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A preview of design and structural concepts of high rise structures around the world
a) b) c) d)
The amount of swaying will depend on various factors such as Height of building Velocity and direction of wind Orientation of building with respect to wind direction Shape of building
Wind velocities
BEAM AND COLUMN FRAME Beam and column structural frame Entire Horizontal load carried by structural frame Joints between beams and columns were made rigid to carry bending stresses due to horizontal loads
LATERAL LOADS DUE TO WIND GRAVITY LOADS CARRIED BY BEAMS AND COLUMNS
2. VERTICAL SHEAR TRUSS Horizontal load supported by system of vertical cantilever truss Shear truss is located around lift and staircase
SHEAR TRUSS LOCATED IN CENTRAL CORE OF THE BUILDING CARRIES LATERAL LOADS
LATERAL LOADS DUE TO WIND GRAVITY LOADS CARRIED BY BEAMS AND COLUMNS
Systems of designing high rise buildings SYSTEMS IN STEEL BHP head quarters, Melbourne
SHEAR TRUSS LOCATED IN CENTRAL CORE OF THE BUILDING CARRIES LATERAL LOADS
LATERAL LOADS DUE TO WIND RIGID BELT TRUSSES LOCATED ON THE OUTER PERIPHERY OF THE BULDING AND CONNECTED TO THE SHEAR TRUSS IN THE CORE GIVE ADDITIONAL STIFFNESS TO THE STRUCTURE TO COUNTER ACT THE LATERAL FORCES
Systems of designing high rise buildings SYSTEMS IN STEEL BHP head quarters, Melbourne
LATERAL LOADS DUE TO WIND CLOSELY SPACED COLUMNS AND DEEP BEAMS FORM A ENVELOP WHICH IS LIKE A PERFORATED TUBEWHICH IS CONNECTED TO THE INNER CORE CREATING A TUBE STRUCTURE
Systems of designing high rise buildings SYSTEMS IN STEEL WORLD TRADE CENTRE
Systems of designing high rise buildings SYSTEMS IN STEEL WORLD TRADE CENTRE
LATERAL LOADS DUE TO WIND DIAGONAL MEMBERS ADD TO THE STIFFNESS OF THE STRUCTURE AND MORE EFFICIENT USE OF MATERIAL IS MADE
BUNDELED TUBE SYSTEM Framed tube and diagonal truss tube is used in combination to create larger tube envelop In buildings with larger floor area interior columns also take part in resisting lateral forces First building to use this system is the 110 storey Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago also called as Sears Towers and is one of the tallest buildings in the world Designers Skidmore Owings and Merril This system allows termination of each module at different levels without loss of structural integrity
Systems of designing high rise buildings SYSTEMS IN STEEL BUNDELED TUBE SYSTEM
6. COLUMN DIAGONAL TRUSS TUBE: Principal same as that used in John Hancock tower only in this case in concrete
Systems of designing high rise buildings SYSTEMS IN CONCRETE Onterie centre in Chicago
6. COLUMN DIAGONAL TRUSS TUBE: Principal same as that used in John Hancock tower only in this case in concrete
Architect: Bertrand Goldberg Location: Chicago, Illinois, USA Date: 1959 to 1964 Building type: Mixed use residential and offices Construction system: Concrete Two towers of 60 stories each
450 apartments in upper 40 stories Parking in lower 20 stories with space for 450 cars Since the residential level started from the 21st story it provides magnificent views of the city for the apartments The services are housed in a 35feet cylindrical core The form of the building is cylindrical with petal type shape for the balconies
Other elements of the City within a city are 16 story office building 1700 seat theatre 700 seat Auditorium Stores, restaurants, bowling alleys, gymnasium, swimming pool, skating rink, a marina for 700 small boats and a sculpture garden
Designed in 1975 in Chicago, USA Height 262 m Mixed use building with Mall, Offices, Apartments Concrete of high strength M62 is used RCC peripheral frame with interior steel columns steel slab system with concrete topping Designers : Loebl, Schlossman, Dart and Hacker
Chicago USA 1983 SOM building Concept of Sears towers Bundled tube concept only in this case in concrete
THE ONTERIE CENTER Chicago USA 1985 SOM building last works of Dr. Fazlur Khan Concept of Column diagonal truss tube as in John Hancock centre only in this case in concrete
1990-Chicago USA 295m height high strength concrete of M80 and above used Structural system : combination of RCC and steel Use of PT slabs Shear wall frame interaction
PETRONAS TOWERS Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Tallest building in the world 452m height Combination of RCC and steel
The tower elevated ten stories above street level to fulfill a "spiritual" request
Standing at the corner of 54th Street and Lexington Avenue in Midtown Manhattan since 1862, St. Peter's Lutheran Church controlled nearly 30% of the square block that developers considered ideal for Citicorp Tower. In 1970, the church congregation agreed to sell this property under two necessary conditions. The first was that a new church would be built in place of the old with "nothing but free sky overhead" and the second demanded the erection of a plaza under the tower to continue the church's tradition of hospitality. To accommodate these demands, the tower was elevated ten stories above street level on four 17.5-foot columns and a central core. The area opened below was designed as leisure space for pedestrians and workers. Most of the building's load (half the gravity and all the wind load) is directed to the trussed frame on the outside of the tower. The core carries the remaining gravity loads. The four columns were originally designed to stand at the building's corners, but this design would have interfered with the new church's desire for a "free sky." Structural engineer Le Messurier decided instead to move the four columns closer to the structure's center, thus clearing space for the church under the corner of the building.
Citicorp Tower
Location: New York, New York, USA Height: 279m/915ft Stories: 59 Use: Multiple Area: 1.3 million sq. Ft. Material: Steel Cladding: Aluminum, reflective glass Completed: 1977 Architect: Hugh Stubbins and Associates; Emery Roth & Sons Structural Engineer: Le Messurier Consultants; Office of James Ruderman Services Engineer: Joseph R. Loring & Associates Developer: Citibank
To reduce swaying of the structure in heavy winds, a revolutionary system was designed in the building's crown on the 63rd floor. A tuned mass damper (TMD) consists of a 400-ton concrete slab that counteracts swaying much like a shock absorber. The damper reduces swaying of the building by up to 40%.
Architect: C.Y. Lee Construction period: 1999-2004 Worlds tallest building Height: 508 meters Uses: Communication, conference, library, observation office, restaurant, retail, fitness centre Materials: Glass, Concrete, and steel
Tokyo, Japan 841m height Conical shape most stable for horizontal forces
BURJ DUBAI
Burj Dubai became the world's tallest high-rise building on July 24, 2007, Burj" is Arabic for "Tower". Designed
by Adrian D. Smith, FAIA, RIBA Design Partner at Skidmore Owings & Merrill LLP. The exterior cladding is of reflective glazing with aluminium and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with vertical tubular fins of stainless steel. The cladding system is designed to withstand Dubai's extreme summer temperatures. The building sits on a concrete and steel podium with 192 piles descending to a depth of more than 50 metres (164 feet). Although the building's shape resembles the bundled tube concept, it is structurally very different and is technically not a tube structure. Structural system: buttressed core Structural material : steel, concrete
REF: http://www.emporis.com
REF: http://www.weirdomatic.com
REF: http://www.weirdomatic.com
REF: http://www.weirdomatic.com
REF: http://www.weirdomatic.com
REF: http://www.weirdomatic.com
REF: http://www.weirdomatic.com
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Ref: http://www.eface.in
Ref: http://www.eface.in
Ref: http://www.eface.in
Look at the edge (uppermost right corner) of the picture, you can almost see the turn of the earth The persons who are working on the upper most Girders can see the ROTATION OF EARTH Ref: http://www.eface.in
Ref: http://www.eface.in
Ref:http://www.openbuildings.com
Ref:http://www.openbuildings.com
Ref: http://www.eface.in
Ref: http://www.eface.in
The Burj Dubai has been designed with highly fire-resistant concrete corridor walls and slabs. Certain elevators will function in emergencies to allow a controlled evacuation. And because people cannot easily walk down 160 flights of stairs, pressurized, air-conditioned waiting areas are located every 25 floors to allow evacuees the chance to stop and rest.
Ref: http://www.eface.in
William F. Baker, Structural Designer Partner, Skidmore Owings & Merrill LLP
Ref: http://caf.architecture.org