )( ') st
6 2
m h
K
M m X con
= +
= + + =

Ly o hm hai v ta c:
1
( ) ''. ' X. ' 0
3
3
''
3
M m X X K X
K
X X
M m
+ + =
=
+

3 3
w 2 ( )
3 3
K M m
T s
M m K

+
= =
+

Cu 4: Cho hai mch dao ng l tng
1 1
LC
v
2 2
L C vi
1 2 1 2
0,1 , 1 C C F L L H = = = = .
Ban u tch in cho t
1
C n hiu in th
6V v t
2
C ti hiu in th 12 V ri cho
mch dao ng. Thi gian ngn nht k t khi
mch dao ng bt u dao ng th hiu
in th trn 2 t chnh lch nhau 3V l?
Bi gii:
( Li gii ca vatly@truonghocso.com)
Ta c biu thc in p gia cc bn cc ca
hai t in:
1 2
12cos w ( ); 6 w ( ) u t V u cos t V = =

1 2
6 w 3 w 0, 5 u u cos t cos t = = =
6
min
10
( )
6 3
T
t s

= =

Cu 5: Mt con lc n dao ng iu ha
trong thang my ng yn ti ni c gia tc
trng trng
2
g 9,8m/ s = vi nng lng dao
ng l 150 mJ, gc th nng l v tr cn
bng ca qu nng. ng lc vn tc ca vt
bng khng th thang my chuyn ng nhanh
dn u i ln vi gia tc l
2
2,5m/ s . Con lc
s tip tc dao ng iu ha trong thang my
vi nng lng dao ng l:
A.150mJ B.129,5mJ
C.111, 7mJ D.188,3mJ

Bi gii: (Li gii vatly@truonghocso.com)
Khi thang my cha chuyn ng, c nng
ca con lc l:
2
o
1
mgl
W
2

=
Khi vn tc ca con lc bng 0 th thang my
chuyn ng nhanh dn u i ln ln khi
ta c bin gc ca con lc khng i, con
lc dao ng vi gia tc hiu dng g ' g a = +
C nng ca con lc lc sau l

2
o
2
mg' l.
W
2

=

T y ta c:
2
o
1
2
o 2
1
2
mgl
W g g
2
mg' l W g' g a
2
W(g a)
W 188, 3mJ
g

= = =
+
+
= =

23


Cu 1:Mt con lc l xo treo thng ng gm
l xo c cng k v vt nng c khi lng
2m. T v tr cn bng a vt ti v tr l xo
khng b bin dng ri th nh cho vt dao
ng. Khi vt xung di v tr thp nht th
khi lng ca vt t ngt gim xung cn
mt na. B qua mi ma st v gia tc trng
trng l g. Bin dao ng ca vt sau khi
khi lng gim l?
3 2 3
. . . .
2
mg mg mg mg
A B C D
k k k k

Cu 2: Mt con lc l xo t trn mt phng
nm ngang, l xo c cng K=20(N/m), vt
nng c khi lng m=100(g). H s ma st
trt gia vt v mt phng ngang l
0, 35 = . Ly
2
10 / ; 3,14 g m s = = . Ban
u vt nng c th nh t v tr l xo dn
7 cm. Tnh tc trung bnh ca vt nng
trong thi gian k t thi im th ti lc vt
qua v tr l xo khng bin dng l:
.33, 42 / .25, 48 /
.22, 93 / .17,83 /
A cm s B sm s
C cm s D cm s

Cu 3: Mt con lc l xo nh c h s n hi
K=100 N/m t nm ngang vi mt u c
nh, u cn li c ni vi mt cht im
1
0, 5 m kg = , cht im
1
m c gn vi cht
im th hai c khi lng
2
0, 5 m kg = , cc
dao ng khng ma st trn trc Ox nm
ngang hng t im c nh gi l xo v cc
cht im. Hai cht im s b bong ra khi lc
ko gia chng l 1N. Dch chuyn hai cht
im khi v tr cn bng O sao cho l xo nn
mt on 4 cm ri bung nh cho chng dao
ng iu ha. Chn gc thi gian l lc th
vt, tnh khong cch gia hai vt khi l xo b
dn cc i ln u tin?
.14,146 .16,146
.12,146 .8,146
A cm B cm
C cm D cm

Cu 4: Hai ngun sng kt hp A v B dao
ng theo phng trnh:
; ( )
A B
u acos t u acos t = = + vi 0 > .
Bit im khng dao ng (nm v pha A)
gn trung im I ca AB nht cch I mt
on l
3

. Gi tr ca l:
2 4
. . . .
3 6 3 3
A B C D


Cu 5: Cho phng trnh sng ti hai ngun
kt hp A,B l:
2
5 (100 ) ( )
3
A
u cos t cm

= v
5 (100 )
6
B
u cos t

= (cm). Xt hai im M,
N trn AB nm i xng nhau qua trung im
I ca AB vi MN=29 cm, 12cm = .S im
trong khong gia MN dao ng vi bin
l 5 3 cm l:
.5 .6 .9 .10 A B C D
Cu 6: Cho mch in xoay chiu AB gm
on mch AN v NB cha t in. t mt
hiu in th c gi tr khng i vo hai u
on mch AB. Bit gi tr ca t c th thay
i c v in p hai u on mch AN
lun sm pha hn cng dng in mt
24
gc l
5

. iu chnh in dung gi tr
AN NB
U U + t gi tr cc i. H s cng
sut ca on mch lc ny l?
.0, 72 .0, 69 .0, 89 .0, 82 A B C D

Cu 7: M ch i n xoay chi u khng phn
nhnh gm i n t r t hun R, cun cm t hun
c cm khng
L
Z v t i n c dung khng
C L
Z 2Z = . Vo mt t hi i m khi hi u i n t h
t r n i n t r v t r n t i n c gi t r t c t hi
t ng ng l 50V v 60V t h hiu i n t h
gi a hai u mch i n l :
A. 55V B. 80V C. 90V D. 110V
















25
GII P

Hi: Mt my tng p c t l s vng 2 cun
dy l 0,5. Nu ta t vo 2 u cun s cp mt
in p xoay chiu c gi tr hiu dng l 130V
th in p o c 2 u cun th cp h s
l 240V. Hy lp t l gia in tr thun r ca
cun s cp v cm khng ZL ca cun s cp
5 1
A. B.
12 168
1 13
C. D.
12 24
.
Ch 1:Ta c = = 5 , 0
2
2
1
U
U
N
N
L
UL = 0,5U2
= 120V
UL
2
+ Ur
2
= U1
2
= 130
2
Ur = 50V.

12
5
= = =
L
r
L L
L r
U
U
Z
r
Z
U
r
U

Cch 2:
10 5 , 0
1 1
2
1
2
1 1 1
2
1
= = =

= r I
N
N
U
r I U
E
E
hay
V U
r
10
1
=
-M V U U U U
L
r
L
168 10
1
2 2
1
2
1
1
= + =
168
1
= =
L
r
L
U
U
Z
r

-Thy i em mu thun qu.thy ch gip
em vi
Tr li:
cch gii th 2, bn hiu sai vn ca
bi ton, hiu sai v mch in xoay chiu.
Nh chng ta thy th khi xt na my bin
p, cun s cp c cun dy c in tr
thun r, khi ta t mt in p xoay chiu vo
hai u cun s cp th n tng ng vi ta
xt mch in xoay chiu t vo hai u
cun dy. Khi ta c c gi tr hiu dng:
2 2
L R
U U U = + , v gi tr tc thi
R L
u u u = +
.
Cc bn nn ch rng, vi mch in xoay
chiu th ta ch cng c cc gi tr tc thi,
khng c cng gi tr hiu dng. cch
hai bn sai bi v bn lm ln gia cng
thc gi tr tc thi v gi tr hiu dng ,
ngi ra thng hay khai thc nhng c
im nh nh vy nh la p n, khi
m ta cha hiu v n trong qu trnh lm bi
tp th ta s b la.
Xt ti cch gii th nht, l cch lm
ng. Vi my bin p khi ta xt trng hp
cc cun dy khng c in tr thun th ta
lun c t s vng dy cng chnh l t s hiu
in th hai u cc cun dy. Khi cc cun
dy c in tr thun th ta vn lun c t s
vng dy vn bng t s ca in p hai u
phn t L, khng xt ti t s in p ca c
in tr thun.
Sau y chng ti a ra bi ton tng qut
v my bin p vi trng hp cc cun dy
c in tr thun
1 2
, r r v on mch th cp
ni vi ti ngoi l mt in tr thun c gi
tr l R.
Xt bi ton: Mt my bin p c li hai
nhnh, t s vng dy ca cun s cp v s
vng dy ca cun th cp l
1
2
N
N
=k. in tr
ca cun s cp l
1
r ca cun th cp l
2
r ;
hai u cun th cp c mc vi ti l in
tr thun R. Xem mch t l khp kn v hao
ph do dng Fuc l khng ng k. t vo
hai u cun s cp mt in p xoay chiu
c gi tr hiu dng
1
U
26
1, Xc nh in p hiu dng
2
U hai u
cun th cp (in p gia hai u in tr
R)?
2, Xc nh hiu sut ca my bin p?


Bi gii:
Khi mch t thng khp kn th t thng hai
nhnh ca li thp l nh nhau. Do ta c
c t thng qua mi cun dy t l vi s
vng d y ca cun . Gi l t
thng gi qua mt vng dy ca mi cun,
nh vy ta c sut in ng tc thi cun
dy s cp v th cp l:
1 1 2 2
'; ' e N e N = =
1 1
2 2
e N
e N
= =k
Cng sut tc thi ca hai ngun cm ng l
nh nhau nn ta c:
2 1
1 1 2 2
1 2
i e
e i e i k
i e
= = =
Xt cun s cp,
1
e ng vai tr sut phn
in ca mt my thu in nn ta c :
1 1 1 1
e u i r =
cun th cp, ng vai tr nh mt ngun
in nn ta c:
2 2 2 2
e u i r = +
Mt khc :
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
e u i r
k k
e u i r

= =
+
, m
2
1
i
i
k
= ;
2
2
u
i
R
=
nn ta c :
2
2 1 1
1 2 2 2
2 1
( ) .
( )
k R r r kRu
u u u
kR k R r r
+ +
= =
+ +

Do
1 2
, u u lun t l nn ta c:
1
2 2
2 1
.
( )
kRU
U
k R r r
=
+ +

2, Hiu sut ca my bin p:
2 2 2
1 1 1
P U I
H
P U I
= =
Mt khc
2
1
i
i
k
=
2 1
I kI = ,
1
2 2
2 1
.
( )
kRU
U
k R r r
=
+ +

T ta c :
2
2
1
2 1
2 2
.
( )
( )
k R R
H
r
k R r r
R r
k
= =
+ +
+ +

HM TH GP
cho ni dung tp ch cng sinh ng v
hp dn hn, chng ti mong mi ngi cng
ng gp kin xy dng tp ch.
Mi cu hi thc mc hay kin ng gp
xy dng tp ch mi ngi gi mail v hm
th vatly@truonghocso.com









27
CON NG I HC
S 1(12/ 12/ 2012)
Tr ng hc s
S nh 60 Ng 105
Lng H, ng a, H Ni



CNG TC VI N

NGUYN THANH TR, TRN TH THY LI NH, HONG MI NH THI , GI ANG MNH DOANH
BI VN T, BI VN DNG, L QUANG PHT, TRN VN HI N, TRN QUANG
MI NH, TRN TRUNG THNH, NGUYN TH HI , NGUYN XUN NAM, PHAN TH HA


MC LC

PHNG PHP GI I TON 1
Nguyn Thanh Tr
t n ph gii h phng t rnh
( phn 1)

PHNG PHP GI I HAY 17
Bi Vn t
Dao ng t t dn
PHNG PHP GI I TON 6
Hong Mi nh Thi
Mt s ng dng t h v ca phng
t rnh bc hai ( phn 1)

CNG SUY NGM 22

PHN T CH BI TON 10
Gi ang Mnh Doanh
Nhng suy ngh ban u t mt bi
t on

TH SC 24
HI P TON HC 14 GI I P 26



Nh xut bn t r ng hc s
Ngy pht hnh 12/ 12/ 2012
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