W19 The Sustainable City

NEW HOUSES FOR NEW RESIDENTIAL REQUIREMENTS

Michela De Licio

micheladl@hotmail.com

!"#$%&'("($)&*$+"#$*"(,-"+.,/0$*"1',*"2"+.($ $

ENHR 2007 International Conference Sustainable Urban Areas

New houses for new residential requirements

Michela De Licio HousingLab, Dipartimento di Architettura Universit Sapienza, micheladl@hotmail.com Fax numbers +39 - 6 - 51600692 / Phone number +39 - 3333189842

Keywords: housing, social, typologies, residence, users, Italy, Rome;

Abstract:

The structure of our contemporary society has undergone deep changes during the last ten years; these changes heavy influence housing requirements. The large number of extra-communitarians/immigrates, singles, young couples and elderly people who have a growing need for autonomy, have much different lodging needs than the old family structure. Their way of living cannot be considered as permanent, given the movements on the labour market. The common factor is to represent a small family group which should have the possibility to easily find a small sized home, at a fair price, well connected to social and economical activities. We consider three scales: 1. The structure of the city. A small family or a single, living in a large city, are closely tied to the power-centres activities usually located far away from their residential area, while they need to be closer to economic and social exchanges. Easy connections represent the basis for a good level of life. 2. The residential building. Residential buildings for afore said not-conventional users, in order to optimize costs, should set up common equipments that could become meeting/social exchange places. 3. The lodging. Lodging must be very flexible (modifiable, adaptable, clustered spaces) since this could be used, for a period of time, by students, then by an elder single, then by a group of immigrates, and finally by a small family. The sharing requirements/separations of the spaces will considerably vary. Good residential architecture will favour social relations: this is one of the easiest means to conquer a high level of democracy. M. Sorkin in one of his articles entitled Thoughts on density states that sociability depends on the quality of contacts. These can be qualified as happy accidents and take birth from the originality of experiences, participation of individuals in several activities and easy freedom of movement.

3&*4(%&56$7%"$8'(./,+/90"$:,.;$ <'.%&*6$=,>%"0/$?"$@,>,&$

!"#$%&'("($)&*$+"#$*"(,-"+.,/0$*"1',*"2"+.($ $

The theme of social innovation C">'0,/*,.;$&)$>&+."25&*/*;$(&>,".;$>/+$9"$"D5*"(("-$,+$&+"$#&*-E$.%/.$,(E$F>%/+G"(H Every aspect of social, economic and cultural life has undergone profound changes. The term flexible is applicable to every aspect of our life: flexible work, flexible production, flexible research, flexible market, flexible working time, flexible prices.. Also the architectural space tends now days to be projected with some degree of flexibility of its use, in order to consent the quick adjustment to the changing requirements. In particular flexibility will have to be more and more applied for architecture for residential complex and for lodging. In fact, the demand for living space is becoming differentiated and the large number of immigrants coming into European countries has lodging requirements very different from our traditional lodging.. The same thing happens with young couples which, given the increasing international and infra-European mobility, frequently decide to move their residence from one city to another, or from a country or a continent to another. Again, small family groups, whose number is constantly increasing in the European countries: and, in particular, elderly people who need proper small-dimensioned homes and sharable services available in their residential building. The common factor is the reduced family group (or single), with the necessity to find a small home at an affordable price, small sized, close to urban facilities, to economic and social activities, and more important, usable for short periods. Another aspect of flexibility to a wider scale is represented by the fact that the residential complex and lodgings could be thought as flexible as possible and modifiable from time to time, through small adaptation to the changing needs of the occupants.. Given the fact that the guidelines of the planning process must be given by proper technicians, the participation of the inhabitants to this process is useful for the best achievement of the enterprise: in other words, this solution would give the users the possibility to modify their lodging and collective space and to express their own necessities and expectations. Flexibility of residence, although it is a often faced topic by the architects, is instead an unheard item by a deaf market that does not respond to the requirements of a changing social context, but only to the price escalation. The same reflections could apply to the transformation of the existing fabric of the city, through a contemporary-oriented restructuring thus adapting it to the real new requirements. Some nations, like Holland, are recently putting into effect a political strategy that is exactly going towards this direction. The Italian issue . Notwithstanding the fact that the existing wide architectonic culture which studies this topic, elaborates innovative solutions and tries to adequate and increase the residential housing patrimony, in many large Italian cities and particularly in Rome, the issue of contemporary housing, turns out to be an unsolved problem In most cases, there is lack of actual initiatives because housing is felt more as an economic matter, a piece of real estate than as a social property.. As a consequence, the market is very static and there is not much interest in experimenting. Also in the residential complex area the prevailing housing models are mostly traditionally designed.

3&*4(%&56$7%"$8'(./,+/90"$:,.;$ <'.%&*6$=,>%"0/$?"$@,>,&$

!"#$%&'("($)&*$+"#$*"(,-"+.,/0$*"1',*"2"+.($ $

Given this picture, the territory of greater interest is represented by suburban areas, where 80% of the urban population resides, but the level of residential quality is low. The new Town-Planning Scheme of Rome has approved the realization of 36 new social collective housing complex, located in suburban areas, devoted to the requalification of parts of metropolitan periphery. It would be very interesting planning these new realizations like proposals of new models for economic and social housing, giving up the role of just low cost housing and becoming the experimentation field for architecture and urban settings closer to the present lodging needs. These new settings which could follow the interesting experiments presently conducted either in Europe and all over the world - could become a pole of development to requalify deteriorated urban areas. This analysis on present residential needs can be carried out based on the following three different scales of incidence connected with the residential issue: 1 the way to think the citys structure 2 - the way to think the structure of the building and the residential complex. 3 - the new way to think about lodging

The way to think the citys structure Modern architecture and modern urban planning started and developed according to a basic principle of citys growth, meaning an almost indefinite expansion of the urban territory. Periphery has grown assuming, in most cases, its own connotation, completely distinguished from the city centre that generated it. The principle which has oriented the citys growth is that one of concentration in the physical space: concentration of work in factories and offices and concentration of population in the city. This is mostly related to the growing of a new social relation structure, typically felt within the urban territory, based on the consistent, large need for personal relationship. The city of expansion and its elements - the Siedlungen, the new quarters, the expansion of the city in the countryside and the radical transformation of large agricultural areas, the garden cities, the villes nouvelles, the new architectonic entities destined to structure urban space represent a substantially failed attempt, of dominating the becoming. This represented the intention to adapt the new to a predetermined-order, following a specific structure of relations. The conditions, the principles and the certainties on which architecture and Modern Movement urban planning was founded are totally changed. A phenomenon of productive decentralization has begun at the end of '60 years, that cleared immense areas of high urban concentration territory. At the end of `70 years, a deep change of the productive techniques taook place, for which industrial production assumes new connotations. The large factory, in which all the productive cycles were carried out, became antiquated, and production was apart thus acquiring less striking shapes and occupying smaller areas. These small activities could be easily transferred to occupy interstitial areas, incorporating spaces into the fabric of the city and into rural areas. The arrest of the citys growth appears as the main characteristic of a new era, as a result of new relations between social groups, and new strategies. In many wide urban and metropolitan areas, in which urban planning discipline oriented to the growth has been developed, there are now empty spaces, extended malleable areas, which are obsolete and abandoned basins and industrial districts: the London docks, the Lingotto in Turin, the Citron area in Paris, Milan-Bovisa, Bagnoli in Naples, Genoa and Rotterdam ports
3&*4(%&56$7%"$8'(./,+/90"$:,.;$ <'.%&*6$=,>%"0/$?"$@,>,&$ $

!"#$%&'("($)&*$+"#$*"(,-"+.,/0$*"1',*"2"+.($ $

and Coventry. These soft portions of the city territory confine with hard areas, in which housing and service activities compete, little by little, for the use of land. Diversified/new activities move to other areas along lines of minor resistance that cross the fabric of the city in many directions, not always following that which goes from center to periphery. This represents a city made up with parts that are not necessarily leading to totality along the two axes of the hierarchical relationship and integration. It is the only history, the memory that the city has of itself, which gives a unitary aspect to its various parts. The single architectural objects acquire a meaning once they get to make part of a relation system which characterizes the single parts of the city: a given city landscape, a given social content and its function. At the end of '70 years it happens, that the social characteristics of every single part of the city do not anymore adhere to the functional ones: the morphologic relations do not adhere to the social and functional characteristics. Walking across the city one picks up incoherent information; the sense of places does not appear to be immediately perceptible: density and prevailing building types, do not any more represent the identity of the inhabitants, of their position in the social scale, of labour classification, neither about what people does inside the buildings. We now realize that the topic it is no more that of ex-novo building of the modern city. The space we will live within in the next decades, is mostly already built. Our topic is now that to give sense and future to the territory and to the existing materials through continuous modifications of the city. This means modifying our planning methods in order to recuperate the possibility to look over, preview and control. The present complexity of the society and of the territory, and the difficulty to connect every existing element to the others should drive us to start selecting simple relations: i.e. to realistically distinguish what in the city and in the territory is hard, from what is malleable, modifiable in its properties, in its physical aspects, its functions, its relationships with the other objects and in its overall meaning. Obviously one of the hard components of the contemporary metropolitan area is represented by the structure which allows the functioning of networks and relations. Today, I believe that we are seeing the advent of a new theoretical metropolis which I would call relational. (A. Branzi, 2003) The possibility of relating and communicating/exchanging networks with the whole city gives a small portion of territory the possibility to identify itself as part of the city. It is necessary to create the correct balance among the various part of the city in order to find a solution to the problem of the periphery as such or peripheral environment compared to the city centre. The definitive move away from the countryside, from agriculture, to the city, is not a move to the city as we knew it: it is a move to the Generic City, the city so pervasive that it has come to the country. (R. Koolhaas, 1997) A city (we should better define this as urban areas) that because of the presence of a strong identity connected with existence of a centre found itself in a periphery situation. If, starting from an all over life quality of the inhabitants point of view, it would be possible to abate hierarchical relations among the centre and the periphery, the value and, as a consequence, the potentiality of the either new or old agglomerates would become very similar. This result can be achieved when the network of relations connects the residential areas with the place of accumulation of activities and services, located in a few power centres, in which economical and social exchanges are easier. Living in a suburban area is an unbearable condition: far away from the centre, either from a physical point of view, and for lack of technological and communication tools. The possibility to have a direct connection between ones residence and the centre of social and working activities (usually placed in the city centre) becomes the basis for the achievement of a good life level.
3&*4(%&56$7%"$8'(./,+/90"$:,.;$ <'.%&*6$=,>%"0/$?"$@,>,&$ $

!"#$%&'("($)&*$+"#$*"(,-"+.,/0$*"1',*"2"+.($ $

The way to think the structure of the building and of the residential complex The communication and relations systems determining the functioning of the relationship of the city centre and periphery concern the concept of the residential complex structure itself. M. Sorkin, in one of his articles, Density noodle, states that a good life can be strongly favoured by a good housing architecture, which treats with respect a fundamental aspect, that is social cohesion. The social dimension represents the basis for the stimulation of democracy. The density, to which M. Sorkin refers, is not only a numerical data useful for the urban planning, but, instead, it refers to the closeness, to the concentration of inhabitants in a built up space, therefore to the possibility of establishing profitable social relationships among inhabitants. The quality of these exchanges is the basis for a good city. Architecture has the task to build the most adequate space to guarantee a high quality of individual and social life. Sameness of landscape and anonymous urban territories, as an example, induce the inhabitants to isolation, as much as the use of the virtual nets as the only tool for social relation, causes isolation. The older downtowns have, on the contrary, very low-tech equipments but a very high level of social relationship. Social relations, qualified as happy incidents and not as collisions, are stimulated by a unidentified (non-depersonalized) but instead creative and challenging urban context, in which the fortuitousness of the experience is previewed. This urban context must plan adequate spaces for social cohesion and must guarantee easy and free mobility of the inhabitants. This should represent the contrary of the state of marginalization that traditionally connotes the overflow urban landscape of the periphery. To the system of relations to city scale must correspond, to the complex scale, a level of autonomy such to consent the institution of a specific social and political organization necessary to strengthen its identity. An adequate level of density of inhabitants and activities allows the residential complex to afford an adequate social and economical and sufficiently diversified mix. While the requirements of the single citizen are widely expectable and can be planned, the same principle cannot be applied to interpersonal relationships. The cities are public reservoirs for the production of private experiences. ( M. Sorkin, 2003). On the other hand, social changes have as a consequence the tendency to reduce neighbourhood relationships. New economical rules generate deep transformation in the carrying out of working activities. In particular, the present mobility of a high number of working people, is due to phenomena of relocation of work activities, to more frequent change of city/nation, and changes of familiar nucleus beyond change of job. Increased mobility implies weaker liaisons with place of residence, destined to be changed over many times; from which it achieves a greater difficulty to establish those social relationships on which traditionally the city life was founded, especially in the suburbs. A city made with one computer every 20 square metres is much more consistent with current freedoms including those stemming from the collapse in neighbourhood values. This does not exclude the benefits coming from a good neighbourhood unit relationship. Shinonome Canal court Project The Japanese Shinonome Canal Court project (1), represents an interesting experimentation of solutions for the spaces of relation and the flexibility of lodging. This project is a multifaceted, networked collective residential complex. It is the most appropriate for the new urban life style of the Information Society in the twenty-first century.
3&*4(%&56$7%"$8'(./,+/90"$:,.;$ <'.%&*6$=,>%"0/$?"$@,>,&$

!"#$%&'("($)&*$+"#$*"(,-"+.,/0$*"1',*"2"+.($ $

The general plan represents a city island, connected with the city by an infrastructural system. The quality of the project is mainly due to the study of the relation between inner and exterior spaces.
(1) Shinonome Canal Cort, plan. Shinonome Canal Court is an urban block located about five kilometres from the centre of Tokyo in the Shinonome quarter, Koto-ku district. Six residential blocks have been designed by six groups of architects: Riken Yamamoto & Field Shop, Toyo Ito & Associates, Yama Architects & Partners, Kengo Kuma & Associates, ADH Architects and Workstation and the three architects Makoto Motokura, Keisuke Yamamoto e Keiji Hori.

The creation of new lodging typologies is linked to the realization of semi-private spaces (2), which will not only satisfy the requirements of the single inhabitant but will also give a shape to those meeting area described by M. Sorkin.
(2) Shinonome Canal Cort, view of lodgings.

The opportunities of neighbourhood unit relationships are stimulated by wide range of interesting spaces - the so-called outdoor living spaces (OLS) which are also spaces where people can find there own place.

3&*4(%&56$7%"$8'(./,+/90"$:,.;$ <'.%&*6$=,>%"0/$?"$@,>,&$

!"#$%&'("($)&*$+"#$*"(,-"+.,/0$*"1',*"2"+.($ $

Designing a visual landscape means providing and study of compatibility of various different architectonical materials ranging from private living spaces, to public or semi-private spaces, attributing a city dimension to the complex. The outdoor pedestrian space (3) are the places that people are able to make their own (or fill that they belong to), depending on there mood or character or what they want to do there (work under the trees, read the newspaper on the deck overlooking the canal or, if they are kids play by running around all over the site and so on). This is called outdoor living space and is intended to expand the idea of living in the city. OLS is a three-dimensional and porous structure where people circulated seamlessly. The aim of this project of urban landscape, designed by Studio On Site, is to build an artificial ground and a system of local connection among the different articulate parts which hold social life of housing complex. The residential blocks are linked by a sinuous pedestrian and shopping street that runs the whole length of the block from south to north. The avenue is 10 metres wide and lined with stores and other public facilities. It is simply an empty space to which a meaning is given by the stores and other features, with singular spaces set alongside it. It also serves as a route of transition, connecting the Tatsumi a Toyosu districts. The avenue and the plazas define the unitary character of the complex; six linear plazas are inserted into the S-shaped avenue and taken as a whole form the backbone of the OLS. Both the plazas with trees and the plazas with vistas stretch beyond the CODAN site as far as the public park and the Tatsumi canal, and at the other hand as far as Harumi street (the main street of the Tokyo metropolitan area). The inner courtyard is laid out along the public and commercial pedestrian route that traverses the wall block. On two different levels, according to use, protected courtyards, linear plazas that are planted with trees or paved , suspended routes and large areas with wooden floors constitute a complex landscape in which it is possible to identify well-defined and recognizable spaces.
(3) Shinonome Canal Cort, outdoor pedestrian space.

3&*4(%&56$7%"$8'(./,+/90"$:,.;$ <'.%&*6$=,>%"0/$?"$@,>,&$

!"#$%&'("($)&*$+"#$*"(,-"+.,/0$*"1',*"2"+.($ $

The transposition of a contemporary urban ecology into architectural terms produces a hybrid model of aggregation, traditional in its fundamental characteristics, innovative from the viewpoint of services, eclectic and flexible, updatable and substantially mutable. Socipolis, project for the city of the future The urban project Socipolis, project for the city of the future, by Actar in Valencia aims at the development of a socially integrative approach as well as the Japanise project, with different results and dynamics. Sociopolis is an important unconventional project for a residential complex (4) in the suburban area of Valencia. The project involves many of the best architects on the current international stage such as: Toyo Ito, Abalos & Herreros, Alejandro Zaera, Greg Lynn, Jose Mara Torres Nadal, Manuel Gausa, Duncan Lewis Scape Architecture + Block Duncan Lewis, Willy Mller, Lourdes Garca Sogo, MVRDV, Eduardo Arroyo and Franois Roche, under the direction of the Valencian architect Vicente Guallart.

(4) Sociopolis residential complex.

The objective of this group is to explore the possibility of proposing new housing typologies, creating a shared habitat that would encourage a greater social interaction between inhabitants. This projects points to the creation of an open city in which properties, urban facilities and green zones represent a whole. Sociopolis is setting new standards by realizing a dream of social balance, where all people potentially have the same opportunities a dream of lifting all the borders between town and country by farming within the town limits. The most interesting point for the program is to find new forms of housing and ways of living for current marginal social groups. The dramatic sociological development of European society to date ageing, new marginalised groups, migration and social diversification has actually only been discussed primarily according to social and economic criteria. The aspects of these developments on the
3&*4(%&56$7%"$8'(./,+/90"$:,.;$ <'.%&*6$=,>%"0/$?"$@,>,&$ $

!"#$%&'("($)&*$+"#$*"(,-"+.,/0$*"1',*"2"+.($ $

urban structure have largely remained unidentified and undefined spatially. Urban social housing is still oriented around average middle class requirements. Sociopolis propose a new formula for integrating housing (5) (the basic contents coming from all aspects of urban life), as well as facilities and public spaces. The buildings in our case become hybrid beings, made up of mixed programs, which add to the richness of cities and provide improved social cohesion. The inhabitants are no longer the mere spectators of a creative act but are rather those responsible for continuing and developing it. The Sociopolis project came into being to explore the possibility of creating a shared habitat that would encourage a greater social interaction between its inhabitants, proposing new housing typologies in keeping with the new familial conditions of our time, in a setting with a high degree of environmental quality.

(5) Sociopolis, strategies of services sharing.

The Sharing Tower The building project by Vicente Guallart and Mara Diaz, the Sharing Tower, has the aim of allowing for the maximum social interaction. The building, tower shaped, has a circular plant (6): every floor has a differently articulated private and shared spaces. The key concept is shared spaces for all those activities equipped to perform common functions. The function of the flat sleeping, eating, cooking, bathing, storage, washing cloths and resting are organized around specific objects bed, table, cooker, shower, fridge, washer, tv. It is hardly logical to have small dwellings equipped with all the objects necessary to perform these functions which sometimes provide only ten percent of their potential service. The dwellings establish relations by floors through the use of spaces shared among two to eight dwellings. The best users for these buildings will be young people, students, young couples, elderly people, immigrants, etc..
3&*4(%&56$7%"$8'(./,+/90"$:,.;$ <'.%&*6$=,>%"0/$?"$@,>,&$ $

!"#$%&'("($)&*$+"#$*"(,-"+.,/0$*"1',*"2"+.($ $

(6) Sociopolis, Sharing tower.

The new way to think about lodging Same house could be inhabited, for short periods of time, by a group of students, then by an elderly, single person, by a small group of immigrates, and finally, by a small family. It is obvious that the sharing requirements and separation of the spaces will considerably vary. We must therefore think up modifiable, adaptable, clustered spaces. This consideration raises many questions as to the research to carry out on planning of modifiable, clusterable, adaptable living spaces. To favour the possibility of modifying the inhabited space whenever necessary, determines a positive effect on the life of the inhabitants, it also represents a way to control and to regulate those morphologic outcomes, those transformations of the living spaces, that normally happen independently from the type of work done by the architect. Back in the twentieth century, they used to separate work place from dwellings. However is the new Information Society, having the two within close proximity became the preferred lifestyle of workers. On the contrary, in the eastern countries, population strongly believe the idea of temporariness of ones living place. The inner space of the Japanese traditional house, as an example, is a neutral frame that is only activated by a personal presence. The hierarchy of the rooms does not answer to space or function criteria but only those of a given situation. Their dimension, like the positioning in a given place, is totally variable. The movable internal panels allow to join several contiguous rooms. The flowing doors allow to visually extend the ambient inside with that outside. Surface, light and openings are perfectly controllable, adaptable to the desire and the necessities of the inhabitants. The house is an extremely flexible involucres/container for equipments. Furthermore the recent changes of the Japanese society forces working people to spend most part of their time away from their homes, thus reducing their utilization to the time necessary for night rest. Western culture, instead, in great deep part founds its thought on the mechanicistic conception of the world; the fragmentation of the rooms, through the definition of the various rooms functions in the house such as dining room , bedroom, sitting room, study, etc thus representing, paraphrasing an expression of Mies, the image of the society conceived through distribution of space. Mies van der Rohe, who is the ring of conjunction between modernism and Japanese tradition, in its plans for housing elaborates the all over architectonic space setting aside from the articulating functions. He renounces thinking in terms of family. He works following a program: this a often used definition in the contemporary search, wider and more
3&*4(%&56$7%"$8'(./,+/90"$:,.;$ <'.%&*6$=,>%"0/$?"$@,>,&$ $

AP

!"#$%&'("($)&*$+"#$*"(,-"+.,/0$*"1',*"2"+.($ $

heterogeneous than functions. R. Koolhaas projects the house in Bordeaux like a paradigm of flexibility. The mobile room vertically crossing the house represents the fourth dimension, that regarding the movement. The Japanese house somehow contains the solutions to the flexibility degree we are emphasising. It is not a case that the Shinonome Canal Court project invents an even more evolved contemporary lodging in which the Japanese traditional house with the extremely active model of contemporary Japanese life. The attention to the improvement of social relationship, at several levels, that has been applied to the external areas, is the same which has been dedicated to the inner spaces. The interpretation of the relationship between internal-external and public-private finds new solutions. The project is an organic multifaceted collective residential complex that keeps work places and dwellings near to each other. Clashing with the sameness which, traditionally characterizes social housing owns the various residential typologies proposed, aiming at satisfying the social and cultural differences of the inhabitants. The residential complex includes a large number of different residential units , and , particularly important, introduces a flexibly-designed single room Soho (Small Office/Home Office) that can be utilised as an office or a coffee shop (7), other kind of shop, a classroom, or massage parlour. The apartments, always of small or minimal size and with full options, have glazed entrances facing onto well-lit street-corridors where small open spaces, squares, galleries and secluded corners provide opportunities for communication and exchange and render unstable the boundary between home and office, between public and private.
(7) Shinonome Canal Court,

8QRQ$'+,.(S

The over all architectural approach aims toward a single three-dimensional city that is organic and multi-faceted. The centre of the structure features a Communications Atrium around which the three-dimensional city is designed. The residence of this three-dimensional city are envisioned to lead a network-type lifestyle frequently moving from one unit to another. Le Corbusier also conceived such an organic, multi-faceted three-dimensional city with Unit dHabitation. However Unit dHabitation is a structure specifically designed for dwellings, thus they are all similar. Residences live a very classic lifestyle and it is not really designed into a myriad of separate spaces to be used for various purposes. The lifestyle of the residence is not nomadic, and they live very settled existences where their families move within clearly-defined boundaries. Housing is not a problem. It has either been completely solved or totally left to chance; in the first case it is legal, in the second 'illegal'; in the first case, towers or, usually, slabs (at the most, 15 meters deep), in the second (in perfect complementarily) a crust of improvised
3&*4(%&56$7%"$8'(./,+/90"$:,.;$ <'.%&*6$=,>%"0/$?"$@,>,&$ $

AA

!"#$%&'("($)&*$+"#$*"(,-"+.,/0$*"1',*"2"+.($ $

hovels. One solution consumes the sky, the other the ground. It is strange that those with the least money inhabit the most expensive commodity - earth; those who pay, what is free - air . ( R. Koolhaas, 1997)

Reference list Books: Vicente Guallart, (2004). Socipolis, Project for the city of the future, Barcelona, Actar Publishing. Marta Calzolaretti, (2006). Abitare in citt, Roma, Gangemi Publishing. Amelia Rizzo, (2004). La casa temporanea per studenti, Palermo, Grafill Publishing. Journal Articles: Branzi A. , Nicolin P., Zucchi C. & Hasegawa H., Yamamoto R. (2003). Urban housing. Lotus international, 120, 4-48. Sorkin M. (2003). Densit/infill/assemblage. Lotus international, 117, 4-11. Koolhaas R. (1997). Generic city. Domus, 791, 3-12. Secchi B. (1984). Le condizioni sono cambiate. Casabella: Architettura come modificazione, 498/9, 3-12.

3&*4(%&56$7%"$8'(./,+/90"$:,.;$ <'.%&*6$=,>%"0/$?"$@,>,&$

AB