S TAT I S T I C A L A N A LYS I S (FP531)

CHAPTER 1 B A S I C S TAT I S T I C S 1 . 1 U N D E RS TA N D S TAT I S T I C S

S TAT I S T I C D E F I N I T I O N
Statistics is the branch of science which deals with the collection, classification and tabulation of numerical facts as the basis for explanations, description and comparison of Phenomenon

S TAT I S T I C D E F I N I T I O N
Statistics is the branch of science which deals with the collection, classification and tabulation of numerical facts as the basis for explanations, description and comparison of Phenomenon

S TAT I S T I C D E F I N I T I O N
Statistics is the branch of science which deals with the collection, classification and tabulation of numerical facts as the basis for explanations, description and comparison of Phenomenon

T W O T Y P E S O F S TAT I S T I C

DESCRIPTIVE

INFERENTIAL

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Descriptive statistics are used to summarize the characteristics of a data set

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Use data gathered from a sample to make inferences about the larger population from which the sample was drawn. Allows the formation of conclusions about almost any parameter from a sample taken from a larger population

Population versus Sample Population

The entire group of individuals about which we seek information. Such as the height of every person in the PUO, or the volume of every HALAGEL toothpaste that a manufacturer produces

Sample
Part of the population from which we actually collect information. Such as the volumes of the last thirty HALAGEL toothpaste

Types of variables

QUANTITATIVE

QUALITATIVE

QUANTITAVE VARIABLE
A quantitative variable is naturally measured as a number for which meaningful arithmetic operations make sense. Examples: Height, age, crop yield, GPA, salary, temperature, area and air pollution index

QUALITATIVE VARIABLE
Qualitative/Categorical variables take a value that is one of several possible categories. As naturally measured, qualitative variables have no numerical meaning. Examples: Hair color, gender, field of study, college attended,, status of disease infection

SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
Scales of measurement refer to ways in which variables/numbers are defined and categorized. The four scales of measurement are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

MEASUREMENT: NOMINAL
Nominal numbers are simply numbers that are different. 1 is not 2. 3 is not 9. It really makes more sense to think of things like apples and oranges. We just assign numbers to things because it makes doing statistics and creating charts easier.

MEASUREMENT: ORDINAL
Ordinal refers to quantities that have a natural ordering. The ranking of favorite sports, the order of people's place in a line, the order of runners finishing a race or more often the choice on a rating scale from 1 to 5. (Likert questions).

MEASUREMENT: INTERVAL
Interval data is like ordinal except we can say the intervals between each value are equally split. Example, temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. The difference between 29 and 30 degrees is the same magnitude as the difference between 78 and 79.

MEASUREMENT: RATIO
The weight of an object would be an example of a ratio scale. Weights can be rank ordered, units along the weight scale are equal to one another, and there is an absolute zero. Due to the presence of a zero, it now makes sense to compare the ratios of measurements. Phrases such as "four times" and "twice" are meaningful at the ratio level.

DIFFERENCES OF MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT DIFFERENCE DIRECTION OF DIFFERENCE AMOUNT OF DIFFERENCE ABSOLUTE ZERO

Nominal
Ordinal Interval Ratio

X
X X X X X X X X X

CHAPTER 1 B A S I C S TAT I S T I C S 1 . 2 O R G A N I Z E DATA

RAW DATA
Raw data (sometimes called source data or atomic data) is data that has not been processed for use. A distinction is sometimes made between data and information to the effect that information is the end product of data processing. Raw data that has undergone processing sometimes referred to as cooked data

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
The convenient method of organizing data is to construct a frequency distribution. A frequency distribution table is the organization of raw data in table form, using classes and frequencies

GRAPH AND CHART

Graphs and charts help us better understanding the meaning of data. They are critical for clearly conveying information in an easy to understand manner as well as in a way that the difference between two different pieces of data is clearly drawn. In a way, graphs and charts are illustrative methods of clearly presenting various types of differences in a clear method.

DATA TYPES
1. QUALITATIVE DATA 2. QUANTITATIVE DATA

QUALITATIVE DATA
Natural way to organize quantitative data is with the order property of the real numbers, i.e., arrange the data from least to greatest. Example: A sample of 20 M&Ms is observed and their colors are recorded Green Yellow Brown Red Red Yellow Brown Yellow Orange Red Red Red Blue Green Yellow Green Brown Red Yellow Green

QUALITATIVE DATA
COLOR Yellow
Green Red Brown Orange Blue

FREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE (%)

LINE GRAPH
The table below shows daily temperatures for Ipoh city, recorded for 6 days, in degrees Fahrenheit. The data from the table above has been summarized in the line graph below.

BAR GRAPH
A survey of students' favorite after-school activities was conducted at a school. The table below shows the results of this survey.
Students' Favorite After-School Activities Activity Play Sports Talk on Phone Visit With Friends Earn Money Chat Online Number of Students 45 53 99 44 66

School Clubs
Watch TV

22
37

PIE CHART
A pie graph, also known as a pie chart, is a type of graph commonly used in conjunction with percentages. A large circle is divided into sections depending on those percentages and each section represents part of the whole. In a pie chart, the arc length of each separate sector is meant to be proportional to the percentage its supposed to represent. A survey of favorite type of movie in a DIP5

QUANTITATIVE DATA
Quantitative data is typically organized by counting instances or events and displaying the results by class, grade level, and school. The results can be displayed in "charts with numbers and percentages; in simple frequency tables; or in tables showing the mean, median, and range.

HISTOGRAM
A graph that uses contiguous vertical bars to display the frequency of the data (unless the frequency equals 0) contained in each class. The heights of the bars equal the frequency (after certain scale has been chosen) and the bases of the bars lie on the corresponding class. It is similar to a Bar Chart, but a histogram groups numbers into ranges.

HISTOGRAM
Example: Draw a histogram for the following data:

Class Interval 05 5 10 10 15 15 20 20 25

Frequency 4 10 18 8 6

Histogram

Histogram

FREQUENCY POLYGON
Example: Draw a Frequency Polygon to show the number of trainers sold in this shop, by age of customer.
Age of Customer 5 -9 Number of Shoes Sold (f) 2 Mid Point of Class (x) 7

10- 14
15- 19 20 - 24 25 - 29

4
5 5 3

12
17 22 27

FREQUENCY POLYGON
Age of Customer 5 -9 10 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29
Number (sold)

Number of Shoes Sold (f) 2 4 5 5 3

Mid Point of Class (x) 7 12 17 22 27

Age (years)

OGIVE
Example: Draw cumulative frequency curve and cumulative frequency polygon for the frequency distribution by less than type method. Solution:
Marks Number of students 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70 7 10 23 51 6 3

Marks 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70

No. of students (f) 0 7 10 23 51 6 2

Cumulative Frequency (cf) 0 17 17 40 91 97 100

OGIVE
Marks 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70 No. of students (f) 0 7 10 23 51 6 2 Cumulative Frequency (cf) 0 17 17 40 91 97 100