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Telecommunications

THE

I L L U S T R AT E D D I C T I O N A R Y

Appendixes
A. Telecommunications Timeline B. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Information C. ITU-T Series Recommendations D. List of World Wide Web Search Engines E. List of Internet Domain Name Extensions F. List of Request for Comments (RFC) Documents G. Bibliography H. Acronyms and Abbreviations I. Area Codes (North American Numbering Plan)

J. Dial Equiv., Radio Alphabet, International Morse Code, Metric Prefixes/Values K. ASCII Character and Control Codes

2002 by CRC Press LLC

Telecommunications Timeline
Essential Concepts and Early Engineering

~2970 B.C. The great step pyramids are designed and engineered in Egypt, possibly by Imhotep. ~1650 B.C. Ahmose transcribes Egyptian mathematics which include fractions. ~670 B.C. Thales engages in abstract and deductive mathematics and investigates magnetism. ~500 B.C. Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans make important contributions to mathematics and the study of sound frequency relationships. ~260 B.C. Archimedes establishes many important, basic principles of physics. ~800 The concept of zero is used in mathematics in Asia. 1200s Fibonacci authors Liber Abaci (Book of the Abacus) in which he promotes the use of Arabic numerals and positional notation. 1400s Gutenberg develops movable type, thus ringing in the age of mass-produced books and the publishing industry. Copernicus studies celestial movements and relationships, and develops concepts that challenge accepted notions of the Earth in the cosmos. 15/1600s Galileo makes important observations of the laws of physics, especially of gravity and bodies in motion. 1600s Robert Boyle studies physical properties and the compression of air, resulting in Boyles law, sometimes called Marriottes law due to parallel studies in France. late 1600s Sir Isaac Newton makes important observations about basic physical laws, now widely known as Newtonian physics or classical physics. These highly significant discoveries form the basis of modern physics. 1676 Ole (Olaf) Rhmer calculates the velocity of light as a constant 227,000 kilometers/second. 1724 Daniel Fahrenheit reports his new temperature scale to the Royal Society. 1900 Max Planck states quantum theory. 1905 Albert Einstein publishes a paper on the special theory of relativity.
Physics and Basic Electronics Technology

1738

Bernoulli writes on the relationship of pressure and the velocity of fluids, now known as Bernoullis principle, used in vacuum technology. mid-1700s Benjamin Franklin conducts numerous experiments with electricity, inspires other scientists, and coins many terms associated with the emerging science. 1700s Luigi Galvani studies electromagnetism and its effects in living tissue. 1775 Alessandro Volta invents the electrophorus, the basis of subsequent electrical condensers, replacing the Leyden jar. 1800 Alessandro Volta invents the voltaic pile, a pioneer wet cell. 1800s Ritter discovers ultraviolet light. 1807 J. B. J. Fourier announces Fouriers theorem, which forms the basis for Fourier transforms, now widely used as analytical tools in mathematics. Humphry Davy uses battery power to separate out and discover potassium and, about a decade later, invents an arc lamp (arc lamps were also invented by others). 1819 H. C. rsted demonstrates the relationship of electricity and magnetism. 1820 A. M. Ampre studies the mathematical characteristics of electromagnetism and announces the right-hand rule. 1826 J. N. Niepce develops a primitive type of photography. 1829 L. J. Daguerr develops one of the first permanent photographs - the daguerrotype. 1832 Michael Faraday publishes Faradays laws of electrolysis. 1877 The microphone is invented by David Hughes. 1878 The first telephone exchange is established in London. 1879 American Telephone & Telegraph is founded based on the technology in the Bell patents, later to be known as AT&T.

2002 by CRC Press LLC

1891 1904

1910 1911 1915 1920 1921 1927 1928 1957 1972

Almon B. Strowger invents the automatic telephone switching system so subscribers can dial the desired number, rather than calling a human operator. Fleming releases the two-element Fleming tube, which leads to de Forests development of the three-element tube. Lee de Forest invents the Audion leading to the evolution of three or more element vacuum tubes that revolutionize the electronics industry. R. A. Fessenden broadcasts the first voice and music broadcasts, using an Alexanderson alternator to supply the power. The Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company is founded, later to become International Business Machines (IBM). Wireless communications are established between the United States and Japan. The Radio Corporation of America (RCA) is founded. The historic KDKA radio station begins broadcasting, having moved out of Frank Conrads garage. John Logie Baird carries out pioneer television broadcasting experiments. Scheduled television broadcasts are begun by station WGY in New York state. Bell Laboratories develops pioneer color television technologies. The Russian Sputnik communications satellite is launched into orbit. The Canadian ANIK satellite becomes the first domestic television broadcast communications satellite.

Communications Applications

1774 1795 1836 1837 1838 1843 1848 1856 1858 1861

1866

1872 1874 1876 1878 1886 1880 1889 1895/96 1920s

Lesage created the frictional telegraph. F. Salv i Campillo describes a system for an electric telegraph, which he constructed in 1804 by incorporating Alessandro Voltas ca. 1800 invention of the voltaic pile. C. Wheatstone and W. Cookes first practical implementation of the telegraph. Samuel Morse received approval and funding from the U.S. Congress to build a Washington, D.C. to Baltimore telegraph line. Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail demonstrate a telegraph to the President. Samuel Morse transmits historic What God has wrought? message which launches the age of the practical, commercial telegraph. The laying of the first transatlantic telegraph cable. It only lasted a few days. David Hughes translates telegraph signals into letters. Introduction of the Pony Express. The first transcontinental telegraph line is built in a record four months. At the lines completion in October, the Pony Express ceased operations. P. Reis demonstrates the transmission of tones through wire. The laying of the first successful installation of a transatlantic telegraph cable. This revolutionizes communications. Previously, sea voyages of two or three months were necessary to transmit overseas messages. A. Loomis demonstrates essential basics of wireless radio wave transmissions. Loomis patents wireless telegraphic technology. James Clerk-Maxwell publishes an important paper on electromagnetic wave theories. Elisha Gray submits a caveat to the U.S. patent office after Alexander Graham Bell submits a patent for the harmonic telegraph, the precursor to the telephone. Bell reports having spoken intelligibly over wires to his assistant, Watson. Public telephones make their commercial debut in Connecticut. A. Dolbear receives a patent for induction-based wireless telegraphy. Bell Telephone is incorporated in Canada. The Creed high-speed automatic telegraph system is developed. A. S. Popow demonstrates wireless telegraphy from ship to shore in Russia. Bell Laboratories begins transmitting picture phone images. Various types of facsimile transmissions are implemented by different inventors.

2002 by CRC Press LLC

Communications Applications, cont.

1947 1956 1967 1969 1980 1983 1989 1990

Bell Laboratories scientists invent the transistor. Bell demonstrates Picturephone technology to the Institute of Radio Engineers. The concept and design of the ARPANET are born. The ARPANET is put into operation. T. Berners-Lee develops Enquire hyptertext system. The ARPANET is split into Milnet and ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet. T. Berners-Lee develops a Web browser. The ARPANET is officially discontinued, because it has evolved into the Internet.

Tabulating Machines, Computers, and Microcomputers


B.C.

1600s 1623 1642 1673 1674 1786 1822 1834 1853 1928 1930 1936 1937 1937 1943 1946 1949 1951 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1980 1983 1985 1995

In many parts of the world, from the Americas to Asia, counting systems arise. The Native Americans use grains, Eastern cultures use sand, clay, counting sticks, and beads, eventually evolving many different forms of the abacus. By this time, in Western Europe, the slide rule as we know it is being used, evolving from a number of different sliding tabulating systems. Wilhelm Schickard invents the first calculating machine. Blaise Pascal independently invents a different type of calculating machine. Ren Grillet develops a general adding machine. Leibnitz develops a calculating machine. J. H. Muller publishes ideas for automatic difference engines. Charles Babbage develops important historic models for different engines. Charles Babbage develops the concept of an analytical engine. Technology has not yet developed to the point where his ideas can be fully carried out, but the design concepts are sound. The Scheutzes undertake the construction of an automatic different engine. Punch card equipment is put into use for storing information from calculators in Germany. V. Bushs idea for a difference analyzer is constructed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Konrad Zuse applies for a patent for mechanical memory. John Atanasoff conceives the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). Howard Aiken teams up with IBM to produce the Harvard Mark 1, which became operational six years later. The ENIAC project is initiated and is partly operational a year later and fully operational by 1945. Eckert and Mauchly form the Electronic Control Company. Edmund C. Berkeley authors Giant Brains or Machines that Think describing the construction of a personal computer. He designed and built Simon, GENIAC, and many robots. The UNIVAC is put into service at the U.S. Census Bureau. The Kenbak-1 desktop computer is advertised in the September issue of Scientific American. Bill Gates and Paul Allen partner for various business ventures, forming Traf-O-Data, which eventually evolves into Microsoft Corporation. The Alto minicomputer blazed trails at Xerox PARC. It later served as inspiration to Apple Computer and Microsoft, who eventually incorporated the graphical interface ideas into the Macintosh and Windows lines of products. The Altair 8800 is released and subsequently featured in the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics. The Altair 680 Motorola MC6800 computer is released. Radio Shack ships the TRS-80 Model I. Apple Computer is formed by Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak. International Business Machines releases its Personal Computer line of products. The Apple Lisa, forerunner of the Macintosh line that came out a year later, is released. The Atari ST and Amiga 1000 computers equipped with sound and graphics are released. Jean-Louis Gasss team releases the Be Operating System and computer.

2002 by CRC Press LLC

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Information


asynchronous transfer mode ATM. ATM is a highly significant protocol due to its flexibility and widespread use for Internet connectivity. It is a highspeed, cell-based, connection-oriented, packet transmission protocol for handling data with varying burst and bit rates. ATM evolved from standardization efforts by the CCITT (now the ITU-T) for broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) in the mid-1980s. It was originally related to Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) standards. ATM allows integration of local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN) environments under a single protocol, with reduced encapsulation. It does not require a specific physical transport, and thus can be integrated with current physical networks. It provides virtual connection (VC) switching and multiplexing for broadband ISDN, to enable the uniform transmission of voice, data, video and other multimedia communications. Two methods for carrying multiprotocol connectionless traffic over ATM are routed and bridged Protocol Data Units (PDUs). Routed PDUs allow the multiplexing of multiple protocols over a single ATM virtual circuit through LLC Encapsulation. Bridged PDUs carry out implicit higher-layer protocol multiplexing through virtual circuits (VCs). ATM employs fixed-length cells consisting of an information field and a header. The information field is transparent through the transmission. The U.S. and Japan proposed the use of 64-byte cells, and Europe proposed 32-byte cells. As a consequence of the discrepancy, 48-byte cells are favored by many as a compromise. Charts and simplified diagrams on the following pages show an ATM system through user input and reception of a variety of media, including voice, video, and data. The data are inserted and extracted by the ATM adaptation layer (AAL) into a logical package called a payload which makes up part of the ATM cell. The ATM layer, in turn, adds or removes a five-byte header to this payload, and the physical layer converts the information into the appropriate format for transmission, which may extend over large areas and pass through other networks switches and routers. The physical layer is comprised of two sublayers, the physical medium (PM) sublayer and the transmission convergence (TC) sublayer. See dic tionary entries for Ethernet, frame relay, HIPPI, TCP/ IP. ATM cell The ATM cell is the basic unit of information transmitted through an ATM network. An ATM cell has a fixed length of 53 bytes, consisting of a 48-byte payload (the information being transmitted) and a 5-byte header (addressing information). Interpretation of the signals from different types of media into a fixed length unit of data makes it possible to accommodate different types of transmissions over one type of network. There are a number of important traffic flow control, congestion management, and error-related concepts related to ATM, including those listed in the ATM Cell Rate Concepts chart shown on page 1038.

ATM Cell Header and Payload Format


|<------------------- Header ------------------------------>|<Payload>| +----------+---------+-----------------+--------------------+----/----+ |VCI Label | control | header checksum | option. adaptation | payload | | 3 bytes | 1 byte | 1 byte | layer 4 bytes | 44 or 48| +----------+---------+-----------------+--------------------+----/----+

ATM Cell at the User Network Interface (UNI)


Item Abbrev. Num. bits Notes

cell loss priority

CLP

1 bit

Cell loss priority of 1 is subject to discard, without violating agreed upon quality of service (QoS). If CLP is 0, resources are allocated. Point-to-point and point-to-multipoint. The field appears at the user network interface.

generic flow control

GFC

4 bits

2002 by CRC Press LLC

ATM adaptation layer AAL. In ATM, a set of ITU-T-recommended, service-dependent layer types interface the user to the ATM layer. The AAL is the top of three layers in the ATM protocol reference model. Higher layer services are translated through one or more ATM cells. AAL0 to AAL5 perform a variety of connection, synchronization, segmentation,

and assembly functions for adapting different classes of applications to ATM. Within the AAL, information is mapped between the PDUs and ATM cells. Upon creation of a virtual connection (VC), a specific AAL is associated with that connection. See the following diagrams for the relationships of the adaptation layers to the ATM format.

Layer Name

Abbrev.

Description

ATM adaptation layer 0

AAL0

ATM adaptation layer 1 ATM adaptation layer 2 ATM adaptation layer 3/4 ATM adaptation layer 5

ATM adaptation layer 6

A layer implementation intended to provide a direct connection between the user and the ATM. It is limited in that it provides no service guarantee mechanisms. It is recent and rarely used, except in proprietary, standalone systems. Nevertheless, some standard commercial drivers support AAL0. AAL1 A constant rate service level. It is useful for time-sensitive applications such as voice, video, and circuit emulation. AAL2 A variable rate service. It is rarely used. AAL3/4 A variable rate service. It is the most comprehensive of the adaptation layers, and was originally specified as separate AAL3 and AAL4 for connectionless and connection communications. AAL5 A variable rate service similar to AAL3/4. It is sometimes called SEAL for Simple and Efficient Adaptation Layer. It is widely used, especially in TCP/IP implementations. This is a nonassured service, and retransmission must be accomplished by higher-level protocols. It specifies a packet with a maximum size of 64K minus 1 octets. AAL6 A recent addition, designed to accommodate demand for some of the recent multimedia, high-bandwidth applications.

For further information related to ATM adaptation layers, see RFC 1483, RFC 1577, RFC 1626.

2002 by CRC Press LLC

ATM models Because of the great variety of needs in the networking community, many types and implementations of ATM networks have been developed. Information on some of the more common and emerging models is

shown in the ATM Models chart. For further details on specific models, see dictionary entries under ATM Transition Model, Classical IP Model, Conventional Model, Integrated Model, Peer Model.

ATM Models and Test Systems of Interest


Model Classical IP over ATM Notes A model for enabling compatible, interoperable implementations for transmitting IP datagrams and ATM address Resolution Protocol (ATMARP) requests and replies over ATM adaptation layer 5 (AAL5). LLC/SNAP encapsulation of IP packets. IP address resolution to ATM addresses via an ATMARP service within the LIS. One IP subnet is used for many hosts and routers. Each virtual connection (VC) directly connects two IP members within the same LIST. TCP/IP applications. See RFC 1577. An IP multicast service in development by the IP over ATM Working Group for supporting Internet Protocol (IP) broadcast transmissions as a special case of multicast. See RFC 2022, RFC 2226. Internet Protocol (IP) multicasting over Multicast Logical IP Subnetwork (MLIS) using ATM multicast routers. A model developed to work over the Mbone, an emerging multicasting internetwork. It is designed for compatibility with multicast routing protocols such as RFC 1112 and RFC 1075. Local Area Network (LAN) Emulation. Protocol-independent applications aid in the transition from legacy internetworks to ATM. ATM-specific applications which take advantage of its quality of service (QoS) capabilities. Notes An experimental testbed network called XUNET II running at 45 Mbps to connect FDDI networks at eight sites across the continental U.S. from coast to coast. Internet Protocol routers at each site forward packets between connected local area networks (LANs) and long-distance DS3 links. The production version transmits IP datagrams over a PVC mesh fabric, with a single virtual circuit (VC) between each pair of routers. An approach to the implementation of IP Multicast over ATM proposed by Schulzrinne et al. Multicube is a project to develop, test, and validate an ATM-based multipoint infrastructure for supporting CSCW applications. The majority of the multicast applications of endusers involved in the project are Internet Protocol (IP) based.

IP Broadcast over ATM

IP Multicast over ATM MLIS

LANE

Native ATM API

Test Model ATM over DS3

Multicube

2002 by CRC Press LLC

ATM Cell Rate Concepts At its heart, ATM is concerned with moving and directing traffic; cells must be directed (and sometimes even discarded) such that signals, priority levels, and data are effectively transmitted and balanced with respect to the needs at hand. There is no single best way to tune a network. The settings will vary, depending upon the system, the time of day, the quan-

tity and priority levels of users, and many more subtle factors that are not necessarily known in advance. Thus, there have been a number of basic cell rate concepts defined for system installers and administrators to assess and tweak their systems for optimum information flow without loss. Some of the more important concepts are summarized here.

ATM Cell Rate Concepts


Abbrev. Name ACR allowed cell rate Notes A traffic management parameter dynamically managed by congestion control mechanisms. ACR varies between the minimum cell rate (MCR) and the peak cell rate (PCR). Aids in the calculation of ER and may not be changed by the network elements (NEs). CCR is set by the source to the available cell rate (ACR) when generating a forward RM-cell. Controls the decrease in the allowed cell rate (ACR) associated with the cell rate margin (CRM). Changes in arrival times of cells nearing the receiver. If the cells are carrying information that must be synchronized, as in constant bit rate (CBR) traffic, then latency and other delays that cause interarrival variation can interfere with the output. A conformance enforcing algorithm that evaluates arriving cells. See leaky bucket. A traffic flow available bit rate (ABR) service parameter. The ICR is the rate at which the source should be sending the data. Available bit rate (ABR) service traffic descriptor. The MCR is the transmission rate in cells per second at which the source may always send. The PCR is the transmission rate in cells per second which may never be exceeded. It characterizes the constant bit rate (CBR). An available bit rate (ABR) flow control service parameter that controls the decrease in the transmission rate of cells when it is needed. See cell rate. The upper measure of a computed average rate of cell transmission over time. An unguaranteed service type in which the network makes a best efforts attempt to meet bandwidth requirements. The type of irregular traffic generated by most non-voice media. Guaranteed sufficient bandwidth and QoS.

CCR

current cell rate

CDF CIV

cutoff decrease factor cell interarrival variation

GCRA ICR

generic cell rate algorithm initial cell rate

MCR

minimum cell rate

PCR

peak cell rate

RDF

rate decrease factor

SCR UBR VBR

sustainable cell rate unspecified bit rate variable bit rate

2002 by CRC Press LLC

International Telegraph Union (ITU-T) Recommendations


Over the decades since its inception, the ITU has been developing international guidelines to promote compatibility and interoperability of communications systems, from the original telegraph to modern mobile communications systems. These guidelines are available as publications from the ITU-T for purchase over the Internet and many in the A Series are downloadable without charge from the Web. Since ITU-T specifications and recommendations are widely followed by vendors in the telecommunications industry, those wanting to maximize interoperability with other systems need to be aware of the information disseminated by the ITU-T. The list below describes the general overall categories and specific series topics are listed under individual entries in this dictionary, e.g., B Series Recommendations. Note that some series topics include only a few documents, while others, such as the G Series Recommendations, include many hundreds of documents and thus some sections may be summarized, or described with examples. Note also that the author has taken time to categorize many of the documents, which can sometimes be difficult to locate in a numerical-only list, to aid the reader in finding the appropriate document and understanding the depth and breadth of the publications.

ITU-T Recommendations
General Categories Series A Series B Series C Series D Series E Series F Series G Series H Series I Series J Series K Series L Organization of the work of the ITU-T Means of expression: definitions, symbols, classification General telecommunications statistics General tariff priniciples Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation, and human factors Telecommunication services other than telephone Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks Audiovisual and multimedia systems Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN) Transmission of sound program and other multimedia signals Protection against interference Construction, installation, and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant

Series M TMN and network maintenance: international transmission systems, telephone circuits, telegraphy, facsimile, and leased circuits Series N Series O Series P Series Q Series R Series S Series T Series U Series V Series X Series Y Series Z Maintenance: international sound program and television transmission circuits Specifications of measuring equipment Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations, local line networks Switching and signaling Telgraph transmission Telegraph services terminal equipment Terminals for telematic services Telegraph switching Data communication over the telephone network Data networks and open system communication Global information infrastructure and Internet protocol aspects Programming languages

2002 by CRC Press LLC

World Wide Web Major Search Engines


Name URL (Web Address) Notes

Extensive searching, advanced search parameters, priority ranking. First introduced by Digital Equipment in 1995. c|net Search http://www.search.com/ Perhaps best known for its large repository of software updates, shareware, and public domain software, c|net also provides a Web search engine that displays a short list and enables users to look at further selections, if desired. DejaNews http://www.dejanews.com/ A huge archive of the posts to various USENET newsgroups. A remarkable record of public con(now http://groups.google.com/) versations online, searchable by keywords or author. This has now been acquired by Google. DogPile http://www.dogpile.com/ Looking for a short, targeted list of hits? Try this search engine. It also includes category searches and stores. Excite http://www.excite.com/ General search, weather, stocks. Google http://www.google.com/ Fast, extensive, with a lovely simple, uncluttered interface. Also lists USENET group postings as Google Groups (acquired from DejaNews). i-Explorer http://www.i-explorer.com/ Search in popular, general interest categories. InfoSeek http://infoseek.go.com/ Web pages, newsgroups, and individuals. InfoSpace http://www.infospace.com/ Personal and business listings, maps, etc. Inktomi http://inktomi.berkeley.edu/ Fast distributed searchable database from the University of California at Berkeley. LinkStar http://www.linkstar.com/ Business directory search. Lycos http://www.lycos.com/ General searching, maps, and personal names from Carnegie Mellon University. Magellan http://www.mckinley.com/ Sites reviewed and rated by the McKinley Group, Inc. Sleuth http://www.isleuth.com/ The Internet Sleuth searches over 3,000 Internet databases. Selections can be found through general categories. (This may now be defunct.) Starting Point http://www.stpt.com/ Searches the Web and other Internet resources (selectable), includes advanced search capabilities. Switchboard http://www.switchboard.com/ Personal and business listings of names, addresses, and email addresses. Webcrawler http://www.webcrawler.com/ Quick, to-the-point listings. Yahoo http://www.yahoo.com/ An extensive service that includes a search engine and hundreds of topics organized under categories of interest. For further information from the publisher: For further information from the author: http://www.crcpress.com/ http://www.4-sightmedia.com/

AltaVista

http://www.altavista.com/

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Internet Domain Name Extensions


North America and Generic International
.us .um .gov .mil .arpa .ca .mx .int .com .biz .pro .info .net .org .edu .museum .aero United States U.S., not commonly used United States Outlying islands U.S. government Local, state, and federal government agencies U.S. military Military agencies, bases ARPANET Advanced Projects Research Agency Canada United Mexican States international commercial business professional information network organization education museums aeronautics General business, services, suppliers Retail business, malls, electronic storefronts Doctors, lawyers, consultants, home care nurses, realtors, vets, carpenters Noninstitutional educational, informational Net related. Nonprofit, not-for-profit, charitable Schools, colleges, universities, other educational facilities Public and private repositories in many disciplines Airlines, aeronautical suppliers, contractors .gs .pm .sr .uy .ve So. Georgia, So. Sandwich Islands St. Pierre, Miquelon Suriname Uruguay Venezuela .is .it .je .lv .li Iceland Italian Republic Jersey Latvia Liechtenstein, Principality of .lt Lithuania .lu Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of .mk Macedonia .mt Malta .md Moldova .mc Monaco .nl Netherlands .no Norway .pt Portuguese Republic .ro Romania .sm San Marino (Italy) .sk Slovakia .si Slovenia .es Spain .se Sweden .ch Switzerland .ua Ukraine .va Vatican City State .yu Yugoslavia Middle East .bh .ir .iq .il .jo .kw .lb .sa .tr .ae Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel Hashemite Kingdom of Jordon Kuwait Lebanon Saudi Arabia Turkey United Arab Emirates

Central and South America


.ag .ar .aw .bb .bz .bm .bo .br .cl .co .cr .cu .dm .do .ec .sw .fk .tf .gd .gp .gt .gy .gf .ht .hn .jm .mq .ms .ni .pa .py .pe .pr .kn .lc .vc Antigua, Barbuda Argentine Republic Aruba Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Falkland Islands (Malvinas) French Southern Territories Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Guyana Guyana (French) Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique Montserrat Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico St. Kitts, Nevas St. Lucia St. Vincent, Grenadines

United Kingdom, Europe


.gb .ie .im .uk .al .ad .at .by .be .ba .bg .hr .cy .cz .dk .ee .fo .fi .de .fr .fx .de .gi .gr .gl .gg .hu Great Britain Ireland Isle of Man United Kingdom Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia, Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland Federal Republic of Germany France France Germany Gibraltar Greece Greenland (Denmark) Guernsey Hungary

2002 by CRC Press LLC

Internet Domain Name Extensions, cont.


Eastern Europe, Middle Asia
.af .al .am .az .bg .by .hr .ee .kz .kg .lv .lt .md .pl .ro .ru .rw .sk .si .tj .tm .ua .us Afghanistan Albania Armenia Azerbaidjan Bulgaria Bielorussia Croatia Estonia Kazakhstan Kirgistan Latvia Lithuania Moldavia Poland Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Slovakia Slovenia Tadjikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Union of Soviet Socialist Republics .uz Uzbekistan Mediterranean, Caribbean Antilles (Netherlands) Aruba Cypress Malta Saint Lucia Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Bouvet Island Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Congo Republic Cote DIvoire Djibouti Egypt, Arab Republic of Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana .gn Guinea .gw Guinea Bissau .ci Ivory Coast .ke Kenya .ls Lesotho .lr Liberia .ly Libya .mg Madagascar .mr Mauritania .mw Malawi .ml Mali .mu Mauritius .yt Mayotte .ma Morocco .mz Mozambique .na Namibia .ne Niger .ng Nigeria .re Reunion .sn Senegal .sc Seychelles .sl Sierra Leone .so Somalia .za South Africa .sh St. Helena .sd Sudan .sz Swaziland .tz Tanzania .tg Togo .tn Tunisia .ug Uganda .eh Western Sahara .zr Zaire .zm Zambia .zw Zimbabwe Asia, South Pacific, Antarctic .bd .io .in .bt .kh .hk .jp .kp .kr .la .mo .my .mn .np .pk .cn .sg .kr .Ik Bangladesh British Indian Ocean Territories India Bhutan Cambodia Hong Kong (Xianggang) Japan Korea (North) Korea (South) Laos Macau Malaysia Mongolia Nepal Pakistan Peoples Republic of China Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka .tw .th .to .vn .am .au .bn .ck .fj .gu .id .my .mh .fm .nz .nf .pw .pg .ph .pn .pf .ws .sb .tk .tv .wf .pg Taiwan Thailand Tonga Vietnam American Samoa Australia Brunei Cook Islands Fiji Guam Indonesia Malaysia Marshall Islands Micronesia New Zealand Norfolk Island Palau Papua (New Guinea) Philippines Pitcairn Islands Polynesia (French) Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Wallace, Futuna Islands Antarctica

.an .aw .cy .mt .lc Africa .dz .ao .bj .bw .bv .bf .bi .cm .cw .cf .td .km .cd .cg .ci .dj .eg .gq .er .et .ga .gm .gh

West Indies, Antilles


.ai .ag .bb .bm .bs .ky .cu .dm .do .gd .gp .ht .jm .mq .pr .lc tc. .tt .vg .vi Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Barbados Bermuda Bahamas Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guadeloupe (French) Haiti Jamaica Martinique (French) Puerto Rico (U.S.) Saint Lucia Turks, Caicos Islands Trinidad and Tobago Virgin Islands (British) Virgin Islands (U.S.)

Miscellaneous
.aq .nt Antarctica Neutral Zone

2002 by CRC Press LLC

Request for Comments (RFC) Documents


Request for Comments (RFC) documents are an essential resource for understanding the implementation, structure, format, and evolution of the Internet. There are over 3,000 of these documents and, unfortunately, not sufficient space here to list abstracts or even the titles of all the RFCs. Nevertheless, the following quick lookup summarizes some of the most important aspects and is a useful reference even if it only hits the highlights. The reader is encouraged to consult the many excellent RFC repositories on the Internet archived in various formats including ASCII, editable PostScript, Adobe PDF, and HTML. The RFCs themselves include references to related documents of interest. In addition to www.w3c.org, (for Web info) and www.rfc.net, some good Net archives of interest include
http://www.armware.dk/RFC http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/ http://www.nexor.com/index-rfc.htm Searchable, nicely formatted, forward and backward references Searchable and shows authors, dates, and references in search results Searchable from a selection of archives, includes Perl 5 expressions and Title/Author/Keyword searching Categorizations and lists and links to RFCs of particular interest

http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/cs/Services/rfc/index.html General RFC 1358 RFC 1796 RFC 1920 RFC 1925 RFC 1935 RFC 1941 RFC 1958 RFC 1999 RFC 2000 RFC 2014 RFC 2026 RFC 2028 RFC 2031 RFC 2125 RFC 2223 RFC 2360 RFC 2799 RFC 3000 RFC 3160

Charter of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) Not all RFCs are Standards INTERNET OFFICIAL PROTOCOL STANDARDS The Twelve Networking Truths What is the Internet, Anyway? Frequently Asked Questions for Schools Architectural Principles of the Internet Request for Comments Summary RFC Numbers 1900-1999 INTERNET OFFICIAL PROTOCOL STANDARDS IRTF Research Group Guidelines and Procedures The Internet Standards Process - Revision 3 The Organizations Involved in the IETF Standards Process IETF-ISOC Relationship A Primer on Internet and TCP/IP Tools and Utilities Instructions to RFC Authors Guide for Internet Standards Writers Request for Comments Summary RFC Numbers 2700-2799 INTERNET OFFICIAL PROTOCOL STANDARDS The Tao of IETF - A Novices Guide to the Internet Engineering Task Force

Domain Name System (DNS) RFC 1995 RFC 1996 RFC 2219 RFC 2230 RFC 2845 RFC 2874 RFC 2929 RFC 2930 RFC 2964 Incremental Zone Transfer in DNS A Mechanism for Prompt Notification of Zone Changes (DNS) Use of DNS Aliases for Network Services Key Exchange Delegation Record for the DNS Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS (TSIG) DNS Extensions to Support IPv6 Address Aggregation and Renumbering Domain Name System (DNS) IANA Considerations Secret Key Establishment for DNS (TKEY RR) DNS Extensions to Network Address Translators (DNS_ALG)

2002 by CRC Press LLC

Domain Names, Routing, Mail Routing, and Miscellaneous RFC 896 RFC 974 RFC 1032 RFC 1033 RFC 1034 RFC 1035 RFC 1072 RFC 1112 RFC 1122 RFC 1123 RFC 1144 RFC 1155 RFC 1212 RFC 1213 RFC 1451 RFC 1850 RFC 1321 RFC 1323 RFC 1386 RFC 1441 RFC 1452 RFC 1519 RFC 1583 RFC 1591 RFC 1630 RFC 1700 RFC 1737 RFC 1738 RFC 1808 RFC 1876 RFC 1900 RFC 1940 RFC 1956 RFC 1812 RFC 1911 RFC 1917 RFC 1918 RFC 1919 RFC 1985 RFC 2065 RFC 2136 RFC 2240 RFC 2538 RFC 2540 RFC 2673 RFC 2874 RFC 2929 RFC 3007 Congestion Control in IP/TCP Internetworks Mail Routing and the Domain System Domain Administrators Guide Domain Administrators Operations Guide Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities Domain Names - Implementation and Specification TCP Extensions for Long-Delay Paths Host Extensions for IP Multicasting Requirements for Internet Hosts - Communication Layers Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application and Support Compressing TCP/IP Headers for Low-Speed Serial Links Structure and Identification of Management Information for TCP/IP-Based Internets Concise MIB Definitions Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-Based Internets: MIB-II Manager to Manager Management Information Base OSPF Version 2 Management Information Base The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm TCP Extensions for High Performance The U.S. Domain Introduction to Version 2 of the Internet-Standard Network Management Framework Coexistence between Version 1 and Version 2 of the Internet-Standard Network Management Framework Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR): An Address Assignment and Aggregation Strategy OSPF Version 2 Domain Name System Structure and Delegation Universal Resource Identifiers in WWW: A Unifying Syntax for the Expression of Names and Addresses of Objects on the Network as used in the World-Wide Web Assigned Numbers Functional Requirements for Uniform Resource Names Uniform Resource Locators (URL) Relative Uniform Resource Locators A Means for Expressing Location Information in the Domain Name System Renumbering Needs Work Source Demand Routing: Packet Format and Forwarding Specification (Version 1) Registration in the MIL Domain Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers Voice Profile for Internet Mail An Appeal to the Internet Community to Return Unused IP Networks (Prefixes) to the IANA Address Allocation for Private Internets Classical versus Transparent IP Proxies SMTP Service Extension for Remote Message Queue Starting Domain Name System Security Extensions Dynamic Updates in the DOmain Name System (DNS UPDATE) A Legal Basis for Domain Name Allocation Storing Certificates in the Domain Name System (DNS) Detached Domain Name System (DNS) Information Binary Labels in the Domain Name System DNS Extensons to Support IPv6 Address Aggregation and Renumbering Domain Name System (DNS) IANA Considerations Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic Update

2002 by CRC Press LLC

Sampling of Various Protocols RFC 793 RFC 768 RFC 791 RFC 792 RFC 793 RFC 821 RFC 826 RFC 896 RFC 903 RFC 916 RFC 951 RFC 959 RFC 977 RFC 1058 RFC 1301 RFC 1350 RFC 1661 RFC 1813 RFC 1831 RFC 1934 RFC 1987 RFC 1986 RFC 2165 RFC 2167 RFC 2246 RFC 2251 RFC 2326 RFC 2371 RFC 2408 RFC 2463 RFC 2543 RFC 2565 RFC 2566 RFC 2616 RFC 2637 RFC 2642 RFC 2705 RFC 2812 RFC 2813 RFC 2821 RFC 2878 RFC 2960 RFC 3010 RFC 3015 RFC 3018 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol ISO Transport Protocol Reverse Address Resolution Protocol Reliable Asynchronous Transfer Protocol (RATP) Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) Routing Information Protocol Multicast Transport Protocol The TFTP Protocol (Revision 2) The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) NFS Version 3 Protocol Specification RPC: Remote Procedure Call Protocol Specification Version 2 Ascends Multilink Protocol Plus (MP+) Ipsilons General Switch Management Protocol Specification Version 1.1 Experiments with a Simple File Transfer Protocol for Radio Links using Enhanced Trivial File Transfer Protocol (ETFTP) Service Location Protocol Referral Whois (RWhois Protocol V1.5) The TLS Protocol Version 1.0 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (V3) Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) Transaction Internet Protocol Version 3.0 Internet Security Assoication and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for IPv6 SIP: Session Initiation Protocol Internet Printing Protocol/1.0: Encoding and Transport Internet Printing Protocol/1.0: Model and Semantics HyperText Transfer Protocol - HTTP 1.1 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol Cabletrons VLS Protocol Specification Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) Version 1.0 Internet Relay Chat: Client Protocol Internet Relay Chat: Server Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol PPP Bridging Control Protocol (BCP) Stream Control Transmission Protocol NFS Version 4 Protocol Megaco Protocol Version 1.0 Unified Memory Space Protocol Specification

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Compression Protocols RFC 1950 RFC 1951 RFC 1952 RFC 1962 RFC 1967 RFC 1974 RFC 1977 RFC 1978 RFC 1993 RFC 2118 RFC 3173 RFC 2395 RFC 3173 Telnet RFC 854 RFC 855 RFC 856 RFC 857 RFC 858 RFC 859 RFC 860 RFC 861 RFC 1053 RFC 1184 RFC 2217 RFC 2840 RFC 2877 RFC 2941 SNMP RFC 1157 RFC 1351 RFC 1445 RFC 1446 RFC 1447 RFC 1901 RFC 1902 RFC 1903 RFC 1904 RFC 1905 RFC 1906 RFC 1907 RFC 2263 RFC 2271 RFC 2573 A Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) SNMP Administrative Model Administrative Model for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2) Security Protocols for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2) Party MIB for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2) Introduction to Community-Based SNMPv2 Structure of Management Information for Version 2 of the SNMPv2 Working Group Textual Conventions for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol Conformance Statements for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol Protocol Operations for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol Transport Mappings for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol Management Information Base for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol SNMPv3 Applications An Architecture for Describing SNMP Management Frameworks SNMP Applications Telnet Protocol Specification Telnet Option Specifications Telnet Binary Transmission Telnet Echo Option Telnet Suppress Go Ahead option Telnet Status Option Telnet Timing Mark Option Telnet Extended Options: List Option Telnet X.3 PAD Option Telnet Linemode Option Telnet Com Port Control Option Telnet KERMIT Option 5250 Telnet Enhancements Telnet Authentication Option ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification Version 3.3 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification Version 1.3 GZIP File Format Specification Version 4.3 The PPP Compression Control Protocol (CCP) PPP LZS-DCP Compression Protocol (LZS-DCP) PPP Stac LZS Compression Protocol PPP BSD Compression Protocol PPP Predictor Compression Protocol PPP Gandalf FZA Compression Protocol Microsoft Point-to-Point Compression (MPPC) Protocol IP Payload Compression Protocol (IPComp) [Obsoletes 2393] IP Payload Compression Using LZS IP Payload Compression Protocol (IPComp)

2002 by CRC Press LLC

PPP RFC 1172 RFC 1332 RFC 1334 RFC 1661 RFC 1841 RFC 1877 RFC 1915 RFC 1962 RFC 1963 RFC 1967 RFC 1968 RFC 1969 RFC 1973 RFC 1975 RFC 1976 RFC 1979 RFC 1989 RFC 1990 RFC 1993 RFC 1994 RFC 2363 RFC 2364 RFC 2716 RFC 2823 RFC 2878 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) initial configuration options The PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP) PPP Authentication Protocols The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) PPP Network Control Protocol for LAN Extension PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol Extensions for Name Server Addresses Variance for The PPP Connection Control Protocol and The PPP Encryption Control Protocol The PPP Compression Control Protocol (CCP) PPP Serial Data Transport Protocol (SDTP) PPP LZS-DCP Compression Protocol (LZS-DCP) The PPP Encryption Control Protocol (ECP) The PPP DES Encryption Protocol (DESE) PPP in Frame Relay PPP Magnalink Variable Resource Compression PPP for Data Compression in Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (DCE) PPP Deflate Protocol PPP Link Quality Monitoring The PPP Multilink Protocol [Obsoletes RFC 1717] PPP Gandalf FZA Compression Protocol PPP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) PPP over FUNI PPP over AAL5 PPP EAP TLS Authentication Protocol PPP over Simple Data Link (SDL) Using SONET/SDH with ATM-Like Framing PPP Bridging Control Protocol (BCP)

BGP, BGP-4 RFC 1163 Border Gateway Protocol RFC 1657 Definitions of Managed Objects for the Fourth Version of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP-4) Using SMIv2 RFC 1771 A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4) RFC 1772 Application of the Border Gateway Protocol in the Internet RFC 1773 Experience with the BGP-4 Protocol RFC 1774 BGP-4 Protocol Analysis RFC 1965 Autonomous System Confederations for BGP RFC 1966 BGP Route Reflection - An Alternative to Full Mesh IBGP RFC 1997 BGP Communities Attribute RFC 1998 An Application of the BGP Community Attribute in Multi-home Routing RFC 2283 Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4 RFC 2439 BGTP Route Flap Damping RFC 2545 Use of BGP-4 Multiprotocol Extensions for IPv6 Inter-Domain Routing RFC 2796 BGP Route Reflection - An Alternative to Full Mesh IBGP [Updates 1966] RFC 2842 Capabilities Advertisement with BGP-4 RFC 2918 Route Refresh Capability for BGP-4 RFC 3065 Autonomous System Confederations for BGP

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POP RFC 1725 RFC 1939 RFC 1957 RFC 1833 RFC 2384 RFC 2449 Whois RFC 1835 RFC 1913 RFC 1914 RFC 2167 Architecture of the Whois++ Service Architecture of the Whois++ Index Service How to Interact with a Whois++ Mesh Referral Whois (RWhois) Protocol V1.5 Post Office Protocol Version 3 Post Office Protocol Version 3 Some Observations on Implementations of the Post Office Protocol (POP3) Binding Protocols for ONC RPC Version 2 POP URL Scheme POP3 Extension Mechanism

Format and Transmission Standards RFC 822 RFC 850 RFC 894 RFC 1042 RFC 1832 RFC 1922 RFC 1947 MIME RFC 1521 MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part One: Mechanisms for Specifying and Describing the Format of Internet Message Bodies RFC 1522 MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part Two: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text RFC 1927 Suggested Additional MIME Types for Associating Documents IPv6 (IPNG) RFC 1902 Structure of Management Information for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol RFC 1903 Textual Conventions for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol RFC 1904 Conformance Statements for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol RFC 1905 Protocol Operations for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol RFC 1906 Transport Mappings for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol RFC 1907 Management Information Base for Version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol RFC 1924 A Compact Representation of IPv6 Addresses RFC 1933 Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers RFC 1955 New Scheme for Internet Routing and Addressing (ENCAPS) for IPNG RFC 1970 Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6) RFC 1971 IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration RFC 1972 A Method for the Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Ethernet Networks RFC 1981 Path MTU Discovery for IP version 6SNMPv2 Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages Standard for Interchange of USENET Messages Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over Ethernet Networks Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over IEEE 802 Networks XDR: External Data Representation Standard Chinese Character Encoding for Internet Messages Greek Character Encoding for Electronic Mail Messages

2002 by CRC Press LLC

IP General RFC 1919 RFC 1932 RFC 1954 RFC 2002 RFC 2764 RFC 3168 Classical versus Transparent IP Proxies IP over ATM: A Framework Document Transmission of Flow Labeled IPv4 on ATM Data Links Ipsilon Version 1.0 IP Mobility Support A Framework for IP-Based Virtual Private Networks The Addition of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP

HTTP/HTML RFC 1866 RFC 1942 RFC 1945 RFC 1980 RFC 2145 RFC 2227 RFC 2295 RFC 2557 RFC 2616 RFC 2617 RFC 2660 RFC 2770 RFC 2818 RFC 2965 ATM RFC 1483 RFC 1680 RFC 1755 RFC 1932 RFC 1946 RFC 2022 RFC 2098 RFC 2225 RFC 2226 RFC 2331 RFC 2364 RFC 2379 RFC 2380 RFC 2492 RFC 2512 RFC 2514 RFC 2515 RFC 2684 RFC 2761 RFC 2844 Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 IPng Support for ATM Services ATM Signaling Support for IP over ATM IP over ATM: A Framework Document Native ATM Support for ST2+ Support for Multicast over UNI 3.0/3.1-based ATM Networks Toshibas Router Architecture Extensions for ATM: Overview Classical IP and ARP over ATM IP Broadcast over ATM Networks ATM Signaling Support for IP over ATM - UNI Signaling 4.0 Update PPP over AAL5 RSVP over ATM Implementation Guidelines RSVP over ATM Implementation Requirements IPv6 over ATM Networks Accounting Information for ATM Networks Definitions of Textual Conventions and OBJECT-IDENTITIES for ATM Management Definitions of Managed Objects for ATM Management Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 Terminology for ATM Benchmarking OSPF over ATM and Proxy-PAR HyperText Markup Language - 2.0 HTML Tables Hypertext Transfer ProtocolHTTP/1.0 A Proposed Extension to HTML: Client-Side Image Maps Use and Interpretation of HTTP Version Numbers Simple Hit-Metering and Usage-Limiting for HTTP Transparent Content Negotiation in HTTP MIME Encapsulation of Aggregate Documents, such as HTML (MHTML) Hypertext Transfer Protocol - HTTP/1.1 HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication The Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol An HTTP Extension Framework HTTP over TLS HTTP State Management Mechanism

2002 by CRC Press LLC

Security, Encryption, Authentication RFC 1421 Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part I: Message Encryption and Authentication Procedures RFC 1422 Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part II: Certificate-Based Key Management RFC 1423 Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part III: Algorithms, Modes, and Identifiers RFC 1424 Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part IV: Key Certification and Related Services RFC 1455 Physical Link Security Type of Service RFC 1507 DASS - Distributed Authentication Security Service RFC 1510 The Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5) RFC 1511 Common Authentication Technology Overview RFC 1675 Security Concerns for IPng RFC 1750 Randomness Recommendations for Security RFC 1826 IP Authentication Header RFC 1847 Security Multiparts for MIME: Multipart/Signed and Multipart/Encrypted RFC 1848 MIME Object Security Services RFC 1858 Security Considerations for IP Fragment Filtering RFC 1929 Username/Password Authentication for SOCKS V5 RFC 1938 A One-Time Password System RFC 1948 Defending Against Sequence Number Attacks RFC 1961 GSS-API Authentication Method for SOCKS Version 5 RFC 1964 The Kerberos Version 5 GSS-API Mechanism RFC 1968 The PPP Encryption Control Protocol (ECP) RFC 1969 The PPP DES Encryption Protocol (DESE) RFC 1984 IAB and IESG Statement on Cryptographic Technology and the Internet RFC 1991 PGP Message Exchange Formats RFC 2015 MIME Security with Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) RFC 2058 Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) RFC 2082 RIP-2 MD5 Authentication RFC 2084 Considerations for Web Transaction Security RFC 2246 The TLS Protocol Version 1.0 RFC 2323 IETF Identification and Security Guidelines RFC 2406 IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) RFC 2411 IP Security Document Roadmap RFC 2437 PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.0 RFC 2480 Gateways and MIME Security Multiparts RFC 2539 Storage of Diffie-Hellman Keys in the Domain Name System (DNS) RFC 2541 DNS Security Operational Considerations RFC 2554 SMTP Service Extension for Authentication RFC 2577 FTP Security Considerations RFC 2617 HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication RFC 2627 Key Management for Multicast: Issues and Architectures RFC 2659 Security Extensions for HTML RFC 2660 The Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol RFC 2695 Authentication Mechanisms for ONC RPC RFC 2709 Security Model with Tunnel-Mode IPsec for NAT Domains RFC 2712 Addition of Kerberos Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS) RFC 2755 Security Negotiation for WebNFS RFC 2773 Encryption using KEA and SKIPJACK RFC 2876 Use of the KEA and SKIPJACK Algorithms in CMS

2002 by CRC Press LLC

RFC 2898 RFC 2951 RFC 3008 RFC 3039 RFC 3156

PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Specification Version 2.0 TELNET Authentication Using KEA and SKIPJACK Domain Name System Security (DNSSEC) Signing Authority Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Qualified Certificates Profile MIME Security with OpenPGP

Frame Relay RFC 1586 RFC 1973 RFC 2115 RFC 2427 RFC 2590 RFC 2954 RFC 3034 Guidelines for Running OSPF over Frame Relay Networks PPP in Frame Relay Management Information Base for Frame Relay DTEs Using SMIv2 Multiprotocol Interconnect over Frame Relay Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Frame Relay Networks Specification Definitions of Managed Objects for Frame Relay Service Use of Label Switching on Frame Relay Networks Specification

Datagrams and Subnets RFC 919 RFC 922 RFC 948 RFC 950 RFC 1103 RFC 1134 Broadcasting Internet Datagrams Broadcasting Internet Datagrams in the Presence of Subnets Two Methods for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over IEEE 802.3 Networks Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure Proposed Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over FDDI Networks Point-to-Point Protocol: A Proposal for Multi-Protocol Transmission of Datagrams over Pointto-Point

LDAP RFC 1823 RFC 1959 RFC 1960 RFC 2251 RFC 2255 RFC 2829 RFC 2849 RFC 2927 The LDAP Application Program Interface An LDAP URL Format A String Representation of LDAP Search Filters Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (v3) The LDAP URL Format Authentication Methods for LDAP The LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF) - Technical Specification MIME Directory Profile for LDAP Schema

2002 by CRC Press LLC

Bibliography
Authors Note: Much of the content of this reference is derived from my own educational and consulting activities and daily (and frequently nightly) use of telecommunications technologies since the late 1970s, but it should be noted that I also consulted many historic texts, inventors notebooks, and hundreds of pre1900s journals, searching out credible and original sources on the evolution of the telecommunications industry. I am indebted to radio pioneers who recorded not only their knowledge, but their excitement and wonder at the birth of a new era and I would like to thank historians who search tirelessly for the truth about the origins of the early discoveries for I found, in the course of my research, that the threads of invention are not so clear and clean as they are depicted by most writers. I strove in this reference, wherever possible, to give the originators of the new technologies credit where it was due. Morse was far from the first to invent telegraphic technology (see telegraph history) and Bell may have popularized the telephone, but there were many previously uncredited and brilliant forerunners, most notably Antonio Meucci and some Rhode Island scientists associated with Stone Bank whose story is still not fully known. Meucci is finally given the attention he deserves in this reference and the author is trying to find out more about the Rhode Island group who apparently developed technology for Bell that was never fully credited.
Books of Historical and General Interest

Asimov, Isaac; Asimovs Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1964. Baylin, Frank; Gale, B.; Long, R.; Home Satellite TV Installation and Troubleshooting Manual, Baylin Publications, 1997. Berkeley, Edmund C., Giant Brains or Machines That Think, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1949. Coe, Lewis; The Telegraph: A History of Morses Invention and Its Predecessors in the United States, McFarland & Company, Inc., 1993. Crocker, Francis B.; Esty, William; Cyclopedia of Applied Electricity: Volume II, American School of Correspondence, 1908. Crocker, Francis B.; Esty, William; Cyclopedia of Applied Electricity: Volume IV, American School of Correspondence, 1908. Dibner, Bern; The Atlantic Cable, Blaisdell Publishing Company, 1964. Dyson, George B.; Darwin Among the Machines: Evolution of Global Intelligence, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc, 1997. Evans, Alvis J.; Antennas: Selection and Installation, Tandy Corporation, 1989. Everitt, W. L., Editor; Fundamentals of Radio, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1943. Fike, John L.; Friend, George E.; Understanding Telephone Electronics, Tandy Corporation, 1983. Fisher, David E.; Fisher, Marshall Jon; Tube: The Invention of Television, Counterpoint, 1996. Foley; van Dam; Feiner; Hughes; Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice, AddisonWesley Publishing Company, 1996. Graham, Frank D.; Audels Radiomans Guide [sic], Theo. Audel & Co., 1935. Heyn, Ernest V.; Fire of Genius: Inventors of the Past Century, Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1976. Hodge, Winston William; Interactive Television: A Comprehensive Guide for Multimedia Technologists, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1995. Horowitz, Paul; Hill, Winnfield; The Art of Electronics, Cambridge University Press, 1994.

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Jordan, Nelson, Osterbrock, Pumphrey, Smeby, Everitt; Fundamentals of RADIO, PrenticeHall, Inc., 1943. Kloeffler, Royce G.; Sitz, Earl L.; Basic Theory in Electrical Engineering, The Macmillan Company, 1955. Laughter, Victor H.; Operators Wireless Telegraph and Telephone Hand-Book, Frederick J. Drake & Co., 1909. Long, Mark; The Down to Earth Guide to Satellite TV, Quantum Publishing, Inc., 1985. Mabon, Prescott C.; Mission Communications: The Story of Bell Laboratories, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., 1975. Meadowcroft, William H., A-B-C of Electricity, Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1915. Miller, Kempster B; Patterson, George W., et al.; Cyclopedia of Telephony and Telegraphy, Volume II: Manual Switchboards, Automatic Systems, Power Plants, American Technical Society, 1912. Miller, Kempster B; Patterson, George W., et al.; Cyclopedia of Telephony and Telegraphy, Volume IV: Telegraphy, Transmission, Electricity, American Technical Society, 1914. Myers & Crosby, Supervisors; Principles of Electricity Applied to Telephone and Telegraph Work, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 1953. Petersen, Julie K.; Understanding Surveillance Technologies: Spy Devices, Their Origins & Applications, CRC Press, 2000. Pierce, John R.; Signals, The Telephone and Beyond, W. H. Freeman and Company, 1981. Roller, Duane; Roller, Duane H. D.; The Development of the Concept of Electric Charge, Harvard Case Histories in Experimental Science, Harvard University Press, 1954. Terman, Frederick Emmons; Radio Engineering, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937. Thompson, J. Arthur, Editor; The Outline of Science, First Volume, G. P. Putnams Sons, The Knickerbocker Press, 1922. Weaver, Jefferson Hane; The World of Physics: A Small Library of the Literature of Physics from Antiquity to the Present, Simon & Shuster, 1987. Wellman, William R., Elementary Electricity, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1959.

Historical Computing and Technology Journals

Walker, J. B., Editor; The Cosmopolitan: A Monthly Illustrated Magazine, Vol. XVI. November, 1893-April, 1894, The Cosmopolitan Press, 1894.
Numerous Amiga and Macintosh journals Byte Magazine, The Small Systems Journal Century Magazine Computer Microcomputing, Wayne Green Publisher Popular Electronics Popular Mechanics Scientific American From 1986 to mid-1990s Numerous issues from 1980 to 1987 Numerous issues up to about 1900 Numerous issues from 1970 to 1980 June 1982 Numerous issues from 1974 to 1976 Numerous issues from 1909 to 1924 Numerous issues from 1896 to 1921

As for current references, you can look them up on the Net. :-)

2002 by CRC Press LLC

Acronyms & Abbreviations


A
A/D AA AAA AAAC AAAI AAAS analog/digital, analog to digital Automated Attendant authentication, authorization, and accounting all aluminum alloy cable American Association for Artificial Intelligence American Association for the Advancement of Science AABS Automated Attendant Billing System AAC 1. abbreviated address calling 2. Aeronautical Administrative Communications AACS attitude and articulation control subsystem AAL ATM adaptation layer. AAMOF as a matter of fact AAP Applications Access Point AAPI Audio Applications Programming Interface AAPT American Association of Physics Teachers AAR automatic alternate routing AARP AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol AAS authorized application specialist ABC 1. arbitration bus controller 2. Atanasoff-Berry Computer 3. automatic bass compensation ABEC alternate billing entity codes ABF air-blown fiber ABIST autonomous built-in self test ABM asynchronous balanced mode ABME asynchronous balanced mode extended ABR 1. available bit rate, cell rate 2. autobaud rate abs absolute value ABS Alternate Billing Services ABT Advanced Broadcast Television. ABX Advanced Branch Exchange. AC 1. Authentication Center 2. alternating current AC/WPBX Advanced Cordless/Wireless Private Branch Exchange ACA 1. American Communications Association 2. Australian Communications Authority 3. Automatic Circuit Assurance ACAR aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced ACARD 1. Advisory Council for Applied Research and Development 2. Acquisition Card Program ACATS Advisory Committee on Advanced Television Service ACB 1. Annoyance Call Bureau 2. Architecture Control Board 3. ATM Cell Bus 4. automatic callback ACCS Automatic Calling Card Service. ACD Automatic Call Distribution ACET Advisory Committee for Electronics and Telecommunications ACF Advanced Communication Function ACIA asynchronous communications interface adapter ACK acknowledge. ACL 1. access control list 2. Applications Connectivity Link 3. Association for Computational Linguistics ACM 1. Association for Computing Machinery 2. Automatic Call Manager 3. Address Complete Message ACO 1. Additional Call Offering 2. alarm cutoff ACOnet Austrian Academic Computer Network ACOST Advisory Council on Science and Technology ACP activity concentration point ACR 1. abandon call and retry 2. allowed cell rate 3. attenuation to crosstalk ratio ACS 1. Advanced Communication System 2. automatic call sequencer ACSE Association Control Service Element ACTS 1. Advanced Communications Technologies and Services 2. Advanced Communications Technology Satellite 3. Association of Competitive Telecommunications Suppliers 4. Automatic Coin Telephone Service ACUTA The Association of College and University Telecommunications Administrators AD ADACC ADAS ADB ADC,A/DC administrative domain Automatic Directory Assistance Call Completion Automated Directory Assistance Service Apple Desktop bus 1. analog-to-digital converter 2. automated data collection, automatic data collection ADCA Automatic Data Collection Association ADCCP Advanced Data Communication Control Procedures ADCIS Association for the Development of Computerbased Instruction ADCU Association of Data Communications Users ADF 1. automatic direction finder 2. automatic document feeder ADIO analog/digital input/output ADK application-definable keys ADM 1. adaptive-delta modulation 2. add/drop multiplexer ADN Advanced Digital Network ADNT Advanced Digital Network Trunking ADONIS Article Delivery Over Network Information Systems ADP automated data processing ADPCM adaptive differential pulse code modulation ADQ Average Delay in Queue ADR 1. achievable data rate 2. aggregate data rate 3. analog to digital recording 4. ASTRA Digital Radio ADRMP autodialing recorded message player ADRT approximate discrete Radon transform ADS 1. advanced digital system 2. AudioGram Delivery Services 3. automated data systems ADSL asymmetric digital subscriber line ADSP AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol ADSTAR Automated Document Storage And Retrieval ADSU ATM Data Service Unit ADT abstract data type ADTV Advanced Definition Television ADU asynchronous data unit AE 1. acoustic emission 2. Application Entity .ae Internet domain name extension for the United Arab Emirates AEA 1. American Electronics Association 2. American Engineering Association AEC acoustic echo canceller AECS Plan Aeronautical Emergency Communications System Plan AECT Association for Educational Communications and Technology AEEM Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics AEGIS Advanced Electronic Guidance and Instrumentation System AEP AppleTalk Echo Protocol AES 1. Application Environment Standard, Application Environment Service 2. atomic emission spectroscopy 3. Audio Engineering Society AESS Aerospace and Electronics Systems Society AEW 1. aircraft early warning 2. airborne early warning AF audio frequency AFAIK as far as I know AFAST Advanced Flyaway Satellite Terminal AFC 1. Advanced Fibre Communications 2. automatic frequency control AFCEA Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association AFE 1. analog front end 2. antiferroelectric AFI Authority and Format Identifier AFIPS American Federation of Information Processing Societies AFK away from keyboard AFM 1. Adobe Font Manager. 2. Adobe Font Metrics 3. antiferromagnetism

2002 by CRC Press LLC

AFMR AFNOR AFOSR AFP AFS AFT AFTRA

antiferromagnetic resonance Association Franais Normal Air Force Office of Scientific Research AppleTalk Filing Protocol Andrew File System Automatic Fine Tuning American Federation of Television and Radio Artists AFV audio-follow-video AGC 1. AudioGraphic Conferencing 2. automatic gain control AGP Accelerated Graphics Port AGT AudioGraphics Terminal AGU 1. address-generation unit 2. Automatic Ground Unit Ah ampere-hour AHT Average Handle Time AI 1. Airborne Interception radar 2. artificial intelligence AIA 1. Aerospace Industries Association 2. Application Interface Adapter AIDA Accessible Information on Development Activities AIEE American Institute of Electrical Engineers AIFF Audio Interchange File Format AIIM Association for Information and Image Management AIM 1. amplitude intensity modulation 2. Ascend Inverse Multiplexing protocol 3. Association for Interactive Media 4. ATM inverse multiplexer AIN Advanced Intelligent Network AIOD Automatic Identified Outward Dialing AIP ATM Interface Processor AIR 1. additive increase rate 2. Airborne Imaging Radar 3. All India Radio AIS 1. alarm indication signal 2. Automatic Intercept System 3. Association for Information Systems 4. Automated Information System AIST Agency of Industrial Science and Technology AISTEL Associazione Italiana Sviluppo delle Telcomunicazioni AIT 1. assembly, integration, and testing 2. Atomic International Time (more correctly known as TIA) International Atomic Time 3. Automatic Identification Technology AITS Australian Information Technology Society AIX Advanced Interactive Executive AJ anti-jam AJP American Journal of Physics AKA also known as Al aluminum AL Adaptation Layer ALA American Library Association ALAP AppleTalk Link Access Protocol ALBO automatic line buildout ALC 1. automatic level control 2. automatic light control ALDC adaptive lossless data compression ALE 1. Application Logic Element 2. Atlanta Linux Enthusiasts 3. Automatic Link Establishment ALI 1. ATM Line Interface 2. automatic location identification, automatic location information ALIT Automatic Line Insulation Testing ALLC Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing ALM 1. airline miles 2. AppWare loadable module 3. automated loan machine ALPS automatic loop protection switching ALT automated loop test ALU arithmetic and logic unit AM 1. access module 2. active messages 3. active monitor 4. amplitude modulation AM/VSB amplitude modulated vestigial sideband AMDM ATM multiplexer/demultiplexer Ameslan American Sign Language AMHS Automated Message-Handling System AMI 1. alternate mark inversion 2. analog microwave link AMIS Audio Messaging Interchange Specification AML 1. Actual Measured Loss 2. ARC Macro Language AMLCD active matrix liquid crystal display

Abstract Machine Notation Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Science Analog/Advanced Mobile Phone Service anisotropic magneto-resistance 1. Account Management System 2. American Meteorological Society 3. Attendant Management System AMSAT Amateur Satellite program AMSC American Mobile Satellite Corporation AMSS Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service AMTOR amateur teleprinting over radio AMTS Automated Maritime Telecommunications System AN access network anamux analog multiplexer ANC All Number Calling ANI Automatic Number Identification ANT Access Network Termination AO acousto-optic AOCS attitude and orbit control system AOL America OnLine AOM acousto-optic modulator AOR Atlantic Ocean Region AOS 1. Alternate Operator Services 2. Area of Service AOSSVR Auxiliary Operator Services System Voice Response AOTF acousto-optic tunable filter AP 1. action potential 2. aiming point 3. application program 4. Applications Processor 5. array processor 6. Associated Press APAD asynchronous packet assembler/disassembler APAN Asia-Pacific Advanced Network Consortium APaRT Automated Packet Recognition/Translation APC 1. adaptive-predictive coding 2. advanced process control 3. Association for Progressive Communications APCC The American Public Communications Council APD avalanche photodiode APDU Application Protocol Data Unit API application programming interface APIC advanced programmable interrupt controller APL A Programming Language app application APP Ascend Password Protocol APPA American Public Power Association APPC advanced program-to-program communications APPN Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking APRN Alaska Public Radio Network APS 1. Advanced Photo System 2. Automatic Protection Switching APTS Association of Television Stations AQL acceptable quality level Ar argon AR Automatic Recall ARA AppleTalk Remote Access ARB all-routes broadcast ARC Ames Research Center ARD 1. advanced research and development 2. Automatic Ring Down ARE All Routes Explorer ARES Amateur Radio Emergency Service ARF Alternative Regulatory Framework ARI Automatic Room Identification ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses ARIES Angle-Resolved Ion and Electron Spectroscopy ARINC Aeronautical Radio, Inc. ARISE Advanced Radio Interferometry between Space and Earth ARISTOTELESApplications and Research Involving Space Technologies/Techniques Observing the Earths Fields from Low Earth-Orbiting Satellites ARL Association for Research Libraries ARM American Radio Museum AROS Amateur Radio Observation Service ARP Address Resolution Protocol ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency ARQ automatic retransmit request ARRL American Relay Radio League

AMN AMPAS AMPS AMR AMS

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ARRN AS AS&C ASA ASAI ASAPI ASCA ASCII ASDSP ASE ASH ASI ASIC ASK ASN ASN.1 ASP

ASPI ASQ ASR ASSP ASSTA ASTC ASTER ASTRAL ASU ASV AT AT, PC/AT ATB ATC ATCP ATCRBS ATD ATDRSS ATG ATIS ATM ATMP ATS ATT ATV AUI AUP AUU AUUG AUXBC AVC AVD AVHRR AVIOS AVRS AVSSCS AWA AWC AWG

Amateur Radio Repeater Network autonomous system Alarm Surveillance and Control Acoustical Society of America Adjunct Switch Application Interface Advanced Speech API Advanced Satellite for Cosmology & Astrophysics (as-kee) American Standard Code for Information Interchange application-specific digital signal processor Application Service Element Ardire-Stratigakis-Hayduk 1. Adaptive Speed Leveling 2. Advanced Study Institute 3. artificial sensing instrument 4. Astronomical Society of India application-specific integrated circuit amplitude-shift keying, modulation 1. Abstract Syntax Notation 2. Autonomous System Number Abstract Syntax Notation 1 1. Abstract Service Primitive 2. Adjunct Service Point 3. administrative service provider 4. analog signal processing. 5. AppleTalk Session Protocol 6. ATM switch processor 7. Attached Support Processor 8. Association of Shareware Professionals Advanced SCSI Programming Interface Automated Status Query 1. Access Service Request 2. Airport Surveillance Radar 3. Automatic Send/Receive 4. Automatic Speech Recognition 1. acoustics speech and signal processing 2. application-specific standard product Australian Speech Science and Technology Association Australian Science and Technology Council Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflectance Radiometer Alliance for Strategic Token-Ring Advancement and Leadership application-specific unit Air-to-Surface-Vessel radar 1. Access Tandem 2. AudioTex Advanced Technology all trunks busy air traffic control AppleTalk Control Protocol air traffic control radar beacon system 1. asynchronous time division 2. Attention Dial 3. advanced technology demonstration Advanced Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System address translation gateway Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions 1. asynchronous transfer mode 2. Automated Teller Machine Ascend Tunnel Management Protocol Applications Technology Satellite program Automatic Toll Ticketing 1. advanced TV 2. amateur television Attachment Unit Interface Acceptable Use Policy ATM User-to-User Australian Unix User Group auxiliary broadcasting automatic volume control alternate voice data advanced very high resolution radiometer American Voice Input/Output Society automated voice response system Audio/Visual Service Specific Convergence Sublayer Antique Wireless Association Association for Women in Computing American Wire Gauge

B
B8ZS binary/bipolar eight-zero substitution B-CDMA Broadband Code Division Multiple Access B-DCS broadband digital cross-connect system B-ICI B-ISDN InterCarrier Interface B-ICI SAAL B-ICI Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer B-ISDN Broadband ISDN B-LT broadband line termination B-MAC Broadcast Master Antenna Control B-NT broadband network termination B-TE broadband terminal equipment BABT British Approvals Board for Telecommunications BACP Bandwidth Allocation Control Protocol BAFTA British Academy of Film and Television Arts BAN 1. base area network 2. Billing Account Number BB 1. baseband 2. broadband BBC 1. Broadband Bearer Capability 2. British Broadcasting Corporation BBG Basic Business Group BBN 1. Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Inc. 2. BBN Planet BBS bulletin board system BBT broadband technology Bc Committed Burst Size BC 1. backward compatible 2. beam coupling 3. binary code 4. broadcast BCC 1. Bellcore Client Company 2. block check character BCD binary coded decimal BCNU be seein you BCOB Broadband Connection Oriented Bearer BCP best current practice BCRS Bell Canada Relay Service BCS 1. basic control system 2. Batch Change Supplement 3. Boston Computer Society 4. British Computer Society BDCS Broadband Digital Cross-Connect System BDF block data format BDT Telecommunications Development Bureau Be 1. Excess Burst Size 2. Be, Inc. BE 1. base embossed 2. Bose-Einstein BEC Bose-Einstein condensation BECN Backward Explicit Congestion Notification BEP Back End Processor BER 1. Basic Encoding Rules 2. bit error rate BETRS Basic Exchange Telecommunications Radio Service BFI Bad Frame Indicator BFO beat frequency oscillator BFOC bayonet fiber optic connector BFT binary file transfer BG, BGND background BGP Border Gateway Protocol BHLI Broadband High Layer Information BIB Backward Indicator Bit BIBO bounded input, bounded output B-ICI Broadband Inter-Carrier Interface B-ICI SAAL Broadband Inter-Carrier Interface Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer BICEP bit-interleaved parity BIDDS base information digital distribution system BIG broadband integrated gateway BIND Berkeley Internet Name Domain BIS border immediate system BISDN B-ISDN BISSI Broadband Inter-Switching System Interface BIST built-in self-test BITS Base Information Transport System BIU basic information unit BL bit line BLSR Bidirectional Line Switched Ring BLU basic link unit BM burst modem BMEWS Ballistic Missile Early Warning System BNC bayonet nut connection, bayonet navy connector BNCC base network control center BO branch office

2002 by CRC Press LLC

board BOC BOF BOM BOP BP BPAD BPDU BPI BPM BPON BPS BPSK BR BRB BRCS BRI BS BSAM BSCC BSD BSE BSF BSI BSL BSMS BSMTP BSP BSR BSS BSVC BT BTA BTag BTBT BTE BTI BTL BTM BTN BTRL BTS BTU BTW BW BZT

printed circuit board Bell Operating Company 1. Birds of a Feather 2. Business Operations Framework 1. Beginning of Message 2. bill of materials Bit Oriented Protocol 1. bandpass 2. base pointer 3. bypass Bisynchronous Packet Assembler/Disassembler Bridge Protocol Data Unit bytes per inch Beam Position Monitor Broadband Passive Optical Network bits per second binary phase shift keying 1. beacon receiver 2. Radiocommunications Bureau be right back Business and Residence Customer Services Basic Rate Interface 1. back scatter 2. band signaling 3. base station 4. beam splitter Basic Sequential Access Method BellSouth Cellular Corporation Berkeley Software Distribution 1. back-scattered electrons 2. Basic Service Element 3. Basic Switching Element bit scan forward British Standards Institution British Sign Language Broadcast Short Message Service Batch Simple Message Transfer Protocol 1. Bell System Practice 2. Byte Stream Protocol 1. bit scan rate 2. bit scan reverse 1. Base Station System 2. broadcasting satellite service 3. Business Support System Broadcast Switched Virtual Connections 1. British Telecom 2. Burst Tolerance 1. Basic Trading Area 2. Broadband Telecommunications Architecture 3. broadband terminal adaptor Beginning Tag band-to-band tunneling 1. Boltzmann Transport Equation 2. broadband terminal equipment British Telecom International Bell Telephone Laboratories Broadband Transport Manager Billing Telephone Number, Billed Telephone Number British Telecom Research Laboratories 1. Base Transceiver Station 2. bit test and set 1. basic transmission unit 2. British Thermal Unit by the way bandwidth Bundesamt fr Zulassungen in der Teleommunikation

C
C/A Code C64 CA CAB CACM CAD CADS CAE CAFA CAI CAL CALC CALS CAM civilian code, S-code Commodore 64 Call Appearance Canadian Association of Broadcasters Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 1. computer-aided dispatch 2. computer-aided design/drafting Code Abuse Detection System 1. Common Applications Environment 2. computeraided engineering computer-aided financial analysis 1. computer assisted instruction 2. common air interface computer-aided learning, computer-assisted learning customer access line charge Continuous Acquisition and Life-Cycle Support 1. carrier module 2. Call Accounting Manager 3.

Call Applications Manager 4. computer-aided manufacturing 5. computer-assisted makeup, composition and makeup CAMA Centralized Automatic Message Accounting CAN Control Area Network CAP 1. carrierless amplitude and phase modulation 2. Cellular Array Processor 3. Competitive Access Provider CAR computer-assisted retrieval CARAB Canadian Amateur Radio Advisory Board CAS 1. Centralized Attendant Service 2. channel associated signaling 3. Communications Applications Specification CASE computer-aided software engineering, computer-assisted software engineering CAST computer-aided software testing, computer-assisted software testing CATNIP Common Architecture for Next Generation Internet Protocol CATS Consortium for Audiographics Teleconferencing Standards CATV 1. Cable Television 2. Community Antenna Television CAU controlled access unit CAV Constant Angular Velocity CB citizens band (radio) CBC Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CBDS Connectionless Broadband Data Service CBM Commodore Business Machines CBR constant bit rate CBS Columbia Broadcasting System CBSC Canadian Broadcast Standards Council CBT 1. Canadian Business Telecommunications Alliance 2. Computer-Based Training CBTA Canadian Business Telecommunications Alliance CBX Computerized Branch Exchange CC carbon copy CCB Common Carrier Bureau. CCC 1. clear channel capability 2. Communications Competition Coalition CCD charge coupled device CCIA Computer and Communications Industry Association CCIR Comit Consultatif International des Radiocommunications CCIRN Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Research Networks CCIS Common Channel Interoffice Signaling CCITT Comit Consultatif Internationale de Tlgraphique et Tlphonique CCP Compression Control Protocol CCR current cell rate CCS Common Channel Signaling CCS/SS7 Common Channel Signal/Signaling System 7 CCT 1. Calling Card Table 2. Consultative Committee Telecommunications CCTA Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency CCTV Closed Circuit TV CCU 1. camera control unit 2. communications control unit CD 1. carrier detect 2. compact disc 3. count down CD-V compact disc video CD-WO compact disc write once CDA Communications Decency Act CDCS Continuous Dynamic Channel Selection CDDI Copper Distributed Data Interface CDE Common Desktop Environment CDLC Cellular Data Link Control CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CDMP Cellular Digital Messaging Protocol CDO community dial office CDP 1. Cisco Discovery Protocol 2. Customized Dial Plan CDPD Cellular Digital Packet Data CDR Call Detail Record CDT credit allocation

2002 by CRC Press LLC

CDTAC

Consumer/Disabilities Telecommunications Advisory Committee CDV 1. cell delay variation 2. Compressed Digital Video CDVT cell delay variation tolerance CE Connection endpoint CEO Chief Executive Officer CEPT Confrence Europenne des Administrations des Postes et Tlcommunications CER cell error ratio CERB Centralized Emergency Reporting Bureau CERFnet California Education and Research Federation Network CERN Centre European des Recherche Nucleaire CERT Computer Emergency Response Team CEST Centre for the Exploitation of Science and Technology CEV controlled environmental vault CFB Call Forward Busy CFDA Call Forward Dont Answer CFGDA Call Forward Group Dont Answer CFP Channel Frame Processor CFR Confirmation to Receive CFUC Call Forwarding UnConditional CFV Call for Votes CFW Call Forward CGA 1. Carrier Group Alarm 2. Color Graphics Adapter CGI Common Gateway Interface CGISS Commercial Government and Industrial Solutions Sector CGM Computer Graphics Metafile CGSA Cellular Geographic Service Area CI 1. congestion indicator 2. Certified Integrator CIAJ Communications Industry Association of Japan CIC Carrier Identification Code CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing CIE The Commission Internationale de LEclairage (Internal Commission of Illumination) CIF 1. cells in flight 2. Cells in Frames 3. Common Intermediate Format 4. cost, insurance, freight CIID Card Issuer Identifier Code CIIG Canadian ISDN Interest Group CIP Carrier Identification Parameter CIR Committed Information Rate CISC Complex Instruction Set Computing CISCC Collocation Interconnection Service Cross Connection CITEL Inter-American Telecommunications Commission CITR Canadian Institute for Telecommunications Research CIV cell interarrival variation CIVDL Collaboration for Interactive Visual Distance Learning CIX Commercial Internet Exchange CJC Canadian Journal of Communication CLDC connected limited device configuration CLEC Competitive Local Exchange Carrier CLP 1. Cell Loss Priority 2. Connectionless Transport Protocol CLR Cell Loss Ratio CLTS Connectionless Transport Service CMC connection management controller CMDS Centralized Message Distribution System CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor CMR cell misinsertion rate CMRS Commercial Mobile Radio Service CMTS Cellular Mobile Telephone System CMY cyan, magenta, yellow CN Complementary network CNA 1. Centralized Network Administration 2. Cooperative Network Architecture CND 1. Calling Number Delivery 2. Calling Number Display CNET Centre National dtudes de Tlcommunication CNIS Calling Number Identification Services CNR 1. Complex Node Representation 2. customer not ready

CNRI Co CO

Corporation for National Research Initiatives Symbol for cobalt 1. cash order 2. central office 3. commanding officer COAM Customer Owned And Maintained [Equipment] COB Close of Business COBOL Common Business-Oriented Language COBRAS Cosmic Background Radiation Anisotropy Satellite COCOT customer-owned coin-operated telephone COD connection-oriented data COM 1. Component Object Model 2. continuation of message COMETT Community Action Programme in Education and Training for Technology COPT Coin Operated Pay Telephone CoS class of service COS 1. compatible for open systems 2. Corporation for Open Systems International COSETI Columbus Optical SETI COSINE Cooperation for Open Systems Interconnection Networking in Europe COTAT Committee on Land Transportation and Telecommunications COTS 1. commercial off the shelf 2. Connection Transport Service CP/M Control Program/Monitor, Control Program for Microcomputers CPAS Cellular Priority Access Service CPB Corporation for Public Broadcasting CPCS Common Part Convergence Sublayer CPD Call Processing Data CPE Customer Premises Equipment, Customer Provided Equipment CPI common part indicator CPL commercial private line CPN Calling Party Number cps characters per second CPU central processing unit CQ come quick CQD come quick, distress CR 1. carriage return 2. call reference 3. connection request 4. customer record CRB Community Radio Broadcasters CREN Corporation for Research and Educational Networking CRF 1. cell relay function 2. connection-related function CRIS Customer Record Information System CRM cell rate margin CRMA Cyclic Reservation Multiple Access Protocol CRS cell relay service CRT Cathode Ray Tube CRTC Canadian Radio Television and Telecommunications Commission CS communications satellite CSA 1. Callpath Services Architecture 2. Canadian Standards Association CSC customer service center CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access CSNET Computer+Science Network CSPP Computer Systems Policy Project CSR 1. cell switch router 2. customer service record CST Computer Supported Telephony CSTA Computer Supported Telephony Application CSU Channel Service Unit CSU/DSU Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit CSUA Canadian Satellite Users Association CT 1. Call Type 2. Cordless Telephone 3. Conformance Test CT3IP Channelized T3 Interface Processor CTCA Canadian Telecommunications Consultants Association CTD 1. cell transfer delay 2. Continuity Tone Detector CTI 1. Call Technologies, Inc. 2. Computer Telephony Integration 3. Critical Technologies Institute CTIA 1. Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association 2. Computer Technology Industry Association

2002 by CRC Press LLC

CTL CTRL CTS CTSS CTTC CTX

Complex Text Layout Control (also written Ctrl and ctrl) 1. clear to send 2. Communication Transport System 3. Conformance Testing Services Compatible Time-Sharing System coax to the curb Centrex

DMA DMD DMI DML DMS DMSP DMT DMTF DN DNA DNC DNCF DNIC DNIS DNR DNS DoS DOS DP DPA DPBX DPCM DPE DPLB DPNSS DPO DPP DPX DQDB DRAM DRO DS DSA DSAT DSC DSCS DSE DSH DSI DSL DSLAM DSP DSR DSRC DSRR DSS DSTO DSU DT DTE DTL DTMF DTP DTR DTRS DTSR DTT DTU DTV DVB DVBG DVD DVST DX DXI

D
DA 1. desk accessory 2. destination address 3. Directory Agent 4. Directory Assistance DAA Data Access Arrangement DAB 1. digital audio broadcasting 2. dynamically allocatable bandwidth DACS Digital Access and Cross-connect System DAF Destination Address Field DAI Development Activity Information DAL Dedicated Access Line DAMA Demand Assigned Multiple Access DAP Directory Access Protocol DAQ Delivered Audio Quality DAR digital audio radio DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARS Digital Audio Radio Service DASD direct access storage device DAT digital audio tape DBMS Database Management System DBS direct broadcast satellite DBT Deutsche Bundespost Telecom DC 1. In telephone communications, Delayed Call 2. direct current 3. disconnect conform DCA 1. Defense Communications Agency 2. Document Content Architecture 3. Dynamic Channels Allocation DCC 1. data communications channel 2. Data Country Code DCD Data Carrier Detect DCE data communications equipment DCM dynamically controllable magnetic DCP Digital Communications Protocol DCS 1. digital communications system 2. digital crossconnect system 3. distributed computing system DCT discrete cosine transform DCTI desktop computer telephony integration DDB digital databank DDCMP Digital Data Communications Message Protocol DDD Direct Distance Dialing DDE dynamic data exchange DDN Defense Data Network DDP distributed data processing DDS 1. digital data service 2. digital data storage 3. distributed data system DE Discard Eligibility DEW line Distant Early Warning line DFA doped fiber amplifier DG Development Gateway DGPS Differential Global Positioning System DGPT Department General of Posts and Telecommunications, Viet Nam DGT Direccin General de Telecommunicaciones DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DID Direct Inward Dialing DII defense information infrastructure DIM document image management DIMS Document Image Management System DIN 1. Deutsches Institute fr Normung 2. dual inline DINA Distributed Intelligence Network Architecture DL 1. distant learning 2. distribution list DLC 1. Data Link Control 2. Digital Loop Carrier DLCI Data Link Connection Identifier DLL 1. data link layer 2. Dynamic Link Library DLR Design Layout Record DLS, DLSwData Link Switching DLSW DataLink Switching Workgroup DM delta modulation

1. direct memory access 2. Document Management Alliance differential mode delay 1. Desktop Management Interface 2. Digital Multiplexed Interface Development Markup Language Digital Multiplex System Defense Meteorological Satellite Program discrete multitone Desktop Management Task Force Directory Number 1. Digital Network Architecture 2. distributed network administration 1. distributed networking computing 2. dynamic network controller Directory Number Call Forwarding Data Network Identification Code Dialed Number Identification Service Dynamic Network Reconfiguration Domain Name System Denial of Service disk operating system 1. data processing 2. demarcation point 3. Dial Pulse 1. Demand Protocol Architecture 2. digital port adapter digital private branch exchange differential pulse code modulation distributed processing environment Digital Private Line Billing Digital Private Network Signaling System Direct Public Offering Distributed Processing Peripheral DataPath loop extension Distributed Queue Dual Bus 1. digital recorder, announce mode 2. dynamic RAM Disabilities Rights Office 1. Dansk Standardiseringsrad 2. digital system 3. Distributed Single Layer Test Method 1. data service adapter 2. Digital Signature Algorithm 3. Directory System Agent Digital Supervisory Audio Tones Digital Selective Calling Defense Satellite Communications System Distributed Single Layer Embedded (Test Method) double-superheterodyne digital speed interpolation Digital Subscriber Line DSL access multiplexer 1. digital signal processor 2. Display System Protocol data set ready Dedicated Short Range Communications digital short range radio 1. Digital Signature Standard 2. Direct Station Select 3. direct satellite system Defence Science and Technology Organisation Digital Service Unit Deutsche Telekom Data Terminal Equipment, End Device 1. Designated Transit List 2. diode transistor logic dual tone multifrequency desktop publishing Data Terminal Ready Digital Trunked Radio System Dial Tone Speed Recording Digital Trunk Testing Digital Test Unit digital television, digital TV Digital Video Broadcasting Digital Video Broadcasting Group 1. Digital Versatile Disc 2. digital videodisc direct view storage tube data exchange data exchange interface

2002 by CRC Press LLC

E
EA EACEM Equal Access European Association of Consumer Electronics Manufacturers EAGLE Extended Area Global Positioning System (GPS) Location Enhancement EARN European Academic Research Network EARP Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol EAS 1. Emergency Alert System 2. Extended Area Service EBS Emergency Broadcast System EBU European Broadcasting Union EC 1. exchange carrier 2. European Community, European Common Market, European Union (EU) ECC 1. elliptic curve cryptography 2. Emergency Communications Center ECHO European Commission Host Organization ECI emitter coupled logic ECMA European Computer Manufacturers Association ECP 1. Encryption Control Protocol 2. Enhanced Call Processing ECPA Electronic Communications Privacy Act ECSA Exchange Carriers Standards Association ECTF 1. Enterprise Computer Telephony Forum 2. European Community Telework Forum ECTUA European Council of Telecommunications Users Association ED Electronic Directory EDA electronic design automation EDAC error detection and correction EDACS Enhanced Digital Access Communications System EDDA European Digital Dealers Association EDF erbium-doped fiber EDFA erbium-doped fiber amplifier EDGAR Electronic Data Gathering Archiving and Retrieval EDI Electronic Data Interchange EDIFACT Electronic Data Interchange for Finance, Administration, Commerce, and Transport EDM electronic document management EDO RAM extended data-out random access memory EDP electronic data processing EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer EDTV Enhanced-definition TV EEC European Economic Community EEI external environment interface EEMA European Electronic Messaging Association EEPROM electronically erasable programmable read only memory EF entrance facility EF&I engineer, furnish, and install EFCI explicit forward congestion indicator EFF Electronic Frontier Foundation EFI&T engineer, furnish, install, and test EFS error free seconds EFT Electronic Funds Transfer EFTA European Free Trade Association EFTPOS Electronic Funds Transfer Point of Sale EGA Enhanced Graphics Adapter EGNOS European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service EGP Exterior Gateway Protocol EIA Electronic Industries Alliance EIG Electronic Information Group EIR Equipment Identity Register EIRPAC Eire packet network EIS Expanded Interconnection Service EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture EIU Ethernet Interface Unit EKE electronic key exchange EKTS Electronic Key Telephone Service ELIU electrical line interface unit ELOT Hellenic Organization for Standardization ELSU Ethernet LAN Service Unit EMA Electronic Messaging Association EMP electromagnetic pulse EMR Exchange Message Record

Expanded Memory Specification electrical metal tubing European Monetary Unit Emergency News Network Enterprise Network Operating System Emergency Number Services 1. end office 2. erasable optical end of block end of file end of line end of message Earth Observing System 1. end of transmission 2. end of tape European Organization for Testing and Certification Early Packet Discard Electronic Payments Forum Enhanced Parallel Port erasable programmable read-only memory Encapsulated PostScript Enhanced Private Switched Communications Service ERP effective radiated power ERS European Remote Sensing Satellite ERTS-1 Earth Resources Technology Satellite ESA 1. emergency stand-alone 2. European Space Agency ESC, Esc escape ESCA European Speech Communication Association ESD electrostatic discharge ESF Extended SuperFrame ESI 1. Enhanced Serial Interface 2. End System Identifier ESMR Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio ESMTP Extended Simple Mail Transport Protocol ESN 1. electronic serial number 2. electronic switched network 3. emergency services number ESnet Energy Sciences Network ESP 1. Encapsulating Security Payload 2. Enhanced Serial Port ESPA European Selective Paging Association ESPAN Enhanced Switch Port Analyzer ESS electronic switching system ESTO European Science and Technology Observatory ETACS Extended TACS ETF European Teleconferencing Federation ETFTP Enhanced Trivial File Transfer Protocol ETNO European Public Telecommunications Network Operations Association ETS European Telecommunication Standard ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute EUROTELDEV European (Regional) Telecommunication Development EUV extreme ultraviolet eV electron volt EW Electronic Warfare EWOS European Workshop for Open Systems EWP electronic white pages ExCa Exchangeable Card Architecture EXTN extension EYP electronic yellow pages

EMS EMT EMU ENN ENOS ENS EO EOB EOF EOL EOM EOS EOT EOTC EPD EPF EPP EPROM EPS EPSCS

F
FAM fanfold FANP FANS FAQ FB FBT FBus FC FCA FCC FCLC FCS fast access memory z-fold Flow Attribute Notification Protocol Future Air Navigation System Frequently Asked Question Framing bit Fused Biconic Tape Frame Transport Bus 1. feedback control 2. frame control Fibre Channel Association Federal Communications Commission Fibre Channel Loop Community 1. Federation of Communications Services 2. Frame Check Sequence 3. Fraud Control System

2002 by CRC Press LLC

FCSI FDD FDDI FDM FDMA FEC FECN FEP FER FEXT FF FGDC FID FIF FIFO FM FMAS FMV FNC FNR FNS FOA

Fibre Channel Systems Initiative floppy disk drive Fiber Distributed Data Interface frequency division multiplexing frequency division multiple access forward error correction Forward Explicit Congestion Notification Front End Processor Frame Error Rate far end crosstalk form feed Federal Geographic Data Committee Field Identifier Fractal Image Format first in, first out 1. fault management 2. frequency modulation Facility Maintenance and Administration System Fair Market Value Federal Networking Council fixed network reconfiguration Fiber Network Systems 1. fiber optic amplifier 2. Fiber Optic Association, Inc. 3. First Office Application FOC Firm Order Confirmation FOD fax-on-demand foil overhead transparency FOT Fiber Optic Terminal FOTS fiber optic transmission system FPLMTS Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication System fps frames per second FPU floating point unit FQDN Fully Qualified Domain Name FR Frame Relay FRA fixed radio access FRAD Frame Relay access device FRM focus-rotation mount FRMR Federal Information Resources Management Regulation FRND frame relay network device FRSE frame relay switching equipment FRTE frame relay terminal equipment FSAN Full Services Access Network FSK frequency shift keying FSO Foreign Service Office FSP File Service Protocol FSS fixed satellite service FSTC Financial Services Technology Consortium FTA Federal Telecommunications Act FTIP Fiber Transport Inside Plant FTNS Fixed Telecommunications Network Service FTP File Transfer Protocol FTS 1. file transfer support 2. Federal Telecommunications System FTTC fiber to the curb FTTH fiber to the home FTTL fiber in the loop fV femtovolt FVR flexible vocabulary recognition FWA Fixed Wireless Access FWIW for what its worth FYI for your information FX Foreign Exchange

GITS GKP GL

Government Information Technology Services Global Knowledge Partners graphics library

H
HALE HAN HBA HBS HCI High Altitude Long Endurance home area network host bus adapter Home Base Station 1. Host Command Interface 2. human computer interface 3. Human Computer Interface standards HD half duplex HDB3 High Density Bipolar Three HDD Hard Disk Drive HDLC High Level Data Link Control HDSL high bit-rate digital subscriber line HDT Host Digital Terminal HDTV High Definition Television HEC Header Error Control HEP high energy physics HF, hf 1. hands free 2. high fidelity 3. high frequency HFC Hybrid Fiber Coax HFU hands free unit Hi-OVIS Highly Interactive Optical Visual Information System HNF High-performance Network Forum HNS Hughes Network Systems HOBIS Hotel Billing Information System HP Hewlett-Packard HPA high power amplifier HPIIS high performance international internet services HRPT high resolution picture transmission HSCI High-Speed Communications Interface HSCS high speed circuit switched HSD home satellite dish HSDA high speed data access HSDU High Speed Data Unit HSRP Hot Standby Router Protocol HST High Speed Technology HSV hue, saturation, value HTL high threshold logic HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTPS Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure HUT Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope HW hardware Hz hertz

I
IBM-ERS IBM Internet Emergency Response Service IBN Institut Belge de Normalisation IBS 1. intelligent battery system 2. Intelsat Business Service IC 1. integrated circuit 2. intercom 3. interexchange carrier 4. intermediate cross-connect ICAL Internet Community at Large ICAPI International Call Control API ICB Individual Case Basis ICCB Internet Configuration Control Board ICCF Industry Carriers Compatibility Forum ICEA Insulated Cable Engineers Association ICI Interexchange Carrier Interface ICM Integrated Call Management ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol ICO Global Communications ICONTEC Instituto Colombiano de Normas Tcnicas ICTA International Computer-Telephony Association ID 1. identification, identifier 2. input device 3. intermediate device IDA 1. integrated data access, integrated digital access 2. intelligent drive array IDAI Integrated Development Activity Information IDCMA Independent Data Communications Manufacturers Association IDLC Integrated Digital Loop Carrier IDE integrated development environment

G
G/A G/G GA GAB GIGO GII GIIC GILC GILS GIP GIS ground to air communication ground to ground communication go ahead Group Access Bridging garbage in, garbage out global information infrastructure Global Information Infrastructure Commission Global Internet Liberty Campaign Government Information Locator Service Global Internet Project geographic information system

2002 by CRC Press LLC

IDEA IDEN IDF IDL IDLC IDML IDN ID IDS IDSCP IDTV IDU IEC

International Data Encryption Algorithm Integrated Digital Electronic Network intermediate distribution frame Interface Design Language Integrated Digital Loop Carrier International Development Markup Language Integrated Digital Network integrated dispatch intrusion detection system Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program Improved Definition Television Interface Data Unit 1. Inter Exchange Carrier 2. International Electrotechnical Commission 3. International Engineering Consortium IEN Internet Experimental Note IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IF intermediate frequency IFCM independent flow control message IFD image file directory IFIP International Federation for Information Processing IFRB International Frequency Registration Board IGC intelligent graphics controller IGMP Internet Group Multicast Protocol IGP Interior Gateway Protocol IGRP Interior Gateway Routing Protocol IGT Ispettorato Generale delle Telcomunicazioni IGY International Geophysical Year IIR Interactive Information Response IIOP Internet Inter-ORB Protocol IISP 1. Information Infrastructure Standards Panel 2. Interim Interswitch Signaling Protocol IITC Information Infrastructure Task Force IJCAI International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence ILEC Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier ILMI Interim Link Management Interface IM intermodulation distortion IMA Interactive Multimedia Association IMAC Isochronous Media Access Control IMAP Internet Messaging Access Protocol IMASS Intelligent Multiple Access Spectrum Sharing IMAX I - eye + maximum IMHO in my humble opinion IMNSHO in my not so humble opinion IMO in my opinion IMPATT impact avalanche and transit time IMPDU Initial MAC Protocol Data Unit IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity IMTC The International Multimedia Teleconferencing Consortium IMTS Improved Mobile Telephone Service IMUX Inverse Multiplexer IMW Intelligent Music Workstation INA Information Networking Architecture INC international carrier INCC Internal Network Control Center INDIX International Network for Development Information Exchange INGECEP Integrated Next Generation Electronic Commence Environment Project IOF Inter Office Facility IOL InterOperability Lab ION Internetworking Over NBMA IP Internet Protocol IPATM Internetworking over NBMA IPCE interprocess communication environment IPL Initial Program Load IPng IP Next Generation IPO Initial Public Offering IPS Internet Protocol Suite IPSec IP Security protocol IR infrared IRAC Interdepartmental Radio Advisory Council IRC 1. integrated receiver decoder 2. Internet Relay Chat IrDA Infrared Data Association

IRE IREQ IRR IRSG IRTF ISA ISD ISDN ISI ISL ISM ISNI ISO ISOC ISP ISPBX ITFS ITM ITR ITS IVDS IVHS IVI IVR IVS IW IWS IXC

Institute of Radio Engineers interrupt request Internet Routing Registry Internet Research Steering Group Internet Research Task Force 1. industry standard architecture 2. Interactive Services Association Incremental Service Delivery Integrated Services Digital Network Information Sciences Institute Inter-Switch Link 1. Industrial Scientific Medical 2. interstellar medium Intermediate Signaling Network Identification International Organization for Standardization Internet Society 1. Internet Services Provider 2. Information Services Platform 3. ISDN Signal Processor Integrated Services Private Branch Exchange Instructional Television Fixed Service Information Technology Management International Telecommunication Regulations 1. Institute for Telecommunication Sciences 2. Intelligent Transportation Systems Interactive Video Data Services Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems Intel Video Interactive interactive voice response 1. interactive voice service 2. interactive video service interworking intelligent workstation interexchange carrier

J
JAD JAMSAT JAN JANET JAR JARL JATE joint application design Japanese affiliate of AMSAT Joint Army-Navy Joint Academic Network Java Archive Japan Amateur Radio League, Inc. Japan Approvals Institute for Telecommunications Equipment JCL Job Control Language JDBC Java database connectivity JEDEC Joint Electron Device Engineering Council JEDI Joint Electronic Document Interchange JEIDA Japan Electronic Industry Development Association JEMA Japan Electronic Messaging Association JIPS JANET Internet Protocol (IP) Service JPS joint product specification JRG GII Joint Rapporteur Group global information infrastructure JTAG Joint Test Action Group JTAPI Java JTC Joint Technical Committee JUNET Japan Unix Network JVNCnet John Von Neumann Center network JWICS Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System

K
kbps KBS KDD keV KIS KISS KMID KMS KNET KQML KS KSR kilobits per second. One thousand bits per second. This is sometimes also written kbits/s. knowledge base system 1. Knowledge Discovery in Databases 2. Kokusai Denshin Denwa Company, Ltd. kiloelectronvolt Knowbot Information Service Keep It Simple Stupid key material identifier Knowledge Management System Kangaroo Network Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language Kearney System Keyboard Send/Receive

2002 by CRC Press LLC

KTH KTI KTS KWH

Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan Key Telephone Interface key telephone system kilowatt-hour

L
LAC ladar LADS LADT LAM LAMA LAN LANCE LANDA LB LBA LCD LCP LCU LDAP LDIP LDMS LE LEAF LEC LECS LED LIT LLC LM LMOS LMS LMSS LMU LNA LOC LPC LPFM LPTV LRC LRN LRS LSDU LSI LSN LSSC LSSGR LSU LTB LTC LTE LTS LUN LZS LZW Loop Assignment Center laser Doppler radar local area data service Local Area Data Transport line adapter module Local Automatic Message Accounting local area network Local Area Network Controller for Ethernet Local Area Network Dealers Association leaky bucket Logical Block Address liquid crystal display Link Control Protocol Lightweight Computer Unit Lightweight Directory Access Protocol Long Distance Internet Provider Local Multipoint Distribution Service light-emitting Law Enforcement Access Field 1. Local Exchange Carrier 2. LAN Emulation Client LAN Emulation Configuration Server light-emitting diode line insulation test Logical Link Control 1. linear modulation 2. long distance marketer Loop Maintenance Operations System 1. Local Measured Service 2. Local Message Switch 3. Location and Monitoring Service Land Mobile Satellite Service Line Monitor Unit low noise amplifier Loss of Cell linear predictive coding low-power FM low-power television, low-power TV longitudinal redundancy check Location Routing Number line repeater station Link layer Service Data Unit large scale integration Large Scale Networking group lower sideband suppressed carrier LATA Switching System General Requirements Logical Storage Unit Last Trunk Busy Line Trunk Controller Line Terminating Equipment Loop Testing System logical unit number Lempel-Ziv-Stac Lempel-Ziv-Welsh

MFSK MHEC MHS MIB MICR MIDP MILNET MIME MIN MIND MIP MIPG MIPS MIS MITS MJ MLA MLS MMCF MMCX MMDS MME MMF MMI MMIC MMSP MMSS MMTA MMU MMX MNLP MNP MNRP MP MPLS MPOA MPOE MPP MPT MRI MRU MS MSAT MSB MSC MSK MSNF MSP MSS MSU MTA MTBF MTI MTM MTS MTSO MTTR MUX MVIP MVL MVS MXR MZI

M
MAC 1. Media Access Contro 2. multiplexed analog component MACE Macintosh Audio Compression and Expansion MARISAT Maritime Satellite MARS Multicast Address Resolution Service. In ATM networking, a protocol used in IP multicasting MAS Multiple Address Service MCF Multimedia Communications Forum MCMS Multimedia Cable Network System MD-IS Mobile Data Intermediate System MDF main distribution frame MDT mobile data terminals MFJ Modified Final Judgment MFS Metropolitan Fiber Systems

multiple frequency shift keying Midwestern Higher Education Commission Message Handling System Management Information Base magnetic ink character recognition mobile information device profile Military Net Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension Mobile Identification Number Magnetic Integrator Neuron Duplicator Multichannel Interface Processor Multiple-Image Portable Graphics million instructions per second Management Information Services Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems modular jack mail list agent microwave landing system Multimedia Communications Forum Multimedia Communication Exchange microwave multi-point distribution system Mobility Management Entity multimode optical fiber machine-to-machine interface Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit modular multi-satellite preprocessor Maritime Mobile-Satellite Service Multimedia Telecommunications Association 1. Manned Maneuvering Unit 2. memory management unit 1. Multimedia Extension. 2. Matrix Math Extension Mobile Network Location Protocol Microcom Networking Protocol Mobile Network Registration Protocol Multilink Protocol Multiprotocol Label Switching MultiProtocol Over ATM Minimum Point of Entry Multichannel Point-to-Point Protocol Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications magnetic resonance imaging maximum receive unit Mobile Station Mobile Satellite most significant bit, most significant byte Mobile Switching Center minimal shift keying multisystem networking facility Message Security Protocol multispectral scanner 1. microwave sounding unit 2. mobile subscriber unit 1. Macintosh Telephony Architecture 2. Major Trading Area 3. Message Transfer Agent 4. Metropolitan Trading Area mean time between failures Moving Target Indication Maintenance Trunk Monitor 1. member of technical staff 2. Message Telecommunications Service 3. Message Transfer System Mobile Telephone Switching Office mean time to repair multiplexer Multi-Vendor Integration Protocol Multiple Virtual Line Multiple Virtual Storage 1. mixer 2. multiplexer Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

N
NAB NACN NADF NAK 1. National Alliance of Business 2. National Association of Broadcasters North American Cellular Network 1. North American Directory Plan 2. North Atlantic Directory Forum negative acknowledge

2002 by CRC Press LLC

NAMPS NANC NANOG NANP NAP NAPP NAPT NARTE

Narrowband Analog Mobile Phone Service North American Numbering Council North American Network Operators Group North American Numbering Plan Network Access Point National Aerial Photography Program Native American Public Telecommunications, Inc. National Association of Radio and Telecommunications Engineers NAS network authentication server NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASTD National Association of State Telecommunications Directors NATA North American Telecommunications Association NATOA National Association of Telecommunications Officers and Advisors NBC National Broadcast Corporation NBFM narrowband frequency modulation NBMA non-broadcast multiple access NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research NCC 1. National Communications Committee 2. National Coordinating Center NCCS Network Control Center System NCHPC National Consortium for High-Performance Computing NCIA native client interface architecture NCO National Coordination Office for Computing, Information, and Communications NCOP Network Code Of Practice NCS National Communications System NCSA National Center for Supercomputing Applications NCUG National Centrex Users Group NDCDB National Digital Cartographic Data Base NDIS Network Driver Interface Specification NDSI National Spatial Data Infrastructure NDT No Dial Tone NE network element NECA National Exchange Carrier Association NENA National Emergency Number Assocation NFCB National Federation of Community Broadcasters NGDC National Geophysical Data Center NGDLC Next Generation Digital Loop Carrier NGI Next Generation Internet NGSO non-geostationary orbit NGSO FSS non-geostationary orbit fixed satellite service NHK Nippon Hoso Kyokai NHRP Next Hop Resolution Protocol NIDS network intrusion detection system NIMA National Imagery Mapping Agency NiMH nickel metal hydride NIOD Network Inward/Outward Dialing NIOSH National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health NIS 1. Network Imaging Server 2. Network Information Service NISDN 1 National ISDN-1 NISP National Internet Services Provider NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NITF National Image Transfer Format NIU network interface unit NIUF North American ISDN Users Forum NLA Network Layer Address NLANR National Laboratory for Applied Network Research NLPID Network Layer Protocol ID NLQ near letter quality NMAA National Multimedia Association of American NMACS Network Monitor and Control System NMP 1. Network Management Processor 2. Network Management Protocol NMR nuclear magnetic resonance NNI 1. network node interface 2. Nederlands Normalisatie-Instituut NNTP Network News Transfer Protocol NNX NXX NO OP no operation NOP, nop no operation NOV News Overview. NOWT Netherlands Observatory for Science and Technology

NPA

1. National Pricing Agreement AT&T agreement 2. Numbering Plan Area NPBA National Public Broadcasting Archives NPR National Public Radio NRC 1. National Research Council 2. Network Reliability Council 3. non-recurring charge NREN National Research and Education Network NRSC National Radio Systems Committee NRZ non-return to zero NSAI National Standards Authority of Ireland NSAP network service access point NS/EP National Security/Emergency Preparedness NSF National Science Foundation NSFNET National Science Foundation Network NSP 1. National Internet Services Provider 2. Native Signal Processing NSS National Standards System NSSN National Standards Systems Network NSTAC National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NT Northern Telecom, Inc. NTIA National Telecommunications and Information Administration NTN Network Terminal Number NTSC National Television System Committee nV abbrev. nanovolt NV Network Video NVM nonvolatile memory

O
OA OAI OAM office automation Open Application Interface 1. operations, administration, and maintenance 2. Operations and Maintenance OAM&P operation, administration, maintenance and provisioning. OAO orbiting astronomical observatory OAS Organization of American States OBRA Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act OC 1. operator centralization 2. optical carrier OCC Other Common Carrier OCP operator control panel OCR 1. optical character recognition 2. Outgoing Call Restriction ODBC Open Database Connectivity ODMG Object Database Management Group ODP open distributed processing OHR optical handwriting recognition OLE Object Linking and Embedding OLIU Optical Line Interface Unit OLNS Originating Line Number Screening OM Operational Measurement OMA Object Management Architecture OMAT Operational Measurement and Analysis Tool OMG Object Management Group ONA Open Network Architecture ONAC Operations Network Administration Center ONAL Off Network Access Line OOP object-oriented programming OPAC Outside Plant Access Cabinet OQPSK offset quadrature phase shift keying ORB Object Request Broker ORBCOMM Orbital Communications OSF Open Software Foundation (now the Open Group) OSI Open Systems Interconnection OSI TP Open Systems Interconnection Transport Protocol OSP Operator Service Provider OST Office of Science and Technology OSTA Optical Storage Technology Association OSTP Office of Science and Technology Policy OT Office of Telecommunications OTA Office of Technology Assessment (U.S.) OTAR over the air rekey OTGR Operations Technology Generic Requirements OTH over the horizon OTOH on the other hand

2002 by CRC Press LLC

OTP OUI

Office of Telecommunications Policy Organizationally Unique Identifier

P
pA PA PABX PACA PAP PAR Abbreviation for picoampere public address system Private Automatic Branch Exchange Priority Access and Channel Assignment 1. packet-level procedure 2. Public Access Profile 1. Positive Acknowledgment Retransmit 2. Precision Approach Radar PCA 1. point of closest approach 2. Premises Cabling Association 3. protective connecting arrangement PCB 1. power control box 2. process control block 3. printed circuit board 4. protocol control block PCCA Portable Computer and Communications Association PCI 1. Peripheral Connect Interface 2. Protocol Control Information PCIA Personal Communications Industry Association PCL printer control language PCM pulse code modulation PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card Interface Association PCMIA Personal Computer Manufacturer Interface Adaptor PCN Personal Communication Network PCP 1. Predictor Compression Protocol 2. Private Carrier Paging PCR 1. peak cell rate 2. Program Clock Reference PCS 1. Personal Communications Service 2. personal communications software PDA Personal Digital Assistant PDF Portal Document Format PDL page description language PDP 1. plasma display panel 2. power distribution panel PDU Protocol Data Unit PDUS Primary Data User Station PER Packed Encoding Rules PLAR Private Line Automatic Ringdown PLC Power Line Carrier PLCP Physical Layer Convergence Procedure PL/M Programming Language/Microprocessor PLMR Private Land Mobile Radio PLS physical layer signaling PLU Percent Local Usage PM performance monitoring PMA physical medium attachment PMARS Police Mutual Aid Radio System PMR 1. poor mans routing 2. private mobile radio PMRS Private Mobile Radio Service PMS 1. Pantone Matching System 2. Picturephone Meeting Service PMT 1. Photo Multiplier Tube 2. Photo Mechanical Transfer PNM public network management PnP Plug and Play PNP Permanent Number Portability PODP Public Office Dialing Plan PPDN Public Packet Data Network PPI 1. pixels per inch 2. plan position indicator PPP Point-to-Point Protocol PPS 1. packets per second 2. Path Protection Switched 3. Precise Positioning Service 4. pulses per second PPSN Public Packet Switched Network PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol PRAM programmable random access memory PRB Private Radio Bureau PRI Public Radio International PSAP Public Safety Answering Point PSI 1. packet switching interface 2. Policy Studies Institute PSK phase shift keying PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network PSU Packet Switch Unit PSWAC Public Safety Wireless Advisory Committee

PSWN PTE PTFE PTI PTN PTO PTS PTT PVC PVCC PVN pW PWB PWM PWR

Public Safety Wireless Network SONET path terminating element polytetrafluoroethylene Payload Type Identifier Public Telecommunications Network public telecommunication operators 1. Personal Telecommunications System 2. Presentation Time Stamp 3. Public Telecommunications System Post Telephone & Telegraph administration 1. permanent virtual connection 2. polyvinyl chloride Permanent Virtual Channel Connection private virtual network picowatt printed wire board pulse width modulator power

Q
QDU QFC QFM QIC QL QLLC QMS QoR QoS QPSK QSAM QSDG QTAM QTC quantizing distortion units Quantum Flow Control quadrature frequency modulation Quarter Inch Cartridge Drive Standards query language Qualified Logical Link Control Queue Management System Query on Release quality of service 1. quadrature phase shift keying 2. quaternary phase shift keying quadrature sideband amplitude modulation Quality of Service Development Group Queued Telecommunications Access Method Quick Time Conference

R
R/T R&D R&E RA RA# RAC RACE RACES RACF RARP RAS RASC raser RB RBOC RBS RCA RCC RD RDF RDT RDY REN RES RF RFC RFD RFE RFI RIF RIFF RJE RLCM RLE RLP RM RMA realtime research and development Research and Education 1. real audio 2. return authorization return authorization number Radio Amateurs of Canada 1. random access computer equipment 2. Research into Advanced Communications in Europe Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service resource access control facility Reverse Address Resolution Protocol remote access server Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation radio amplification by stimulated emission of radiation reverse battery Regional Bell Operating Company robbed-bit signaling Radio Corporation of America Radio Common Carrier routing domain 1. radio direction finding 2. rate decrease factor 1. recall dial tone 2. remote digital terminal ready Ringer Equivalent Number Residential Enhanced Service radio frequency Request for Comments Request For Discussion Radio Free Europe radio frequency interference rate increase factor Resource Interchange File Format remote job entry Remote Line Concentrating Module run length encoding Radio Link Protocol Resource Management returned merchandise authorization

2002 by CRC Press LLC

rms RNC RNX ROLC ROM ROSE ROTFL RPC RPG RPM RPOA RPS RPW RQS RR RS RSA RSC RSGB RSUP RSVP RT RTC RTCP RTF RTFM RTNDA RTP RTS RTSP RTV RU

root mean square radio network controller Restricted Numeric Exchange Routing Over Large Clouds read only memory Remote Operations Service Element rolling on the floor, laughing remote procedure call Report Program Generator Remote Packet Module Recognized Private Operating Agency repetitive pattern suppression remotely piloted vehicle Rate Quote System Radio Regulations recommended standard Rural Service Area Remote Switching Center Radio Society of Great Britain Reliable SAP Update Protocol Internet Reservation Protocol 1. realtime, real time 2. remote terminal 3. reorder tone 1. return to control 2. runtime control Real Time Conferencing Protocol Rich Text Format read the freaking manual Radio-Television News Directors Association 1. realtime protocol 2. routing table protocol Request to Send Real Time Streaming Protocol realtime video 1. request unit 2. response unit 3. request/response unit

S
S-HTTP S/MIME S/W SA SAA Secure HTTP Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension software 1. Service Agent 2. source address 1. Standards Association of Australia 2. Supplemental Alert Adapter 3. Systems Application Architecture SAFE Security and Freedom through Encryption SAFE Act Security and Freedom through Encryption Act SAGE Semi-Automatic Ground Environment SAIL Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory SAM security accounts manager SAN satellite access node SANZ Standards Association of New Zealand SAP Service Access Point SAPI Service Access Point Identifier SAR 1. search and replace 2. segmentation and reassembly SART search and rescue radar transponder SAS 1. single address space 2. simple attachment scheme 3. Survivable Adaptive Systems SASL Simple Security and Authentication Layer SASMO Syrian Arab Organization for Standardization and Metrology SASO Saudi Arabian Standards Organization SATCOM Satellite Communications SCC Specialized Common Carrier SCCP Signaling Connection Control Part SCE Service Creation Environment SCI Scalable Coherent Interface SCP 1. Satellite Communications Processor 2. Service Control Point SCR 1. silicon-controlled rectifier 2. sustainable cell rate 3. System Clock Reference SCSI Small Computer System Interface SCT Secretaria de Comunicaciones y Transportes SCTE Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers, Inc. SDL Specification and Design Language

Synchronous Data Link Control Software Defined Network Secure Data Network System Serial Data Transport Protocol Standards Eastern Automatic Computer Simple and Efficient Adaptation Layer secure electronic transaction Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence single inline memory module Simple Internet Protocol Plus Standardiseringen i Sverige Simple Internet Transition Socit Internationale de Tlcommunications Aronautiques SLAR side-looking airborne radar SLC simple line code SLIP Serial Line Interface Protocol SLM System Load Module SLP Service Location Protocol SLR 1. send loudness rating 2. single lens reflex SMAS switched maintenance access system SMATV Satellite Master Antenna Television SMDS Switched Multi-Megabit Digital Service SME 1. Security Management Entity 2. Small- and medium-sized enterprises SMI Structure of Management Information SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers SMR Specialized Mobile Radio SMRP Simple Multicast Routing Protocol SMS 1. Service Management System 2. Short Message Service SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SNA Systems Network Architecture SNACP SNA Control Protocol SNR signal-to-noise ratio SOC 1. society 2. system-on-chip SPCAS SPC Allocation Service SPEC Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation SPHIGS Simple PHIGS SPI 1. Security Parameters Index 2. Service Provider Interface SPID Service Profile Identifier SPIE The International Society for Optical Engineering SRA system reliability architecture SRAPI Speech recognition API SRGP Simple Raster Graphics Package SS7 Signaling System 7 SSB single sideband SSCS Service Specific Convergence Sublayer SSEC Selective Sequence Control Computer SSL Secure Socket Layer SSO single sign-on SSP Service Switching Point SSRP Simple Server Redundancy Protocol SSTO Single-Stage to Orbit SSTV slow scan television ST 1. Scheduled Transfer 2. signaling terminal 3. straight-tipped 4. systems test STA 1. spanning tree algorithm 2. Science and Technology Agency STAR TAP Science, Technology, And Research Transit Access Point STSK Scandinavian Committee for Satellite Telecommunications STU Secure Telephone Unit STU-3 Secure Telephone Unit 3 STUN serial tunnel SUMAC SuperHIPPI Media Access Controller SUT 1. System Under Test 2. Service User Table SVC switched virtual connection SVD simultaneous voice and data SVGA Super Video Graphics Array SWAC Standards Western Automatic Computer SWR standing wave ratio SXGA super-extended graphics array

SDLC SDN SDNS SDTP SEAC SEAL SET SETI SIMM SIPP SIS SIT SITA

2002 by CRC Press LLC

T
TAB TAI TAS TAXI Tc TCAP TCI TCIF TCM TCO TCP/IP TDI TDM TDMA TDRSS TENET TFT TFTP THF TIES TIFF TIIAP TJF TL TLF TLP TLV TM TMA TMC TMGB TMN TMSI TOGAF TP TPA TPDU TPI TPWG TQM TR TRS TSACC TSAG TSAP TSO TSRM TTA TTAB TTC TTIB TTL TTS TU TUANZ TUBA TUG TUI TUR TVM TVRO TWS TWT TWX Tx, TX tone above band International Atomic Time Telecommunication Authority of Singapore Transparent Asynchronous Transmitter/Receiver Interface Committed Rate Measurement Interval Transaction Capability Application Part Telecommunications, Inc. Telecommunications Industry Forum trellis code modulation Tandem Connection Overhead Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Trade Data Interchange time division multiplexing time division multiple access Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System Texas Educational Network thin film transistor Trivial File Transfer Protocol tremendously high frequency 1. Telecom/Information Equipment and Services 2. Telecom Information Exchange Services Tag Image File Format Telecommunications and Information Infrastructure Assistance test jack frame tie line trunk link frame Transmission Level Point type, length, value 1. terminal multiplexer 2. traffic management Telecommunication Managers Association traffic management center Telecommunications Main Grounding Busbar Telecommunications Management Network Temporary Mobile Station Identifier The Open Group Architectural Framework twisted pair Telephone Pioneers of America Transport Protocol Data Unit tracks per inch Technology Policy Working Group total quality management transmit/receive Telephone Relay Service, telephone relay system Telecommunications Standards Advisory Council of Canada Telecommunication Standardization Advisory Group Transport Service Access Point time share operation Telecommunication Standards Reference Manual Telecommunications Technology Association transparent tone above band Telecommunications Technology Committee transparent tone in band transistor-transistor logic text-to-speech traveling user Telecommunications Users Association of New Zealand TCP and UDP with Bigger Address Telecommunication User Group telephone user interface Traffic Usage Recorder time-varying media television receive-only two-way simultaneous traveling-wave tube Teletype-Writer Exchange transmit

UART UAS UAV UAWG UBR UCA UCC UCF UCM UDI UDLC UDP UECT UHF UI UL ULP UML UMSP UMTS UNC UNE UPCS UPL UPP URA URC URI URL URM URN USB USDC USDLA USDN USGS USITA USKA USOC USOP USTA UTC UTDR UTM UTR UTS UUI UV UWB UWC UWCC

universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter User Agent server unstaffed aerial vehicle Universal ADSL Working Group unspecified bit rate Utilities Communications Architecture Uniform Commercial Code UNIX Computing Forum 1. universal controller module 2. Universal Call Model unrestricted digital information Universal Digital Loop Carrier User Datagram Protocol Universal Encoding Conversion Technology ultra high frequency 1. Unix International 2. user interface Underwriters Laboratories Inc. upper layer protocol. Unified Modeling Language Unified Memory Space Protocol Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems Universal Naming Convention Unbundled Network Element Unlicensed Personal Communcations Services upper layer protocol Universal Payment Preamble Uniform Resource Agent Uniform Resource Characteristic Uniform Resource Identifier Uniform Resource Locators user request manager Uniform Resource Name Universal Serial Bus U.S. Digital Cellular United States Distance Learning Association U.S. ISDN United States Geological Survey Formerly United States Independent Telephone Association Union Schweizerischer Kurzwellen-Amateure Union (Union of Swiss Shortwave Amateurs) Universal Service Order Code User Service Order Profile United States Telephone Association Coordinated Universal Time Universal Trunk Data Record Universal Transverse Mercator Universal Tone Receiver Universal Telephone Service 1. Unified User Interface 2. unique user identifier 3. user-to-user indicator ultraviolet ultra wideband Universal Wireless Communications Universal Wireless Communications Consortium

V
VOR VP VPC VPN VQ VRAM VRML VSAT VSX VTP VTS VHF omnidirectional range virtual path virtual path connection virtual private network vector quantization Video RAM Virtual Reality Modelling Language Very Small Aperture Terminal Verification Suite for X/open Virtual Trunking Protocol Vehicular Technology Society

W
W-CDMA W-DCS W3 W3C WAAS wireless Code Division Multiple Access wideband digital cross-connect system World Wide Web World Wide Web Consortium Wide Area Augmentation System

U
UA User Agent

2002 by CRC Press LLC

WABI WACK WACS WAG WAIS WAN WANMC WARC WATM WATS WATTC

Windows Application Binary Interface wait acknowledgment White Alice Communications System Wireless Applications Group Wide Area Information Server Wide Area Network Wide Area Network Management Center World Administrative Radio Conference Wireless ATM Wide Area Telephony Service World Administrative Telegraph and Telephone Conference WBC wide-band channel WBEM Web-Based Enterprise Management WCAV Web Clipping Application Viewer WCP 1. Web Clipping proxy 2. Wireless Certificate Profile 3. wireless communication platform 4. wireless communications protocol WDGPS wide area differential GPS WDL Windows Driver Library WDM wave division multiplexing WDMA wavelength-division multiple access WDP 1. Wireless Datagram protocol 2. Workforce Development Program WFS Woodstock File Server WFWG Windows For Workgroups WGDTB Working Group on Digital Television Broadcasting WGIH Working Group on Information Highway WGS World Geodetic System WIA World Internetworking Alliance WIM WAP Identity Module WIN Wireless Intelligent Network WIN95 Windows 95 WINF Wireless Information Networks Forum, Inc. WIP Washington Internet Project WITS Wireless Interface Telephone System WLAN wireless local area network WLI Forum Wireless LAN Interoperability Forum WLL Wireless Local Loop WLRL Wireless LAN Research Laboratory WML 1. Website Meta Language 2. Wireless Markup Language WOM write-only memory WOMBAT waste of money, brains, and time WORA write once run anywhere WOSA Windows Open Services Architecture WOTAN Wavelength-Agile Optical Transport and Access Network WRAM Windows Random Access Memory WRC World Radiocommunication Conference WRS Worldwide Reference System WRT with respect to WSA Wireless Specialty Apparatus Company WSC wireless switching center WSP Web Service Provider WST WAP Security Toolkit WTAC World Telecommunications Advisory Council WTB Wireless Telecommunications Bureau WTO World Trade Organisation WTPF World Telecommunication Policy Forum WWW World Wide Web WWWC World Wide Web Consortium WYGIWYD what you got is what you deserve

WYPFIWYG what you pay for is what you get WYSIWYG what you see is what you get WZ1 World Zone1

X
XA Xbar XC XCA XCVR xd XDF XDMA XDMCP XDR XFN XFR XFS XGA extended architecture crossbar cross connect extended communication adapter transceiver X-Bone xd extended distance feature Xing Distributed Media Architecture X Display Manager Control Protocol External Data Representation X/Open Federated Naming transfer X11 File System 1. extended graphics adapter 2. extended graphics array XID exchange identification XIP execute in place XIWT Cross-Industry Working Team Xlib X Library Xmission transmission Xmit transmit XML Extensible Markup Language XMP X/Open Management Protocol XMS Extended Memory Specification XMT transmit XNS Xerox Network Services XO crystal oscillator XPAD external packet assembler/disassembler XPG X/Open Portability Guide XPM Extended Peripheral Module Xponder transponder XRB transmit reference burst xref cross reference XRF Extended Recovery Facility XSG X.25 Service Group XSI X/Open System Interface Specification XSMP X Session Manager Protocol XT 1. crosstalk 2. IBM Personal Computer XT Xtal crystal Xtalk crosstalk XTI X/Open Transport Interface. X Window System XTL SunXTL XTP Express Transfer Protocol XUI X User Interface Toolkit XWA X-perimental Wireless Apparatus XWS X Window System

Y
YAG YIG YMMV YP yttrium-aluminum-garnet yttrium-iron-garnet your mileage may vary Yellow Pages

Z
ZIP Ziv Zone Information Protocol Lempel-Ziv

2002 by CRC Press LLC

U.S. Area Codes (and N. A. Toll Free)


201 202 203 205 206 207 208 209 210 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 224 225 228 229 231 234 240 248 251 252 253 254 256 262 267 270 278 281 301 302 303 304 305 307 308 309 310 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 New Jersey (Hackensack, Newark, Jersey City) Washington, D.C. Connecticut (Bridgeport, New Haven, Stanford) Alabama (Birmingham) Washington (Seattle) Maine Idaho California (Fresno, Modesto) Texas (San Antonio) New York (Manhattan) California (downtown Los Angeles) Texas (Dallas) Pennsylvania (Philadelphia) Ohio (Cleveland) Illinois (Champaign/Urbana, Springfield) Minnesota (Duluth) Indiana (Gary, Hammond, Michigan City, South Bend) Illinois (Chicago suburbs) Louisiana Mississippi (Biloxi) Georgia Michigan Ohio Maryland (Hagerstown, Rockville) Michigan (Pontiac, Southfield, Troy) Alabama North Carolina Washington (Gig Harbor, Tacoma) Texas (Waco) Alabama Wisconsin Pennsylvania Kentucky Michigan Texas (Houston metro) Maryland (Hagerstown, Rockville) Delaware Colorado (Aurora, Boulder, Denver, Longmont) West Virginia Florida (Key West, Miami) Wyoming Nebraska (North Platte, Scottsbluff) Illinois (Peoria, Rock Island) Southern California (Beverly Hills) Illinois (Chicago central) Michigan (Dearborn, Detroit) Missouri (St. Louis) New York (Syracuse, Utica) Kansas (Dodge City, Wichita) Indiana (Indianapolis) Louisiana (Lake Charles, Shreveport) Iowa (Davenport, Dubuque) Minnesota (St. Cloud)

321 323 330 331 334 336 337 339 341 347 351 352 360 361 369 385 386 401 402 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 412 413 414 415 417 419 423 425 435 440 443 445 464 469 478 480 484 500 501 502 503 504 505 507 508 509 510 512 513 515 516

Florida California (L.A. surrounds) Ohio (Akron, Canton, Youngstown) Illinois (Chicago suburbs) Alabama (Montgomery) North Carolina Louisiana Massachusetts California (Oakland) New York (Brookland, Bronx, Queens) Massachusetts (Acton, Lowell) Florida (Gainesville) Washington State (Olympia, Vancouver) Texas California (Fairfield, Vallejo) Utah Florida Rhode Island Nebraska (Lincoln, Omaha) Georgia (Atlanta) Oklahoma (Enid, Oklahoma City) Montana Florida (Orlando) California (Monterey, San Jose) Texas (Beaumont, Galveston) Maryland (Annapolis, Baltimore) Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh) Massachusetts (Pittsfield, Springfield) Wisconsin (Milwaukee, Racine) California (San Francisco) Missouri (Joplin, Springfield) Ohio (Toledo) Tennessee (Chattanooga, Johnson City, Knoxville) Washington (Bellevue) Texas (Logan, Price, St. George) Ohio (Ashtavula, Lorain) Maryland (Annapolis, Baltimore) Pennsylvania (Philadelphia) Illinois (Chicago suburbs) Texas (Dallas) Georgia Arizona Pennsylvania (Allentown, Reading) Allocated to PCS Arkansas (Little Rock, Fort Smith) Kentucky (Frankfort, Louisville, Paducah, Shelbyville) Oregon (Astoria, Portland, Salem) Louisiana (Baton Rouge, New Orleans) New Mexico Minnesota (Rochester) Massachusetts (Fall River, Worcester) Washington (Spokane, Walla Walla, Yakima) Northern California (Fremont, Oakland) Texas (Austin, Corpus Christi) Ohio (Cincinnati, Middletown) Iowa (Des Moines) New York (Hempstead, Long Island)

NOTE: Regions indicated in parentheses are examples for reference and do not necessarily indicate all the regions within a given area code.

2002 by CRC Press LLC

U.S. Area Codes & N.A. Toll Free, cont.


517 518 520 530 540 541 559 561 562 563 564 570 571 573 580 586 601 602 603 605 606 607 608 609 610 612 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 623 626 627 628 630 631 636 641 646 650 651 657 660 661 662 669 678 679 682 701 702 Michigan (Bay City, Jackson, Lansing) New York (Albany, Schenectady, Troy) Arizona (except Phoenix metro) California (Chico) Virginia (Roanoke) Oregon (Bend, Corvallis, Eugene, Medford, Pendleton) California Florida (West Palm Beach) California (Long Beach) Iowa Washington (Bellingham, Olympia) Pennsylvania (Scranton, Williamsport) Virginia (Arlington, Fairfax) Missouri (Columbia, Jefferson City) Oklahoma Michigan (Flint, Birmingham) Mississippi (Hattiesburg, Jackson) Arizona (Phoenix metro) New Hampshire South Dakota Kentucky (Kentucky, Winchester) New York (Binghamton, Elmira) Wisconsin (Madison) New Jersey (Atlantic City, Camden, Trenton, Vineland) Pennsylvania (Allentown, Reading) Minnesota (Minneapolis, St. Paul) Ohio (Columbus) Tennessee (Murfreesboro, Nashville) Michigan (Battle Creek, Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo) Massachusetts (Boston central) Illinois (Alton, Cairo, Mt. Vernon) California (San Diego) Kansas Arizona California California (Napa, Petaluma) California (San Francisco) Illinois (Chicago central suburbs, Elgin, Waukegan) New York Missouri Iowa New York California (Palo Alto) Minnesota California (Anaheim) Missouri (Kirksville) California Mississippi California (San Jose) Georgia (Atlanta metro, Marietta, Norcross) Michigan (Detroit) Texas (Arlington, Fort Worth) North Dakota Nevada

703 704 706 707 708 710 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 724 727 732 734 740 747 752 754 757 760 763 764 765 770 773 774 775 781 785 786 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 808 810 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 822 828 830 831

Virginia (Alexandria, Arlington) North Carolina (Asheville, Charlotte) Georgia (Augusta, Columbus, Rome) California (Eureka) Illinois (Chicago south suburbs) U.S. Government restricted access Iowa (Council Bluffs, Sioux City) Texas (Houston) California (Anaheim) Wisconsin (Eau Claire, Wausau) New York (Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Rochester) Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, Scranton, WilkesBarre) New York City (Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island) Colorado (Colorado Springs, Leadville, Pueblo) Colorado Pennsylvania (Letrobe, Newcastle) Florida New Jersey (New Brunswick, Piscataway) Michigan (Ann Arbor, Livonia) Ohio (Athens, Marietta) California (Van Nuys) California (Pomona) Florida Virginia (Norfolk, Virginia Beach) California (Barstow, Palm Springs) Minnesota California (Mountain View) Indiana (Anderson, Lafayette) Georgia (Atlanta metro, Marietta, Norcross) Chicago (outside central) Massachusetts Nevada Massachusetts (Boston suburbs) Kansas (Lawrence, Salina, Topeka) Florida Toll free Utah (Ogden, Provo, Salt Lake City) Vermont South Carolina (Columbia) Virginia (Charlottesville, Newport News, Richmond) California (Bakersfield, Santa Barbara) Texas (Amarillo, Lubbock) Hawaii Michigan (Flint) Indiana (Evansville) Florida (Clearwater, St. Petersburg, Tampa) Pennsylvania (Altoona, Erie) Illinois (La Salle, Rockford) Missouri (Kansas City, St. Joseph) Texas (Fort Worth) California (Glendale, Pasadena) Toll free North Carolina Texas (Del Rio, Fredericksburg, New Braunfels) California (Salinas)

NOTE: Regions indicated in parentheses are examples for reference and do not necessarily indicate all the regions within a given area code.

2002 by CRC Press LLC

832 833 835 843 844 845 847 850 855 856 857 858 859 860 863 864 865 866 870 888 900 901 903 904 906 907 908 909 910 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 925 931 937 940 941 947 949 951 952 954 956 970 972 973 978 979 980 985 989

Texas (Houston) Reserved for toll free Pennsylvania (Allentown, Reading) South Carolina (Charlestown, Florence) Reserved for toll free New York Illinois (Chicago north suburbs, Elgin, Waukegan) Florida (Pensicola, Tallahassee) Toll free New Jersey Massachusetts California Kentucky Connecticut (Hartford) Florida (Arcadia, Lakeland) South Carolina (Greenville, Spartanburg) Tennessee (Knoxville) Toll free Arkansas (Jonesboro, Pine Bluff) Toll free Pay services Tennessee (Memphis) Texas (Tyler) Florida (Daytona Beach, Jacksonville) Michigan (Marquette, Sault St. Marie) Alaska New Jersey (Elizabeth, Plainfield) California (Riverside, San Bernardino) North Carolina (Fayetteville, Greensboro, Winston-Salem) Georgia (Albany, Savannah) Kansas (Atchison, Kansas City) New York (Peekskill, Poughkeepsie, White Plains, Yonkers) Texas (Abilene, El Paso) California (Sacramento) New York (newer wireless) Oklahoma (Tulsa) North Carolina (Durham, Raleigh) Wisconsin (Fond du lac, Green Bay, Sheboygan) California (Concord) Tennessee (Clarksville, Columbia, Cookeville) Ohio (Dayton/Springfield) Texas (Denton, Wichita Falls) Florida (Fort Meyers, Naples, Sarasota) Michigan (Oakland County) California (Irving) Corona (Riverside) Minnesota Florida (Ft. Lauderdale) Texas (Brownsville, Laredo) Colorado (Aspen, Durango, Grand Junction, Steamboat Springs) Texas (Dallas metro) New Jersey (Morristown, Newark, Paterson) Massachusetts (Lowell) Texas (Freeport) North Carolina (Charlotte) Louisiana Michigan (Midland, Saginaw)

Area Codes for U.S. Territories, Caribbean, and Canada


U.S. Territories & Caribbean
242 246 264 268 284 340 345 441 473 649 664 670 671 758 767 784 787 809 868 869 876 Bahamas Barbados Anguilla Antigua, Barbuda British Virgin Islands U.S. Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Bermuda Grenada Turks, Caicos Montserrat North Mariana Island Guam St. Lucia Dominica St. Vincent, Grenadines Puerto Rico Domincan Republic Trinidad, Tobago St. Kitts, Nevis Jamaica

Canada
204 250 306 403 416 418 450 506 514 519 604 613 647 705 709 807 819 867 870 902 905 Manitoba British Columbia (Prince George, Vancouver Island) Saskatchewan Alberta (Calgary, Red Deer), Yukon Ontario (Toronto metro) Quebec (Quebec City) Quebec (Montreal surrounds) New Brunswick Quebec (Montreal metro) Ontario (London) British Columbia (Vancouver) Ontario (Ottawa) Reserved for Ontario Ontario (North Bay, Sault St. Marie) Newfoundland and Labrador Ontario (Thunder Bay) Quebec (Sherbrooke) Northwest Territories, Yukon Territory Alberta (Edmonton) Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island Ontario (Hamilton, Mississauga, Niagara Falls)

NOTE: Regions indicated in parentheses are examples for reference and do not necessarily indicate all the regions within a given area code.

2002 by CRC Press LLC

Dialing Letter-Number Equivalents


Num. Alphabetic Equivalent U.S. --ABC DEF GHI JKL MNO PRS TUV WXY Operator U.K. --ABC DEF GHI JKL MN PRS TUV WXY OQ

Radio Communications Alphabet


Letter Name A B C D E F G H I J K L M Adam Boy Charles David Edward Frank George Henry Ida John King Lincoln Mary Letter Name N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Nora Ocean Paul Queen Robert Sam Tom Union Victor William X-Ray Yellow Zebra

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

There is no Q in U.S. systems and no Z in U.S. or U.K. systems. These letter-number equivalents are also found on ATMs.

International Morse Code


Let. Code A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z - - - - - -- - - - - -- --- - - - - - - - - - - Let. Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 , . ? ; : / ' () _ - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- ----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - yottazettaexapetateragigamegakilohectodecadecicentimillimicronanopicofemtoattozeptoyocto-

Metric Prefixes/Values
Prefix Symb. Numerical Expression Y Z E P T G M k h da d c m m n p f a z y 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000 1,000,000 1,000 100 10 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001 0.000000000001 0.000000000000001 0.000000000000000001 0.000000000000000000001 0.000000000000000000000001 Expon. 1024 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101 101 102 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018 1021 1024

2002 by CRC Press LLC

ASCII (Character and Control Codes)


Oct 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 030 031 032 033 034 035 036 037 040 041 042 043 044 045 046 047 050 051 052 053 054 055 056 057 060 061 062 063 064 065 066 067 070 071 072 073 074 075 076 077 Dec Hex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 0x00 0x01 0x02 0x03 0x04 0x05 0x06 0x07 0x08 0x09 0x0a 0x0b 0x0c 0x0d 0x0e 0x0f 0x10 0x11 0x12 0x13 0x14 0x15 0x16 0x17 0x18 0x19 0x1a 0x1b 0x1c 0x1d 0x1e 0x1f 0x20 0x21 0x22 0x23 0x24 0x25 0x26 0x27 0x28 0x29 0x2a 0x2b 0x2c 0x2d 0x2e 0x2f 0x30 0x31 0x32 0x33 0x34 0x35 0x36 0x37 0x38 0x39 0x3a 0x3b 0x3c 0x3d 0x3e 0x3f Name NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC F G RS US space ! # $ % & , ( ) * + , . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? Oct 0100 0101 0102 0103 0104 0105 0106 0107 0110 0111 0112 0113 0114 0115 0116 0117 0120 0121 0122 0123 0124 0125 0126 0127 0130 0131 0132 0133 0134 0135 0136 0137 0140 0141 0142 0143 0144 0145 0146 0147 0150 0151 0152 0153 0154 0155 0156 0157 0160 0161 0162 0163 0164 0165 0166 0167 0170 0171 0172 0173 0174 0175 0176 0177 Dec Hex 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 0x40 0x41 0x42 0x43 0x44 0x45 0x46 0x47 0x48 0x49 0x4a 0x4b 0x4c 0x4d 0x4e 0x4f 0x50 0x51 0x52 0x53 0x54 0x55 0x56 0x57 0x58 0x59 0x5a 0x5b 0x5c 0x5d 0x5e 0x5f 0x60 0x61 0x62 0x63 0x64 0x65 0x66 0x67 0x68 0x69 0x6a 0x6b 0x6c 0x6d 0x6e 0x6f 0x70 0x71 0x72 0x73 0x74 0x75 0x76 0x77 0x78 0x79 0x7a 0x7b 0x7c 0x7d 0x7e 0x7f Name @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ delete commercial at sign

Control-C

backspace tab line feed, newline form feed, NP carriage return

XON, Control-Q XOFF, Control-S

escape

space exclamation mark double quote number sign, hash dollar percent ampersand apostrophe/quote open parenthesis close parenthesis asterisk, star plus comma minus period, full stop oblique stroke zero one two three four five six seven eight nine colon semicolon less than equals greater than question mark

open square bracket backslash close square bracket caret underscore back apostrophe

open curly bracket vertical bar, pipe close curly bracket tilde delete

2002 by CRC Press LLC

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