Giáo Án D y Thêm Hóa L P 11

Gio n dy thm ha lp 11
Ngy 12/9/2012 Bui 1: (3 tit)

n tp ha hc lp 10:
Phn ng oxi ha kh, gii ton bng phng php gii cho nhn electron.
I. Mc ch yu cu: - Hc sinh nm c cch xc nh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn
t, pp cn bng mt phn ng oxi ha kh t n gin n phc tp.
- Hc sinh bit gii bi tp da theo nh lut bo ton electron
II. chun b: H thng cu hi, bi tp
III. Tin hnh:
A. L thuyt cn nm:
1. Cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh:
- Xc nh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t da theo 4 quy tc c hc lp 10
Ngoi ra lu thm: Kim loi lun c s oxi ha dng trong cc hp cht, kim loi
nhm Ia, Iia, IIIa, c s oxi ha bng s th t nhm, mt s kim loi v phi kim c
nhiu s oxi ha khc nhau trong cc hp cht
V d: Fe ( +2, +3), Cr (+2, +3, +4, +6), Mn (+2, +4, +6, +7), Sn (+ 2, +4), Pb (+2,
+4), N (-3, +1,+2, +3, +4, +5), S (-2, +4, +6), Cl, Br, I (-1, +1, +3, +5, +7)
c bit nu mun xc nh chnh xc s oxi ha cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht
tt nht nn vit c cng thc cu to ca hp cht.
V d: CaOCl
2
O Cl
( +1)
Ca
Cl
( -1)
Cn bng phn ng oxh kh
B1: Xc nh s oxh ca cc cht.
B2: Lp PT oxh ,PT kh.
B3: Cn bng e : e nhng = e nhn.
B4: t h s vo PTHH v cn bng cc cht cn li.
Bi tp vn dng:
1. Cn bng phn ng sau (bng phng php thng bng electron) . Cho bit cht oxi
ha , cht kh
a. Fe + HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
b. Cl
2
+ KOH KCl + KClO
3
+ H
2
O
c. KMnO
4
K
2
MnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ O
2
d. HCl + MnO
2
MnCl
2
+Cl
2
+ H
2
O
e. Fe
3
O
4
+ HNO
3
FeNO
3
+ NO + H
2
O
f. SO
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
O K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
g. CuS + HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
3
+CuSO
4
+ NO + H
2
O
h. Fe
x
O
y
+ H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+SO
2
+ H
2
O
i. H
2
S + + KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4long
K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ S + H
2
O
j. CH
3
CH=CH
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
O CH
3
CH - CH
2
+ KOH + MnO
2
OH OH
1
2. Lp PTHH ca cc phn ng oxi ha kh sau y bng phng php thng bng
electron
a. ChoMnO
2
tc dng vi dung HCl c ,thu c Cl
2
, MnCl
2
, v H
2
O
b. Cho Cu tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
c,nng thu c Cu(NO
3
)
2
, NO
2
, H
2
O
c. Cho Mg tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
c,nng thu c MgSO
4
, S , H
2
O
3. Vit PTHH ca ca cc phn ng biu din cc chuyn i sau:
a. KMnO
4
O
2
SO
2
H
2
SO
4
b. KMnO
4
Cl
2
HCl H
2
O
Trong cc phn ng trn , phn ng no l phn ng oxi ha-kh ?
4. Cn bng phng trnh ha hc ca cc phn ng oxi ha kh sau bng phng
php thng bng electron v cho bit cht kh , cht oxi ha mi phn ng :
a. Al + Fe
3
O
4
Al
2
O
3
+ Fe
b. FeSO
4
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
c. FeS
2
+ O
2
Fe
2
O
3
+ SO
2
d. KClO
3
KCl + O
2
e. Cl
2
+ KOH KCl + KClO
3
+ H
2
O
5. Cho phn ng
Mg + HNO
3
(l) Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ NO + H
2
O
a. Cn bng Phng trnh trn bng phng php thng bng electron.
b. Xc nh s kh , s oxi ha
Gii bi ton ca phn ng oxi ha - kh da theo pp cho nhn e:
Quy tc s mol e cho lun bng s mol e nhn:
Khi p dng phng phap ny cn nhn nh ng trng thi u v trng thi cui
ca cc cht oxi ha v cht kh, nhiu khi khng quan tm n cn bng hoa hoc xy
ra. C nhiu qu trnh trung gian khng nh hng n bi ton c th b qua cc qu
trnh trung gian .
Gio vin hng dn hc sinh vit pt bn oxi ha kh; pt ion electron
Bi tp vn dng:
Bi 1: Chia hn hp hai kim loi A, B c ha tr khng i thnh hai phn bng
nhau. Phn 1 ha tan ht trong dung dch HCl, thu c 1,792 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Phn
2 nung trong oxy thu c 2,84 gam hn hp cc oxit. Khi lng hn hp hai kim
loi trong hn hp u l:
A. 1,56 gam B. 3,12 gam C. 2,2 gam D. 1,8 gam
Gii: t cng thc chung ca hai kim loi A, B l M, c ha tr n.
Phn 1:
+ +
+ +
2
2 2 2 nH M nH M
n
e (M nhng) = e (H
+
nhn)
2
2 2 H e H +
+
0,16
4 , 22
792 , 1
Phn 2: n
O M nO M
2 2
2 +
e (M nhng) = e (O
2
nhn)
2
+
2
2
2 4 O e O
a 4a
e (H
+
nhn) = e (O
2
nhn) 4a = 0,16 a = 0,04 mol O
2
.
Gi m l khi lng ca M trong mi phn.
Ta c: m + 0,04.32 = 2,84 m = 1,56 gam
Vy, khi lng hn hp hai kim loi trong hn hp u l:
2.m = 2. 1,56 = 3,12 gam
Chn p n B.
Bi 2: Ha tan 7,84 gam Fe vo 200 ml dung dch hn hp hai acid HCl 0,15M v
H
2
SO
4
0,25M thy thot ra V lt kh H
2
(ktc). Gi tr ca V l:
A. 1,456 lt B. 0,45 lt C. 0,75 lt D. 0,55 lt
Gii: S oxy ha st: Fe 2e Fe
2+
56
84 , 7
0,28 (mol)
Tng s mol electron st nhng l:e (nhng) = 0,28 mol.
Tng s mol H
+
l: n
H
+
= 0,2.0,15+0,2.0,25.2=0,13 mol.
S kh H
+
: 2H
+
+ 2e H
2
0,13 0,13 0,065
Tng s mol H
+
nhn l: : e (nhn) = 0,13 mol.
Ta thy : e (nhng) > e (nhn) St d v H
+
chuyn ht thnh H
2
.
Vy th tch kh H
2
(ktc) l: V=22,4.0,065=1,456 lt.
Chn p n A.
Bi 3: Hn hp X gm hai kim loi A v B ng trc H trong dy in ha v c
ha tr khng i trong cc hp cht. Chia m gam X thnh hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: Ha tan hon ton trong dung dch cha axit HCl v H
2
SO
4
long
to ra 3,36 lt kh H
2
.
- Phn 2: Tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO
3
thu c V lt kh NO (sn
phm kh duy nht).
Bit cc th tch kh o iu kin tiu chun. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 2,24 lt. B. 3,36 lt. C. 4,48 lt. D. 6,72 lt.
Gii: t hai kim loi A, B l M.
- Phn 1: M + nH
+
M
n+
+ 2
n
H
2
(1)
- Phn 2: 3M + 4nH
+
+ nNO
3
3M
n+
+ nNO + 2nH
2
O (2)
Theo (1): S mol e ca M cho bng s mol e ca 2H
+
nhn;
Theo (2): S mol e ca M cho bng s mol e ca N
+5
nhn.
Vy s mol e nhn ca 2H
+
bng s mol e nhn ca N
+5
.
2H
+
+ 2e H
2
v N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
0,3 0,15 mol 0,3 0,1 mol
V
NO
= 0,1 22,4 = 2,24 lt. Chn p n A.
3
Bi 4: Cho 3 kim loi Al, Fe, Cu vo 2 lt dung dch HNO
3
phn ng va thu c
1,792 lt kh X (ktc) gm N
2
v NO
2
c t khi hi so vi He bng 9,25. Nng
mol/lt HNO
3
trong dung dch u l:
A. 0,28M. B. 1,4M. C. 1,7M. D. 1,2M.
Gii: Ta c:
( )
2 2
N NO
X
M M
M 9, 25 4 37
2
+

l trung bnh cng khi lng phn t ca hai kh N
2
v NO
2
nn:
2 2
X
N NO
n
n n 0,04 mol
2

v 2NO
3
+ 12H
+
+ 10e N
2
+ 6H
2
O
0,48 0,4 0,04 (mol)
NO
3
+ 2H
+
+ 1e NO
2
+ H
2
O
0,08 0,04 0,04 (mol)

56 , 0 08 , 0 48 , 0
3
+
+
H
HNO
n n
(mol)
[ ]
3
0,56
HNO 0, 28M.
2

Chn p n A.
Bi 5: Ha tan ht 29,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, Mg, Cu theo t l mol 1:2:3 bng
H
2
SO
4
c ngui c dung dch Y v 3,36 lt SO
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch Y c
khi lng mui khan l:
Gii: Gi x l s mol Fe trong hn hp X, n
Mg
= 2x, n
Cu
=3x.
56x+24.2x+64.3x=29,6 x= 0,1 mol.
n
Fe
= 0,1 mol, n
Mg
=0,2 mol, n
Cu
=0,3 mol
Do acid H
2
SO
4
c ngui, nn st khng phn ng.
SO
4
2-
+ 2e S
+4
0,3
4 , 22
36 , 3
Theo biu thc: m
mui
=m
Cu
+m
Mg
+
2
4
SO
m
= m
Cu
+m
Mg
+ 96.
2
1
e (trao i)
=64.0,3+24.0,2 +96.
2
1
0,3 = 38,4 gam.
Chn p n A.
Bi 6: Cho 5,94g Al tc dng va vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng thu c 1,848
lt sn phm ( X ) c lu hunh ( ktc), mui sunfat v nc. Cho bit ( X ) l kh g
trong hai kh SO
2
, H
2
S ?
A. H
2
S B. SO
2
C. C hai kh D. S
Gii: n
Al
= 5,94 : 27 = 0,22 mol
n
X
= 1,848 : 22,4 = 0,0825 mol
Qu trnh oxy ha Al : Al - 3e Al
3+
0,22 0,66
n
e
(cho) = 0,22.3 = 0,66 mol
4
Qu trnh kh S
6+
: S
+6
+ ( 6-x )e S
x

0,0825(6-x) 0,0825
n
e
(nhn) = 0,0825(6-x) mol
( x l s oxy ha ca S trong kh X )
p dng nh lut bo ton electron, ta c : 0,0825(6-x) = 0,66 x = -2
Vy X l H
2
S ( trong S c s oxy ha l -2). Chn p n A.
Bi 7: Ha tan 15 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loi Mg v Al vo dung dch Y gm
HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
c thu c 0,1 mol mi kh SO
2
, NO, NO
2
, N
2
O. Phn trm khi
lng ca Al v Mg trong X ln lt l:
A. 63% v 37%. B. 36% v 64%. C. 50% v 50%. D. 46% v 54%.
Gii: theo Ta c:
24 n
Mg
x + 27n
Al
= 15. (1)
Qu trnh oxy ha:
Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e Al Al
3+
+ 3e
n
Mg
2.n
Mg
n
Al
3.n
Al
Tng s mol e nhng bng (2.n
Mg
+ 3.n
Al
).
Qu trnh kh:
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
2N
+5
+ 2
4e 2N
+1
0,3 0,1 0,8 0,2
N
+5
+ 1e N
+4
S
+6
+ 2e S
+4
0,1 0,1 0,2 0,1
Tng s mol e nhn bng 1,4 mol.
Theo nh lut bo ton electron:
2.n
Mg
+ 3.n
Al
= 1,4 (2)
Gii h (1), (2) ta c: n
Mg
= 0,4 mol ; n
Al
= 0,2 mol.
27 0, 2
%Al 100% 36%.
15

%Mg = 100% 36% = 64%. p n B.
Bi 8: Mt hn hp X c khi lng 18,2g gm 2 Kim loi A (ha tr 2) v B (ha tr
3). Ha tan X hon ton trong dung dch Y cha H
2
SO
4
v HNO
3
. Cho ra hn hp
kh Z gm 2 kh SO
2
v N
2
O. Xc nh 2 kim loi A, B (B ch co th l Al hay Fe).
Bit s mol ca hai kim loi bng nhau v s mol 2 kh SO
2
v N
2
O ln lt l 0,1
mol mi kh.
A. Cu, Al B. Cu, Fe C. Zn, Al D. Zn, Fe
Gii: Qu trnh kh hai anion to kh l:
4H
+
+ SO
4
2-
+ 2e SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
0,2 0,1
10H
+
+ 2NO
3

+ 8e N
2
O + 5H
2
O
0,8 0,1
e (nhn) = 0,2 + 0,8 = 1 mol
A - 2e A
2+
5
a 2a
B - 3e B
3+
b 3b
e (cho) = 2a + 3b = 1 (1)
V s mol ca hai kim loi bng nhau nn: a = b (2)
Gii ( 1), (2 ) ta c a = b = 0,2 mol
Vy 0,2A + 0,2B = 18,2 A + B = 91 A l Cu v B l Al.
Bi 9: Ha tan ht hn hp bt gm 6,5 gam Zn v 4,8 gam Mg cn V ml dung dch Y
cha CuSO
4
0,5 M v AgNO
3
0,2 M. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 200 B. 300 C. 400 D. 500
Gii: n
Zn
=0,1 mol, n
Mg
=0,2 mol. Gi V lt l th tch dung dch.
Zn - 2e Zn
2+
Cu
2+
+2e Cu
0,1 0,2 0,5V1V
Mg -2e Mg
2+
Ag
+
+1e Ag
0,2 0,4 0,2V0,2V
e (nhng)=0,2+0,4=0,6 mol e (nhn)=0,2V+V=1,2V mol
hn hp bt b ha tan ht th: e (nhng)= e (nhn)
1,2V=0,6 V=0,5 lt = 500 ml. p n D.
Bi 10: Mt hn hp X gm Al v Fe c khi lng 8,3g. Cho X vo 1lit dung dch A
cha AgNO
3
0,1M v Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,2M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc c cht rn B
(hon ton khng tc dng vi dung dch HCl) v dung dchC (hon ton khng c
mu xanh ca Cu
2+
). Tnh khi lng cht rn B v %Al trong hn hp.
A. 23,6g; %Al = 32,53 B. 24,8g; %Al = 31,18
C. 28,7g; %Al = 33,14 D. 24,6g; %Al = 32,18
Gii: Chiu sp xp cc cp oxy ha kh trong dy in ha:

3 2 2
Al Fe Cu Ag
Al Fe Cu Ag
+ + + +
- Ag b kh trc Cu
2+
; dung dch b mt ht mu xanh ca Cu
2+
nn Cu
2+
v Ag
+
u b kh ht to Ag v Cu kim loi.
- Al phn ng xong ri n Fe; cht rn B khng phn ng vi HCl, do Al v
Fe phn ng ht.
Vy, hn hp B gm Cu v Ag
m
B
= m
Cu
+ m
Ag
n
Ag
= 0,1mol ; n
Cu
= 0,2mol
m
B
= 0,1x108 + 0,2x64 = 23,6(g)
Gi hn hp X
X
Al : x(mol)
; m 8, 3g 27x 56y 8, 3
Fe : y(mol)
+
'
(1)
Qu trnh nhng e: Al - 3e Al
3+

x 3x
Fe - 2e Fe
2+
e nhng = 3x + 2y(mol)
y 2y
6
Qu trnh nhn e: Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu

0,2 0,4
Ag
+
+ e Ag

e nhn = 0,4 + 0,1 = 0,5(mol)

0,1 0,1
Theo LBT electron: e nhng = e nhn 3x + 2y = 0,5 (2)
T (1) v (2), suy ra:
Al
x 0,1
0,1.27.100
%m 32, 53%
y 0,1 8, 3

'
Vy p n ng l A.
Bi 11: Hn hp A gm 2 kim loi R
1
, R
2
c ho tr x, y khng i (R
1
, R
2
khng tc
dng vi nc v ng trc Cu trong dy hot ng ha hc ca kim loi). Cho hn
hp A phn ng hon ton vi dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 1,12 lt kh NO duy nht
ktc. Nu cho lng hn hp A trn phn ng hon ton vi dung dch HNO
3
th
thu c bao nhiu lt N
2
. Cc th tch kh o ktc.
A. 0,224 lt. B. 0,336 lt. C. 0,448 lt. D. 0,672 lt.
Gii : Trong bi ton ny c 2 th nghim:
TN1: R
1
v R
2
nhng e cho Cu
2+
chuyn thnh Cu sau Cu li nhng e
cho
5
N
+
thnh
2
N
+
(NO). S mol e do R
1
v R
2
nhng ra l
5
N
+
+ 3e
2
N
+
0,15
05 , 0
4 , 22
12 , 1

TN2: R
1
v R
2
trc tip nhng e cho
5
N
+
to ra N
2
. Gi x l s mol N
2
, th s
mol e thu vo l
2
5
N
+
+ 10e
0
2
N

10x x mol
Ta c: 10x = 0,15 x = 0,015
2
N
V
= 22,4.0,015 = 0,336 lt. p n B.
Bi 12: Ha tan hon ton 17,4 gam hn hp 3 kim loi Al, Fe, Mg trong dung dch
HCl thy thot ra 13,44 lit kh. Nu cho 8,7 gam hn hp tc dng dung dch NaOH
d thu c 3,36 lit kh (ktc). Vy cho 34,8 gam hn hp trn tc dng vi dung
dch CuSO
4
d, lc ly ton b cht rn thu c sau phn ng tc dng vi dung
dch HNO
3
nng, d th thu c V lit kh NO
2
. Th tch kh NO
2
(ktc) thu c l:
A. 26,88l B. 53,76l C. 13,44l D. 44,8l
Gii:
2
H
13, 44
n 0, 6(mol)
22, 4

Xt ton b qu trnh phn ng th: Al, Mg, Fe nhng e; H
+
(HCl), Cu
2+
nhn e.
M: 2H
+
+ 2e H
2;
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu u nhn 2 electron.
Nn e(H
+
) nhng = e(Cu
2+
) nhn

2
2
H Cu
Cu
n n n +
Qu trnh nhn e ca HNO
3
:
5 4
Ne N
++
+

7
e(
5
N
+
) nhn = e(Cu) nhng
Trong 34,8g hn hp:
2
NO Cu
n 2n 2.0, 6.2 2, 4(mol)

2
NO
V 2, 4.22, 4 53, 76(l)
. p n B.
Bi 12: t chy a gam FeS trong O
2
d, thu kh SO
2
. Trn SO
2
vi 1 lng O
2
ri
nung hn hp c xc tc V
2
O
5
c hn hp kh X. Cho X vo dung dch nc brm,
va ht 0,08 mol Br
2
v thu c dung dch Y. Cho Y tc dng vi dung dch NaOH
trung ha ht lng axit c trong Y va ht 0,8mol NaOH. Tnh a.
A. 24,64g B.25,52g C. 26,25g D. 28,16g
Gii: X c th tc dng vi nc brom nn X cn cha SO
2
.
Gi s mol ca SO
2
v SO
3
trong hn hp X ln lt l x v y.
Qu trnh nhng e:
4 6
S 2e N
+ +
x 2x x
Qu trnh nhn e: Br
2
+ 2e 2Br
-
0,08 0,16 0,16
Theo LBT electron: 2x = 0,16 x = 0,08
Dung dch Y c: HBr: 0,16 mol ; H
2
SO
4
:(x + y) mol

2
H OH H O
+
+
0,8 0,8
0,16 + 2(x + y) = 0,8 x + y = 0,32
y = 0,24
2
SO FeS
n x y 0, 32(mol) n 0, 32(mol) +
FeS
m 0, 32.88 28,16(g)
. Chn p n D.
Bi 13: Trn 60 gam bt Fe vi 30 gam bt lu hunh ri un nng (khng c khng
kh) thu c cht rn A. Ho tan A bng dung dch axit HCl d c dung dch B v
kh C. t chy C cn V lt O
2
(ktc). Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. V c gi
tr l:
A. 11,2 lt. B. 21 lt. C. 33 lt. D. 49 lt.
Gii: V
Fe S
30
n n
32
>
nn Fe d v S ht.
Kh C l hn hp H
2
S v H
2
. t C thu c SO
2
v H
2
O. Kt qu cui cng ca
qu trnh phn ng l Fe v S nhng e, cn O
2
thu e.
Nhng e: Fe Fe
2+
+ 2e

60
mol
56

60
2
56
mol
Nhn e: S S
+4
+ 4e

30
mol
32

30
4
32
mol
8
Thu e: Gi s mol O
2
l x mol.
O
2
+ 4e 2O
-2

x mol 4x
Ta c:
60 30
4x 2 4
56 32
+
gii ra x = 1,4732 mol.
2
O
V 22, 4 1, 4732 33
lt. p n C
Ngy 18/9/2012 Bui 2: (3 tit)
TNH CHT CA HALOGEN, OXI, LU HUNH
V CC HP CHT CA CHNG
I. Mc ch yu cu: - Khi qut c tnh cht ca cc n cht cng nh tnh cht
ca cc hp cht ca cc nguyn t thuc nhm VIIa, VIa
- Hc sinh bit vn dng cc nh lut cc cng thc gii bi tp c lin quan n
tnh cht ca cc n cht v cc hp cht ca cc nguyn t thuc nhm VIIa, VIa
III. Tin hnh:
A. L thuyt cn nm:
I. Nhm Hal : F
2
(Kh), Cl
2
(Kh), Br
2
(Lng), I
2
(Rn)
.

Tnh cht ha hc:
S oxi ha trong cc hp cht: F(-1), Cl, Br, I (-1, +1, +3, +5, +7)
- u c tnh oxi ha mnh trong F
2
, Cl
2
c tnh oxi ha rt mnh c bit l F
2
c
tnh oxi ha mnh nht trong tt c cc nguyn t, Br
2
, I
2
c yu hn trong Br
2
mnh hn I
2
.
- Tc dng hu ht cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt) to thnh hp cht mui halogenua kim
loi
- Tc dng vi mt s phi kim (cc Hal khng tc dng trc tip vi oxi, nit, ) ty
vo m in ca kim loi so vi Hal m cc Hal c tnh oxi ha hay tnh kh
- Tc dng H
2
O: 2F
2
+ 2H
2
O 4HF + O
2
Cl
2
+ H
2
O HCl + HClO
Br
2
+ H
2
O

HBr

+ HBrO
I
2
khng tc dng vi H
2
O nhng tan trong H
2
O
- Tc dng dd kim:
2F
2
+ 4NaOH 4NaF + O
2
+ 2H
2
O
Cl
2
+ NaOH NaCl + NaClO
Br
2
+ NaOH NaBr

+ NaBrO
- Tc dng H
2
Cht kh hirohalogenua tan trong nc to thnh axit tng ng
H
2
+ X
2
2HX
Tnh axit: HF < HCl < HBr < HI
- Cl
2
y Br
2
, I
2
ra khi mui, Br
2
y c I
2
ra khi mui. F
2
khng c phn ng
ny
9
- iu ch HX: HF, HCl dng pp sunfat. H
2
SO
4
+ 2NaX
C T
0
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2HX
HBr, HI khng iu ch c bng pp sunfat m . X
2
+ H
2
S
C T
0
2HX + S
- Nhn bit ion X
-
dng dd cha mui Ag
+
: X
-
+ Ag
+
AgX (tr AgF tan)
AgCl (trng), AgBr(vng nht), AgI(Vng ti)
II. Oxi Lu hunh:
Oxi c cc s oxi ha c th c trong cc hp cht(-2), tr hp cht F
2
O v H
2
O
2
Lu hunh c cc s oxi ha trong cc hp cht (-2, +4, +6)
A, So snh oxi v ozon:
So snh Oxi Ozon
Cng thc phn t O
2
O
3
Cng thc cu to O = O
O
O
O O
O
O
hay
Nhit si,
0
C -183
0
C -112
0
C
tan 3,1ml/100ml
nc 20
0
C
49 ml/ 100ml nc 0
0
C
Tc dng vi Ag iu kin
thng
Khng
0
0 0 1 2
3 2 2
2 Ag O Ag O O
+
+ +
Tc dng vi dung dch KI
(h tinh bt)
Khng 1 0 2 0
2 3
2 2
2 2 K I O H O K O H I O

+ + + +
=> Ozon c tnh oxi ha mnh hn oxi
B, So snh oxi vi lu hunh
Cc phn ng Oxi Lu hunh
Tn
h
oxi
ha
Vi hidro
0
2
2( )
2( ) 2( ) 2
1
2
258,83
k
k k
H O H O
H kJ
+

Phn ng c th gy n
0 2
( ) ( )
2( ) 2
20, 08
r k
k
H S H S
H kJ
Phn ng thun nghch. Ta nhit t

hn
Vi kim
loi
0 2
2 2 3
0 2
2
4 3 2
2 2
Al O Al O
Cu O Cu O
+
+
0 2
2 3
0 2
2 3 Al S Al S
Cu S Cu S
+
+
Vi hp
cht
Vi nhiu hp cht C
2
H
5
OH,
CH
4
, ..
Khng oxi ha c cc cht k ct
bn
Tn
h
kh
Vi
halogen
Khng phn ng 0 6
2 6
3 S F S F
+
+
Vi oxi
0 4
2 2
S O S O
+
+
Vi hp
cht
Tc dng vi KNO
3
, KClO
3
, HNO
3
,
H
2
SO
4
c nng,
10
0 4
2 4 2 2
2 3 2 H SO S S O H O
+
+ +
0 4
3 2
2 3 3 2 KClO S S O KCl
+
+ +
=> Oxi l cht oxi ha mnh; lu hunh va l cht oxi ha (yu hn oxi) va
l cht kh.
B. Bi tp vn dng:
Bi 1: Hon thnh s phn ng( ghi r k)
NaCl
(1)
Cl
2
(2)
HCl
(3)
CaCl
2
(4)
AgCl
(5) (6)

NaClO CaOCl
2

(7)
HClO
Gii: 1. 2NaCl + 2H
2
O
dpdd
mnx
2NaOH + Cl
2
+ H
2
2. Cl
2
+ H
2

as
2HCl
3. 2HCl + CaO CaCl
2
+ H
2
O
4. CaCl
2
+ 2AgNO
3
2AgCl + Ca(NO
3
)
2
5. Cl
2
+ 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O
6. Cl
2
+ Ca(OH)
2(sa
0
30 C
CaOCl
2
+ H
2
O
7. 2CaOCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
CaCl
2
+ CaCO
3
+ 2HClO
Bi 2: Bng phng php ho hc no c th xc nh :
a) Cl
2
ln trong kh HCl
b) Thu c Cl
2
t hn hp kh cu a.
c) Thu c HCl t hn hp kh cu a.
cho hn hp tc dng vi Cu, ch c Cl
2
phn ng.
Gii: a) Cho hn hp kh qua dd NaBr hoc NaI, Cl
2
s oxi ho NaBr hoc NaI thnh
Br
2
hoc I
2
=> dd khng mu ban u s chuyn sang mu vng hoc mu nu.
Cl
2
+ 2NaBr
2NaCl + Br
2
Cl
2
+ 2NaI
2NaCl + I
2

b) Cho hn hp kh trn tc dng vi MnO
2
, HCl b oxi ho thnh Cl
2
.
4HCl + MnO
2

0
t
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+2 H
2
O
c) Cho hn hp kh qua H
2
nung nng , Cl
2
s chuyn thnh HCl
H
2
+ Cl
2

0
t
2HCl
Bi 3: Bng phng php ho hc nhn bit cc dung dch sau : KCl, KF, KI, KBr.
Gii:
Mt
TT
KCl KF KBr KI
Dd
AgNO
3
trng Ko hin
tng
vng
nht
vng
m
KCl + AgNO
3
AgCl + KNO
3
KBr + AgNO
3
AgBr + KNO
3
KI+ AgNO
3
AgI + KNO
3
11
Bi 4: Cho hn hp A gm Cu v Mg vo dd HCl d thu c 5,6lit kh v 1 cht rn
khng tan B. Dng dd H
2
SO
4
(c)nng ho tan Bthu c 2,24 lt SO
2
. cc kh o
ktc.
a) vit cc ptpu xy ra.
b) tnh khi lng hn hp A ban u.
Gii: a) Mg + 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
(1)
Cu + 2H
2
SO
4()

0
t
CuSO
4
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O (2)
b)
2
5, 6
0, 25( )
22, 4
H
n mol
Theo (1) :
2
0, 25( )
Mg H
n n mol
=> m
Mg
= 0,25.24 = 6(g)
2
2, 24
0,1( )
22, 4
SO
n mol
Theo (2) :
2
0,1( )
Cu SO
n n mol
M
Cu
= 0,1.64 = 6,4(g)
m
A
= m
Mg
+ m
Cu
= 6 + 6,4 = 12,4 (g)
Bi 5: Vit cc ptpu ca HCl vi MnO
2,
KMnO
4
, K
2
Cr
2
O
7
.
a. Tm s mol ca MnO
2,
KMnO
4
, K
2
Cr
2
O
7
.Vy phn ng no thu c nhiu Cl
2
nht?
b. Cc cht oxi ho c s mol bng nhau th ptpu no thu c nhiu Cl
2
nht?
Gii: 4HCl + MnO
2

0
t
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+2 H
2
O (1)
16HCl + 2KMnO
4
2MnCl
2
+ 5Cl
2
+ 8H
2
O+ 2KCl (2)
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 14HCl 2CrCl
3
+ 2KCl + Cl
2
+ 7H
2
O (3)
a)
2 4 2 2 7
( )
MnO KMnO K Cr O
m m m a g
Theo (1) :
n
2 2
87
Cl MnO
a
n n
=0,0115a(mol)
Theo (2) :

2 4
5
2, 5. 0, 0158 ( )
2 158
Cl KMnO
a
n n a mol
Theo (3) :

2 2 2 7
3 3. 0, 0102 ( )
294
Cl K Cr O
a
n n a mol
=> (2) thu c nhiu Cl
2
nht.
b)
2 4 2 2 7
( )
MnO KMnO K Cr O
n n n b mol
Theo (1) :
2 2
( )
Cl MnO
n n b mol
Theo (2) :
2 4
5
2, 5. ( )
2
Cl KMnO
n n b mol
Theo (3) :
2 2 2 7
3 3. ( )
Cl K Cr O
n n b mol
=> (3) thu c nhiu Cl
2
.
12
Bi 5: Cho 19,05 (g) hn hp KF v KCl tc dng ht vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
c thu
c 6,72 lt kh (ktc). Xc nh % theo khi lng ca hn hp mui.
Gii: KF + H
2
SO
4
KHSO
4
+ HF (1)
KCl + H
2
SO
4
KHSO
4
+ HCl (2)
Gi x,y ln lt l s mol ca KF v KCl.
m
hh
= 58x + 74,5y = 19,05 (3)
n
kh
=
6, 72
0, 3( )
22, 4
mol
Theo (1),(2) : x + y = 0,3 (4)
T (3), (4) : x = 0,2
y = 0,1
% m
KF
=
58.0, 2
.100 60, 89%
19, 05

% m
KCl
= 39,11%
Bi 6: hon thnh s phn ng
1) KMnO
4

(1)
O
2
(2)
SO
2
(6) (5) (4) (3)
SO
3
KClO
3
CuO CO
2
2)
Gii:
:
S
FeS
SO
2
H
2
S
SF
6
Na
2
S
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
1)
1. 2KMnO
4

0
t
K
2
MnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ O
2
2. O
2
+ S
0
t
SO
2
3. 2SO
2
+ O
2

0
t
2SO
3
4. O
2
+ C
0
t
CO
2
5. O
2
+ Cu
0
t
CuO
6. 2KClO
3

0
, t xt
2KCl + O
2
2)
1. S + Fe
0
t
FeS
2. S + O
2

0
t
SO
2
13
3. S + H
2

0
t
H
2
S
4. S + 3F
2

0
t
SF
6

5. S + 2Na
0
t
Na
2
S
Bi 7: Bng phng php ho hc hy nhn bit cc kh sau: H
2
S, O
2
, O
3
, HCl
Gii: Dn ln lt tng kh qua dung dch KI c h tinh bt.
+ h tinh bt ho xanh : kh O
3
O
3
+ 2KI + H
2
O 2KOH + I
2
+ O
2
+ khng c hin tng g : H
2
S, O
2
, HCl
Dn ln lt 3 kh cn li qua dung dch AgNO
3
+ kh to kt ta en : H
2
S
H
2
S + 2AgNO
3
Ag
2
S + 2HNO
3
+ kh to kt ta trng : HCl
HCl + AgNO
3
AgCl + HNO
3
+ khng c hin tng g : O
2
Bi 8: C 100ml dd H
2
SO
4
98% ( D = 1,84 g/cm
3
). Ngi ta mun pha long th tch
H
2
SO
4
trn thnh dung dch H
2
SO
4
40%.
a) tnh th tch H
2
O cn dng .
b) Khi pha long phi tin hnh nh th no?
Gii: a)
2 4
ddH 98% SO
m
= D.V = 1,84.100 = 184(g)
184g H
2
SO
4
98% 40
40%
2
H O
m
0% 58
2
2
184 40 184.58
266, 8( )
58 40
H O
H O
m g
m

2
2
266, 7
266, 7( )
1
H O
H O
m
V ml
D

Bi 9: Cho 18,4 g hn hp 2 kim loi Zn, Al vo dd H
2
SO
4
long d thu c 11,2 lt
kh (ktc).
a) tm khi lng mi kim loi.
b) tm th tch dd H
2
SO
4
2M bit trung ho lng H
2
SO
4
d bng 200 ml KOH 2M.
Gii: Hc sinh ln bng lm bi.
a) 2Al + 3H
2
SO
4
(l) Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
(1)
x 1,5x 1,5x
Zn + H
2
SO
4
(l) ZnSO
4
+ H
2
(2)
y y y
2
11, 2
0, 5 1, 5
22, 4
H
n x y +
(3)
m
hh
= 27x + 65y = 18,4 (4)
t (3), (4) => x = 0,2 ; y = 0,2
m
Al
= 0,2.27 = 5,4 (g) ; m
Zn
= 0,2.65 = 13 (g)
14
b) theo (1) v (2) :
2 4 2 4 2 4
(1) (2)
1, 5 0, 5( )
H SO pu H SO H SO
n n n x y mol +
H
2
SO
4
+ 2KOH K
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O (5)
2 4
1 1
.2.0, 2 0, 2( )
2 2
du
H SO KOH
n n mol
2 4 2 4 2 4
0, 5 0, 2 0, 7( )
H SO bd H SO pu H SO du
n n n mol + +
2 4
2
0, 7
0, 35( )
2
H SO M
V l
Bi 10: m gam CaS tc dng vi m
1
gam dd HBr 8,58% thu c m
2
gam dd trong
mui c nng 9,6% v 672 ml kh H
2
S (ktc)
a) tnh m, m
1
, m
2

b) dd HBr dng d hay dng . Nu d hy tnh C
%
HBr d.
Gii: a) CaS + 2HBr CaCl
2
+ H
2
S
2
0, 672
0, 03( )
22, 4
H S
n mol
Gi s CaS ht :
2 2
aS
0, 03( )
C CaBr H S
n n n mol
m = m
CaS
= 0,03.72 = 2,16(g)
2
0, 03.200 6( )
CaBr
m g
2
0, 03.34 1, 02( )
H S
m g
m
2
= m
dd sau p
=
6
.100 62, 5( )
9, 6
g
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c :
m
CaS
+ m
dd HBr
= m
dd sau
+
2
H S
m
m
dd HBr
= m
dd sau
+
2
H S
m
- m
CaS

= 62,5 + 1,02 2,16 = 61,36(g)
m
HBr bd
=
61, 36.8, 58
5, 26( )
100
g
m
HBr pu
= 0,03.2.81 = 4,86 (g)
m
HBr d
= 5,26 4,86 = 0,4(g)
C
%HBr d
=
0, 4
.100 0, 64%
62, 5

Bi 11: Trn 11,2 g bt Fe v 4 g bt S trong chn s em nung khng c khng kh
phn ng xy ra to FeS vi hiu sut 80%. Ly cht rn tm c trong chn s
cho tc dng va vi V lt dung dch HCl 1M, thot ra a(mol) hn hp kh v m(g)
cht rn khng tan. Vit tt c phn ng xy ra. Tnh gi tr V, a, m.
Gii: a) Cc phn ng xy ra :
Fe + S FeS (1)
V c hiu sut nn cht rn gm : FeS , Fe d , S d
FeS + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
S (2)
15
Fe + 2 HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
(3)
b) Tnh gi tr V , a , m :
Theo (1) nu hiu sut = 100% th S ht , Fe d
Khi hiu sut 80% nn : S d = 0,8 gam = a ; S mol S phn ng = S mol Fe
phn ng = S mol FeS sinh ra = 0,1 mol . Vy s mol Fe = 0,1 mol
Theo (2) v (3) S mol H
2
S = S mol FeS = 0,1 mol . S mol H
2
= S mol Fe =
0,1 mol
=> a = 0,2 mol , s mol HCl dng 0,4 mol => V = 0,4 lt
Bi 12: em hn hp gm 0,1 mol Mg v 0,2 mol Al tc dng vi mt lng H
2
SO
4
,n va thu c hn hp mui, 0,075 mol S v 0,175 mol SO
2
Tnh khi lng hn hp mui to thnh
Tnh s mol H
2
SO
4
phn ng va .
Gii: a) Tnh khi lng hn hp mui
C 0,1 mol Mg to ra 0,1 mol MgSO
4
(bo ton khi lng)
C 0,2 mol Al to ra 0,1 mol Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
(bo ton khi lng)
Vy khi lng hn hp mui = (120 . 0,1 + 342 . 0,1) = 46,2 gam
b) Tnh s mol H
2
SO
4
c nng dng va
Phn ng xy ra :
3Mg + 4H
2
SO
4
3MgSO
4
+ S + 4H
2
O (1)
Mg + 2H
2
SO
4
MgSO
4
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O (2)
2Al + 4H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ S + 4H
2
O (3)
2Al + 6H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3SO
2
+ 6H
2
O (4)
Theo (1) v (3) s mol H
2
SO
4
dng = 4 s mol S = (0,075 . 4 )mol =0,3 mol
Theo (2) v (4) s mol H
2
SO
4
dng = 2 s mol SO
2
= (0,175 . 2)mol = 0,35 mol
Vy s mol H
2
SO
4
dng va = 0,65 mol
Bi 13: em 33,8 gam H
2
SO
4
.3SO
3
ha tan vo 800 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
19,6% (d
= 1,25g/ml) thu c dung dch A . Tnh nng % dung dch A .
Gii: Tnh nng 5 cht tan trong dung dch A
Trong 33,8 g H
2
SO
4
.3SO
3
c
338
8 , 33
mol = 0,1 mol H
2
SO
4
v 3 . 0,1 mol SO
3
Trong 800ml dd H
2
SO
4
19,6% (d=1,25 g/ml) c
4 2
SO H
n
=
98 . 100
6 , 19 . 25 , 1 . 800
= 2 mol

O H
n
2
=
18 . 100
) 6 , 19 100 .( 25 , 1 . 800
= 44,67mol
Ta c phn ng : SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
(1)
V
O H
n
2
>>
3
SO
n
Do sau (1) trong dd A c :
Khi lng cht tan l H
2
SO
4
= (0,1 + 0,3 + 2)98 = 235,2 g
Khi lng dd A = 33,8 + 800 . 1,25 = 1033,8 g
Nng % H
2
SO
4
=
% 75 , 22 % 100 .
8 , 1033
2 , 235

16
Bi 14: em 6,72 gam bt Fe cho vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
c , nng c cha 0,3 mol
H
2
SO
4
to ra kh SO
2
v thu c dung dch A . Tnh s mol tng cht c trong
dung dch A .
Gii: Tnh s mol tng cht trong dd A
Ta c phn ng : 2Fe + 6H
2
SO
4
.nng Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3SO
2
+ 6H
2
O (1)
Vi nFe =
56
72 , 6
= 0,12 mol ;
4 2
SO H
n
= 0,3 mol .
Vy sau (1) Fe d 0,02 mol ; H
2
SO
4
ht ; Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
sinh ra 0,05 mol
Fe d li tc dng ln Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
theo phn ng : Fe + Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
2FeSO
4
(2)
Sau (2) Fe ht , Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
d 0,03 mol ; FeSO
4
sinh ra 0,06 mol
Vy dd A cha 0,06 mol FeSO
4
v 0,03 mol Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3

Bi 15: em 17,8 gam hn hp 2 kim loi Mg v Zn chia lm 2 phn bng nhau .
P1 : Cho tc dng vi 0,2 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
aM thot ra 0,15 mol H
2

P2 : Cho tc dng vi 0,3 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
aM thot ra 0,2 mol H
2
.
Tt c phn ng xy ra hon ton .
Tnh aM
Tnh khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp u .
Gii: a) Tnh aM
Phn ng xy ra : Mg + H
2
SO
4
MgSO
4
+ H
2
;
Zn + H
2
SO
4
ZnSO
4
+ H
2

Trong P2 lng H
2
SO
4
dng nhiu hn P1 , dn n lng H
2
nhiu hn P1 . Vy sau
P1 lng H
2
SO
4
ht , lng kim loi cn d
4 2
SO H
n
dng P1 =
2
H
n
thot ra P1 = 0,15 mol => aM =
2 , 0
15 , 0
= 0,75
b) Tnh khi lng tng kim loi :
4 2
SO H
n
em dng P2 = 0,3 . 0,75 mol = 0,225 mol
4 2
SO H
n
phn ng P2 =
2
H
n
P2 = 0,2 mol < 0,225 mol
Vy sau P2 kim loi ht , H
2
SO
4
d
Gi x , y ln lt l s mol Mg , Zn trong hn hp u , ta c :
Theo (1) v (2) S mol 2 kim loi : x + y = 0,4 (*)
Khi lng 2 kim loi : 24x + 65y = 17,8 (**)
T (*) v (**) => n
Mg
= n
Zn
= 0,2 mol => m
Mg
= 4,8 g
m
Zn
= 13 g

Ngy 24/9/2012 Bui 3: (3 tit)
S IN LI, IN LI, HNG S PHN LI,
TNH NNG CC ION TRONG DUNG DICH
I. Mc ch yu cu: - Luyn tp li nhn bit dd in li, cht in li mnh , yu. vit
phng trnh in li, tnh in li, hng s phn li
17
- Lm c cc bi tp tnh in li, t in li tm nng cc ion, t hng s
phn li tnh nng cc ion trong dd v ngc li
III. Tin hnh:
A. L thuyt cn nm:
I. S in li: l s phn li ra ion dng (cation) v ion m (anion) ca cht in li khi
tan trong nc hoc nng chy.
Cht in li l cc axit, baz, mui.
Cht in li mnh: - Axit mnh(HI, HBr. HCl, H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
, HClO
4
, )
- Baz mnh (BZ tan)
- Tt c cc mui:
Qu trnh in li ca cc cht nh sau:
Cht in li Ion dng (Cation) Ion m (Anion)
Axit
Baz
Mui
H
+
Kim loi hoc NH
4
+
Kim loi hoc NH
4
+
Gc axit
OH
-
Gc axit
- in li (
):

=
no
n

trong n: s phn t (s mol) phn t in li
n
o
: tng s phn t(s mol) phn t ho tan
lm dc VD:
=4/100 = 0,04 hay 4%

Suy ra c 0 <
1 hay 0 <
100 %
Nm c cht in li mnh u c
=1
- Hng s phn li (K
pl
):
Nm c cht in li yu 0<
< 1
CH
3
COOH
CH
3
COO
-
+ H
+
(1)
Nm c
Hng s cn bng ca (1) gi l hng s phn li

[ ]
3
3
C
CH COO H
K
CH COOH
+
1 1
] ]

K
c
ch ph thuc bn cht ca cht in li v nhit
- Tnh nng ion trong cc dd in li:
Bc 1: Vit c pt in li ca cc cht:
Bc 2: Tm s mol ion ( da theo s mol cht, da vo khi lng ion...)
Bc 3: Tm th tch dd cha ion (v: lt).
Bc 4: Tnh nng ion [ion] =
dd
ion
v
n
(mol/lt)
II. Kin tc b sung v pp gii ton:
- nh lut trung ha in:
-Trong mt dung dch, tng ion dng = tng ion m.
18
Vd1: Mt dung dch c cha: a mol Na
+
, b mol Al
3+
, c mol Cl
-
v d mol SO
4
2-
. Tm
biu thc quan h gia a, b, c, d?
S: a + 3b = c + 2d.
-Dung dch c tng nng cc ion cng ln th cng dn in tt.
Vd2: Trong cc dung dch sau c cng nng sau, dung dch no dn in tt nht ?
A. NaCl. B. CaCl
2
. C. K
3
PO
4
. D. Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
p n: D
-Tng s gam cc ion s bng tng s gam cc cht tan c trong dung dch .
Vd3: Mt dung dch c cha: a mol Na
+
, b mol Al
3+
, c mol Cl
-
v d mol SO
4
2-
. Tm
khi lng cht tan trong dung dch ny theo a,b, c, d ?
S: 23a + 27b + 35,5c + 96d.
- Khi lng cht tan trong dd cht in li:
- Trong dd cha nhiu cht in li tng khi lng mui bng tng khi lng cc
ion.
Vd1: DD A cha cc ion Na
+
(0,1 mol), Mg
2+
(0,05 mol), SO
4
2-
(0,04mol), Cl
-
. C can
dung dch thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan:
S: 23.0,1 + 24.0,05 + 0,04.96 + 35,5.0,12 = 11,6g
Quan h gia K
a
v K
b
:
TQ: Axit Baz + H
+
Hng s phn li axit K
a
, hng s phn li baz K
b
th
14
w
a
b b
K 10
K
K K

Vd: HF F
-
+ H
+
K
a
H
2
O H
+
+ OH
-
14
W
K 10
(1)
F
-
+ H
+
HF
a
1
K
(2)
(1) + (2)
F
-
+ H
2
O HF + OH
-
-
14
b
F
a
10
K K
K

B. Bi tp vn dng:
Bi 1: a) V sao KNO
3
, Ba(OH)
2
, H
2
SO
3
l nhng cht in li cn C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
(glixerol), C
6
H
12
O
6
(glucoz) l nhng cht khng in li? Gii thch?
b) Dung dch KClO
3
(kaliclorat), dd NaClO (natri hipoclorit) dn in c, cc dd
C
2
H
5
OH (ancol etylic), HCHO (anehitfomic) khng dn c in. Cht no l cht
in li cht khng in li?
Gii: a) Lin kt ha hc trong cc phn t KNO
3
, Ba(OH)
2
, H
2
SO
3
l lin kt ion
hay lin kt cng ho tr c cc mnh nn khi ha tan trong dung mi phn cc (H
2
O)
chng d dng phn li thnh ion. Glixerol, glucoz c lin kt cng ha tr c cc
nhng yu nn rt kh phn li thnh ion.
b) KClO
3
, NaClO l cht in li:
KClO
3
K
+
+ ClO
3
-
NaClO Na
+
+ ClO
-
19
C
2
H
5
OH, HCHO l cht khng in li
Bi 2: Vit phng trnh in li cc cht sau y trong nc:
a) H
2
SO
4
, HclO
4
, NaOH, Ba(OH)
2
, Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
, Al(NO
3
)
3
b) HclO (axit yu), KClO
3
, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, NH
4
HCO
3
, K
2
SO
3
, Na
3
PO
4
, CaBr
2
.
c) Cc axit yu: H
2
S, HClO, H
3
PO
4
, H
2
SO
3
, C
3
H
7
COOH
Hng dn:
- Cht in li mnh vit bng mi tn mt chiu
- Cht in li yu vit bng mi tn hai chiu.
- Cht in li nhiu nc vit in li cc cht song song.
Bi 3: Tnh nng mol/lt cc ion trong mi dung dch sau:
a) 100ml dd cha 4,62g Al(NO
3
)
3
b) 0,2 lt dd c cha 11,7 gam NaCl.
p s: a) [Al
3+
] = 0,2M, [NO
3
-
] = 0,6M
b) [ Na
+
] = [Cl
-
] = 1M.
Bi 4: Tnh nng ion trong dd thu c khi:
a) Trn 200ml dd NaCl 2M vi 200ml dd CaCl
2
0,5M.
b) Trn 400ml dd Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
0,2M vi 100ml dd FeCl
3
0,3M.
c) Trn 200ml dd cha 12g MgSO
4
vi 100ml dd cha 34,2g Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
p s::
a) [Na
+
] = 1M, [Ca
2+
] = 0,25M, [Cl
-
] =1,5M
b) [Fe
3+
] = 0,38M, [SO
4
2-
] = 0,48M, [Cl
-
] = 0,18M.
c) [Mg
2+
] = 0,2M, [Al
3+
] = 0,4M, [SO
4
2-
] = 0,8M
Bi 5: a) Tnh th tch dd KOH 14% (D=1,128g/ml) c cha s mol ion OH
-
bng s
mol OH
-
c trong 0,2 lt dd NaOH 0,5M
b) Tnh th tch dd HCl 0,5M c cha s mol H
+
bng s mol H
+
c trong 0,3 lt dd
HNO
3
0,2M
p s: a) 89ml, b) 120ml
Bi 6: a) Ha tan 12,5g tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O trong nc thnh 200ml dd. Tnh nng
mol cc ion trong dd thu c.
b) Ha tan 8,08g Fe(NO
3
)
3
.9H
2
O trong nc thnh 500ml dd. Tnh nng mol/lt
cc ion trong dd thu c.
p s: a) [Cu
2+
] = [SO
4
2-
] = 0,25M. b) 0,04M, 0,12M
Bi 7: Tnh nng mol cc ion c trong dd CH
3
COOh 1,2M bit ch c 1,4% phn
t CH
3
COOH in li thnh ion.
p s: [CH
3
COO
-
] = [H
+
] = 0,0168M
Bi 8: Cn bao nhiu ml dd HCl 2M trn vi 180ml dd H
2
SO
4
3M c mt dd c
nng mol/lt ca H
+
l 4,5 M. Cho bit H
2
SO
4
in li hon ton.
p s: V = 0,108 lt = 108 ml.
Bi 9: a) Hy tnh nng ca dung dch axit HA 0,010 M, bit pK
a
ca axit HA l
3,75.
b) nh gi nh hng ca HCl 0,0010 M n in li ca HA.
Gii:
20
V K
a
.C
HA
>>K
w
b qua cn bng phn li ca nc.
Xt cn bng: HA H
+
+ A
-
C 0,10
[] 0,10-x x x

] [ 1 0 . 2 4 8 , 1 1 0
0 1 , 0
3 3 5
2

A x K
x
x
a
a= = 1.248.10
-3
/0,01

= 0,1248 = 12,48%.
Bi 10: Cho bit in li ca dung dch axit HA 0,10 M l 1,31%. Tnh pK
a
b, in li thay i th no khi pha long dung dch HA gp 10 ln?
Kt lun.
Gii:
a, Chp nhn b qua s in li ca nc.
T nh ngha
3 2
1 0 . 3 1 , 1 1 0 . 3 1 , 1 . 1 0 , 0 . ] [ ] [
] [
+

H A
H A
C A H
C
A

Xt cn bng: HA H
+
+ A
-
K
a
C 0,10
[] (0,10-1,31.10
-3
) 1,31.10
-3
1,31.10
-3
p dng LTDKL cho cn bng trn:
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
( )
76 , 4 5
3
2
3
10 10 . 739 , 1
10 . 31 , 1 1 , 0
10 . 31 , 1 .

HA
A H
K
a
Kim tra gi thit gn ng: K
a
.C
HA
= 10
-5,76
>>K
w
, do vic b qua ca s phn li ca
nc trn l chp nhn c. Vy: pK
a
=4,76.
b, Pha long dung dch HA thnh 10 ln C
Ha
=0,10 M
HA H
+
+ A
-
K
a
=10
-4,76
[] 0,10-x x x
4 7 2 7 6 , 4
2
1 0 . 0 8 , 4 0 1 0 . 7 3 9 , 1 1 0
0 1 , 0

+
x x
x
x
[ ]
% 08 , 4
01 , 0
10 . 08 , 4
% 100 .
4

HA
C
A
Nh vy khi pha long dung dch, in li tng, ngha l in li t l nghch vi

nng .
Bi 11: Tnh s gam benzoate natri (C
6
H
5
COOHcn ly khi ha tan vo 1 lt nc
th pH ca dung dch thu c l 7,50.
Gii:
Gi a l s gam benzoat natri cn pha va 1 lt nc.
144
ONa
5 6

CO H C
C
Cn bng:
21
H
2
O H
+
+ OH
-
K
w
=10
-14
(1)
C
6
H
5
COO
-
+ H
2
O C
6
H
5
COOH + OH
-
K
b
=10
-9,8
V pH=7,50 7,00 nn khng b qua (1)
p dng KP vi MK l H
2
O v C
6
H
5
COO
-
:
[ ] [ ] [ ] COOH H C OH H h
5 6
]
+
144
10
10
10 10
10
.
144
10 10
34 , 3
5 , 6
5 , 7 2 , 4
5 , 7
5 , 6 5 , 7

+

a
gam 0818 , 0
Bi 12: a, Tnh in li ca dung dch axit HA (dung dch A) c pH=3,00 bit
pK
a
=5,00.
b, Nu pha long dung dch gp 5 ln th in li ca HA s bng bao nhiu?
Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c.
p s: a, a=9,9.10
-3
b, a= 2,2%; pH=3,35.
Bi 13: Tnh pH, in li ca dung dch axit fomic 0,010 M. in li thay
i ra sao khi c mt NH
4
Cl 1,00 M?
p s: pH= 2,90; a=12,48%, a khng i.
Bi 14: Tnh s gam KCN phi ly khi ha tan 100,00ml nc thu c dung
dch cp pH=11,00 (b qua s thay i th tch trong qu trnh ha tan).
p s: 0,2968 gam.
Bi 15: Bit pH ca dung dch NH
2
OH 0,0010 M l 7,49; pH ca dung dch
C
5
H
5
N 1,00.10
-5
M l 7,20. Hy tnh hng s phn li ca cc axit lin hp.
p s: 5,98 v 5,18
Ngy 3/10/2012 Bui 4: (3 tit)
AXIT, BAZ, HDDROXXIT LNG TNH, MUI, PH CA DD
I. Mc ch yu cu: - Luyn tp axit, baz, mui, hiroxit lng tnh, tch s ion
ca nc, tnh pH ca dd
- Nhn bit c cht no l axit, baz, lng tnh, tnh axit, baz, trung tnh lng
tnh ca dd mui
- Gii cc bi tp v axit , baz, xc nh pH v lin quan n pH.
III. Tin hnh:
A. L thuyt cn nm:
I. Mui
1. Mui l hp cht m phn t gm cation kim loi (hoc amoni) lin kt vi anion
gc axit.
Ngoi l: Ag C C Ag v CH
3
CH
2
O Na cng l mui.
22
2. Dung dch mui: Khi tan trong nc, mui phn ly thnh cc ion. Dung dch mui
c cha cation kim loi (amoni) v anion gc axit.
3. Mu ca dung dch mui:
CuSO
4
khan : mu trng.
dd CuSO
4
: xanh lam (CuSO
4
.5H
2
O)
dd FeSO
4
: xanh lc nht(FeSO
4
.7H
2
O)
dd KMnO
4
: tm l mu ca MnO
4
dd K
2
MnO
4
: xanh lc l mu MnO
4
2
.
4. Phn loi mui:
a) Mui trung ha: Trong gc axit khng cn nguyn t hiro c kh nng thay th bi
kim loi .
- Mui thng: gm 1 loi cation v 1 anion.
- Mui kp: gm nhiu loi cation khc nhau kt hp vi mt loi anion. V d:
KAl(SO
4
)
2
- phn.
- Mui hn tp: 1 loi cation kt hp vi nhiu loi anion khc.
V d:
O Cl
Ca
Cl
hay CaOCl
2
: clorua vi.
b) Mui axit: Trong gc axit vn cn hiro c kh nng thay th bi kim loi . Thng thng
gc axit c hidro l mui axit .Ngoi l

H O
P O
H O |
H
hay Na
2
HPO
3
l mui trung ha.
5. Tnh axit - baz trong dung dch mui
S tng tc gia cc ion trong mui vi nc gi l s thy phn mui v thng
l qu trnh thun nghch.

Ch c gc axt trung bnh-yu, baz trung bnh-yu mi b thy phn.
Mui Dung dch pH
a
m
+ b
m
trung tnh 7
a
m
+ b
y
Axit < 7
a
y
+ b
m
baz > 7
a
y
+ b
y
ty qu trnh cho hay nhn H
+
mnh hn ty
23
B1. Vit phng trnh in ly.
B2. Nhn xt xem cc ion thuc loi no? (axit, baz, trung tnh hay lng
tnh)
B3. Vit phn ng vi H
2
O (phn ng hai chiu) to ion H
+
(H
3
O
+
) hay OH
-
.
B4. Kt lun l mi trng g? Tr li v sao? So snh pH vi 7.
7.
Mui ca axit mnh v baz mnh khng b thy phn.
V d: NaCl ha tan trong nc, NaCl khng thy phn, pH = 7.
Mui ca axit yu v baz mnh b thy phn to ra dung dch c tnh baz.
V d: Thy phn Na
2
CO
3
:
Na
2
CO
3
= 2Na
+
+ CO
3
2
CO
3
2
+ H
2
O HCO
3
+ OH
dung dch c OH
pH > 7.
Mui ca axit mnh v baz yu b thy phn to ra dung dch c tnh axit.
V d: Thy phn NH
4
Cl: NH
4
Cl = NH
4
+
+ Cl
-
Ph.trnh ion: NH
4
+
+ H
2
O NH
3
+ H
3
O
+
dung dch c H
3
O
+
pH < 7.
Mui ca axit yu v baz yu b thy phn to ra dung dch trung tnh nn nhng
mui ny thc ra khng tn ti trong dung dch.
V d: AlN + 3H
2
O = Al(OH)
3
+ NH
3
Fe
2
(CO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O = 2Fe(OH)
3
+ 3CO
2
Al
2
(CO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O = 2Al(OH)
3
+ 3CO
2
Mt s trng hp c bit: Mt s mui li c kh nng thy phn hon ton trong

dung dch (hu ht l do cc cht to thnh khng phn ng c vi nhau cho phn ng
thun nghch).
V d:
a) Cho dung dch Na
2
CO
3
tc dng vi dung dch FeCl
3
hoc AlCl
3
c CO
2
v kt ta
to thnh. V: CO
3
2
+ H
2
O HCO
3
+ OH
HCO
3
CO
2
+ OH
Fe
3+
+ 3 OH
= Fe(OH)
3
3 Na
2
CO
3
+ 2 FeCl
3
+ 3 H
2
O = 2 Fe(OH)
3
+ 3 CO
2
+ 6 NaCl
b) Cho dung dch NH
4
Cl tc dng vi dung dch NaAlO
2
to kt ta v c kh bay ra.
NH
4
Cl = NH
4
+
+ Cl
NH
4
+
+ H
2
O NH
3
+ H
3
O
+
NaAlO
2
= Na
+
+ AlO
2
AlO
2
+ H
3
O
+
= Al(OH)
3
NH
4
Cl + NaAlO
2
+ H
2
O = Al(OH)
3
+ NH
3
+ NaCl
II- Axit - baz
24
1. Axit c cc dng sau
- Phn t trung ha: HCl , HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
, ...
- Ion dng: NH
4
+
, Fe
3+
, Al
3+
, ...
- Ion m: HSO
4
.
HCl + H
2
O = H
3
O
+
+ Cl
HSO
4
+ H
2
O = H
3
O
+
+ SO
4
2
NH
4
+
+ H
2
O NH
3
+ H
3
O
+

Fe
3+
+ 3 H
2
O Fe(OH)
3
+ 3 H
+
To mi trng axit, lm qu tm ng hng, c kh nng cho proton.
2. Baz c cc dng
- Phn t trung ha: NaOH , NH
3
, ...
- Ion gc axit yu: S
2
, SO
3
2
, CO
3
2-
, ...
To ra mi trng OH
qu tm ng xanh, c kh nng nhn proton.

NH
3
+ H
2
O NH
4
+ OH
S
2
+ H
2
O HS
+ OH
CO
3
2
+ H
2
O HCO
3
+ OH
.
3. Nhng ion trung tnh
- Ion kim loi mnh: K
+
, Na
+
, Ca
2+
, Ba
2+
, ...
- Ion gc axit mnh: Cl
, SO
4
2
, NO
3
, Br
.
4. Nhng cht lng tnh (va cho H
+
va nhn H
+
)
- Al(OH)
3
, Zn(OH)
2
, Be(OH)
2
, Cr(OH)
3
.
- Mui axit ca axit yu: NaHCO
3
.
HCO
3
CO
3
2
+ H
+
HCO
3
+ H
+
H
2
CO
3
.
- H
2
O l cht lng tnh:
H
2
O + H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ OH
II- pH ca dung dch:

Mt s im cn lu
- Tch s nng ca H
2
O: Trong mi dung dch ta lun c [H
+
].[OH
-
] = 10
-14
- pH ca mt dung dch c xc nh theo cng thc:
pH = - log[H
+
]
Nu [H
+
] = 10
-a

pH = a.
B. Bi tp vn dng:
Bi 1: a) Cc cht v ion cho di y ng vai tr axit, baz, lng tnh hay trung
tnh: NH
4
+
; Al(H
2
O)
3+
; C
6
H
5
O
-
; Zn(OH)
2
; Na
+
; Cl
-
. Ti sao?
b) Ho tan 5 mui NaCl, NH
4
Cl, AlCl
3
, Na
2
S, C
6
H
5
ONa vo nc thnh 5
dung dch, sau cho vo mi dung dch mt t qu tm. Hi dung dch c mu g?
Ti sao?
Hng dn: a) axit: NH
4
+
, Al(H
2
O)
3+

25
V; NH
4
+
+ H
2
O NH
3
+ H
3
O
+

Al
3+
+ 3H
2
O

Al(OH)
3
+ 3H
+

Baz: C
6
H
5
O
-
v: C
6
H
5
O
-
+ H
2
O C
6
H
5
OH + OH
-
Lng tnh: Zn(OH)
2
v: Zn(OH)
2
Zn
2+
+ 2OH
-

Zn(OH)
2
ZnO
2
2-
+ 2H
+
Trung tnh: Na
+
; Cl
-

khng b thy phn.
b) khng i mu qu tm: NaCl.
Qu tm ha : NH
4
Cl. AlCl
3
,
Qu tm ha xanh: Na
2
S, C
6
H
5
ONa
Bi 2: a) Hy nh gi gn ng pH (>7, =7, <7) ca cc dung dch nc ca cc cht
sau y:
(1) Ba(NO
3
)
2
, CH
3
COOH, Na
2
CO
3
.
(2) NaHSO
4
, CH
3
NH
2
.
b) Trong s cc cht trn, nhng cht no c th phn ng vi nhau? Nu c, hy
vit phng trnh phn ng ion thu gn.
Hng dn: a) pH > 7 Na
2
CO
3
, CH
3
NH
2
. pH < 7 : CH
3
COOH, NaHSO
4
,
pH = 7 : Ba(NO
3
)
2
b) 2CH
3
COOH + Na
2
CO
3

2CH
3
COONa + CO
2
+ H
2
O
2H
+
+ CO
3
2-

CO
2
+ H
2
O
CH
3
COOH + CH
3
NH
2
CH
3
COONH
3
CH
3
H
+
+ CH
3
NH
2
CH
3
NH
3
+
2NaHSO
4
+ Na
2
CO
3

2Na
2
SO
4
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
2HSO
4
-
+ CO
3
2-

2SO
4
2-
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
2NaHSO
4
+ 2CH
3
NH
2
Na
2
SO
4
+ (CH
3
NH
3
)
2
SO
4
HSO
4
-
+ CH
3
NH
2
SO
4
2-
+ CH
3
NH
3
+
Ba(NO
3
)
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
BaCO
3
+ 2NaNO
3
Ba
2+
+ CO
3
BaCO
3
Bi 3: Theo quan nim mi v axit baz (theo thuyt Bronstet) th phn nhm-
amoni c cng thc l NH
4
(SO
4
)
3
; Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
. 24H
2
O v x a c cng thc l
Na
2
CO
3
l axit hay baz. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng gii thch.
Hng dn:
phn nhm-amoni NH
4
(SO
4
)
3
; Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
. 24H
2
O l axit
x a Na
2
CO
3
l baz
Bi 4: Tnh [H
+
], [OH
-
]ca dung dch HCl c pH = 3,00.
Gii:
HCl H
+
+ Cl
-
H
2
O H
+
+ OH
-
Kw=1,0.10
-14
[H
+
] = 10
-pH
= 1,0.10
-3
(M) [OH
-
] = K
w
/[H
+
] = 1,0.10
-11
(M)
Bi 5: Tnh [H
+
], [OH
-
]ca dung dch HNO
3
0,10 M.
Gii:
26
HNO
3
H
+
+ NO
3
-

0,10 0,10
H
2
O H
+
+ OH
-
V C
H+
= 0,10>> 1,0.10
-7
[H
+
] C
H+
=0,10 M
Suy ra: pH = -lg(H
+
)= -lg(0,10). Vy pH=1,00; pOH=14-1=13.
Suy ra: [OH
-
] = 1,0.10
-13
M.
Bi 6: Trn 15,00 ml dung dch HCl c pH= 3,00M vi 25,00ml dung dch NaOH c
pH=10,00. Hi dung dch thu c c phn ng axit hay baz?
Gii:
Trong dung dch HCl c pH=3,00 th [H
+
]= [OH
-
] + C
0,HCl
C
0,HCl
=[H
+
]= [OH
-
]= 10
-3
10
-14
/10
-10
= 1,0. 10
-3
Dung dch NaOH c pH=10,00
C
0,HCl
=[ OH
-
] = 10
-14
/10
-10
= 1,0.10
-4
M
Sau khi trn:
C
0
HCl
=
M
4
3
10 . 75 , 3
00 , 40
00 , 15 . 10 . 0 , 1

; C
0
NaOH
=
M
4
3
10 . 25 , 6
00 , 40
00 , 25 . 10 . 0 , 1

Phn ng:
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O
C
0
3,75.10
-14
6,25.10
-5
C 3,125.10
-4
- 6,25.10
-5
Sau khi phn ng d axit. Vy dung dch c phn ng axit:
[H
+
] C
HCl
= 3,125.10
-4
pH=3,51.
Bi 7: Tnh nng %(P%) ca dung dch NaOH (d=1,12g/ml) khi trn 20,00 ml
dung dch ny vi 180,00 ml dung dch NH
3
c pH= 2,0 s thu c hn hp
pH=13,5.
Gii:
Dung dch NH
3
c pH=2,00
3
, 0 NH
c
=[H
+
]= 1,0.10
-2
M.
Sau khi trn
3
2
10 . 0 , 9
200
180 . 10 . 0 , 1
3

o
NH
C
;
P
P
C
o
NaOH
. 28 , 0
200 . 100 . 40
20 . 1000 . 12 , 1 .

Vy hn hp thu c c pH=13,5 (mi trng baz mnh) d NaOH
C
NaOH
[OH
-
]= 10
-14
/10
-13,5
=0,028.P- 9,0.10
-3
P = 11,6
Vy nng % ca dung dch NaOH l 11,6%.
Bi 8: Tnh s gam NaOH phi cho vo hn hp thu c khi thm 8,00 ml HNO
3
0,0100 vo nc ri pha long thnh 500 ml pH dung dch thu c bng 7,50 (coi
th tch khng thay i trong qu trnh ha tan).
Gii:
Gi m l s gam ca NaOH cn tm: C
NaOH
= 10
3
.m/40.500=m/20.
M C
HNO
4
10 . 60 , 1
00 , 500
00 , 8 . 0100 , 0
3

V pH= 7,50 d NaOH
27
Phn ng: HNO
3
+ NaOH NaCl + H
2
O
C
0
1,6.10
-4
m/20
C - m/20- 1,6.10
-4
V pH =7,50 7,00 phi k n cn bng ca phn li nc.
Cc qu trnh sy ra trong dung dch:
NaOH
d
Na
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O H
+
+ OH
-
KP: [H
+
]=[OH
-
] C
NaOH d.
Hay 10
-7,50
=10
-6,5
(m.20 1,6.10
-4
).
m = 0,0032 (gam).
Bi 9: 10,00 ml dung dch CH
3
COOH (k hiu l HAx) nng 1,00 M vi 10,00 ml
NaOH 1,00 M.
Hn hp c pH gn ng bng bao nhiu?
Gii:
C
NaOH
= C
HAx
=
500 , 0
00 , 20
00 , 10 . 00 , 1
M
Phn ng HAx + NaOH NaAx + H
2
o
0,500 0,500
0,000 0,000 0,500
TPGH: NaAx 0,500 M
Cc qu trnh: NaAx Na
+
+ Ax
-
0,500
H
2
O H
+
+ OH
-
Ax
-
+ H
2
O HAx +OH
-
[OH
-
]
dd
> [H
+
]
dd
. Vy dung dch c phn ng baz,pH ln hn 7.
Bi 10: Trn 200 ml dung dch cha hn hp HCl 0,1 M v H
2
SO
4
0,05 M vi 300 ml
dung dch Ba(OH)
2
c nng a mol/lt thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dung dch
c PH = 13. Gi tr a v m ln lt l:
S: 0,15 M v 2,33 g
Bi 11: Trn 3 dung dch : H
2
SO
4
0,1M; HNO
3
0,2M; HCl 0,3M vi nhng th tch
bng nhau c ddch A. Ly 30 ml dung dch A cho tc dng vi mt dung dch B
gm NaOH 0,2M v KOH 0,29M c dung dch c pH = 2,0. Th tch dung dch
B dng l:
S: 0,0134 lt.
Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1 1: H Y Thi Bnh 1999
a. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch sau
Dung dch NaCl 0,1M ; dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,005M ; dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,05M
b. Tnh pH ca dung dch NaOH, bit 1 lt dung dch c cha 4 gam NaOH
c. Ho tan 0,56 lt kh HCl (ktc) vo H
2
O thu c 250 ml dung dch. Tnh pH ca
dung dch thu c?
28
d. ho tan m gam Ba vo nc thu c 1,5 lt dung dch X c pH = 13. Tnh m ?
Bi 2: Cho 1,44 gam Mg vo 5 lt dung dch axit HCl c pH =2
a. Mg c tan ht trong dung dch axit hay khng ?
b. Tnh tht tch kh H
2
bay ra (ktc)?
c. tnh nng mol/ lt ca dung dch sau phn ng (coi Vdd khng i)?
Bi 3: a. (C Cng ng Tin Giang 2005). Trn 1 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,15M vi 2
lt dung dch
KOH 0,165M thu c dung dch E. Tnh pH ca dung dch E?
b.Trn 50 ml dung dch HCl 0,12M vi 50 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M.
Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c ?
Bi 4: Cho dung dch A gm HCl v H
2
SO
4
. Trung ho 2 lt dd A cn 400ml dung
dch NaOH 0,5M . C cn dung dch to thnh th thu c 12,95 gam mui khan.
a. Tnh nng mol/lt ca cc axit trong dung dch A?
b. Tnh pH ca dung dch A?
Bi 5: H Y H Ni 1999:
in li ca axit axetic (CH
3
COOH ) trong dung dch CH
3
COOH 0,1M l
1%. Tnh pH ca dung dch axit ny
Bi 6: thi H khi B 2002
Cho hai dung dch H
2
SO
4
c pH = 1 v pH = 2. thm 100 ml dung dch KOH
0,1M vo 100 ml mi dung dch trn. Tnh nng mol / lt ca dung dch thu
c?
Bi 7 : H Y Dc TP HCM 2000
Tnh in li ca axit focmic HCOOH. Nu dung dch HCOOH 0,46% (d =
1g/ml) ca axit c pH = 3
Bi 8: H S Phm H Ni 1 2000
Tnh in li ca axit focmic HCOOH trong dung dch HCOOH 0,007M c pH = 3
Bi 9: Cho dung dch CH
3
COOH c pH = 4, bit in li = 1%. Xc nh nng
mol /lt ca dung dch axit ny
Bi 10:
a. Cho dung dch HCl c pH = 3. Cn pha long dung dch axit ny (bng nc) bao
nhiu ln thu c dung dch HCl c pH = 4.
b. ( H S Phm TP HCM 2000) Cho dung dch HCl c pH = 4. Hi phi thm mt
lng nc gp bao nhiu ln th tch dung dch ban u thu c dung dch HCl
c pH = 5.
Bi 11: 8, H Dc 1998,
Cho dung dch NaOH c pH = 12 (dung dch A). Cn pha long bao nhiu ln
thu c dung dch NaOH c pH = 11.
Bi 12: H Kinh T Quc Dn 1999.
Pha long 10 ml dung dch HCl vi nc thnh 250 ml dung dch. Dung dch thu
c c pH = 3. hy tnh nng ca HCl trc khi pha long v pH ca dung
dch .
Bi 13: H Thng Mi 2000.
29
Pha long 200 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
vi 1,3 lt H
2
O thu c dung dch c pH =
12. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch Ba(OH)
2
ban u, bit rng Ba(OH)
2
phn li
hon ton
Bi 14: H Thu li 1997.
Dung dch Ba(OH)
2
c pH = 13 (dd A), dung dch HCl c pH = 1 (dd B).
em trn 2,75 lt dung dch A vi 2,25 lt dung dch B
a. xc nh nng mol/l ca cc cht trong dung dch to thnh?
b. tnh pH ca dung dch ny
Bi 15: H Quc Gia H Ni 2000
a. (Ban B). Trn 250 ml dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,08 M v H
2
SO
4
0,01M vi
250 ml dung dch NaOH

amol/lt thu c 500ml dung dch c pH = 12. Tnh
a
b. (CPB). Trn 300 ml dung dch HCl 0,05 M vi 200 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
amol/lt thu c 500ml dung dch c pH = 12Tnh a
c. (Ban A, thi H khi B 2003). Trn 250 ml dung dch hn hp gm HCl
0,08 M v H
2
SO
4
0,01M vi 250 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
amol/lt thu c m
gam kt ta v 500ml dung dch c pH = 12
Tnh m v a
Bi 16: Hc Vin Qun Y 2001
A l dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,5M. B l dung dch NaOH 0,6M. Cn trn V
A
v V
B
theo t l no c dung dch c pH = 1 v dung dch c pH = 13 (gi thit cc
cht phn ly hon ton ).
Bi 17: H S Phm H Ni I 2001
Tnh th tch dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,025M cn cho vo 100ml dung dch gm
HNO
3
v HCl c pH = 1 pH ca dung dch thu c bng 2.
Bi 18: H kinh t TP HCM 2001
Trn 3 dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,1M; HNO
3
0,2 M; HCl 0,3M vi nhng th tich
bng nhau c dung dch A. Ly 300 ml dung dch A cho tc dng vi mt
dung dch B gm NaOH 0,2M v KOH 0,29M. Tnh th tch dung dch B cn
dng sau khi tc dng vi 300ml dung dch A c dung dch c pH = 2.
Bi 19: C 2004: Ho tan m gam BaO vo nc c 200ml dung dch A c pH =
13. Tnh m (gam).
Bi 20 ; C SP Qung Ninh 2005
Cho m gam Ba vo 500 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,04M th c mt dung dch
c
pH = 13 . tnh m ( Coi th tch dung dch khng i )
Bi 21: thi H Khi A 2006
Nung 6,58 gam Cu(NO
3
)
2
trong bnh kn, sau mt thi gian thu c 4,96 gam
cht rn v hn hp kh X. Hp th hon ton hn hp X vo nc, c 300 ml
dung dch Y. vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh pH ca dung dch Y.
Bi 22: thi H khi A 2004
30
Cho 40 ml dung dch HCl 0,75M vo 160 ml dung dch cha ng thi
Ba(OH)
2
0,08M v KOH 0,04M. Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c. Cho [H
+
].
[OH
-
] = 10
-14
.
Bi 23: C SP H Ni 2005
Cho dung dch NaOH c pH = 13 (dung dch A).
a. Cn pha long dung dch A bao nhiu ln thu c dung dch B c pH = 12?
b. Cho 2,14 gam NH
4
Cl vo mt cc cha300 ml dung dch B. un si sau
ngui ri thm mt t qu tm vo cc. Qu tm c mu g? ti sao?
Bi 24: thi H khi B 2008
Trn 100 ml dung dch c pH = 1 gm HCl v HNO
3
vi 100 ml dung dch NaOH
nng a
(mol/l) thu c 200 ml dung dch c pH = 12. Gi tr ca a l (bit trong mi dung
dch [H
+
][OH
-
] = 10-14)
A. 0,15. B. 0,30. C. 0,03. D. 0,12.
Ngy 3/10/2012 Bui 5: (3 tit)
PHN NG TRAO I ION PP S DNG PT ION THU GN TRONG
GII BI TP HA
I. Mc ch yu cu:
- iu kin P trao i ion xy ra.
- Vit c cc P ha hc ca cc cht v c dng phn t v ion thu gn
- Gii cc bi tp da theo pt ion thu gn.
III. Ti n hnh:
A. L thuyt cn nm:
1. Mt s ch
- thc t gii bi tp theo phng trnh ion thu gn tun theo y cc bc ca mt
bi tp ho hc nhng quan trng l vic vit phng trnh phn ng : l s kt
hp ca cc ion vi nhau.
- Mun vit c vit c phng trnh ion thu gn, hc sinh phi nm c bng
tnh tan, tnh bay hi, tnh in li yu ca cc cht, th t cc cht xy ra trong dung
dch.
- Vi phng php s dng phng trnh ion thu gn n c th s dng cho nhiu loi
phn ng : Trung ho, trao i, oxi ho - kh, ... Min l xy ra trong dung dch, Sau
y c th mt s loi
Phn ng hn hp baz vi hn hp axit v Mui cacbonat vi axit.
a. Phn ng trung ho.
Phng trnh phn ng :
H
+
+ OH
-

H
2
O
Theo phng trnh phn ng :
n
H
+
= n
OH

31
b. Phn ng cu mui cacbonat vi axit.
Nu cho t t axit vo mui.
Phng trnh :
H
+
+ CO
3
2-

HCO
3
-
HCO
3
-
+ H
+
CO
2
+ H
2
O
Nu cho t t mui vo axit.
Phng trnh :
2 H
+
+ CO
3
2-

H
2
O + CO
2
c. Phn ng ca oxit axit vi hn hp dung dch kim.
Nu
2
CO
OH
n
n

1 => ch to ra mui axit (HCO
3
)
Nu
2
CO
OH
n
n

2 => ch to ra mui trung tnh (CO

2
3
)
Nu 1 <
2
CO
OH
n
n

< 2 => to ra 2 mui.
Ch :
- Nu baz d ch thu c mui trung ho.
- Nu CO
2
d ch c mui axit.
- Nu cng mt lc c 2 mui th c 2 cht CO
2
v baz u ht.
- Khi lng chung ca cc mui :

m
Cc mui
=
m
cation
+
m
anion
trong : m
Cation
= m
Kim loi
, m
Anion
= m
Gc axit
B. Bi tp vn dng:
I. bi tp hn hp axit + hn hp baz.
Bi tp 1 :Mt dung dch A cha HCl v H
2
SO
4
theo t l mol 3 : 1. trung ho 100
ml dung dch A cn 50 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5 M.
a, Tnh nng mol ca mi axit.
b, 200 ml dung dch A trung ho ht bao nhiu ml dung dch baz B cha NaOH 0,2
M v Ba(OH)
2
0,1 M ?
c, Tnh tng khi lng mui thu c sau phn ng gia dung dch A v B ?
Hng dn
y l nhng phn ng gia 1 Baz v 2 Axit v 2 Baz v 2 Axit (c km theo theo
to kt ta). Vy nn nu gii phng php bnh thng s rt kh khn trong vic lp
phng trnh gii h. Nn ta s dng phng trnh ion thu gn.
a. Phng trnh phn ng trung ho
H
+
+ OH
-

H
2
O (1)
Gi s mol H
2
SO
4
trong 100 ml ddA l x => s mol HCl l 3x
n
H
+
= 2 x + 3 x = 5 x (mol)
n
OH

= 0,5 . 0,05 = 0,025 (mol)
n
H
+
= n
OH

hay 5 x = 0,025 => x = 0,005
32
C
M (HCl)
=
1 , 0
005 , 0 . 3
= 0,15 (M)
C
M (H
2
SO
4
)
=
1 , 0
005 , 0
= 0,05 (M)
b. Gi th tch dung dch B l V (lit).
Trong 200 ml ddA :
n
H
+
= 2. 5 x = 0,05 (mol)
Trong V (lit) ddB :
n
OH

= 0,2 . V + 2. 0,1. V = 0,4 V (mol)
n
H
+
= n
OH

hay 0,4 V = 0,05 => V = 0,125 (lit) hay 125 (ml)
c. Tnh tng khi lng cc mui.

m
Cc mui
=
m
cation
+
m
anion
= m
Na
+

+ m
Ba
+ 2
+ m
Cl
+ m
SO
2
4

= 23.0,2.0,125 + 137.0,1.0,125 + 35,5.0,2.0,15 + 96.0,2.0,05 = 4,3125 (g)
Bi tp 2 :Cho 200 ml dung dch A cha HCl 1 (M) v HNO
3
2(M) tc dng vi 300
ml dung dch B cha NaOH 0,8 (M) v KOH (cha r nng ) thu c dung dch
C. Bit rng trung ho 100 ml dung dch C cn 60 ml dung dch HCl 1 M, tnh :
a, Nng ban u ca KOH trong dung dch B.
b, Khi lng cht rn thu c khi c cn ton b dung dch C.
Hng dn
Bnh thng i vi bi ny ta phi vit 4 phng trnh gia 2 axit vi 2 baz. Nhng
nu ta vit phng trnh dng ion ta ch phi vit 1 phng trnh ion thu gn ca
phn ng trung ho.
a. Phng trnh phn ng trung ho :
H
+
+ OH
-

H
2
O
Trong 200 (ml) ddA :
n
H
+
= 0,2 . 1 + 0,2 . 2 = 0,6 (mol)
Trong 300 (ml) ddB :
n
OH

= 0,3 . 0,8 + 0,3 . a = 0,24 + 0,3.a (a : nng mol ca KOH).
Trong dung dch C cn d OH
-
Trong 100 (ml) dd C : n
OH

= n
H
+
= 1. 0,06 = 0,06 (mol)
Trong 500 (ml) dd C : n
OH

= 0,06 . 5 = 0,3 (mol).
n
OH

= (0,24 + 0,3.a) 0,6 = 0,3.a 0,36 (mol)
Ta c : 0,3.a 0,36 = 0,3 => a = 0,66/0,3 = 2,2 (M).
b. Khi lng cht rn khi c cn ton b dd C.
i vi bi ny nu gii vi phng php bnh thng s gp kh khn, v c th tnh
c khi lng cc mui nhng khng tnh c khi lng baz v ta khng bit
baz no d. Vy bi ny ta s s dng phng trnh ion, thay v tnh khi lng cc
mui v baz ta i tnh khi lng cc ion to ra cc cht .
Ta c : m
Cht rn
= m
Na
+

+ m
K
+
+ m
Cl
+ m
NO

3

+ m
OH

d
33
m
Na
+

= 0,24. 23 = 5,52 (g)
m
K
+
= 0,3 . 2,2 . 39 = 25,74 (g)
m
Cl
= 0,2 . 35,5 = 7,1 (g)

m
NO

3

= 0,4 . 62 = 24,8 (g)

n
OH

d
= 0,3.a 0,36 = 0,3 . 2,2 0,36 = 0,3 (mol)
m
OH

d
= 0,3 . 17 = 5,1 (g).
m
Cht rn
= m
Na
+

+ m
K
+
+ m
Cl
+ m
NO

3

+ m
OH

d
= 68,26 (g).
Bi tp 3 : a, Cho dung dch NaOH c pH = 13 (dung dch A). trung ho 10 ml
dung dch A cn 10 ml dung dch B cha 2 axit HCl v H
2
SO
4
. Xc nh pH ca dung
dch B ?
b, Trn 100 ml dung dch A vi 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
a (M), thu c dung dch
C. trung ho dung dch 500 ml dung dch C cn 350 ml dung dch B. Xc nh
nng mol Ba(OH)
2
.
Hng dn
y l nhng phn ng gia 1 Baz v 2 Axit v 2 Baz v 2 Axit (c km theo theo
to kt ta), v c lin quan n pH dung dch. Vy nn nu gii phng php bnh
thng s rt kh khn trong vic lp phng trnh gii h. Nn ta s dng
phng trnh ion thu gn.
a. Phng trnh phn ng trung ho ddA vi ddB
H
+
+ OH
-

H
2
O (1)
Dd NaOH (ddA) c pH = 13

[ ]
+
H
= 10
-13
(M)

[ ]
OH
= 10
-1
(M).
Trong 10 ml = 10
-2
(l) dung dch A c :
S mol OH
-
:
n
OH

= 10
-2
.10
-1
= 10
-3
(mol)
theo pt (1) c : n
OH

= n
H
+
= 10
-3
(mol)
Trong 10 (ml) = 10
-2
(l) dung dch B c :
n
H
+
= 10
-3
(mol)

[ ]
+
H
= 10
-3
/ 10
-2
= 10
-1
(M) => pH
B

= 1.
b. Trn 100 ml A + 100 ml Ba(OH)
2
a(M) => 200 ml dd C.
=> n
OH

dd C = 10
-2
+ 0,2 . a (mol).
Trong 500 ml dd C c : n
OH

= 2,5. 10
-2
+ a (mol).
Trong 350 ml dd B c : n
H
+
= 3,5. 10
-2
(mol).
Theo pt (1) c : 2,5. 10
-2
+ a = 3,5 . 10
-2
=> a = 10
-2
(M)
Bi tp 4 : Dung dch A c cha 5 ion: Mg
2+
, Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
v 0,1mol Cl
-
v 0,2mol
3
NO
. Thm dn V lt dung dch K

2
CO
3
1M vo dung dch A n khi c lng kt
ta ln nht. V c gi tr l:
34
A - 150ml B - 300ml C - 200ml D - 250ml E - Kt qu khc.
* Cch gii thng thng:
Phng trnh ion rt gn:
Mg
2+
+
2
3
CO

MgCO
3
Ba
2+
+
2
3
CO

BaCO
3
Ca
2+
+
2
3
CO

CaCO
3
Gi x, y, z l s mol ca Mg
2+
, Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
trong dung dch A. V dung dch
trung ha in, ta c:
2x + 2y + 2z = 0,1 + 0,2 = 0,3
hay x + y + z = 0,15
2
3
CO
n x y z 0,15(mol)
+ +
2
3
3
CO
CO
n n 0,15(mol)

3
KCO
M
n
0,15
V 0,15lt=150ml
C 1

* Cch gii nhanh:
Khi phn ng kt thc, cc kt ta tch khi dung dch, phn dung dch cha
Na
+
, Cl
-
v
3
NO
. trung ha in.
3
Na Cl NO
n n n 0,3(mol)
+
+
2 3
Na
ddNa CO
n
0,3
V 0,15(l) 150ml
2 Na
+
+

1
]
p n A ng
Bi tp 5: Dung dch X cha cc ion sau Al
3+
,Cu
2+,
SO
4
2-
,NO
3
-
. kt ta ht ion SO
4
2-
c trong 250ml dd X cn 50ml ml dd BaCl
2
1M.Cho 500ml dd X tc dng vi dung
dch NH
3
d th c 7,8g kt ta.C cn 500ml dd X c 37,3g hn hp mui
khan.Nng mol/l ca NO
3
-
l
a.0,2M b.0,3M c.0,6M d.0,4M
Hng Dn:
nBaCl
2
=0,05mol
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2-
BaSO
4
0,05---->0,05mol
=> C
M
SO
4
2-

=0,05.0,25=0,2M
Al
(3+)
+ 3NH
3
+ 3H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ 3NH
4
+
nAl
3+
=nAl(OH)
3
=0,1mol => C
M
Al
3+
=0,10,5=0,2M
Gi C
M
Cu
2+
=x;C
M
NO
3

=y
BTT: 2x+3.0,2=y+2.0,2 => -2x+y=0,2(1)
m mui khan=0,2.0,5.27+x.0,5.64+0,2.0,5.96+y.0,5.62=37,3
=> 32x+31y=25 (2)
T (1) v (2): gii h .
* mt s bi tp
35
1/ Cho 40 ml dung dch HCl 0,75 M vo 160 ml dung dch cha ng thi Ba(OH)
2
0,08 M v KOH 0,04 M. Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c.
Cho bit :
[ ]
+
H
.
[ ]
OH
= 10
-14
( thi TSH khi A 2004)
2/ Trn dung dch A cha NaOH v dung dch B cha Ba(OH)
2
theo th tch bng
nhau c dung dch C. Trung ha 100 ml dung dch C cn dng ht 35 ml dung dch
H
2
SO
4
2M v thu c 9,32 gam kt ta. Tnh nng mol/l ca cc dung dch A v
B.
Cn phi trn bao nhiu ml dung dch B vi 20 ml dung dch A thu c
dung dch ha tan va ht 1,08 gam Al. ( thi TSH Bch khoa
1989)
3/ Tnh th tch dd Ba(OH)
2
0,04M cn cho vo 100ml dd gm HNO
3
0,1M v HCl
0,06 M c pH ca dd thu c = 2,0. ( thi TSH SP 2001)
4/ a/ Cho hn hp gm FeS
2
, FeCO
3
tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
c, nng d
thu c dung dch A v hn hp kh B gm NO
2
v CO
2
. Thm dung dch BaCl
2
vo dung dch A. Hp th hn hp kh B bng dung dch NaOH d. Vit phng trnh
phn t v phng trnh ion thu gon ca cc phn ng xy ra.
b/ Trn 200 ml dung dch HCl 0,1M v H
2
SO
4
0,05M vi 300 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
c nng a mol/l thu c m gam kt tav 500 ml dung dch c pH = 13. Tnh a v
m. ( thi TSH khi B 2003)
5/ Cho hai dung dch H
2
SO
4
c pH =1 v pH = 2. Thm 100 ml dung dch KOH 0,1M
vo 100 ml mi dung dch trn. Tnh nng mol/l ca cc dung dch thu c. (
thi TSH khi B 2002)
6/ Ha tan mt mu hp kim Ba-Na ( vi t l s mol l 1: 1 ) vo nc thu c
dung dch A v 6,72 lt H
2
(ktc).
a/ Cn dng bao nhiu ml dung dch HCl c pH = 1,0 trung ha 1/10 dung
dch A.
b/ Cho V lt kh CO
2
(ktc) hp th ht vo 1/10 dung dch A th thu c
2,955 gam kt ta . Tnh V.
c/ Thm m gam NaOH vo 1/10 dung dch A thu c dung dch B. Cho dung
dch B tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
0,2M thu c kt ta C. Tnh m
cho lng kt ta C l ln nht, b nht. Tnh khi lng kt ta ln nht, b nht.
(B thi TS 1996)
7/ Ho tan 7,83 (g) mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi kim A, B thuc 2 chu k k tip
trong bng tun hon c 1lit dung dch C v 2,8 lit kh bay ra (ktc)
a, Xc nh A,B v s mol A, B trong C.
b, Ly 500 ml dung dch C cho tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch D cha H
2
SO
4
0,1 M
v HCl nng x. Tnh x bit rng dung dch E thu c trung tnh.
c, Tnh tng khi lng mui thu c sau khi c cn dung dch E.
( PP gii ton ho v c - TS Nguyn Thanh
Khuyn)
8/ Mt dung dch A cha HNO
3
v HCl theo t l mol 2 :1.
36
a, Bit rng khi cho 200 ml dung dch A tc dng vi 100 ml NaOH 1 M th lng
axit d trong A tc dng va vi 50 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,2 M. Tnh nng
mol ca mi axit trong dung dch A.
b, Nu trn 500 ml dung dch A vi 100 ml dung dch B cha NaOH 1 M v Ba(OH)
2
0,5 M th dung dch C thu c c tnh axit hay baz ?
c, Phi thm vo dung dch C bao nhiu lit dung dch A hoc dung dch B c c
dung dch D trung tnh ?
d, C cn dung dch D. Tnh khi lng mui khan thu c.
( PP gii ton ho v c - TS Nguyn Thanh Khuyn)
9/ 100 ml dung dch X cha H
2
SO
4
v HCl theo t l mol 1 : 1.
trung ho 100 ml dung dch X cn 400 ml dung dch NaOH 5% ( d = 1,2 g/ml)
a, Tnh nng mol ca mi axit trong dung dch X.
b, Nu C% NaCl sau phn ng l 1,95. Tnh khi lng ring ca dung dch X v
nng % ca mi axit trong dung dch X ?
c, Mt dung dch Y cha 2 baz NaOH v Ba(OH)
2
. Bit rng 100 ml dung dch X
trung ho va 100 ml dung dch Y ng thi to ra 23,3 gam kt ta. Chng minh
Ba
2+
trong dung dch Y kt ta ht. Tnh nng mol ca mi baz trong dung dch
Y. ( PP gii ton ho v c - TS Nguyn Thanh Khuyn)
10/ Thm 100 ml nc vo 100 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
c 200 ml dung dch X (d =
1,1 g/ml).
a, Bit rng 10 ml dung dch X trung ho va 10 ml dung dch NaOH 2 M, Tnh
nng mol v khi lng ring d ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
ban u.
b, Ly 100 ml dung dch X, thm vo 100 ml dung dch HCl c 200 ml dung
dch Y. Khi trung ho va 100 ml dung dch X bng 200 ml dung dch NaOH th
thu c 2 mui vi t l khi lng : m
NaCl
: m
Na
2
SO
4
= 1,17
Tnh nng mol ca dung dch HCl v NaOH. ( PP gii ton ho v c - TS
Nguyn Thanh Khuyn)
Ngy 8/10/2012 Bui 6: (3 tit)
NIT AMONIAC MUI AMONI (BUI 1)
I. Mc ch yu cu:
- H thng li kin thc l thuyt v cu to, tinh cht ca nit, amoniac v mui
amoni.
- H thng cc dng bi tp v cht kh, dung dch, hiu sut phn ng, nhn bit,
phn bit Cc cng thc tnh ton i vi cht kh, H%...
- Vit cc pthh th hin cc tnh cht lin quan n N
2
, NH
3
, mui NH
4
+
dng tng
qut, c th, ion thu gn
- Gii cc bi tp lin quan n N
2
, NH
3
, mui NH
4
+
.
37
III. Tin hnh:
A. L thuyt cn nm:
1. Nit (N
2
) :
-Cu to , tnh cht ho hc : Va th hin tnh kh va th hin tnh oxi ho
N
2
tr v mt ho hc, tn ti nhiu trng thi s oxi ho :
-3 +5 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
NH
4
NO
3
, N
2
, N
2
O , NO , N
2
O
3
, NO
2
, N
2
O
5
.
Ch : N
2
O
3
, N
2
O
5
khng bn d b phn hu . N
2
O
3
NO + NO
2
.
2 N
2
O
5
4NO
2
+ O
2
.
- Tc dng kim loi Nitrua kim loi:
xN
2
+ 6R
C t
0
2R
3
N
x
; R l kim loi hot ng, x l ha tr ca R
- Tc dng H
2
: N
2
+ 3H
2

, ,
o
T C Xt P
2NH
3
- Tc dng O
2
: N
2
+ O
2

3000
o
C
2NO
2NO + O
2
2NO
2
- iu ch . NH
4
NO
2

C t
0
N
2
+ 2H
2
O
NH
4
Cl + NaNO
2

C t
0
NaCl + N
2
+ 2H
2
O
2. Amoniac (NH
3
) .
-Tnh cht NH
3
: Tan tt trong nc to ra dd NH
3
c tnh baz yu
NH
3
+ H
2
O
NH
4
+
+ OH
-
K
baz
= 1,8.10
3
+ Th hin tnh baz
Tc dng axit: nNH
3
+ H
n
X (NH
4
)
n
X
Tc dng dd mui ca kim loi (T Mg tr v sau)
nmNH
3
+ R
n
X
m
+ nmH
2
O m(NH
4
)
n
X + nR(OH)
m
Lu : Cc kt ta ca Cu(OH)
2
, Zn(OH)
2
, AgOH tan trong NH
3
d To ra hp
cht phc vd:

dd NH
3
Tc dng oxit axit: VD: 2NH
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ Th hin tnh kh:
Tc dng O
2
: 4NH
3
+ 3O
2

o
t C
2N
2
+ 6H
2
O
4NH
3
+ 5O
2

850 ,
o
C xt
4NO + 6H
2
O
Tc dng Cl
2
2NH
3
+ 3Cl
2

o
t C
N
2
+ 6HCl
Tc dng oxit kim loi: (Fe
2
O
3
, FeO, CuO, Ag
2
O )
2nNH
3
+ 3R
2
O
n

o
t C
nN
2
+ 6R + 3nH
2
O
- iu ch :
iu ch NH
3
da trn phn ng.

38
Mun phn ng t hiu sut cao cn tin hnh p sut cao (300 1000 atm),
nhit va phi (400
o
C) v c bt st lm xc tc.Kh N
2
ly t khng kh.Kh H
2
ly t kh t nhin hoc t sn phm ca phn ng gia cacbon v H
2
O.
Trong phng th nghim: n(NH
4
)
m
X + mR(OH)
n

o
T C
R
m
X
n
+nm NH
3
+ nmH
2
O
3. Mui amoni ( (NH
4
)
n
X ) .
-Tnh cht ca mui amoni.
+ Tt c u tan tt trong nc v in li hon ton, cho ion NH
4
+
khng mu
+p thu phn to mi trng axit : NH
4
+
+ H
2
O
NH
3
+ H
3
O
+
.
- Nn tc dng c baz n(NH
4
)
m
X + mR(OH)
n

o
T C
R
m
X
n
+nm NH
3
+ nmH
2
O
+p trao i : vi mui , axit , kim .
+p nhit phn : ch mui to bi gc axit v c khng c tnh oxi ho v c tnh
oxi ho .
Mui amoni cha gc axit khng c tnh oxi ha ( Hal, CO
3
2-
, S
2-
, ) b nhit phn
to ra NH
3
v axit
(NH
4
)
m
X
o
T C
mNH
3
+ H
m
X
Mui amoni cha gc axit c tnh oxi ha b nhit phn to ra cc sp khc nhau
B-BI TP P DNG .
Bi tp 1 : Vit cc ptp ( dng phn t v dng ion thu gn ) trong cc trng sau
a, NO
2
+ dd NaOH b, NH
3
+ O
2

0
Pt, 850 C
c, NH
3
+ O
2

o
t C
d,Cho dd NH
3
vo dd CuSO
4
e, Cho dd AgNO
3
vo dd NH
3

f,Cho dd NH
4
NO
3
vo dd NaOH g,Cho kh NH
3
vo dd FeCl
3

h,un nng dd bo ho gm NaNO
2
v NH
4
Cl .
Bi tp 2 : H Ngoi Thng 2000 . Cho cc cht : N
2
, NH
3
, NH
4
+
, HNO
3
.
a,Vit ctct, ct e ca cc cht v ion trn .
b,Xc nh ho tr , s oxi ho ca nit .
c,Cht no tc dng vi axit, baz ? vit ptp .
d,Cht no th hin tnh oxi ho, tnh kh ? v sao ? cho VD .
Bi tp 3 .Hai kh A v B khng c mu v mi tc dng vi nhau, khi c cht xt, to
thnh kh C khng c mu nhng c mi khai. Khi t chy kh C trong oxi, thu c
kh A v oxit ca B . Nu khi t chy C nhit cao v c cht xt , thu c ng
thi oxit ca A v oxit ca B .
Cc cht A,B v C l nhng cht g ? Vit nhng ptp xy ra .
Bi tp 4 . un nng hn hp rn gm 2 mui (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
v NH
4
HCO
3
thu c
13,44 lt kh NH
3
v 11,2 lt kh CO
2
.
a,Vit ptp xy ra .
b,Xc nh % theo khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp ban u. Cc th tch kh
c o ktc
Hng dn:
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3

o
T C
2NH
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
x 2x x
NH
4
HCO
3

o
T C
NH
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
39
y y y
2x + y = 0,6
x + y = 0,5
x= 0,1, y = 0,4 %mNH
4
HCO
3
= 76,70% , % m(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
= 23,3%
Bi tp 5 .Nu hin tng , giithch v vit cc ptp xy ra trong cc trng hp sau
a,Cho t t dd NH
3
vo dd AlCl
3
.
b,Cho t t dd NH
3
vo dd ZnSO
4
.
c,Sc kh NH
3
vo dd Fe(NO
3
)
3
.
d,Sc kh NH
3
vo dd CuCl
2
.
Bi tp 6 .Ly dd Cu(NO
3
)
2
thi t t kh NH
3
vo dd , lc u to thnh kt ta mu
xanh A
1
, sau kt ta tan to thnh dd A
2
c mu xanh nc bin . Thi thm kh
HCl vo dd A
2
th li thy xut hin kt ta mu xanh A
3
. Tip tc cho kh HCl vo
th kt ta A
3
li tan ht cho dd A
4
c mu xanh lam .
a,Vit cc ptp di dng ion thu gn .
b,So snh bn cht ho hc ca kt ta A
1
v A
3
.
c,Mu xanh ca dd A
2
v A
4
c phi do cng mt cht gy ra khng ?
d,Nu thm t t mt lng dd NaOH vo A
4
thy xut hin kt ta, lc dd thy kt
ta tan. giithch
Bi tp 7 : (HV Qun Y .)
Cho Vml dd NH
3
2 M vo 300 ml dd CuCl
2
0,3 M , thu c 3,92 gam kt ta . Tnh
V ml ?
Hng dn:
2
2
( )
0, 3.0, 3 0.09
3, 92
0, 04
98
CuCl
Cu OH
n mol
n n mol

C mt lng Cu
2+
to phc
Pthh: 2NH
3
+ Cu
2+
+ 2H
2
O NH
4
+
+ Cu(OH)
2
0,18
0,09
0,09
Cu(OH)
2
+ 4 NH
3
[Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
+ 2OH
-
(0,09 0,04)
0,2
3
0, 2 0,18 0.38
NH
n mol +
3
0.38
0,19
2
NH
V l
Bi tp 8 . Mt hn hp gm ( 1th tch N
2
v 3 th tch H
2
) cho i qua bt Fe, t
0
=
400
0
C kh to thnh c ho tan trong nc thnh 500 gam dd NH
3
5 %.Tnh khi
lng N
2
dng, bit hiu sut p l 20 %
Hng dn:
3
500.0, 05
1, 47
17
NH
V mol
Pthh: N
2
+ 3H
2

, ,
o
T C Xt P
2NH
3
(1)
Theo pthh (1)
2
1, 47
0, 735
2
N
n mol
40
H% = 20%
2
0, 735.100
3, 675
20
N
n mol

2
102, 9
N
m g
Bi tp 9 : (H Thu Li 2001 ).Mt hn hp kh A gm N
2
v H
2
theo t l mol l
1: 3 . To p gia N
2
v H
2
sinh ra NH
3
. Sau p thu c hn hp kh B . dA/B = 0,6
a,Tnh hiu sut p .
b,Cho B qua nc th thu c hn hp kh C . Tnh d A/C .
Hng dn:
a. t s mol ca N
2
l 1 mol, H
2
l 3mol
1.28 3.2
8, 5
4
hhA M
+

Pthh: N
2
+ 3H
2

, ,
o
T C Xt P
2NH
3
u 1 3
P x 3x 2x
Sau 1-x 3- 3x 2x
(1 ).28 (3 3 ).2 17.2 8, 5
1 3 3 2 0, 6
hhB
x x x
M
x x x
+ +

+ +
x=0,8 H%=80%
b. Khi cho B qua nc th NH
3
b tan ht trong nc vy kh i ra ch c N
2
v H
2
d
/
28.0, 2 0, 6.2 8, 5
8, 5 1
0, 8 8, 5
hhC
A C
M d
+

Bi tp 1 0 . Ngi ta thc hin th nghim sau : nn hn hp 4 lt kh nit v 14 lt
kh hiro trong bnh phn ng nhit khong trn 400
0
C v c cht xc tc . Sau
p thu c 16,4 lt hn hp kh ( cng iu kin nhit v p sut ) .
a,Tnh th tch kh amoniac thu c .
b,Xc nh hiu sut ca p .
Hng dn:
a. Pthh: N
2
+ 3H
2

, ,
o
T C Xt P
2NH
3
u 4 14
P x 3x 2x
Sau 4-x 14- 3x 2x
4 14 3 2 18 2 16, 4
0, 8
sau
V x x x x
x
+ +

3
1, 6
NH
V l
b.
0, 8
% .100% 20%
4
H
Bi tp 11 . Trn 200 ml dd KNO
2
3M vi 200 ml dd NH
4
Cl 2M v un nng . Xc
nh th tch ca kh sinh ra v nng mol/l ca cc mui trong dd (gi thit th tch
ca dd bin i khng ng k )
Hng dn:
2 4
0, 2.3 0.6 , 0, 2.2 0.4
KNO NH Cl
n mol n mol
41
Pthh: KNO
2
+ NH
4
Cl
o
T C
N
2
+ KCl + 2H
2
O
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
2
0, 2.22, 4 4, 48
N
V l
3
0,1
0, 25
0, 4
0, 2
0, 5
0, 4
KNO d
KCl
n M
n M

Bi tp 12 . Cho mt t cht ch th mu phenolphtalein vo dd NH
3
long c dd A
Hi dd c mu g? Mu dd i th no trong cc th nghim sau :
a,un nng dd hi lu .
b,Thm mt s mol HCl bng s mol NH
3
trong dd .
c,Thm mt t Na
2
CO
3
.
d,Thm AlCl
3
ti d .
Ngy 15/10/2012 Bui 7: (3 tit)
NIT AMONIAC MUI AMONI (BUI 2)
I. Mc ch yu cu:
- Gii cc bi tp lin quan n N
2
, NH
3
, mui NH
4
+
.
III. Tin hnh:
Bi tp 1 . Trong bnh phn ng c 100 mol hn hp N
2
v H
2
c t l s mol l 1:3.
p sut ca hn hp kh lc u l 300at v ca hn hp sau phn ng l 285at. Nhit
ca hn hp c gi khng i.
a. Tnh s mol cc kh trong hn hp sau phn ng.
b. Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng.
Hng dn:
Da vo t l tm c s mol ca N
2
l 25 mol, ca H
2
l 75 mol
Pthh: N
2
+ 3H
2

, ,
o
T C Xt P
2NH
3
u 25 75
P x 3x 2x
Sau 25-x 75- 3x 2x
S mol hn hp sau p s gim i 2x mol tc l (100-2x) mol
V nhit gi nguyn trc v sau nn p1/p2 = n1/n2
Hay 300/285=100/(100-2x) x=2.5 (mol)
Vy s mol ca N
2
sau p l 25-x =25-2,5=22,5 mol
Tng t ca H
2
sau p l 75-3x =67,5 mol
Ca NH
3
l 2x=5 mol
2, 5
% .100% 10%
25
H
Bi tp 2 . ngay nhit thng, (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
phn hy dn thnh NH
4
HCO
3
. Mt
42
hn hp 2 mui ny c un nng cho NH
3
v CO
2
c thot ra theo t l mol
NH
3
:CO
2
= 6:5. Tinh t l % s mol ca 2 mui trong nn hp.
Hng dn: gi s mol ca 2 mui ln lt l x v y mol
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3

o
T C
2NH
3
+ CO
2
x 2x x
NH
4
HCO
3
o
T C
NH
3
+ CO
2
y y y
Khi phn hy s sinh ra (2x+y) mol NH
3
v (x+y) mol CO
2
Lp t l
2 6
4
5
x y
y x
x y
+

+
Vy t l s mol mui trong hn hp mui l 20% v 80%
Bi tp 3 . cho dung dch Ba(OH)
2
n d vo 50ml dung dch A c cha cc ion
NH
4
+
, SO
4
2-
v NO
3
-
th thy c 11.65g mt cht kt ta c to ra, khi un nng c
4.48lt kh (ktc) thot ra. Tnh nng mol ca mi mui trong ddA.
Hng dn:
T khi lng kt ta suy ra s mol SO
4
2-
l 0.05 mol
T lng kh sinh ra ta suy ra s mol ca NH
4
+
l 0.2 mol
Bo ton in tch ta suy ra c s mol ca NO
3
-
l 0.1 mol
Suy ra nng ca (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
l 0.05/0.05 =1M
Nng d ca NH
4
NO
3
l 2M
Bi tp 4 . Cho 1,5 lt NH
3
(ktc) i qua ng ng 16g CuO nung nng thu c mt
cht rn X.
a) Tnh khi lng CuO phn ng? /s: m = 8g
b) Tnh th tch dd HCl 2M tc dng vi X? V
HCl
= 0,1 l
Bi tp 5 . Dn 1,344 lt kh NH
3
vo bnh c cha 0,672 lt kh Cl
2
(th tch cc kh
c o ktc).
a) Tnh thnh phn % theo th tch ca hn hp kh sau phn ng?
/s: %N
2
= 33,3%; %HCl = 66,7%
b) Tnh khi lng ca mui NH
4
Cl thu oc sau phn ng?
/s: m (NH
4
Cl) = 2,14g
Bi tp 6 . Hn hp A gm 3 kh NH
3
, N
2
v H
2
. Dn A vo bnh c nhit cao. Sau
phn ng phn hy NH
3
( coi nh hon ton) thu oc hn hp kh B c th tch tng
25% so vi kh A. Dn B i qua ng ng CuO nung nng sau loi c nc th
ch cn li mt cht kh c th tch gim 75% so vi B. Tnh thnh phn % theo th
tch ca cc kh trong hn hp A?
/s: %NH
3
= 25%; %H
2
= 56,25%; %N
2
= 18,75%
Bi tp 7 . Trong mt bnh kn dung tch 56 lit cha N
2
v H
2
theo t l th tch 1:4,
0
0
C v 200atm v mt t cht xc tc.Nung nng bnh mt thi gian sau a nhit
v 0
0
C thy p sut trong bnh gim 10% so vi p sut ban u.
1.Tnh hiu sut phn ng iu ch NH
3
.
43
2.Nu ly 1/2 lng NH
3
to thnh c th iu ch c bao nhiu lit dd NH
3
25%
(d = 0,907 g/ml)?
3. Nu ly 1/2 lng NH
3
to thnh c th iu ch c bao nhiu lit dd HNO
3
67% (d = 1,40 g/ml), bit hiu sut qu trnh iu ch HNO
3
l 80%.
Hng dn:
1
200.56
500, 31
0, 082.273
n mol
2 2
100, 062 ; 400, 248
N H
n mol n mol
Pthh: N
2
+ 3H
2

, ,
o
T C Xt P
2NH
3
u 100,06 400,25
P x 3x 2x
Sau 100,06-x 400,248- 3x 2x
Ta c n
1
.p
2
= n
2
p
1
n
2
=
1 2
1
. 500, 31.180
450, 28
200
n p
mol
p

2 500, 31 450, 28 50, 06; 25, 03
25, 03
% .100% 25%
100, 06
x x
H

b.
3
25, 03.17.100
1876, 56 1, 87656
25.0, 907
NH
V ml l
c.
3
25, 03.63.100
.0, 8 1344, 90 1, 4449
67.1, 40
HNO
V ml l
Bi tp 8 . Bnh kn c V=0,5 lt cha 0,5 mol H
2
v 0,5 mol N
2
t
0
C khi t ti cn
bng c 0,2 mol NH
3
to thnh . hiu sut tng hp NH
3
t 90% cn phi thm
vo bao nhiu mol N
2
?
Hng dn:
N
2
+ 3H
2

, ,
o
T C Xt P
2NH
3

u

0,5 0,5
Sau P 0,4 0,2 0,2
=> Kcb = 3,125
V Kcb ca 1 p. l ko i.
H = 90%, th mol NH
3
to thnh = 0,3mol.
Kcb =
2
3
3
2 2
[ ]
[ ].[ ]
NH
N H

3,125
=> N
2
spu = 57,6 mol
=> N
2
bd = 57,6 + 0,15 = 57,75 mol
=> Lng N
2
thm vo = 57,75 - 0,5 = 57,25 mol
Bi tp 9 . Nhit phn dung dch ho tan 21,825 gam hn hp NH
4
Cl v NaNO
2
c t l s
mol NH
4
Cl : NaNO
2
= 3 : 4. Tnh th tch kh N
2
thu c (ktc)
Hng dn:
Gi s mol NH
4
Cl v NaNO
2
ln lt l x, y
Ta c: 53,5x + 69y = 21,825 (1)
44
4x 3y = 0 (2)
Gii pt (1), (2) x= 0,15; y = 0,2
Pthh: NH
4
Cl + NaNO
2

o
T C
N
2
+ NaCl + 2H
2
O
Theo ra v pthh ta thy NaNO
2
d nn s mol N
2
c tnh theo s mol NH
4
Cl
2 4
0,15
N NH Cl
n n mol
2
0,15.22, 4 3, 36
N
V l
Bi tp 10 . Ho tan m gam hn hp NH
4
Cl v (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
c t l s mol NH
4
Cl :
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
= 1 : 2 vo nc c dung dch A. Cho dung dch A tc dng vi dung dch
NaOH d un nng thu c 13,44 lt NH
3
(ktc). Tnh gi tr m.
Hng dn:
Gi s mol NH
4
Cl v (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
ln lt l x, 2x
NH
4
Cl + NaOH
o
T C
NH
3
+ NaCl + H
2
O
x x
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH
o
T C
2NH
3
+ Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
2x 4x
13, 44
5 0, 6 0,12
22, 4
x x
m = 0,12.53,5 + 0,24. 132 = 38,1(g)
Bi tp 11 . Nung m gam hn hp gm NH
4
Cl v Ca(OH)
2
, sau phn ng thu c V lit kh
NH
3
(ktc) v 10, 175 gam hn hp Ca(OH)
2
v CaCl
2
khan. hp th ht lng NH
3
trn
cn ti thiu 75ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M. Tnh gi tr ca m.
Hng dn:
Gi s mol NH
4
Cl l x, s mol Ca(OH)
2
l y
2NH
4
Cl + Ca(OH)
2

o
T C
2NH
3
+ CaCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
x 0,5x x 0,5x

2
( )
0, 5
Ca OH d
n y x
2NH
3
+ H
2
SO
4
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
x 0,5x
Theo ra 0,5x = 0,075.1= 0,075
x = 0,15
Vy theo ra: 0,5.111 + 74.(y 0,075) = 10,175
y=0,5375
m = 0,15.53,5 + 0,5375.74 = 47,8 (g)
Bi tp 12 . Cho hn hp kh N
2
, H
2
v NH
3
c t khi so vi H
2
l 8. Dn hn hp
i qua dd H
2
SO
4
c d th th tch kh cn li mt na. Tnh thnh phn phn % theo
th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp
Hng dn:
Hn hp kh cn mt na
=>NH
3
chim 50%
Gi s mol H
2
l a, s mol N
2
l b.
Do NH
3
chim mt na=>s mol NH
3
l a+b.
do t khi ca hn hp vi H
2
=8
=>M ca hn hp
= 8x2=16.
45
Ta c: (28a+2b+17(a+b))/(a+b+(a+b))=16
<=>(45a+19b)/(a+b)=32
<=>45a+19b=32a+32b
<=>a=b
Vy H
2
chim 25%, N
2
chim 25% trong hn hp
Ngy 25/10/2012 Bui 8: (3 tit)
AXIT NITRIC V MUI NITRAT (BUI 1)
I. Mc ch yu cu:
- H thng li kin thc l thuyt v cu to, tinh cht ca HNO
3
v mui nitrat.
- H thng cc dng bi tp v cht kh, dung dch, hiu sut phn ng, nhn bit,
phn bit Cc cng thc tnh ton i vi cht kh, H%...
- Vit cc pthh th hin cc tnh cht lin quan n HNO
3
mui NO
3
-
dng tng qut,
c th, ion thu gn
- Gii cc bi tp lin quan n HNO
3
mui NO
3
-
III. Tin hnh:
A. L thuyt cn nm:
1. Axit HNO
3

C y tnh cht ca mt axit:
+ in li hon ton: HNO
3
H
+
+ NO
3
-
+ Tc dng baz Mui + H
2
O (tr Fe(OH)
2
, Cr(OH)
3
...)
nHNO
3
+ R(OH)
n
R(NO
3
)
n
+ nH
2
O
+ Tc dng oxit baz Mui + H
2
O (tr FeO, Cr
2
O
3
...)
2nHNO
3
+ R
2
O
n
2R(NO
3
)
n
+ nH
2
O
+ Tc dng mui Mui mi + Axit mi (tr mui st (II), v crom (III)...)
nmHNO
3
+ R
m
X
n
mR(NO
3
)
n
+ nH
m
X
+ Tc dng kim loi Mui nitrat + SP kh + H
2
O
HNO
3
+ R R(NO
3
)
n
+ (NO
2
; NO; N
2
O; N
2
; NH
4
NO
3
) + H
2
O
Lu :
3 2 2 2 4 3
2 4 10 12 10
HNO NO NO N O N NH NO
n n n n n n + + + +
3 2 2 2
( )
3 8 10
NO M NO NO N O N
n n n n n
+ + +
HNO
3
c ngui coi nh khng tc dng Al, Fe, Cr
+ Tc dng phi kim: (tr cc Hal, N
2
, H
2
, O
2
)
P + 5HNO
3
H
3
PO
4
+ 5NO
2
+ H
2
O
C + 4HNO
3
CO
2
+ 4NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
S + 6HNO
3
H
2
SO
4
+ 6NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
+ Tc dng cc hp cht:
46
Vd: Fe
2+
+ 2H
+
+ NO
3
-
Fe
3+
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
2. Mui nitrat: M(NO
3
)
n

+ Mui nitrat tan hon ton trong nc , l cht in li mnh
M(NO
3
)
n
M
n+
+ nNO
3
-
+ Mui nitrat b nhit phn:
Kim loi ng trc Mg
2M(NO
3
)
n

o
T C
2M(NO
2
)
n
+ nO
2
Kim loi ng t (Mg
Cu)
4M(NO
3
)
n

o
T C
2M
2
O
n
+ 4nNO
2
+ nO
2
Kim loi ng t sau Cu.
2M(NO
3
)
n

o
T C
2M + 2nNO
2
+ nO
2
+ Nhn bit ion NO
3
-
dng Cu v dd HCl
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
-
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
2NO + O
2
2NO
2
(khng mu) (Nu )
iu ch HNO
3
:
NaNO
3
+ H
2
SO
4 (c)
NaHSO
4
+ HNO
3
NH
3

2
O +
NO
2
O +
NO
2

2 2
O H O + +
HNO
3
B-BI TP P DNG .
Bi tp 1 : Cho 12 gam hn hp hai kim loi Fe, Cu tc dng va vi dung dch
HNO
3
63%. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch A v 11,2 lt kh NO
2
duy nht
(ktc). Tnh nng % cc cht c trong dung dch A.
A. 36,66% v 28,48%. B. 27,19% v 21,12%.
C. 27,19% v 72,81%. D. 78,88% v 21,12%.
Hng dn:
Fe + 6HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O
Cu + 4HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
2
NO
n 0,5
mol
3 2
HNO NO
n 2n 1
mol.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
2
2
3
NO
d HNO
m m m m
1 63 100
12 46 0, 5 89 gam.
63
+

+
2 2
d mui h k.loi
t n
Fe
= x mol, n
Cu
= y mol ta c:
56x 64y 12
3x 2y 0,5
+
'
+

x 0,1
y 0,1
'
3 3
Fe( NO )
0,1 242 100
%m 27,19%
89

3 2
Cu( NO )
0,1 188 100
%m 21,12%.
89

47
Bi tp 2 : Ha tan 15 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loi Mg v Al vo dung dch Y
gm HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
c thu c 0,1 mol mi kh SO
2
, NO, NO
2
, N
2
O. Phn
trm khi lng ca Al v Mg trong X ln lt l
A. 63% v 37%. B. 36% v 64%.
C. 50% v 50%. D. 46% v 54%.
Hng dn:
t n
Mg
= x mol ; n
Al
= y mol. Ta c:
24x + 27y = 15. (1)
Qu trnh oxi ha:
Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e Al Al
3+
+ 3e
x 2x y 3y
Tng s mol e nhng bng (2x + 3y).
Qu trnh kh:
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
2N
+5
+ 2
4e 2N
+1
0,3 0,1 0,8 0,2
N
+5
+ 1e N
+4
S
+6
+ 2e S
+4
0,1 0,1 0,2 0,1
Tng s mol e nhn bng 1,4 mol.
Theo nh lut bo ton electron:
2x + 3y = 1,4 (2)
Gii h (1), (2) ta c: x = 0,4 mol ; y = 0,2 mol.
27 0, 2
%Al 100% 36%.
15

%Mg = 100% 36% = 64%. (p n B)
Bi tp 3: Cho 1,35 gam hn hp gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
thu c hn hp kh gm 0,01 mol NO v 0,04 mol NO
2
. Tnh khi lng
mui to ra trong dung dch.
A. 10,08 gam. B. 6,59 gam. C. 5,69 gam. D. 5,96 gam.
Hng dn:
Cch 1: t x, y, z ln lt l s mol Cu, Mg, Al.
Nhng e: Cu =
2
Cu
+
+ 2e Mg =
2
Mg
+
+ 2e Al =
3
Al
+
+ 3e
x x 2x y y 2y z z 3z
Thu e:
5
N
+
+ 3e =
2
N
+
(NO)
5
N
+
+ 1e =
4
N
+
(NO
2
)
0,03 0,01 0,04 0,04
Ta c: 2x + 2y + 3z = 0,03 + 0,04 = 0,07
v 0,07 cng chnh l s mol NO
3

Khi lng mui nitrat l:
1,35 + 62 0,07 = 5,69 gam. (p n C)
Cch 2: Nhn nh mi: Khi cho kim loi hoc hn hp kim loi tc dng vi
dung dch axit HNO
3
to hn hp 2 kh NO v NO
2
th
48
3 2
HNO NO NO
n 2n 4n +
3
HNO
n 2 0,04 4 0,01 0,12 +
mol
2
H O
n 0,06
mol
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng:
3 2 2
KL HNO mui NO NO H O
m m m m m m + + + +
1,35 + 0,12 63 = m
mui
+ 0,01 30 + 0,04 46 + 0,06 18
m
mui
= 5,69 gam.
Bi tp 4: (Cu 19 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH - 2007)
Ha tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp Fe, Cu (t l mol 1:1) bng axit HNO
3
, thu
c V lt ( ktc) hn hp kh X (gm NO v NO
2
) v dung dch Y (ch
cha hai mui v axit d). T khi ca X i vi H
2
bng 19. Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt. B. 4,48 lt. C. 5,60 lt. D. 3,36 lt.
Hng dn :
t n
Fe
= n
Cu
= a mol 56a + 64a = 12 a = 0,1 mol.
Cho e: Fe Fe
3+
+ 3e Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e
0,1 0,3 0,1 0,2
Nhn e: N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
N
+5
+ 1e N
+4
3x x y y
Tng n
e
cho bng tng n
e
nhn.
3x + y = 0,5
Mt khc: 30x + 46y = 19 2(x + y).
x = 0,125 ; y = 0,125.
V
hh kh (ktc)
= 0,125 2 22,4 = 5,6 lt. (p n C)
Bi tp 5: Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ha
tan ht hn hp X trong dung dch HNO
3
(d), thot ra 0,56 lt ( ktc) NO
(l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l
Hng dn:
m gam Fe + O
2
3 gam hn hp cht rn X
3
HNO d
0,56 lt NO.
Thc cht cc qu trnh oxi ha - kh trn l:
Cho e: Fe Fe
3+
+ 3e
m
56

3m
56
mol e
Nhn e: O
2
+ 4e 2O
2
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2

3 m
32

4(3 m)
32
mol e 0,075 mol 0,025 mol

3m
56
=
4(3 m)
32
+ 0,075
m = 2,52 gam. (p n A)
49
Bi tp 6: Cho hn hp gm 0,01 mol Mg v 0,03 mol mol Fe tc dng vi dung
dch HNO
3
d thu c 1,736 lt hn hp kh NO v NO
2
ktc. T khi hi ca hn
hp kh so vi H2 l:
A. 21,17 B. 22,17 C. 21, 15. D.22, 19
Hng dn:
t s mol NO = x; NO
2
= y.
Ta c: x + y = 1,736/22,4 = 0,0755 (mol). (*)
- Cc phn ng xy ra: Mg - 2e Mg
2+
(1)
0,01 0,02
Fe - 3e Fe
3+
(2)
0,03 0,09
Tng s mol e cht kh nhng: 0,02 + 0,09 = 0,11(mol)
NO
3
-
+ 3e + 4H
+
NO + 2H
2
O (3)
3x x
NO
3
-
+ 1e + 2H
+
NO
2
+ H
2
O (4)
y y
Tng s mol e cht oxi ha nhn: 3x + y. Theo nh lut bo ton e ta c: 3x + y =
0,11 (*)
Gii h phng trnh:
p n: A
Bi tp 7: m gam phi bo Fe (A) ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian b oxi ha
thnh hn hp (B) c khi lng 12 gam gm cc oxit st: FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
v mt
phn Fe cn d khng oxi ha ht. Cho (B) tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO
3
d thy thot ra 2,24 l kh NO duy nht. Gi tr m s l:
A. 10,8 gam. B. 10,08 gam. C. 12, 08 gam. D. 12,8 gam .
Hng dn:
Cc phn ng xy ra:
2Fe + O
2
2FeO
Fe + 3O
2
Fe
2
O
3
Fe + 2O
2
Fe
3
O
4
Fe + 4HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
3FeO + 10HNO
3
3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 5H
2
O
3Fe
3
O
4
+ 28HNO
3
9Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 14H
2
O
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HNO
3
2Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
Ton b m gam Fe b oxi ha thnh Fe
3+
, bi O
2
v HNO
3
. S mol kh NO = 2,24/22,4
= 0,1 (mol)
50
2
2
hh
hh
H
H
x + y = 0,0755
x = 0,01725. y = 0,05825
3x + y = 0,11
M 30*0,01725 + 46*0,05825
d = = = 21,17
M 2*0,0755
'
NO
3
-
+ 3e + 4H
+
NO + H
2
O
0,3 0,1
Tng s mol e do cht oxi ha nhn:
4*(12 m)/32 + 0,3 (mol)
Theo nh lut bo ton e ta c:
p n: B
Bi tp 8: Hn hp X gm (Fe, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, FeO) vi s mol mi cht l 0,1 mol,
ha tan ht vo dung dch Y gm (HCl v H
2
SO
4
long) d thu c dung
dch Z. Nh t t dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
1M vo dung dch Z cho ti khi ngng
thot kh NO. Th tch dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
cn dng v th tch kh thot ra
ktc thuc phng n no?
A. 25 ml; 1,12 lt. B. 0,5 lt; 22,4 lt.
C. 50 ml; 2,24 lt. D. 50 ml; 1,12 lt.
Hng dn:
Quy hn hp 0,1 mol Fe
2
O
3
v 0,1 mol FeO thnh 0,1 mol Fe
3
O
4
.
Hn hp X gm: (Fe
3
O
4
0,2 mol; Fe 0,1 mol) tc dng vi dung dch Y
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8H
+
Fe
2+
+ 2Fe
3+
+ 4H
2
O
0,2 0,2 0,4 mol
Fe + 2H
+
Fe
2+
+ H
2

0,1 0,1 mol
Dung dch Z: (Fe
2+
: 0,3 mol; Fe
3+
: 0,4 mol) + Cu(NO
3
)
2
:
3Fe
2+
+ NO
3
+ 4H
+
3Fe
3+
+ NO
+ 2H
2
O
0,3 0,1 0,1 mol
V
NO
= 0,1 22,4 = 2,24 lt.
3 2
3
Cu( NO )
NO
1
n n 0,05
2

mol
3 2
dd Cu( NO )
0,05
V 0,05
1

lt (hay 50 ml). (p n C)
Bi tp 9: Ha tan 0,1 mol Cu kim loi trong 120 ml dung dch X gm HNO
3
1M v
H
2
SO
4
0,5M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c V lt kh NO duy nht
(ktc).
Gi tr ca V l
A. 1,344 lt. B. 1,49 lt. C. 0,672 lt. D. 1,12 lt.
Hng dn:
3
HNO
n 0,12
mol ;
2 4
H SO
n 0,06
mol
51
3+
2-
2
Fe - 3e Fe
m m
3*
56 56
O + 4e 4O
12 - m 12 - m
4*
32 32
m 12 - m
3* = 4* + 0,3 m=10,08gam
56 32

Tng:
H
n 0, 24
+

mol v
3
NO
n 0,12

mol.
Phng trnh ion:
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
+ 4H
2
O
Ban u: 0,1 0,24 0,12 mol
Phn ng: 0,09 0,24 0,06 0,06 mol
Sau phn ng: 0,01 (d) (ht) 0,06 (d)
V
NO
= 0,06 22,4 = 1,344 lt. (p n A)
Bi tp 10: Dung dch A cha 0,01 mol Fe(NO
3
)
3
v 0,15 mol HCl c kh nng ha
tan ti a bao nhiu gam Cu kim loi? (Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht)
Hng dn:
Phng trnh ion:
Cu + 2Fe
3+
2Fe
2+
+ Cu
2+
0,005 0,01 mol
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
+ 4H
2
O
Ban u: 0,15 0,03 mol H
+
d
Phn ng: 0,045 0,12 0,03 mol
m
Cu ti a
= (0,045 + 0,005) 64 = 3,2 gam. (p n C)
Bi tp 11: (Cu 40 - M 285 - Khi B - TSH 2007)
Thc hin hai th nghim:
1) Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch HNO
3
1M thot ra V
1
lt
NO.
2) Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch cha HNO
3
1M v
H
2
SO
4
0,5 M thot ra V
2
lt NO.
Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht, cc th tch kh o cng iu kin.
Quan h gia V
1
v V
2
l
A. V
2
= V
1
. B. V
2
= 2V
1
. C. V
2
= 2,5V
1
. D. V
2
= 1,5V
1
.
Hng dn :
TN1:
3
Cu
HNO
3,84
n 0,06 mol
64
n 0,08 mol
'

3
H
NO
n 0,08 mol
n 0,08 mol
+
'
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
+ 4H
2
O
Ban u: 0,06 0,08 0,08 mol H
+
phn ng ht
Phn ng: 0,03 0,08 0,02 0,02 mol
V
1
tng ng vi 0,02 mol NO.
TN2: n
Cu
= 0,06 mol ;
3
HNO
n
= 0,08 mol ;
2 4
H SO
n
= 0,04 mol.
Tng:
H
n
+
= 0,16 mol ;
3
NO
n

= 0,08 mol.
52
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
+ 4H
2
O
Ban u: 0,06 0,16 0,08 mol Cu v H
+
phn ng ht
Phn ng: 0,06 0,16 0,04 0,04 mol
V
2
tng ng vi 0,04 mol NO.
Nh vy V
2
= 2V
1
. (p n B)
Ngy 5/11/2012 Bui 9: (3 tit)
AXIT NITRIC V MUI NITRAT (BUI 2)
I. Mc ch yu cu:
- Gii cc bi tp v axit nitric v mui nitrat (Axit tc dng cc cht, nhit phn
mui nitrat...)
- Gii cc dng bi tp ion thu gn khi cho kim loi tc dng ion NO
3
-
trong mi
trng axit
III. Tin hnh:
Bi tp 1: Ho tan hon ton m g bt Cu trong 800 g dung dch HNO
3
c dung
dch Y v 2,24 lit kh NO (ktc). Y tc dng va vi 300 ml dung dch NaOH 2 M
c kt ta R. Sau khi nung R n khi lng khng i thu c 20 g cht rn.
a. Tnh khi lng Cu ban u.
b. Tnh khi lng cc cht trong Y v nng % ca dung dch HNO
3
dng
Gii:
n
NO
= 2,24/22,4 = 0,1 mol; n
NaOH
= 0,3.0,2 = 0,06 mol
a. Khi cho Y tc dng vi dung dch NaOH thu c kt ta R ch cha Cu(OH)
2
.
Cht rn thu c khi nung l CuO n
CuO
= 20/80 = 0,25 mol
2
) (OH Cu
n
= n
CuO
=
0,25 mol.
Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t:
n
Cu (ban u)
= n
Cu (trong CuO)
= 0,25 mol m
Cu
= 0,25.64 = 16 g
b. Trong X, n
+ 2
Cu
=
2
) (OH Cu
n
= 0,25 mol m
2 3
) Cu(NO = 188.0,25 = 47 g
Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e
0,25 mol 0,5 mol
M:
5 +
N
+ 3e
2 +
N
0,3 mol 0,1 mol
Vy chng t phn ng ca Cu v HNO
3
phi to ra NH
4
NO
3
.
n
e (Cu nhng)
= n
e nhn
= 0,5 mol n
e nhn
3 5 +
N N
= 0,5 0,3 = 0,2 mol

5 +
N
+ 8e
3
N
53
0,2 mol 0,025 mol
n
3 4
NO NH = 0,025 mol m
3 4
NO NH = 80.0,025 = 2 g
Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t:
n
3
HNO p
= n
N (trong 2 3
) Cu(NO )
+ n
N (trong NO)
+ n
N (trong 3 4
NO NH )
= 2n
2 3
) Cu(NO + n
NO
+ 2n
3 4
NO NH = 0,65 mol
(Nu s dng cng thc tnh nhanh trn ta c: n
3
HNO p
= 4.n
NO
+ 10.n
3 4
NO NH = 4.0,1
+ 10.0,25 = 0,65 mol)
m
3
HNO = 63.0,65 = 40,95 g C% =
% 100 .
800
95 , 40
= 5,12%
Bi tp 2: Ha tan hon ton 3,76 gam hn hp H gm: S, FeS, FeS
2
trong HNO
3
d
c 0,48 mol NO
2
v dung dch X. Cho dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d vo X, lc kt ta
nung n khi lng khng i th khi lng cht rn thu c l:
Gii
Phn tch: hh H ch gm S v Fe
- dung dch X tc dng Ba(OH)
2
to ra kt ta chng t trong dung dch c SO
4
2-
Gi x, y ln lt l tng s mol Fe v S trong hn hp (cng c th coi x, y l s mol
Fe v S tham gia phn ng vi nhau to ra hn hp trn)
Cho e: Fe Fe
3+
+ 3e; S S
+6
+ 6e
Thu e: N
+5
+ 1e N
+4

Ta c: 56x + 32y = 3,76
Mt khc: n
e (cho)
= 3x + 6y = 0,48 = n
e (nhn)
(v hn hp H b oxi ha to mui Fe
3+
v H
2
SO
4
)
T c: x = 0,03; y = 0,065
Khi thm Ba(OH)
2
d kt ta thu c c: Fe(OH)
3
(0,03 mol) v BaSO
4
(0,065 mol).
Sau khi nung cht rn c: Fe
2
O
3
(0,015 mol) v BaSO
4
(0,065 mol).
m
cht rn
= 160.0,015 + 233.0,065 = 17,545 (gam)
Bi tp 3: Cho 61,2 gam hn hp X gm Cu v Fe
3
O
4
tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
long, un nng v khuy u. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 3,36
lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc), dung dch Y v cn li 2,4 gam kim loi.
C cn dung dch Y, thu c m gam mui khan. Xc nh gi tr ca m?
Gii
n
NO
= 0,15 (mol)
Gi a l s mol Cu trong X phn ng. Gi b l s mol Fe
3
O
4
trong X
Ta c: 64a + 232b = 61,2 2,4
Cc nguyn t Cu, Fe, O trong hn hp X khi phn ng vi HNO
3
chuyn thnh
mui Cu
2+
, Fe
2+
(v d kim loi), H
2
O
Do theo bo ton e: 2a + 2.3b 2.4b = 3.0,15
T : a = 0,375; b = 0,15
Mui khan gm c: Cu(NO
3
)
2
(a = 0,375 mol) v Fe(NO
3
)
2
(3b = 0,45 mol)
m
mui
= 188.0,375 + 180.0,45 = 151,5 (gam)
54
Bi tp 4: Cho 12,45 gam hn hp X (Al v 1 kim loi ha tr II) tc dng vi dung
dch HNO
3
d thu c 1,12 lt hn hp N
2
O v N
2
c t khi hi i vi H
2
bng
18,8 v dung dch Y. Cho dung dch Y tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu 0,448 lt
NH
3
. Xc nh kim loi M v khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u. Bit
n
X
=0,25 mol; cc th tch kh o ktc.
Hng dn :
c ht c bi lu : Cho dung dch Y tc dng vi dung dch NaOH ly d thu c
0,448 lt kh NH
3
=> Trong dd Y c NH
4
+
Vy khi cho 12,45 gam hn hp X gm Al v kim loi M ha tr 2 tc dng vi dung
dch HNO
3
long ly d thu c 1,12 lt hn hp hai kh N
2
O v N
2
c t khi hi so
vi H
2
l 18,8 v dung dch Y. Th dd Y gm 2 mui nitrat ca Al v M cn c thm
NH
4
NO
3
Cc phng trinh:
Al - 3e Al
3+
( Vi n Al = a v nM = b)
a......3a
M - 2e M
2+
b......2b
10 HNO
3
+ 8e 8NO
3
-
+ N
2
0 + 5H
2
O
....10x.........8x <----------------x (mol)
12HNO
3
+ 10e 10NO
3
-
+ N
2
+ 6H
2
O
......12y.......10y <----------------y (mol)
10HNO
3
+ 8e 9NO
3
-
+ NH
4
+
+ 3H
2
O
.......0,2......0,16 <-------------0,02
NH
4
+ + OH
-
NH
3
+ H
2
O
0,02 <--------------0,02 (mol)
Ta c : n NH
3
= 0,448/22,4 = 0,02 (mol)
S mol hn hp kh : n =1,12/22,4 = 0,05 (mol) = x + y (1)
d
kh
/ H
2
= 18,8 => M kh
= 18,8.2 =37,6 = (44x + 28y) / (x +y)
=> 44x + 28y = 1,88 (2)
T (1) v (2) => gi tr ca x v y
Theo nh lut bo ton electron th ta li c:
3a + 2b = 8x + 10 y + 0,16 (3)
Mt khc : a + b = 0,25 (4)
T (3) v (4) => gi tr ca a v b
M 27a + Mb = 12,45 => M=65 (Zn)
Bi tp 5: Cho m
1
gam hn hp gm Mg v Al vo m
2
gam dung dch HNO
3
24%.
Sau khi cc kim loi tan ht c 8,96 lt hn hp X gm NO, N
2
O, N
2
bay ra(ktc) v
c dung dch A. Thm mt lng O
2
va vo X, sau phn ng c hn hp kh
Y. Dn Y t t qua dung dch NaOH d, c 4,48 lt hn hp kh Z i ra (ktc). T
khi ca Z i vi H
2
bng 20. Nu cho dung dch NaOH vo dung dch A c
lng kt ta ln nht thu c 62,2 gam kt ta.
a)Tnh m
1
, m
2
. Bit lng HNO
3
ly d 20% so vi lng cn thit.
55
b)Tnh C% cc cht trong dung dch A.
Hng dn:
a) Gi s mol ca Mg, Al ln lt l x, y mol.
Kh hp th vo NaOH l NO
2

V
NO2
= 8,96 4,48 = 4,48 lt

2
NO NO
n n
= 0,2 mol.
s mol ca 2 kh cn li N
2
v N
2
O gii theo Qt ng cho
n
N2
=0,05mol; n
N2O
=0,15 mol
PT bo ton e: 2x+3y= 10. 0,05+8.0,15+3.0,2=2.3 (1).
khi lng kt ta ln nht <----> OH
-
v Al
3+
va .
PT khi lng: 58x+78y= 62,2(2)
gii 1 v 2 ---> x=0,4 mol; y = 0,5 mol
m1= 24.0,4+27.0,5 = 23,1 gam.
s mol HNO
3
= s mol ion (NO
3
-
) to mui + s mol nguyn t N to kh.
n(HNO
3
)= n(NO
3
-
)+2n(N
2
)+2n(N
2
O)+n(NO). =2,9 mol.
lng dd HNO
3
trong TN (tnh c 20% d)
m2= 913.5 gam.
b) dung dch A gm: Al(NO
3
)
3
, Mg(NO
3
)
2
, HNO
3
d
( ) ( )
( )
( )
3 3
3 3
Mg NO , 3
3 2
2
3 3
Al NO Al NO
Mg NO ,
HNO d HNO d
0, 5( ); 106, 5( );
0, 4( ) 59, 2( );
2, 9.0, 2 0, 58( ) 36, 54( )
n mol m g
n mol m g
n mol m g

Khi lng dung dch A:
913, 5 23,1 (0, 2.46 0, 05.28 0,15.44) 919, 4( )
A
m g + + +
C%
Al(NO3)3
= 11,58%: C%
Mg(NO3)2
= 6,44%; C%
HNO3 d
= 3,97%
Bi tp 6: Cho a mol Cu tc dng ht vi 120 ml dung dch A gm HNO
3
1M,
H
2
SO
4
0,5M thu c V lit NO ktc
a. Tnh V ( bin lun theo a)
b. Nu Cu d hoc va th lng mui thu c l bao nhiu?
Gii:
a. n
3
HNO = 0,12.1 = 0,12 mol; n
4 2
SO H = 0,12.0,5 = 0,06 mol
n
+
H
= 0,12 + 2.0,06 = 0,24 mol; n

3
NO = 0,12 mol
Ta c ptp: 3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
-
3Cu
+2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
C th xy ra cc trng hp
+ Cu ht, H
+
v NO
3
-
d
n
NO
=
3
2
n
Cu
=
3
2
a (mol) V = 22,4.
3
2
a = 14,93 (lit)
+ Cu hoc d, H
+
ht (NO
3
-
lun d so vi H
+
!)
n
NO
=
4
1
n
+
H
= 0,06 mol V = 22,4.0,06 = 13,44 (lit)
b. Khi Cu ht hoc d
n
2 3
) Cu(NO =
8
3
.n
+
H
= 0,09 m
2 3
) Cu(NO = 188.0,09 = 16,92 (g)
56
Bi tp 7: Cho 19,2 g Cu vo 500 ml dung dch NaNO
3
1M, sau thm 500 ml
dung dch HCl 2M c dung dch A
a. Cu c tan ht khng? Tnh th tch NO bay ra ktc.
b. Tnh nng mol cc ion trong dung dch A thu c sau phn ng.
c. Phi thm bao nhiu lt dung dch NaOH 0,2 M kt ta ht Cu
2+
cha trong dung
dch A.
Hng dn:
Phng trnh hh l:
3Cu + 8H
+
+2NO
3
-
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO +4H
2
O
tnh : nCu = 0,3 (mol) , n NaNO
3
= nNO
3
-
=0,5 mol , nHCl = nH
+
=1 mol
a) gi s Cu tan ht nn em s mol ca Cu ln pt tnh th s suy ra s mol H+
phn ng cng nh s mol NO
3
-
phn ng .
Nu thy 2 s mol b hn hoc bng s mol NO
3
-
v nH
+
bi cho => Cu phn
ng ht.
Nu Cu thc s tan ht th t lc ny s dng s mol Cu trn phng trnh suy ra
s mol cn li ca cc ion khc => V
NO
= 4,48(l)
b) Dd A sau phn ng gm : Cu
2+
v c H
+
v NO
3
-
cng d
C th tnh c nng mol cc cht trong dung dch A. Th tch dd sau phn ng =
500ml + 500ml = 1000ml =1(l)
C
M(Na+)
= 0,5M; C
M(NO3-)
= 0,3M; C
M(Cl-)
= 1M; C
M(H+)
= 0,2M;
C
M(Cu2+)
= 0,3M
c) Cu
2+
+ 2OH
-
Cu(OH)
2
T nCu
2+
=> nOH
-
; nH
+
d
=> nOH
-
m nOH
-
= nNaOH cn dng kt ta ht Cu
2+
n
NaOH
= 0,3.2 + 0,2 = 0,8 (mol) V
NaOH
= 0,4 (lt)
Bi tp 8: Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng phn hu v khi lng ch oxit thu c khi
nung nng 99,3 gam Pb(NO
3
)
2
thu c 12,6 lt hn hp kh (ktc).( s: H=75%)
Hng dn:
2Pb(NO
3
)
2
o
T C

2PbO + 4NO
2
+ O
2
x x 2x 0,5x
2,5x = 12,6/22,4 = 0,5625 x = 0,225
m
Pb(NO3)2 (P)
= 0,225.331 = 74,475(g) H% = 75%
Bi tp 9: Nhit phn hon ton 27,3 g hn hp rn X gm NaNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
thu
c hn hp kh c th tch 6,72 lt ( ktc).
a. Vit phng trnh ha hc ca cc phn ng xy ra.
b. Tnh thnh phn phn trm v khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp.
Gii:
Gi s mol NaNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
ln lt l x, y
2NaNO
3
o
T C

2NaNO
2
+ O
2
2Cu(NO
3
)
2
o
T C

2CuO + 4NO
2
+ O
2
57
Theo ra ta c h:
3
3 2
( )
3 3 3
0,1( )
85 188 27, 3 0,1
2, 5 0, 3 0,1 0,1( )
0,1.85.100%
% 31,14% % ( ) 68,86%
27, 3
NaNO
Cu NO
n mol
x y x
x y y n mol
NaNO Cu NO

+

' ' '
+

Bi tp 10: Nhit phn hon ton 19,86g mui nitrat ca kim loi M thu c oxit
ca M v 3,36 lit hn hp kh X gm NO
2
v O
2
(ktc). Xc nh M, bit M c ha tr
khng i.
Gii:
Gi cng thc mui nitrat l M(NO
3
)
n
Do khi nhit phn mui nitrat thu c NO
2
v O
2
nn M l kim loi ng t Mg tr
v sau nn ch c 2 trng hp xy ra:
TH 1: M l kim loi t Mg
Cu:
Pthh nhit phn: 2M(NO
3
)
n

o
T C
M
2
O
n
+ 2nNO
2
+ n/2O
2
Gi s mol NO
2
l x
s mol O
2
l 0,25x
1,25x = 0,15
x = 0,12
3
( ) 3
0,12 19,86
( )
0,12
n
M NO n
n
n M NO
n

Ta c: n = 2, M = 207 (Pb) l tha mn
TH 2: M l kim loi sau Cu:
Pthh nhit phn: 2M(NO
3
)
n

o
T C
2M + 2nNO
2
+ nO
2
Gi s mol NO
2
l x
s mol O
2
l 0,5x
1,5x = 0,15
x = 0,1
3
( ) 3
0,1 19, 86
( )
0,1
n
M NO n
n
n M NO
n

Khng c trng hp no tha mn c iu kin gia n v M nn trng hp
2 khng xy ra
Vy kim loi l Pb
Bi tp 11: Nung nng phn hu 27,3g hn hp NaNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
, hn hp
kh to ra dn vo 89,2 ml H
2
O thu c dung dch HNO
3
v cn d 1,12 lt kh (kc)
khng phn ng (H
p/ng
=100% v coi nh O
2
khng

ho tan vo H
2
O). Tnh khi
lng tng mui trong hn hp u v C% dung dch HNO
3
thu c?
Gii:
Gi s mol NaNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
ln lt l x, y
2NaNO
3
o
T C

2NaNO
2
+ O
2
(1)
2Cu(NO
3
)
2
o
T C

2CuO + 4NO
2
+ O
2
(2)
4NO
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4HNO
3
(3)
58
Theo 2 pthh (1), (2) ta thy lng kh NO
2
v O
2
sinh ra pthh (2) va tc dng
vi nhau to ra axit HNO
3
theo pthh (3), Vy lng kh thot ra sau pthh (3) l bng
lng O
2
thot ra pthh (1)
2 3 3
3 2 3 2 2
3 3
3
(1)
( ) ( ) ( 2 )
( 3)
dd
0, 05( ) 0,1( ) 8, 5
18, 8 0,1( ) 0, 2( )
0, 2( ) 12, 6
0,1.32 0, 2.46 89, 2 100
12, 6
% .100% 12, 6%
100
O NaNO NaNO
Cu NO Cu NO NO
HNO HNO
HNO
n mol n mol m g
m g n mol n mol
n mol m g
m g
C

+ +

Bi tp 1 2: Nung 8,08g mt mui A th thu c sn phm kh v 1,6g mt cht rn
khng tan trong nc. Nu cho lng kh trn i qua 200g dung dch NaOH 1,2%
iu kin xc nh v va th thu c dung dch mui c nng 2,47%. Tm A,
bit khi nung s oxi ha ca kim loi khng thay i.
Hng dn:
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng c khi lng ca kh l 8,08 - 1,6 = 6,48 gam
khi lng dung dch sau khi hp th kh l 200 + 6,48 = 206,48 gam
khi lng mui l 206,48.2,47% = 5,1 gam
s mol ca NaOH l 0,06 mol
nu P ca NaOH vi kh theo t l 2 : 1 th KL mol ca mui l 170 gam (loi do
khng c mui no ca Na c khi lng nh vy)
nu P ca NaOH vi kh theo t l 1 : 1 th KL mol ca mui l 85 gam suy ra l
mui NaNO
3
suy ra mui em nhit phn l mui nitrat c th c nc c CT l M(NO
3
)
n
.xH
2
O
v t l kh P vi NaOH va nn t l NO
2
v O
2
l 4 : 1
suy ra xt TH: 2M(NO
3
)
n
xH
2
O
o
T C
2M + 2nNO
2
+ nO
2
+ 2xH
2
O
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t N s mol NO
2
= s mol mui NaNO
3
s mol NO
2
l 5,1/85 = 0,06 mol
KL mol oxit l 160n/3 (g) suy ra M = 56n/3 suy ra M =56 (Fe), n = 3
suy ra x = 9
vy CT A l Fe(NO
3
)
3
.9H
2
O
Bi tp 1 3: Nung 15,04g Cu(NO
3
)
2
mt thi gian thy cn li 8,56g cht rn
a) Tnh hiu sut phn ng nhit phn?
b) Xc nh thnh phn % cht rn cn li?
c) Cho kh sinh ra hp th hon ton vo 193,52g dung dch NaOH 3,1% c
dung dch X. Tnh C% cht tan trong dung dch X?
Hng dn:
59
a) p dng DDLBTKL : m
kh
= m
rn u
m
rn sau
tm c s mol kh s mol
Cu(NO)
3(P)
H% = 75%
b) %CuO = 57,07%; %Cu(NO
3
)
2
= 43,93%
c) p dng LBTNT nit S mol HNO
3
= s mol NO
2
= 0, 12 mol NaOH d
S mol NaNO
3
= 0,12(mol); s mol NaOH
d
= 0,03 mol
M
dd
= 193,52 + 6,48 = 200(g)
C%
(NaOH)
= 0,6%; C%
(NaNO3)
= 5,1%
Bi tp 14: Dung dch X cha HCl 4M v HNO
3
aM. Cho t t Mg vo 100 ml
dung dch X cho ti khi kh ngng thot ra thy tn ht b gam Mg, thu c dung
dch B ch cha cc mui ca Mg v thot ra 17,92 lt hn hp kh Y gm 3 kh. Cho
Y qua dung dch NaOH d thy cn li 5,6 lt hn hp kh Z thot ra c
2
Z H
d
/ =3,8. Cc
phn ng xy ra hon ton. Th tch cc kh u o ktc. Tnh a, b?
Gii:
n
Y
= 0,8 mol; n
Z
= 0,25 mol
2
0 55
NO
n mol ,
V khi qua dung dch NaOH ch c kh NO
2
hp th nn Z phi cha kh H
2
v kh
A
7 6
Z
M ( , )
.
Ta c
2
1
0 2
2
H HCl
n n ,
mol
n
A
= 0,05 mol.
0 2 2 0 05
7 6
0 25
A
Z
M
M
, . , .
,
,
+

M
A
= 30
A l NO.
Gi n
Mg
phn ng l x mol.
Qu trnh oxi ha: Qu trnh kh:
Mg
Mg
+2
+ 2e 2H
+
+ 2e
H
2

x 2x 0,4 mol 0,2 mol
N
+5
+ 1e
N
+4

0,55 mol 0,55 mol
N
+5
+ 3e
N
+2

0,15 mol 0,05 mol
p dng bo ton electron ta c: 2x = 0,4 + 0,55 + 0,15
x = 0,55 mol.
b = 0,55.24 = 13,2 gam.

3
3 3
HNO pu
NO NO
n n pu n muoi
( )
( ) ( )

+
= 0,55 + 0,05 + 2 (0,55 0,2) = 1,3 mol.
[ ]
3
1 3
13
0 1
HNO M
,
,

a = 13M.
Bi tp 1 5: Cho 2,88g Mg vo 2 lit dung dch hn hp HCl 0,1M v NaNO
3
0,015M.
Sau phn ng thu c dung dch X, a gam cht rn khng tan v V lit hn hp kh
N
2
v H
2
. Tnh a, V (ktc)
S: a= 0,84g
V
hh kh
= 0,56 lt
Ngy 10/11/2012 Bui 10: (3 tit)
P=O

60
PHOTPHO V HP CHT CA PHOTPHO (BUI 1)
I. Mc ch yu cu:
- Nm vng li cc kin thc l thuyt ca P, P
2
O
5
, H
3
PO
4
, mui photphat
- Gii cc bi tp lin quan n P v cc hp cht ca P
- Hiu c v gii c cc bi tp ca P
2
O
5
, H
3
PO
4
tc dng dung dch kim
III. Tin hnh:
A. kin thc l thuyt:
I. Phot pho:
1/ Tnh cht ha hc :
Do lin kt trong phn t photpho km bn hn phn t nit nn iu kin thng
photpho hot ng ho hc mnh hn nit.
a) Tnh oxi ho: Photpho ch th hin r rt tnh oxi ho khi tc dng vi mt s kim
loi hot ng, to ra photphua kim loi.
TQ: nP + 3R
o
T C
R
3
P
n
(photphua kim loi)
Vd:
0 3
3 2
2 3
o
t
canxi photphua
P Ca Ca P
+
b) Tnh kh:
Photpho th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi cc phi kim hot ng nh oxi, halozen,
lu hunh cng nh vi cc cht oxi ha mnh khc
Tc dng vi oxi: Khi t nng, photpho chy trong khng kh to ra cc oxit
ca photpho :
Thiu oxi :
0 3
2 2 3
4 3 2
diphotpho trioxit
P O P O
+
+
D Oxi :
0 5
2 2 5
4 5 2
diphotpho pentaoxit
P O PO
+
+
Tc dng vi clo: Khi cho clo i qua P nng chy, s thu c cc hp cht
photpho clorua:
Thiu clo :
0 3
2 3
2 3 2
photpho triclorua
P Cl PCl
+
+
D clo :
0 5
2 5
2 5 2
photpho pentaclorua
P Cl PCl
+
+
2. iu ch : Trong cng nghip, photpho c sn xut bng cch nung hn hp
qung photphorit, ct v than cc khong 1200
o
C trong l in:
( )
3 4 2 3
2
3 5 3 2 5
o
t
Ca PO SiO C CaSiO P CO + + + +
Hi photpho thot ra c ngng t khi lm lnh, thu c photpho trng dng rn.
II. i Photpho penta oxit (P
2
O
5
):
Tc dng dung dch baz: ty theo t l mol gia OH
-
vi P
2
O
5
m c th to ra 1
hoc 2 hoc 3 loi mui (mui ihirophotphat, hirophotphat, photphat trung ha)
P
2
O
5
+ 2OH
-
+ H
2
O 2H
2
PO
4
-
(1)
P
2
O
5
+ 4OH
-
2HPO
4
2-
+ H
2
O (2)
P
2
O
5
+ 6OH
-
2PO
4
3-
+ 3H
2
O (3)
P=O

61
C 5 trng hp xy ra: vi iu kin
2 5
OH
P O
n
T
n

TH 1: T 2 To ra 1 mui ihirophotphat (ch c pt hh (1))

TH 2: 2< T< 4 To ra 2 mui ihirophotphat, hirophotphat (c pthh (1), (2))
TH 3: T= 4 To ra 1 mui hirophotphat (ch c pt hh (2))
TH 4: 4< T< 6 To ra 2 mui hirophotphat, photphat trung ha (c pthh (2),
(3))
TH 5: T 6 To ra 1 mui photphat trung ha (ch c pt hh (3))
III. Axit photphoric (H
3
PO
4
):
Cng thc cu to :

1. Tnh cht vt l: L cht rn dng tinh th trong sut, khng mu, nng chy
42,5
o
C. d chy ra v tan v hn trong nc.
2. Tnh cht ha hc:
a) Tnh oxi ha kh:
Axt photphoric kh b kh (do P mc oxi ha +5 bn hn so vi N trong axit nitric)
, khng c tnh oxi ha.
b) Tnh axit: Axt photphoric l axit c 3 ln axit, c mnh trung bnh. Trong
dung dch n phn li ra 3 nc:
H
3
PO
4
H
+
+ H
2
PO
4
-
k
1
= 7, 6.10
-3
H
2
PO
4
-
H
+
+ HPO
4
2-
k
2
= 6,2.10
-8
nc 1 > nc 2 > nc 3
HPO
4
2-
H
+
+ PO
4
3-
k
3
= 4,4.10
-13
Dung dch axt photphoric c nhng tnh cht chung ca axit nh lm qu tm
ha , tc dng vi oxit baz, baz, mui, kim loi.
Khi tc dng vi oxit baz, baz ty theo lng cht tc dng m axt
photphoric to ra mui trung ha, mui axit hoc hn hp mui:
V d: H
3
PO
4
+ NaOH NaH
2
PO
4
+ H
2
O
H
3
PO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
HPO
4
+ 2H
2
O
H
3
PO
4
+ 3NaOH Na
3
PO
4
+ 3H
2
O
C 5 trng hp xy ra: vi iu kin
3 4
OH
H PO
n
T
n

TH 1: T 1 To ra 1 mui ihirophotphat
TH 2: 1< T< 2 To ra 2 mui ihirophotphat, hirophotphat
TH 3: T= 2 To ra 1 mui hirophotphat
TH 4: 2< T< 3 To ra 2 mui hirophotphat, photphat trung ha
TH 5: T 3 To ra 1 mui photphat trung ha
P=O

H O
H O
H O
62

P O
H O
H O
H O
Hay
3. iu ch :
a) Trong phng th nghim: P + 5HNO
3
H
3
PO
4
+ H
2
O + 5NO
2
b) Trong cng nghip:
+ Cho H
2
SO
4
c tc dng vi qung photphorit hoc qung apatit: Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+
3H
2
SO
4
3CaSO
4
+ 2H
3
PO
4

iu ch bng phng php ny khng tinh khit v lng cht thp
+ iu ch H
3
PO
4
c tinh khit v nng cao hn ngi ta t chy P
c P
2
O
5
ri cho P
2
O
5
tc dng vi nc : 4P + 5O
2
2P
2
O
5

P
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O 2H
3
PO
4
IV. Mui Photphat: Axt photphoric to ra 3 loi mui:
1.- Mui photphat trung ha: Cha ion PO
4
3-
Vd: Na
3
PO
4
, Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
,
Mui photphat trung ha c tnh baz
PO
4
3-
+ H
+
HPO
4
2-

Tnh tan: Mui photphat trung ha u khng tan hoc t tan trong nc ( tr mui
natri, kali, amoni ).
2 - Mui ihidrophotphat: Cha ion H
2
PO
4
-
Vd: NaH
2
PO
4
, Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
,
Mui ihidrophotphat c tnh lng tnh
HPO
4
2-
+ H
+
H
2
PO
4
-

HPO
4
2-
+ OH
-
PO
4
3-

Tnh tan: Mui ihidrophotphat u khng tan hoc t tan trong nc ( tr mui natri,
kali, amoni ).
- Mui hidrophotphat: Cha ion HPO
4
2-
Vd: Na
2
HPO
4
, CaHPO
4

Mui ihidrophotphat c tnh lng tnh
H
2
PO
4
-
+ H
+
H
3
PO
4

H
2
PO
4
-
+ OH
-
HPO
4
2-

Tnh tan: Tt c cc mui ihidrophotphat u tan trong nc.
2. Nhn bit ion photphat: Thuc th l bc nitrat.
3Ag
+
+ PO
4
3-
Ag
3
PO
4
(mu vng)
B. BI TP P DNG
Dng 1 bi tp l thuyt
Bi tp 1. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng thc hin s chuyn ha sau:

(1)
P
2
O
3
2
P
2
O
5
3
H
3
PO
4

4
Na
3
PO
4
5
Ag
3
PO
4
P

(6)
H
3
PO
4
7
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2

8
Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2

9
CaHPO
4

10
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2

Bi tp 2. Dng phng php ha hc hy phn bit cc l mt nhn sau:
a) 3 dung dch : HCl , HNO
3
, H
3
PO
4
.
b) 4 dung dch : Na
2
SO
4
, NaNO
3
, Na
2
SO
3
, Na
3
PO
4
.
Dng 2 Bi tp tnh cht ca P
Bi tp 1. T 6,2 gam P c th iu ch c bao nhiu lt dung dch H
3
PO
4
2M. Bit
hiu sut ton b qu trnh l 80%.
A. 80 ml B. 100 ml C. 40 ml D. 64 ml
63
Hng dn:
Nu hiu sut 100%
3 4
6, 2
0, 2( ) 0, 2( )
31
P H PO
n mol n mol
Do H% =80%
3 4
0, 2.0, 8 0,16( )
H PO
n mol
3 4
0,16
0, 08( ) 80
2
H PO
V l ml
Bi tp 2. un nng hn hp Ca v P . Ho tan sn phm thu c vo dd HCl d
thu c 28lt kh ktc. t chy kh ny thnh P
2
O
5
. Lng oxit thu c tc dng
vi dd kim to thnh 142g Na
2
HPO
4
. Xc nh thnh phn hn hp u.
Hng dn:
Pthh: 2P + 3Ca
o
T C
Ca
3
P
2
(1)
Ca
3
P
2
+ 6HCl 3CaCl
2
+ 2PH
3
(2)
2PH
3
+ 4O
2

o
T C
P
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O (3)
P
2
O
5
+ 4NaOH 2Na
2
HPO
4
+ H
2
O (4)
2 4
28 142
1, 25( ); 1( )
22, 4 142
kh Na HPO
n mol n mol
Theo pthh: (2), (3), (4) s mol PH
3
= s mol Na
2
HPO
4
= 1(mol);
M s mol kh = 1,25 mol trong hn hp kh cn c kh khc PH
3
l kh H
2
do c pthh: Ca + HCl CaCl
2
+ H
2
(5)
S mol H
2
= 1,25 1 = 0,25 (mol)
Vy sau pthh (1) th P ht Ca d:
3 2 4
1( ) 31( )
P PH Na HPO P
n n n mol m g
2(5)
3
1, 75( ) 70( )
2
Ca P H Ca
n n n mol m g +
70.100%
70 31 101( ) % 69, 31%
101
% 30, 69%
hh
m g Ca
P
+

Bi tp 3. t chy hon ton 6,2g photpho trong oxi d. Cho sn phm to thnh tc
dng va vi dung dch NaOH 32% to ra mui Na
2
HPO
4
.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
b) Tnh khi lng dung dch NaOH dng.
c) Tnh nng % ca mui trong dung dch thu c sau phn ng .
Hng dn:
4P+ 5O
2

o
T C
2P
2
O
5
(1)
P
2
O
5
+ 4NaOH 2Na
2
HPO
4
+ H
2
O (2)
2 5 2 4
6, 2
0, 2( ) 0,1( ) 0, 4( ) 0, 2( )
31
P P O NaOH Na HPO
n mol n mol n mol n mol
b) m
NaOH
= 0,4.40 = 16(g)
dd
16.100
50( )
32
NaOH
m g
c) m
Na2HPO4
= 0,2.142 = 28,4 (g); m
dd
= 0,1.142 + 50 = 64,2 (g)
% m
Na2HPO4
= 44,24%
64
Bi tp 4. t P trong oxi ri ho tan sn phm vo 500ml dd H
3
PO
4
85%(d=1,7).
Nng dd axit tng ln 7,6%. Tnh khi lng P em t chy.
Hng dn:
Gi s mol P em t chy l a, ta c s pthh:
2P P
2
O
5
2H
3
PO
4
x 0,5x x
Khi lng dung dch H
3
PO
4
= 500.1,7 = 850 (g)
mH
3
PO
4(nguyn cht u)
= 850.0,85 = 722,5 (g)
mH
3
PO
4(nguyn cht sau)
= 722,5 + 98x
mddH
3
PO
4(sau)
= 850 + 142.0,5x
%mH
3
PO
4 sau
=
722, 5 98
0, 85 0, 076 0, 926
850 142.0, 5
x
x
+
+
+
Gii ra x = 2,4 m
P
= 2,4.31= 71,4(g)
Bi tp 5. Dng dd HNO
3
60%(d=1,37) oxi ho P thnh H
3
PO
4
. Mun bin
lng axit thnh mui NaH
2
PO
4
cn dng 25ml ddNaOH 25%(d=1,28). Tnh th
tch HNO
3
dng oxi ho P.
Hng dn:
P + 5HNO
3
H
3
PO
4
+ 5NO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
H
3
PO
4
+ NaOH NaH
2
PO
4
+ H
2
O (2)
3 4
(2) (2)
25.1, 8.25
0, 28125( ) 0, 28125( )
40.100
NaOH H PO
n mol n mol
3
0, 28125.5 1, 40625( )
HNO
n mol
3
dd
1, 40625.63.100
80,187
60.1, 37
HNO
m ml
Bi tp 6. t chy hon ton 6,2g P trong oxi d. Cho sn phm to thnh tc dng
va vi dung dch NaOH 32% to ra mui Na
2
HPO
4
.
a. Tnh khi lng dung dch NaOH dng.
b. Tnh nng phn trm ca mui trong dung dch thu c.
p n : a. m
dd
= 50g; b. C%
(ddmui)
= 44,24%.
Bi tp 7. t chy hon ton 31g P ta c cht A chia lm 2 phn bng nhau:
a) Ly phn 1 ho tan hon ton vo 500g nc ta c dd B.Tnh nng % ca dd
B.
b) Ly phn 2 cho tc dng vi 400ml dd NaOH 0,3M sau em c cn dd th thu
c bao nhiu g cht rn
p n:
a) C%H
3
PO
4
= 0,092%
b) m(rn) =32,8 + 42,6 = 75,4(g)
Bi tp 8. t chy 16 gam P k thut trong oxi d v ha tan sn phm thu c
vo nc. Mun trung ha dung dch axit cn dng 187,5 ml dung dch NaOH
25% (D=1,28 g/ml). Sau khi trung ha, thm d AgNO
3
thu c kt ta vng.
65
a. Xc nh hm lng P trong mu P k thut.
b. Tnh khi lng kt ta vng.
p n:
a. m
p
=15.5(g)
c 96.875% P trong photpho k thut
b. m
Ag3PO4
= 0,5.393 = 196,5g
Bi tp 9. Bit thnh phn % v khi lng P trong tinh th Na
2
HPO
4
.nH
2
O l
8,659%. S phn t nc trong tinh th l:
A. 9 B. 10 C. 11 D. 12
p n: D. 12
Bi tp 10. Thu phn hon ton 8,25 gam mt photpho trihalogenua thu c
dung dch X. trung ho X cn 100 ml dung dch NaOH 3M. Cng thc ca
photpho trihalogenua l
A. PF
3
. B. PCl
3
. C. PBr
3
. D. PI
3
.
HD: S phn ng ha hc:
PX
3

2
H O +
H
3
PO
3

NaOH +
Na
2
HPO
3
Lu axit H
3
PO
3
l axit 2 nc
Ngy 15/11/2012 Bui 11: (3 tit)
PHOTPHO V HP CHT CA PHOTPHO (BUI 2)
I. Mc ch yu cu:
- Gii c cc bi tp ca P
2
O
5
tc dng dung dch kim, H
3
PO
4
tc dng dung dch
kim
- Gii c cc bi tp lin quan n phn bn ha hc
III. Tin hnh:
Dng bi tp P
2
O
5
tc dng H
2
O, OH
-
:
Bi tp 1. .(A-2007)Cho 0,1 mol P
2
O
5
vo dung dch cha 0,35 mol KOH. Dung
dch thu c c cc cht v khi lng chng ln lt l:
A. K
3
PO
4
6,8g, K
2
HPO
4
22,7g. B. K
2
HPO
4
6,8g, KH
2
PO
4
26,1g.
C. K
3
PO
4
7,8g, KOH 22,7g. D. H
3
PO
4
7,8g , KH
2
PO
4
25,7g
Gii:
2 5
0, 35
2 3, 5 4
0,1
OH
P O
n
n

< <
To ra 2 mui: H
2
PO
4
-
, HPHO
4
2-
Pthh: P
2
O
5
+ 2KOH + H
2
O 2KH
2
PO
4
x 2x 2x
P
2
O
5
+ 4KOH 2K
2
HPO
4
+ H
2
O
y 4y 2y
66
0,1
0, 025; 0, 075
2 4 0, 35
x y
x y
x y
+

'
+
Vy khi lng mui l: mK

2
HPO
4
= 6,8g; m KH
2
PO
4
= 26,1g
Bi tp 2. t chy hon ton 6,8 gam mt hp cht ca P trong bnh kn thu c
14,2 gam P
2
O
5
v 5,4 gam H
2
O; ri thm vo bnh 37 ml dung dch NaOH 32%
(D=1,35 g/ml).
a) Xc nh CTPT ca hp cht ca photpho.
b) Tnh C% ca mui trong bnh trn.
Gii:
a) Gi s HC ca P l H
x
P
y
O
z
n
P
= 2.14,2/142 = 0,2mol m
P
= 0,2.31 =6,2g
n
H
= 2.5,4/18 = 0,6mol m
H
= 0,6g
m
O
= 6,8 6,2 0,6 = 0 Vy HC khng c oxi:
x : y = 0,6 : 0,2 = 3 : 1 CTPT ca HC l H
3
P
b)
37.1, 35.32
0.4( )
100.40
NaOH
n mol
2 5
0, 4
4
0,1
OH
P O
n
n

To 1 mui HPO
4
2-

P
2
O
5
+ 4NaOH 2Na
2
HPO
4
+ H
2
O
0,1 0,2 (mol)
m
Na2HPO4
= 0,2.142 =28,2g
m
dung dch sau
= 37.1,35 + 14,2 + 5,4 = 75,1g
C%
Na2HPO4
=
28, 2
.100% 37, 55%
75,1

Bi tp 3. a. Cho 21,3g P
2
O
5
vo dd cha 16g NaOH, th tch dd sau l 400ml.
Xc nh C
M
ca nhng mui to nn trong dd thu c.
b. Thm 44g NaOH vo dd cha 39,2g H
3
PO
4
v c cn dd. Xc nh khi lng
mui thu c sau p.
Gii:
a)
2 5
21, 3 16
0,15( ); 0, 4( )
142 40
P O NaOH
n mol n mol
T l:
2 5
0, 4
2 2, 667 4
0,15
NaOH
P O
n
n
< <
To ra 2 mui H
2
PO
4
-
v HPO
4
2-
Pthh: P
2
O
5
+ 2NaOH + H
2
O 2NaH
2
PO
4

x 2x 2x
P
2
O
5
+ 4NaOH 2Na
2
HPO
4
+ H
2
O
y 4y 2y
2 4
2 4
NaH PO
Na HPO
0, 2( )
0,15 0,1
2 4 0, 4 0, 05 0,1( )
n mol
x y x
x y y n mol

+

' ' '
+

67
2 4 2 4
( NaH PO ) ( Na HPO )
0, 2 0,1
0, 5 ; 0, 25
0, 4 0, 4
M M
C M C M
b)
3 4
39, 2 44
0, 4( ); 1,1( )
98 40
H PO NaOH
n mol n mol
T l:
3 4
H PO
1,1
2 2, 75 3
0, 4
NaOH
n
n
< <
To ra 2 mui HPO
4
2-
v PO
4
3-
Pthh: H
3
PO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
HPO
4
+ 2H
2
O
x 2x x
H
3
PO
4
+ 3NaOH Na
3
PO
4
+ 3H
2
O
y 3y y
2 4
3 4
Na HPO
Na PO
0,1( )
0, 4 0,1
0, 3( ) 2 3 1,1 0, 3
n mol
x y x
n mol x y y

+

' ' '
+

2 4 3 4
( Na HPO ) ( Na PO )
0,1.142 14, 2 ; 0, 3.164 49, 2 m g m g
Bi tp 4. thu c mui photphat trung ha, cn ly bao nhiu ml dd NaOH
1,00M cho tc dng vi 50,0ml dung dch H
3
PO4 0,50M ?
p s: V
NaOH
= 25ml
Bi tp 5. Cho 50,00 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
0,50M vo dung dch KOH.
a) Nu mun thu c mui trung ha th cn bao nhiu ml dung dch KOH 1,00M ?
b) Nu cho H
3
PO4 trn vo 50,00 ml dung dch KOH 0,75M th thu c mui g c
nng mol/lt l bao nhiu ? (bit V dung dch thu c l 100,00ml).
p s: a) V
KOH
= 25ml
b) Thu c mui NaH
2
PO
4
0,1M v Na
2
HPO
4
0,1M
Bi tp 6. Khi ha tan 260g mt kim loi M trong HNO
3
long thu c mui nitrat kim
loi ha tr 2 v mt mui X. Khi un nng hn hp 2 mui vi Ca(OH)
2
, thu c kh
A. Khi tc dng vi H
3
PO
4
, kh A ny to nn 66g mui hidrophotphat.
a) Xc nh M.
b) Nu nung ring lng mui nitrat kim loi s thu c bao nhiu ml kh
(ktc).
Hng dn:
a) Mui X l NH
4
NO
3

S phn ng:
3 4 2
( )
4 3 3 4 2 4
2NH NO 2 ( )
H PO Ca OH
NH NH HPO
+ +

1
1

0,5
Cho e: M M
2+
+ 2e Thu e: N
+5
+ 8e N
-3
4 8 8 1
M=
260
65
4
Zn
b) 2Zn(NO
3
)
2

o
T C
2ZnO + 4NO
2
+ O
2
n
kh
= 10 (mol) V
Kh
= 224 lt
68
Bi tp 7. t chy hon ton 6,2g P trong oxi d. Cho sn phm to thnh tc
dng va vi dung dch NaOH 32% to ra mui Na
2
HPO
4
.
a. Tnh khi lng dung dch NaOH dng.
b. Tnh nng phn trm ca mui trong dung dch thu c.
p s : a. m
dd
= 50g;
b. m
dd sau
=m
dd NaOH
+ m
P2O5
= 50 + 14,2 = 64,2g, C%
(ddmui)
= 44,24%.
Bi tp 8. Cho 50g dd KOH 33,6%. Tnh khi lng dd H
3
PO
4
50% cn cho vo dd
KOH thu c:
a. Hai mui kali ihirphotphat v kali hirphotphat vi t l s mol l 2:1.
b. 10,44g kali hirphotphat v 12,72g kali photphat.
Hng dn:
a.
50.33, 6
0, 3( )
100.56
KOH
n mol
Pthh: H
3
PO
4
+ KOH KH
2
PO
4
+ H
2
O
2 x 2x 2x
H
3
PO
4
+ 2KOH K
2
HPO
4
+ 2H
2
O
x 2x x
3 4
3 4
H PO
ddH PO
0, 075 0, 075.3 0.225( )
0, 225.98.100
44,1
50
x n mol
m g

b. tng t vit pthh to ra 2 mui hirophotphat v photphat trung ha:
Da theo s mol 2 mui ca ra cho tm c s mol H
3
PO
4
; tm c khi
lng dung dch H
3
PO
4
= 23,52g
Bi tp 9: Chia dung dich H
3
PO
4
thnh 3 phn bng nhau
- Trung ha phn 1 va bi 300ml dung dch NaOH 1M
- Trn phn 2 v 3 ri cho tip 1 lng NaOH nh phn 1, c cn dung dch thu
c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
Hng dn:
Gi s mol H
3
PO
4
mi phn l a mol
S mol NaOH = 0,3.1 = 0,3(mol)
TN1: Trung ha va phn mt bng 300ml dung dch NaOH 1M
H
3
PO
4
+ 3NaOH Na
3
PO
4
+ 3H
2
O (1)
T (1) n
H3PO4 (1 phn)
= 0,3/3= 0,1(mol)
n
H3PO4 (2 phn)
= 0,1.2= 0,2(mol)
TN2:
T l:
3 4
H PO
0, 3
1 1, 5 2
0, 2
NaOH
n
n
< <
To ra 2 mui H
2
PO
4
-
v HPO
4
2-
H
3
PO
4
+ NaOH NaH
2
PO
4
+ H
2
O
x x x
H
3
PO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
HPO
4
+ 3H
2
O
69
y 2y y
2 4
2 4
NaH PO
Na HPO
0,1( )
0, 2 0,1
2 0, 3 0,1 0, ( )
n mol
x y x
x y y n mol

+

' ' '
+

2 4 2 4
( Na HPO ) ( NaH PO )
0,1.142 14, 2 ; 0,1.120 12 m g m g
Bi tp 10: phn m ure thng ch cha 46% N. khi lng (kg) ure cung cp
70kg N l
a. 152,2 b. 145,5 c. 50,9 d. 200
p n : Cng thc ure l: (NH
2
)
2
CO
ur
70.100
152, 2( )
46
e
m g

Bi tp 10: Trn thc t, phn m NH
4
Cl thng ch c 23%N.
a)Tnh khi lng phn bn cung cp 60kg N?
b) Tnh hm lng % ca NH
4
Cl trong phn bn?
Hng Dn :
a) NH
4
Cl N
53,5kg

53,5.0,23
x kg
60 kg
x = 60.53,5/53,5.0,23 = 261g
b) Gi s c 10 kg phn m. c 2,3 kg N
2
n
N2
= 2,3/28
n
N
= 2,3.2/28
m
NH4Cl
= n
N
.53,5 = 8,79 kg
Vy %NH
4
Cl = 8,79/10.100 = 87,9 %
Bi tp 11: Mt th bt qung photphat c cha 35% Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
. Tnh khi lng
P
2
O
5
tng ng vi 10 tn btqung?
Hng dn:
10 tn bt qung cha 10.0,35 =3,5 tn Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
n
Ca3(PO4)2
= n
P2O5
= 3,5 / 310 mol
m
P2O5
= 3,5 / 310.142 = 1,603 tn.
Bi tp 12: Phn ln Supephotphat kp thc t sn xut c thng ch c 40%
P
2
O
5
. Tnh hm lng % ca Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
trong phn bn ?
Hng dn:
Xt 10 kg Supephotphat kp c 10.0,4 = 4g P
2
O
5
n
P2O5
= n
Ca(H2PO4)2
= 4/142 mol
m
Ca(H2PO4)2
= 4/142.234 = 6,59 kg
Vy %Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
= 6,59/10.100 = 65,9 %
Bi tp 13: Phn Kali sn xut c t qung sinvinit thng ch c 50% K
2
O. Tnh
hm lng % ca KCl trong phn bn ?
Hng dn:
Xt 10kg Phn Kali c 5 kg K
2
O n
KCl
= 2n
K2O
= 2.5/94 mol
m
KCl
= 2.5/94.74,5 = 7,92 kg
Vy % KCl = 7,92/10.100 = 79,2 %
Bi tp 14: Tnh khi lng NH
3
v dd HNO
3
45% iu ch 100kg phn m
NH
4
NO
3
loi c 34%N?
70
Hng dn:
100kg phn m NH
4
NO
3
c 34g N n
N
= 34/14 mol.
Gi s mol NH
3
= x , HNO
3
= y, vy ta c pt x + y = 34/14 (1)
Tng khi lng phn m NH
4
NO
3
= m
NH3
+ n
HNO3
Ta c pt khi lng : 17x + 63y = 100 (2)
T (1) v (2) x= 53/46 , y = 411/322
Vy m
NH3
= 53/46.17 = 19,6 g
m
HNO3
= 411/322.63 = 80,4 g
m
dungdch
= 80,4.100/45 =178,7g
Bi tp 15: Tnh khi lng dd H
2
SO
4
65% dng iu ch c 500kg
Supephotphat kp? Bit rng trong thc t lng axit cn nhiu hn 5% so vi l
thuyt.
Hng dn: i vi loi sx supephotphat kp th ta nn vit 1 pt nh sau :
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 6H
2
SO
4
3Ca(HSO
4
)
2
+ 2H
3
PO
4
500/234.2
500/234
500kg Supephotphat kp n
Ca(H2PO4)2
= n
Ca(HSO4)2
= 500/234
m
H2SO4
= 500/234.2.98 = 418.8kg
m
dungdch
= 418,8.100/65 = 644,3 kg
m
dung dch thc t
= 644,3 + 644,3.5/100 = 677kg
/s: khi lng dd H
2
SO
4t
hc t cn dng l: 677 (kg)
Bi tp 16: Cho 13,44 m
3
kh NH
3
(ktc) tc dng vi 49kg H
3
PO
4
. Tnh thnh phn
khi lng Amophot thu c?
Hng dn:
NH
3
+ H
3
PO
4
NH
4
H
2
PO
4
x------------> x -----------> x
2NH
3
+ H
3
PO
4
NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
y------------> 0,5y --------> 0,5y
Ta c 2 pt : x + y = 13,44.10
3
/22,4 v x + 0,5y = 49000/98
x = 400 , y = 200
Vy m
NH4H2PO4
= 400.115 = 46000 g
m
(NH4)2HPO4
= 200/2.132 = 13200 g
% m
NH4H2PO4
= 46000.100/59200 = 77%
100 77 = 23%
Ngy 26/11/2012 Bui 12: (3 tit)
CACBON V HP CHT CA CACBON (BUI 1)
I. Mc ch yu cu:
- Nm vng li cc kin thc l thuyt ca C, CO, mui photphat
- Gii cc bi tp lin quan n C v cc hp cht CO
71
- Hiu c v gii c cc bi tp ca C, CO kh oxit kim loi
III. Tin hnh:
A. kin thc l thuyt:
I. Tnh cht ca C:
C c cc s oxi ha: C
-4
; C
0
; C
2+
; C
4+

Tnh oxi ha Tnh kh
C tc dng kim loi hot ng nhit cao to ra HC cacbua kim loi:
VD: 4Al + 3C
o
T C
Al
4
C
3
(nhm cacbua)
C tc dng H
2
: C + 2H
2

o
T C
CH
4
(metan)
C tc dng O
2
: C + O
2

o
T C
CO
2
(Cacbon ioxit)
C + CO
2

o
T C
2CO (Cacbon mono oxit)
C tc dng cc hp cht: C + 4HNO
3
CO
2
+ 4NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
C + 2H
2
SO
4(c nng)

o
T C
CO
2
+ 2SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
3C + 2KClO
3

o
T C
2KCl + 3CO
2
C kh oxit kim loi ng sau Al nhit cao thnh kim loi:
yC + 2M
x
O
y

o
T C
yCO
2
+ 2xM hoc yC + M
x
O
y

o
T C
yCO+ xM
II. Tnh cht ca CO:
- CO l oxit trung tnh (oxit khng to mui): Khng tc dng vi H
2
O, axit, kim
- CO c tnh kh : Kh oxit kim loi ng sau Al thnh kim loi t do:
yCO+ M
x
O
y

o
T C
yCO
2
+ xM
Phng php gii bi tp:
Dng 1:
72

Giáo Án D y Thêm Hóa L P 11

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Gio n dy thm ha lp 11

Ngy 12/9/2012 Bui 1: (3 tit)

e nhn = 0,4 + 0,1 = 0,5(mol)

0,16 + 2(x + y) = 0,8 x + y = 0,32

Phn ng thun nghch. Ta nhit t

=4/100 = 0,04 hay 4%

Nh vy khi pha long dung dch, in li tng, ngha l in li t l nghch vi

Mt s trng hp c bit: Mt s mui li c kh nng thy phn hon ton trong

qu tm ng xanh, c kh nng nhn proton.

II- pH ca dung dch:

1 => ch to ra mui axit (HCO

2 => ch to ra mui trung tnh (CO

= 0,2 . 35,5 = 7,1 (g)

. Thm dn V lt dung dch K

mol e 0,075 mol 0,025 mol

b = 0,55.24 = 13,2 gam.

TH 1: T 2 To ra 1 mui ihirophotphat (ch c pt hh (1))

Vy khi lng mui l: mK

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