EE 2192 Laboratory Practice IV

STARTING METHODS OF 1-PHASE AND 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

Instructed by : Kasun Peiris

Name Index No. Field Group

: W.M.C.N.S.Kirinde : 100255K : Electrical Engineering : G6

Date of Performance : 2012/11/20 Date of Submission : 2012/12/04

OBSERVATION SHEET
PRACTICAL NAME INDEX NO. FIELD GROUP DATE OF PERFORMANCE : Starting methods of 1-phase & 3-phase IMs : W.M.C.N.S.Kirinde : 100255K : Electrical Engineering : G6 : 2012/11/20

DATE OF SUBMISSION
INSTRUCTED BY

: 2012/12/04
: Kasun Peiris

Shaded Pole Induction Motors observed rotor speed of the motor : 1342 rpm giving a manual torque without a starting method observed speeds of the motor, anti-clockwise : 240.5 rpm clockwise : 237.0 rpm

Capacitor Induction Motors

The behavior of the maximum voltage necessary to turn the motor without speeding up and the current in the winding S with capacitor values

Capacitance (F)

Maximum Voltage (V)

Starting Current (A)

2 5 6.3 7 9 10.3

38 21 23 26 25 27

0.030 0.032 0.038 0.039 0.036 0.037

12.3
Running Winding, Starting Winding, L = 1.6 H L = 1.843 H

27
R = 230.3 R = 397.4

0.036

CALCULATIONS
1. Plot the minimum voltage V observed against capacitance. see Graph 1

2. Calculate the slip of the shaded pole motor. number of pole pairs p, rotor speed Nr, stator frequency Synchronous speed p = 4/2 = 2 Nr = 1342 rpm (shaded to unshaded) f = 50Hz Ns = 60f / p = (60*50)/2 = 1500 rpm Slip s, s = (Ns - Nr) / Ns s = (1500 - 1342) / 1500 s = 0.1053 Slip of the shaded pole motor = 0.1053

3. Using the given A.C. resistance and inductance values of starting and running winding calculate the phase difference in the currents flowing in the two windings when they are connected in parallel. What is the value of the capacitor that should be connected in series with S winding to make two currents 90degrees out of phase. Compare these values with the minimum value of capacitance obtained from the graph in (1) Running Winding, Starting Winding, L = 1.6 H L = 1.843 H R = 230.3 R = 397.4

Capacitance (F)
2 5 6.3 7 9 10.3 12.3

Maximum Voltage (V)

38 21 23 26 25 27 27

Table 1 : Minimum Voltage vs. Capacitance

 Maximum Voltage to run the motor without speeding up vs. Capacitance

Graph 1 : Minimum Voltage vs. Capacitance

Capacitance (F)
2 5 6.3 7 9 10.3 12.3

Starting Current (A)

0.030 0.032 0.038 0.039 0.036 0.037 0.036

Table 2: Starting Current vs. Capacitance

 Starting Current vs. Capacitance

DISCUSSION

1. Explain why the shaded pole motor rotates from unshaded portion to the shaded portion The shaded pole induction motor is another 1-phase motor. The specialty is it uses a unique method to start the rotor turning. Constructing the stator in a special way is used to produce the effect of a moving magnetic field in these motors. There are projecting pole pieces like some other DC motors. Portions of the pole pieces are shaded (i.e. surrounded by a copper strap).

Figure 2 : Rings in shaded-pole motor

When the magnetic flux is increasing, an Electromotive Force is induced in the Copper band of the shaded pole due to the change of the magnetic flux. This induced EMF results a current flow in the Copper band. An opposing flux is generated due to this current according to the Lenz law. The flux concentration in the unshaded portion is much higher than the flux concentration in the shaded portion because of the opposing flux as in Figure 2.

Figure 3 : The first half of the shaded-pole operation in AC IMs

As soon as the voltage reaches to its maximum, the magnetic flux will remain a constant. Hence, there will be no induced Electromotive force. So, the flux concentration in both the portions is the same which is illustrated in the Figure 2.

Figure 4 : The second half of the shaded-pole operation in AC IMs

When the voltage is decreasing, due to the flux decrement, an Electromotive Force is induced in the opposite direction and the flux is induced in the Copper band of the shaded pole in the same direction. The flux concentration of the shaded portion is much higher than that of unshaded portion. These scenarios cause the resultant flux to be changed always from the unshaded portion to the shaded portion. This concludes that the direction of the shaded pole induction motor is always from the unshaded portion to the shaded portion even though the direction of the supply is changed.

2. Explain the construction and working principle of the D.O.L. starter. Draw the circuit diagram The D.O.L. starter or the Direct On Line starter is the simplest but the most expensive form of starting method for an induction motor. This type of starters consist a MCCB or Circuit Breaker, Contactor and an overload relay for protection.

Figure 5 : Circuit Diagram of D.O.L. starter

In this type, to start the contacts of the motor are connected directly to the supply voltage. The starting inrush current is very large, 6 to 8 times of the rated current in the gross for a short time. Usually, the D.O.L. starter is only used for motors with the rating of less than 5 kW, to avoid excessive voltage drops in the supply line because of the high starting currents. The motor will develop Locked Rotor Torque and begin to accelerate towards full speed. Starting of the D.O.L. starter has a maximum starting current and maximum starting torque. It is very likely to cause an electrical problem with the supply or a mechanical problem with the driven load. So itll be very inconvenient for the users of the supply line due to the voltage drops when starting a motor if its a considerably high power one.

3. If there are any shortcomings of the D.O.L. starter, what are those? As described in the operation of the D.O.L. starter, it draws a very large inrush current when starting. The voltage in the supply tends to drop because of this and itll be really a nightmare for the other users who are sharing the same supplying line. Hence, this method is recommended only to be used for motors with power ratings less than 5 kW. There is also a possibility of wearing of the parts due to the fast acceleration due to high starting torque.

4. Comment on the suitability of star-delta and auto-transformer starting methods for starting of three phase induction motors. There are few ways which can be used as starting methods for starting of three phase induction motors. 2 common methods of those are start-delta starting method and autotransformer starting method. Star-delta starter:

Figure 6 : Star-delta starter

This is one of the simplest three phase induction motor starting methods. That is because the ease in configuration. This type is used usually when the stator winding of the induction motor is nominally delta connected. In this method, the starting of the induction motor is done by first connecting the stator winding in star configuration and then after the motor reaches a certain speed, the winding configuration is changed from star to delta using a TPDT switch. In the star configuration, the voltage per phase supplied to the windings is reduced by a factor of 1/ . Both the starting current and the starting torque reduced to 1/3 of the respective parameters in D.O.L. case. Star-delta type is used when a small starting torque is needed because when the starting torque of the load is higher, the motor can be stalled. In addition this type can be used for high power motors too.

Auto transformer starter:

Figure 7 : Auto-transformer starter

Auto-transformer starting method is another method used to start a three phase induction motor. It takes the input from the supply and the output is fed to the stator as illustrated in the Figure 6. Though this method is a bit similar to the star-delta starting method, autotransformer method is more flexible because the starting voltage can be controlled to any desired value by the transformer winding ratio according to the design specifications. Hence, the starting current and the starting torque can be adjusted to preferred values. This is more suitable for high end equipment as this method is more expensive than the star-delta starting method.

5. What are the advantages of rotor resistance starting method for wound rotor induction motor compound with the other alternatives?

Figure 8 : Rotor resistance starting method

Rotor resistance starting method is another very useful method used to start three phase induction motors. External resistors are added between the slip rings of the rotor in this type of starting method. This causes a decrement in the starting current as well as an increment in the starting torque. Decrement of the starting torque, when decreasing the starting current in the other types of starting methods is a disadvantage which doesnt present in this method. We cant have the advantage of using WRIM over the Squirrel Cage type in the other types of starting methods. In this method, the addition of external resistance to the rotor circuit results a high starting torque. And it also reduces the starting current. Apart from that this starting method provides an improved starting power factor, a smooth starting and low stress in the motor at start. More advantageously, this method is cheaper and simpler.

6. How do you reverse the direction of a three phase induction motor? To reverse the direction of a three phase induction motor, what we need to do is to swap the connections of any two of three motor terminals. That will swap two phases and reverse the direction of the induction motor.

Figure 9 : Reversing the direction of three phase induction motor

7. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the three types of single phase induction motors you have studied.

1. Split phase induction motors This is less expensive due to the simple design compared to the other types. These are suitable more for applications with long running times. Efficiency is comparatively low in these induction motors and these have limited performance too. Due to the low starting torque the applications of this type is very limited. In high cycle rate and high torque applications these are vulnerable. These are also very difficult to be maintaining in adverse thermal conditions.

2. Capacitor induction motors This type is designed for lower full-load currents. High starting torque in these motors in return causes a high efficiency. These are very suitable for high torque applications. When the motor is running, the heating is very low in this type. Because of the capacitors and the starting switches, these are very expensive.

3. Shaded pole induction motors These are really suitable for light duty applications which require low power. Hence, these are very popular in multi-speed fans for household usage. Because of the low starting torque, it is very inefficient to use this type of motors. These are usually impractical in industrial usage which require higher cycle rates or continuous duty.

REFERENCES
http://www.tpub.com/neets/book5/18e.htm http://www.learn-about-electronics.com/shaded-pole.html http://www.electricmotors.machinedesign.com/guiEdits/Content/bdeee11/bdeee11_7.aspx http://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2012/03/13/direct-on-line-starter/