First Anglo-Burmese War

1824-1826
by Ralph Zuljan (OnWar.Com)
State Britain Burma ***** The First Anglo-Burmese War arose from friction between Arakan in western Burma and Britishheld Chittagong to the north. After Burma's defeat of the kingdom of Arakan in 1784-85, Arakanese refugees went north into British territory and from their sanctuaries in Bengal formed armed contingents and recrossed the border, attacking Burmese garrisons in Arakan. At one point, Arakanese patriots recaptured the provincial capital of Mrohaung. In retaliation, Burmese forces crossed into Bengal, withdrawing only when challenged by Bengal authorities. In 1823 Burmese forces again crossed the frontier; and the British responded in force, with a large seaborne expedition that took Rangoon (1824) without a fight. The British hope of making the Burmese submit by holding the delta region and threatening the capital failed as Burmese resistance stiffened. In 1825 the British Indian forces advanced northward. In a skirmish south of Ava, the Burmese general Bandula was killed and his armies routed. The Treaty of Yandabo (February 1826) formally ended the First Anglo-Burmese War. The British victory had been achieved mainly because India's superior resources had made possible a sustained campaign running through two rainy seasons. But in the fighting the British-led Indian troops had suffered more than 15,000 fatalities. ***** Myanmar then conquered Arakan and occupied the princely state of Assam to the northwest of Manipur, thus coming face to face with British power in India. The result was the First AngloBurmese War (1824-26), in which the Siamese fought on the British side. Myanmar eventually had to sue for peace and lost Assam, Manipur, Arakan, and Tenasserim. ***** Barrackpore Mutiny also spelled BARRACKPUR MUTINY (Nov. 2, 1824), incident during the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-26), generally regarded as a dress rehearsal for the Indian Mutiny of 1857 because of its similar combination of Indian grievances against the British, caste feeling, and the ineptitude of its handling. During the war, Indian forces of the 47th regiment were ordered to march to Chittagong by land because caste taboo forbade high-caste men to go by sea. Under the regulations they had to transport their personal effects, also subject to caste rules, but had no bullocks available because the army had already engaged the supply. The men's complaints and petitions were disregarded, and their grievances increased when camp followers were offered higher pay than the troops themselves. When the regiment refused to march, it was surrounded on the parade ground, bombarded by the artillery, and forced to flee under fire. Entry 1823 1823 Exit 1826 1826 Combat Forces Population 50000 20000000 40000 8000000 Losses 20000 10000

The regiment's name was erased from the army list, the ringleaders were hanged, and others were imprisoned. The incident nearly led to the recall of the British governor-general, Lord Amherst, and the military authorities were criticized for their rigidity and vindictive harshness.

1824-1826 : The First Anglo-Burmese War

(Itihaas) 1821-1822 Burmese conquered Assam Aug 1823 Lord Amherst became the Governor-General 24 Feb 1824 Lord Amherst declared war on Burma 11 May 1824 Rangoon was captured by British 25 Apr 1825 Campbell captured Prome, the capital of Lower Burma 24 Feb 1826 The Burmese concluded a peace treaty Lord Amherst became the Governor-General of India in August 1823. During his tenure the most important event which took place was the First Anglo-Burmese War. Causes for the Declaration of the War The Burmese had already seized Tenasserim from Siam in 1766, subjugated the kingdom of Arakan in 1784, and also conquered Manipur, near the Surma valley, in 1813. This advance of the Burmese towards the eastern frontier of the Company's dominion made an Anglo-Burmese conflict inevitable. The British were engaged in other parts of India and so they first tried to avoid the direct conflict with the Burmese by sending envoys to Burma - Captain Symes in 1795 and in 1802, Captain Cox in 1797 and Captain Canning in 1803, 1809, 1811 - but it was unsuccessful. Then when the British were fighting with the Pindaris, the King of Ava sent a letter to Lord Hastings demanding the surrender of Chittagong, Dacca, Cassimbazar and Murshidabad. This letter was sent by the Hastings to the Burmese Government stating it as a forged one. Soon in 1821-1822, the Burmese conquered Assam and in September 1823 the Shahpuri island near Chittagong which was belonging to the Company. The Burmese were then making preparations for an attack on the territories in Bengal. All these events frustrated the British and so finally on February 24, 1824 Lord Amherst declared war on Burma. British Capture Rangoon The British were successful in expelling the Burmese from Assam. However Bandula, the ablest of the Burmese generals repelled a British detachment at Ramu on the Chittagong frontier. On the other hand, the British sent an expedition of 11,000 men under General Archibald Campbell and ships under Captain Marryat to attack Rangoon by sea. Rangoon was captured on May 11, 1824. After these setbacks, the Burmese fled into jungles of Pegu. Conclusion of Peace of Treaty

Meanwhile, Bandula had been recalled and arrived before Rangoon on December 1 with 60,000 men. He was, however, defeated on December 15 and then retreated to Donabew, where he fought bravely and in April 1825, he was killed. On April 25, Campbell captured Prome, the capital of Lower Burma. The fighting continued till the end of 1825. And on February 24, 1826 the Burmese concluded a peace treaty. According to the treaty, the Burmese had to pay 1 crore as war indemnity, the absolute surrender of the provinces of Arakan and Tenasserim and the recognition of Manipur as an independent State. And on November 23, 1826, a commercial treaty was concluded. The terms of this commercial treaty was based on the principles of reciprocal advantage the admission of a British Resident at Ava and a Burmese envoy being allowed to come to Calcutta. However the British Resident was not accepted till 1830, when Major Burney became the British Resident at Ava.

The First Anglo-Burmese War 18241826

A.) The Situation Preceding the War
Burma pursued a policy of expansion. In 1821-1822 the Burmese had conquered ASSAM; they prepared for an attack on BENGAL, held by the (British) EAST INDIA COMPANY (EIC).On February 24th 1824, Governor General Lord Amherst declared war on Burma.

B.) The Cource of Events

Bengali troops in the garrison of BARAKHPUR mutinied when ordered to fight in the Anglo-Burmese War.
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British-Indian forces expelled the Burmese from Assam. At the Chittagong front, the EIC tropops made little progress, meeting determined Burmese resistance. A British-Indian naval expedition took RANGOON on May 11th 1824 (the city had been evacuated by the Burmese). In March 1824, a British expedition took the capital of Arakan. A Burmese force 60,000 strong was defeated outside Rangoon in December, and in May 1825 a British force tool PROME, the capital of Lower Burma. A peace treaty was signed at Yandabo on February 26th 1826. EIC forces had suffered significant losses, the larger part due to disease.

C.) Legacy
Burma had to cede Assam, Arakan and Tenasserim to the EIC. A British RESIDENT was to reside at Ava. MANIPUR was to be recognized as independent; Burma had to pay war indemnity. However, only in 1830 was a British resident accepted at Ava.

EXTERNAL FILES

The First Anglo-Burmese War 1824-1826, from Itihaas First Anglo-Burmese War 1824-1826, from regiments.org James Paul, The First Burma War, from British Forces.com Armed Conflict Events Data : Burma 1800-1999, from OnWar.com

Second Anglo-Burmese War

1852-1853
by Ralph Zuljan (OnWar.Com)
How to Stop a War... Burmese War State Britain Burma ***** The Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852) was provoked by the British, who wanted access to the teak forests in and around Pegu and also wanted to secure the gap in their coastline stretching from Calcutta to Singapore; it resulted in the British annexation of Pegu province, which they renamed Lower Burma. As the British became increasingly interested in the legendary trade with Entry 1852 1852 Exit 1853 1853 Combat Forces Population 50000 28000000 50000 13000000 Losses 15000 12000

China through its back door--as well as in the teak, oil, and rubies of northern Myanmar--they waited for a suitable pretext to attack. ***** After 25 years of peace, the British Indian government sent a naval officer, Commodore Lambert, to Rangoon to investigate British merchants' complaints of extortion. When Lambert seized a ship that belonged to the Burmese king, another war began.

By July 1852 the British had captured the ports of Lower Burma and had begun a march on the capital. Slowly but steadily the British-Indian forces occupied the central teak forests of Burma. The new king Mindon Min (ruled 1853-78) requested the dispersal of British forces. The British were unreceptive but were hesitant to advance farther northward; with both sides at an impasse, the fighting simply ceased. The British now occupied all Lower Burma but without formal recognition of the Burmese court.

(Itihaas)

Second Anglo-Burmese war

1852 : The Second Anglo-Burmese War Causes of the Second Anglo-Burmese War After the treaty of Yandaboo 1826 (After first AngloBurmese War), a large number of British merchants had settled on the southern coast of Burma and Rangoon. Tharrawady, the new king of Burma (1837-1845), refused to consider the treaty of Yandaboo to be binding on him. The British Residents also did not get proper treatment at the court and so finally the Residency had to be withdrawn in 1840. The British merchants often complained of ill-treatment at the hands of the Governor of Rangoon. They sent a petition to Lord Dalhousie. Dalhousie was determined to maintained British prestige and dignity at all the costs and so deputed Commodore Lambert to Rangoon to negotiate the redress of grievances and demand compensation. Declaration of War At first the King of Burma was inclined to avoid war and so removed the old Governor and appointed the new one. But when a deputation of some naval officers was refused admission, Lambert adopted a very provocative line of action. He captured one of the Burmese King's ships. With this incident, the Burmese did not resist and the war was declared.

On April 1, 1852, British forces reached Rangoon. The famous Pagoda of Rangoon was stormed on April 14, 1852. A month later Bassein, situated at Irrawaddy Delta was captured. Prome was occupied in October and Pegu in November. Dalhousie wanted the Burmese king to recognise the conquest of the Lower Burma. On the refusal of the king to conclude the treaty, Dalhousie annexed Pegu by issuing a proclamation on December 20, 1852. End of the War By the annexation of Pegu the eastern frontier of the British Indian Empire was extended upto the banks of Salween. Major Arthur Phayre was appointed Commissioner of the newly acquired British province extending as far as Myede.

The Second Anglo-Burmese War 1852 by Alexander Ganse (World History at KMLA)
A.) The Situation Preceding the War
The EIC had a stretegic interest in closing the gap between its possessions at Arakan and Tenasserim, and, more importantly, wanted to gain access to the TEAK FORESTS of Lower Burma. At the complaint of a British merchant, the EIC sent am officer, who confiscated a ship belonging to the Burmese king; this triggered the war.

B.) The Cource of Events

EIC forces occupied the ports of Lower Burma (July 1852) and took control of the Teak Forests within the region. Peace was signed later that year; the British forces withdrew in 1853. EIC forces suffered significant losses, mainly due to disease.

C.) Legacy
Burma had to cede Pegu (Lower Burma with the Irawaddy delta and Rangoon). The British resident virtually controlled future Burmese foreign policy.

The Burma War of 1851 By George Dibley , by George Dibley (Victorian Military Society During the year 1851 Captain Sheppard, the master and owner of a trading vessel, was charged with throwing a man overboard and was fined 900 rupees and imprisoned by the Burmese Governor of Rangoon. He accused the Governor of ill treatment and the extortion of 900 rupees. Other acts of opression and insolence followed, and the merchants of Rangoon and Moulmein applied to the Governor-General for protection. This resulted in Commodore Lambert repairing to Rangoon with H.M.S. Fox and two other shops to settle matters and restore confidence. The Commodore demanded the removal of the Governor of Rangoon, and the payment of 9,000 rupees to Captain Sheppard for the indignity he had been subjected to. The Burmese court agreed to these terms - the Governor was relieved of his post and the money paid. On the arrival of the new governor the Commodore requested him to receive a deputation of British officers. He expressed a willingness to do so; but on the officers arriving at his house at the agreed time, they were treated with the utmost insolence by his servants, who said the governor was asleep and could not receive them. The Commodore was not the main to stand for this kind of treatment. On the 6th January, 1852 he replied by seizing the king's ships then in the Rangoon river, and declaring the rivers Rangoon, Bassein and Salween to be in a state of blockade. On the 10th January having taken on board the Hermes those inhabitants of Rangoon who sought the protection of the British flag, the Commodore set sail with his prizes. The Burmese opened fire from their stockades and the ships relied, quickly deciding the unequal contest. The flotilla proceeded to Calcutta where Commodore Lambert reported to Lord Dalhousie all that had occurred. The Governor-General approved the strong measures adopted: but hoped to avoid war by negotiation. This was to no effect. War was inevitable, and on the 12th February, 1852, it was decided to send a second expedition to Burma. The beginning of April, 1852 witnessed the arrival of the following shops of war in Rangoon waters, the Feroze, Mozuffer, Zenobia, Sesostris, Berenic, Medusa, Rockcliffe, Sir Thomas Gresham, Hempsyche, and Atlanta, had come from Madras; while from Calcutta had come the Hermes, Tenasserim, Enterprise, Fire Queen, Proserpine, Salamander and Phiegethon. The new steamer Rattler had also arived from Penang with Admiral Austen on boarde, the land force which had travelled by sea was under the command of Major-General Godwin, C.B., and consisted of the following corps: 18th Royal Irish; 35th Royal Sussex, 51st Light Infantry and Staffordshire Regiments; the 9th and 35th Madras Native Infantry; 40th Bengal Native Infantry; six companeis of European artillery, three from Madras and three from Bengal. Total force ofEuropeans,

2,725, Native Infantry 3,400, to which force, if we add the sailors who were available for land service, 8000 men at least could be assembled for the attack on Rangoon. Before commencing operations against Rangoon, General Godwin decided to strike a decisive blow against the town of Martaban, which was immediatley opposite the British town of Moulmein, the capital of the Tenasserim Provinces. Accordingly, he set out with a wing of the Staffordshires, which was reinforced by the garrison of Moulmein - a wing of the 18th Royal Irish - for the attack on the town. As soon as the British ships arrived opposite the stockaades they were fired upon by the defenders. This fire was replied to by the Rattler who had worked her way to within 200 yards of the wall and close to the pagoda: a storming party was formed under the command of Colonel Reignolds, 18th Royal Irish which stormed and captured Martaban very quickly and with few losses. This first engagement was a complete success. At about 9 o'clock on the morning of the 11th April the British warships opened fire on Rangoon on the left bank and Dalla on the right. The enemy replied with some vigorous and accurate fire, but it soon died away to an occasional shot. By 11 o'clock the fire from the defences of Rangoon was silenced, with the stockade and part of the town in flames. On the Dalla side the Burmese stuck to their defences. Sailors were sent in boats as a storming party. After landing upon low mud banks they quickly formed up and rushed the defenders. Their attack was so fierce that the enemy abandoned their works and fled. Shortly after daybreak on the following morning, the ships once more opened fire from Rangoon and at the same time the following two brigades landed: First Brigade: 18th Royal Irish (right), 51st Light Infantry (left), 40th Bengal Native Infantry (centre), the Sappers and Miners wree placed in rear of the left flank. Second Brigade: 9th Madras Native Infantry (right), Staffordshires (centre), 35th Madras Native Infantry (left). When they were ready the General sent the First Brigade into action with the Second Brigade in support. The road from the river led to a white building which was constructed fo solid maasonry and had formed our principal redoubt in the First Burmese War, and it was along this road the Burmese decided that the British assault would come. However, the British commander chose another route, which was to the East of the white building. The enemy, who were entrenched in the building which was defended by a stockade, ramparts and ditches, had anticipated such an advance and were prepared. Four companies of the 51st Light Infantry covered the British advance, accompanied by four guns of the Bengal Artillery. After about a mile the British troops found themselves in contact with the enemy and under direct enemy artillery firre from the defences signted on the line of advance, while from the jungle the flanks were ambushed by skirmishers. Major Reid, Bengal Artillery, supported by Major Oakes, Madras Artillery, opened fire on the building with four guns at a range of eight hundred years; unfortunately they had too little ammunition for a prolonged action, and had to cease firing. It was decided that an assault on the building should be made immediately and a storming party was formed consisting of the 51st Light Infantry and Sappers and Miners. The

troops advanced led by Major Fraser, Chief Engineer, closely followed by Captain Rundall, Royal Engineers. The party advanced slowly, encumbered by five heavy scaling ladders and under heavy fire from the skirmishers in the wood. As the enemy grew bolder it was found necessary to ground ladders, unsling muskets and drive them off after which the storming party again advanced. Despite heavy fire from the building they were able to raise their ladders and scale the ramparts after which the enemy evacuated the building and ran into the jungle. British losses were considerable, including, Lieutenant Donaldson and Captain Blundal who were mortally wounded; and Major Griffiths, Brigade Major, and Major Oakes, Royal Artillery who both died of sunstroke. After camping overnight on the open plain the next day, the 14th January, was used to prepare for the main attack on the Great Pagoda. The troops, despite the heat, dragged four 8-inch howitzers up from the river. At daybreak the entire force advanced in two brigades. The Staffordshires with four guns of Montgomery's battery formed the advance, and soon reached the desired position a rise in the ground about 1,000 yards south-east of the Pagoda defences. The troops following formed up under fire about 700 yards from the Pagoda. Lieutenant Laurie, describes the Shwe Dagon Pagoda as it was at the time:
"The hill upon which the temple stands is divided into three terraces each defended by a brick and mud rampart. There are four flights of steps up the centre of each terrace threeof which are covered over: the east, the south, and the west. Their heavy guns were on the upper terrace, their light ones on the second and third. The rampart of the upuper terrace being mostly of bricks and mortar if of a superior description."

The British guns continued to fire at the Pagoda with little apparent effect upon the morale of Burmese defenders who showed little fear of the bombardment. It was decided to assault the Pagoda using a wing of the Staffordshires undre Major Lockhart, two companies of the 18 Royal Irish under Lieutenant Hewitt, and two companies of the 40th Bengal Native Infantry; Colonel Coote, 18th Royal Irish to command. Over an open space of 800 yards the force advanced exposed to fire form the Pagoda. The leading company, led on by its officers, arrived at the foot of the stone steps, rushed up, followed closely by the wholeattacking force. This caused panic among the neemy which, resulted in a hedlong stampede northwards into the jungle, their chiefs at their head. British losses in two days' fighting were 2 officers and 15 men killed, 14 officers and 118 men wounded. After a lapse of nearly a month an expedition consisting of 500 men of the 18th Royal Irish, and 500 of the 35th Madras Native Infantry under Colonel Abthorpe wa despatched in search of the ex-Governor of Rangoon, who had fled northwards with his beaten troops. On the 9th May the expedition returned to Rangoon not having found any enemy. On the 12th May the force at Rangoon was reinforced by the 67th Bengal Native Ianfantry from Arakan. The rains now set in and with them fever and dysentery. The temporary hospitals were thronged with sick men and medical officers were at a premium. Despite sickness it was decided to attack Bassein, an important settlement in South Arakan. It was strongly fortified and estimated to be defended by a force of 7,000 men. The defences were about one mile in length, with a strongly built mud wall

occupying the left of the line, while in the centre was a huge padoda welll armed with guns and jingals. General Godwin conducted this expedition in person. The British troops consisted of a total of 800 men, who were embarked on the Sesotris, Mozuffer, Tenasserim, and Pluto/ The ships anchored of Nigrais Island on the 17th May and on the following morning steamed up the Bassein river. At 4 p.m. the flotilla arrived opposite the town. The Burmese allowed the troops to land without interference, evidently fearing retaliation from the ships. General Godwin in his despatch described the attack which followed:
"The contest that stamped the operations of this remarkable day with a brilliant conclusion was the atack on the mud fort, most scientifically built and of great extent, which could only have been constructed under a despotism that commanded the labour of its subjects in the short time they had been about it. It was not entirely completed in its details within. The storming praty under Major Errington proceeded to the left of the Burmese work accompanied by Lieutenant Rice of H.M. Frigate Fox and Lieutenant Ford of the Madras Sappers, came upon the mud fort fully garrisoned and well armed. The attck was most determined as was the defence obstinate. It was bravely stormed, but with the consequence of Major Errington and several officers and men being severely wounded. The whole affair was over at a little after 6 o'clock."

Meanwhile a party of sailors had captured a stockade on the opposite bank of the river, taking six guns. Bassein was garrisoned by two companies of the 51st Light Infantry and 300 of the 9th Madras Native Infantry, the remainder of the force returning to Rangoon. In the intervening time a rebellion had broken out at Pegu. The Tailong portion of the troops had mutinied and taken possession of the city, but were shortly afterwards driven out, and order, to a certain extent, restored. The British authorities at Rangoon resolved to take advantage of this mishap in order to get hold of the city. Major Cotton was sent there with ordres to side with the Talaings and drive out the King's troops. He arrived to find all in confusion, and had great difficulty in finding out which factin was which. He succeeded, however, after some sharp fighting, in occupying the place and demolishing its defences, after which he returned to Rangoon. In the beginning of July an expedition proceeded up the Irrawaddy to Prome, at this time a large and populous city. Captain Tarleton R.N., conducted this expedition, and finding little sign of prepared defence he landed and took possession almost unopposed, capturing twenty guns, many of them of large calibre, and many war boats, barges etc. This operation may be said to have brought to a close the first phase of the Second Burmese War.

References
The Coming of the Great Queen, by Major E.C. Browne, Harrison & Sons, St Martin's Lane, London 1887 The Battles of the British Army by R.M. Blackwood. Simkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., London c1910. Chaptre xxxvi The Battle of Martaban 1852

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Third Anglo-Burmese War

1885-1887 Wars of Pagan, 1044-1286
1057 1084-1086 c.1112 1180 1277 1283 1286 1289 Pagan conquered Mon kingdom of Thaton Pagan's reconquest of south, defeat of Pegu Rebellion in Arakan Ceylonese expedition against Pagan War on Kaungai, a vassal of Yuan China Paganese invasion of Siam, conquest of Kaungsin Mongol invasion of Pagan Mongol Invasion

Wars affecting Burma, 1286-1531

1529 War with Siam

Wars of Burma, 1531-1886

1531-1539 1538 1544 1548-1549 1556-1559 1564 1569 1574 1584-1592 1593-1594 1599 1607-1618 1660-1662 Unification of Burma; conquest of the Irawaddy delta, Pegu War with Siam Burmese conquest of Pagan War with Siam submission of principalities in northern Thailand, Laos, including Chiangmai and Lan Xang Burmese invasion of Siam Burmese war on Siam, sack of Ayutthaya War with Siam; Siamese occupation of Pegu War with Siam War with Siam Conquest of Pegu War with Siam

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1727 1739 1740 1752 1753 1764-1769 1766-1769 1775-1776 1785 1785-1792 1811-1815 1819 1822 1824-1826 1838 1852 1878 1885-1886

War with Siam Chiangmai Rebellion Rebellion of Shan state of Kengtung Pegu Rebellion Civil War; establishment of Konbaung Dynasty Reunification of Burma War with Siam; 1767 Burmese sack of Ayutthaya Three Chinese invasions repelled War with Siam Arakan conquered War with Siam Arakan Rebellion Burmese conquest of Assam Burmese invasion of Manipur First Anglo-Burmese War Mon Rebellion Second Anglo-Burmese War Civil War over succession Third Anglo-Burmese War

Wars of Burma, since 1886

1942-1945 194819541956 1988 World War II; Burmese resistance against Japanese ocupation Burmese Civil War Karen Revolt Sino-Burmese War Arakan refugees fled (military repression) to India (Mizoram)

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