Calculus 081 INTEGRATION BY PARTS This unit corresponds to Section 7.1 of Stewarts textbook.

Unit 1

Copyright c 2002 by the Department of Mathematics, University of Western Ontario.

The three most important techniques of integration are substitution, which was introduced in Calculus 050, integration by parts, and partial fractions. In this unit, we discuss integration by parts. The product rule tells us how to dierentiate a product: (f g) = f g + f g . Expressed in terms of antiderivatives, this says that (f g + f g ) = f g or fg = fg f g.

This is the formula for integration by parts. For denite integrals, it looks like this:
b

f (x)g (x)dx = f (x)g(x)

a

b a

f (x)g(x)dx.

There is also the equivalent formula f g = fg fg .

In Leibniz notation, we write u = f (x) and v = g(x). Then du = f (x)dx and dv = g (x)dx, and the formula becomes udv = uv vdu.

If we need to integrate a product of two factors and we know an antiderivative for the second factor, then integration by parts oers us the alternative of integrating instead the product of the derivative of the rst factor and the 1

antiderivative of the second factor. The hope is that this integral will be easier to evaluate than the original one. Examples. (1) The prototypical example is xex dx. We look at the integrand and observe that if we dierentiate the rst factor x (so x disappears) and integrate the second factor ex (getting ex itself), then weve got something that we can easily integrate. Taking f (x) = x and g(x) = ex , the formula for integration by parts gives xex dx = xex
f g f g f

1 ex dx = xex ex + C = (x 1)ex + C.

(You may nd it helpful to write f , g , etc. above the factors in question.) When integrating by parts, it is sometimes hard to see at a glance which factor should be dierentiated and which should be integrated. You may need to try both possibilities. In this example, had we started by integrating x and dierentiating ex , we would have obtained the integrand 1 x2 ex , which 2 is harder to integrate than the original integrand xex . You should also know how to integrate by parts using Leibniz notation. In this example, we set u = x and dv = ex dx. Then du = dx and v = ex , and xex dx = udv = uv vdu = xex ex dx = (x 1)ex + C.

(2) Sometimes we must integrate by parts more than once. Consider the integral x2 ex dx. We get x2 ex dx = x2 ex
f g f g

2x ex dx = x2 ex 2

xex dx.

Applying integration by parts again to the integral on the right, as in Example 1, yields x2 ex dx = x2 ex 2(x 1)ex + C = (x2 2x + 2)ex + C. In a similar way, we can evaluate such integrals as and xn cos xdx, by integrating by parts n times. xn ex dx, xn sin xdx,

(3) Anything can be turned into a product, namely 1 times itself. This simple observation is sometimes useful. Let us use it to integrate the arctangent:
1 f 1 g f 1 f g

tan

xdx =

tan

x 1dx = tan

xx

1 g xdx 1 + x2

= x tan1 x

x dx. 1 + x2

The new integral is easy to calculate using the substitution u = 1 + x2 . We get tan1 xdx = x tan1 x 1 ln(1 + x2 ) + C. 2 You should try to compute ln xdx in a similar way (the answer is x ln x x + C.) More generally, for a function f with a continuous derivative, f (x)dx = xf (x) xf (x)dx.

(4) Continuing Example 3, if f and g are inverse functions, combining integration by parts as above with the substitution y = f (x), x = g(y), we get dy = f (x)dx and
b

f (x)dx = xf (x)
a

b a

f (b)

xf (x)dx = xf (x)]b a
f (a)

g(y)dy.

For instance,
1

sin1 xdx = x sin1 x

0

1 0

/2

sin ydy = sin1 1 + cos y

/2 0

1. 2

(5) It is often necessary to apply more than one technique of integration to the same problem. Consider the integral sin xdx. The substitution u = x seems like a reasonable rst step: at least it will transform the complicated function sin x into the simple function sin u. We get du = dx/2 x = dx/2u, so dx = 2udu and sin xdx = sin u 2udu = 2 3 u sin udu.

The integral has now been brought into a form to which integration by parts applies: sin xdx = 2 u sin udu = 2u( cos u) 2 1 ( cos u)du = 2u cos u + 2 sin u + C = 2 x cos x + 2 sin x + C.

(6) Our nal example is cos ln xdx. We start by introducing 1 as a factor and integrating by parts: cos ln xdx = 1 cos ln xdx = x cos ln x sin ln xdx. 1 x( sin ln x) dx x

= x cos ln x +

At this point there is nothing to do but try integration by parts again: cos ln xdx = x cos ln x + 1 sin ln xdx 1 x(cos ln x) dx. x

= x cos ln x + x sin ln x

At rst glance it looks like nothings been accomplished: were back to the original integral cos ln xdx. But the minus in front of the nal integral saves the day. Moving it over to the left hand side and dividing by 2 gives cos ln xdx = 1 x(cos ln x + sin ln x) + C. 2