Study Guide Earth Science: Second Partial Exam 2012-2013 Chapters 1, 3, 4, and 5 1.

List the factors that contribute to smog. Sunlight that burns fuel and petroleum. 2. List the stages of coal formation in order of carbon content. Peat-60% carbon, Lignite-70% carbon, Bituminous Coal-80% carbon, Anthracite-90% carbon. 3. List six alternative resources and describe how each one is produced. Wind energy, nuclear energy and hydroelectric energy. 4. Name the products that derive from petroleum. gasoline, kerosene and jet fuel. 5. Write four examples of renewable resources and four examples of non-renewable resources. renewable resources: trees, fresh water, oxygen, fruits. nonrenewable resources: coal, petroleum, natural gas and uranium. 6. Write the steps of the scientific method Ask a question, make observations, form a hypothesis, test hypothesis, analyze results, draw conclusions and communicate results. 7. Name the four characteristics of a mineral. nonliving, crystalline structure, solid and is from nature. 8. List and describe the 6 properties scientists use to identify minerals. luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness and density. 9. List 6 special properties of minerals. fluorescence, chemical reaction, optical properties, magnetism, taste, radioactivity. 10. In the Mohs scale, which mineral is considered to be the softest? Which is the hardest? Talc softest and diamond hardest. 11. Name the four processes that change rock inside the Earth. Compaction and cementation, metamorphism, melting and cooling.

List and describe four processes that shape Earths surface. Solidification, weathering, erosion and deposition. 12. Name and describe the three types of models. Physical are models that you can touch. Mathematical made up of mathematical equations Conceptual are systems or ideas. 13. Name and describe 4 special branches of Earth Science. Geology the study of the structure of the earth. Oceanography study of the ocean. Meteorology study of earths atmosphere. Astronomy the study of the universe. 14. What is a limitation of models? Models that show a bigger model of what they are. 15. What kind of metamorphic rock has its mineral grains arranged in planes or bands. Foliated metamorphic rock. 16. How is coal formed? Forms underground from decayed swamp plants over million of years. 17. Describe: clastic, organic, and chemical sedimentary rock (composition of sedimentary rock). Clastic: forms when clasts are cemented together. Organic: forms from the remains of once-living plants. Chemical: forms when minerals crystallize out of a solution. 18. What is fossileferous limestone? Animals remains that become cemented. 19. What are the SI units for: length, mass, volume, temperature, and density? Length-kilometer, meter, decimeter, centimeter, millimeter, micrometer and nanometer. Mass-Gram, kilogram and milligram. Volume-cubic meter, cubic centimeter, liter and millimeter.

Tempeture-kelvin, Celsius Density-grams per milliliter and grams per cubic centimeter. 20. Define the following terms: strata, petroleum, rock, reclamation, scientific method Strata: layers of rock Petroleum: a liquid mixture of complex hydrocarbon compounds. Rock: a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals. Reclamation: the process of returning land to its original condition after mining is completed. Scientific method: a series of steps followed to solve problems. 21. What type of igneous rock forms lava plateau? Extrusive igneous rock. 22. What is the main characteristic of sedimentary rock? Its layers or strata. 23. Describe felsic and mafic rocks. Give two examples of each and determine whether they are fine grained or coarse grained. Felsic: light-colored with aluminium, potassium, silicon and sodium. Ex-GraniteCoarse Grained Mafic: dark-colored with calcium, iron and magnesium. Ex-Basalt-Fine Grained 24. Explain the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rock. Extrusive forms near the surface and intrusive beneath the surface. 25. Explain what factor determines whether igneous rock is fine-grained or coarsegrained. The size of the mineral crystals. 26. Name the types of luster a mineral can have. Metallic-bright Nonmetallic-vitreous, silky, resinous, waxy, earthy and pearly. Submetallic-dull 27. Name the 6 classes of nonsilicate minerals. Copper, oxides, sulfates, carbonates, sulfides and halides.

28. What factors are the responsible for changing the color of a mineral? Impurities, air and water are some.