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Annual Energy Review 2011

The Annual Energy Review (AER) is the U.S. Energy Information Administration's
(EIA) primary report of annual historical energy statistics. For many series, data
begin with the year 1949. Included are statistics on total energy production,
consumption, trade, and energy prices; overviews of petroleum, natural gas, coal,
electricity, nuclear energy, and renewable energy; financial and environment indicators; and data unit conversions.
Publication of this report is required under Public Law 9591 (Department of
Energy Organization Act), Section 205(c), and is in keeping with responsibilities
given to the EIA under Section 205(a)(2), which states:
The Administrator shall be responsible for carrying out a central,
comprehensive, and unified energy data and information program
which will collect, evaluate, assemble, analyze, and disseminate data
and information....
The AER is intended for use by Members of Congress, Federal and State agencies,
energy analysts, and the general public. EIA welcomes suggestions from readers
regarding the content of the AER and other EIA publications.
Important Notes About the Data

Data Displayed: For tables beginning in 1949, some early years (usually
1951-1954, 1956-1959, 1961-1964, 1966-1969, and 1971-1974) are not shown on
the tables in the printed report or the Portable Document Format (PDF) files;
however, all years of data are shown in the Excel formats and the HyperText
Markup Language (HTML) files.
Comprehensive Changes: Most AER 2011 tables and figures carry a
new year of data (usually 2011), which are often preliminary and likely to be
revised next year, and revisions to much of the 2010 data, which are now final in
many cases.
Monthly Data: The emphasis of the AER is on long-term trends. Analysts
may wish to use the data in this report in conjunction with EIAs monthly releases
that offer updates to the most recent years data. In particular, see the Monthly
Energy Review at http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly for statistics that
include updates to many of the annual series in this report.
Released for printing: September 27, 2012
Ordering Information
This and other EIA publications may be purchased from the U.S. Government
Printing Office:
Internet
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libraries; Federal, State, local, and foreign governments; EIA survey respondents;
and the media. For further information and answers to questions on energy statistics, contact:
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Electronic Access
The AER is available on EIAs website in a variety of formats at:
http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual.
Full report and sections: PDF files
Report tables: Excel, HTML, and PDF files
Table data (unrounded): Excel files
Graphs: PDF files
Note: In many cases, PDF files display selected annual data; Excel and HTML
files display all years of data available. Excel files display the greatest data precision available.
Printed with soy ink on recycled paper.
DOE/EIA-0384(2011)
Annual Energy Review 2011

September 2012
U.S. Energy Information Administration

Office of Energy Statistics
U.S. Department of Energy
Washington, DC 20585
This report was prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the statistical and
analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. By law, EIAs data, analyses, and forecasts
are independent of approval by any other officer or employee of the United States Government. The
views in this report therefore should not be construed as representing those of the Department of
Energy or other Federal agencies.
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
Contacts
The Annual Energy Review (AER) is prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Survey Development and Statistical Integration, Integrated Energy
Statistics Team, under the direction of Barbara T. Fichman, 202-586-5737 (barbara.fichman@eia.gov). Questions and comments about the AER may be referred to Ryan
Repice, 202-586-5828 (ryan.repice@eia.gov), the Office of Communications, 202-586-8800 (infoctr@eia.gov), or the following subject specialists:
1. Energy Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ryan Repice
ryan.repice@eia.gov
202-586-5828
2. Energy Consumption by Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential Energy Consumption Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey. . . . . . . . . .
ryan.repice@eia.gov
robert.adler@eia.gov
james.berry@eia.gov
joelle.michaels@eia.gov
202-586-5828
202-586-1134
202-586-5543
202-586-8952
3. Financial Indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ryan Repice
ryan.repice@eia.gov
202-586-5828
4. Energy Resources
Petroleum and Natural Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Steven G. Grape
Coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nicholas Paduano
Uranium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Doug Bonnar
Renewable Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Christopher R. Namovicz
steven.grape@eia.gov
nicholas.paduano@eia.gov
douglas.bonnar@eia.gov
christopher.namovicz@eia.gov
202-586-1868
202-287-6326
202-586-1085
202-586-7120
5. Petroleum and Other Liquids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jennifer Barrick

Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marlana Anderson
jennifer.barrick@eia.gov
marlana.anderson@eia.gov
202-586-6254
202-586-2970
6. Natural Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amy Sweeney
amy.sweeney@eia.gov
202-586-2627
7. Coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paulette Young
paulette.young@eia.gov
202-586-1719
8. Electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Channele Wirman
channele.wirman@eia.gov
202-586-5356
9. Nuclear Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael Mobilia
michael.mobilia@eia.gov
202-287-6318
10. Renewable Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gwendolyn Bredehoeft
gwendolyn.bredehoeft@eia.gov
202-586-5847
11. Environment
Greenhouse Gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perry Lindstrom
Environmental Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Natalie Ko
perry.lindstrom@eia.gov
natalie.ko@eia.gov
202-586-0934
202-586-3139
Ryan Repice
Robert Adler
James Berry
Joelle Michaels
U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011
iii
Preface
This thirtieth edition of the Annual Energy Review (AER) presents the U.S. Energy
Information Administrations (EIA) most comprehensive look at integrated energy
statistics. The summary statistics on the Nations energy production, consumption,
trade, stocks, and prices cover all major energy commodities and all energyconsuming sectors of the U.S. economy from 1949 through 2011. The AER is
EIAs historical record of energy statistics and, because the coverage spans six
decades, the statistics in this report are well-suited to long-term trend analysis.
The AER is a companion report to EIAs Monthly Energy Review (MER), and it
covers most MER series over a much longer time span. Numerous additional series
are included in the AER. The additional series are available because EIAs surveys,
on which both reports are largely based, provide more extensive coverage of annual
statistics than of monthly statistics.
AER statistics for recent years, particularly 2011, are more likely than statistics for
earlier years to be revised by EIA as new information becomes available. The latest
edition of the MER, therefore, is the recommended source for the most recent statistics for many of the series reported in the AER.
For the most part, fuel-specific statistics in the AER are expressed in physical units,
such as barrels, cubic feet, short tons, and kilowatthours. Summary statistics in
Sections 1 and 2, however, are expressed in British thermal units (Btu), which
allows different fuels to be compared and integrated summary statistics, such as the
U.S. consumption of primary energy, to be calculated.
The AER emphasizes domestic energy statistics but also covers trade statistics. For
example, statistics on petroleum imports by country of origin have been included in
Section 5, Petroleum, in order to give a complete picture of petroleum statistics.
Publication of the AER each year is in keeping with responsibilities given EIA in
Section 205(a)(2) of the Department of Energy Organization Act, Public Law 95-91.
The report is intended for use by Members of Congress, Federal and State agencies,
energy analysts, and the general public. EIA welcomes suggestions from readers
regarding its energy statistics. To make a suggestion or to obtain specific information regarding the contents of the AER, readers may contact any of the subject
specialists listed as contacts on the preceding page.
Printed copies of the Annual Energy Review 2011 may be obtained by contacting the
U.S. Government Printing Office or EIAs Office of Communications, as listed on
the inside front cover of this report. The information in this report is also available
electronically at http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/.
Contents
Page
Sections
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Energy Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Energy Consumption by Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Financial Indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Energy Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Petroleum and Other Liquids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Natural Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Nuclear Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Renewable Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Appendices
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
British Thermal Unit Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

Metric Conversion Factors, Metric Prefixes, and Other Physical Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
U.S. Census Regions and Divisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Population, U.S. Gross Domestic Product, and Implicit Price Deflator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Estimated Primary Energy Consumption in the United States, 1635-1945. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Alternatives for Estimating Energy Consumptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Flow Diagrams
Energy Flow, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Petroleum Flow, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Natural Gas Flow, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Coal Flow, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Electricity Flow, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
vii
Tables
Page
1. Energy Overview
1.1
Primary Energy Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2
Primary Energy Production by Source, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3
Primary Energy Consumption Estimates by Source, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4
Primary Energy Trade by Source, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5
Energy Consumption, Expenditures, and Emissions Indicators Estimates, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.6
State-Level Energy Consumption, Expenditure, and Price Estimates, 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.7
Heating Degree-Days by Month, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.8
Cooling Degree-Days by Month, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.9
Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency, Fiscal Years 1975-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 2003, 2010, and 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.14 Sales of Fossil Fuels Produced on Federal and American Indian Lands, Fiscal Years, 2003-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.15 Non-Combustion Use of Fossil Fuels, 1980-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2. Energy Consumption by Sector
2.1a
Energy Consumption Estimates by Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.1b Residential Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.1c
Commercial Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.1d Industrial Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.1e
Transportation Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.1f
Electric Power Sector Energy Consumption, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.2
Manufacturing Energy Consumption for All Purposes, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.3
Manufacturing Energy Consumption for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by End Use, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.4
Household Energy Consumption by Census Region, Selected Years, 1978-2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.5
Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures by End Use and Energy Source, Selected Years, 1978-2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.6
Household End Uses: Fuel Types, Appliances, and Electronics, Selected Years, 1978-2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.7
Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, Selected Years, 1950-2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.8
Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Economy, Selected Years, 1949-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.9
Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.10 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.11 Commercial Buildings Electricity Consumption by End Use, 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3. Financial Indicators
3.1
Fossil Fuel Production Prices, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2
Value of Fossil Fuel Production, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3
Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by Source, 1970-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4
Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by End-Use Sector, 1970-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5
Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy by Source, 1970-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6
Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy by End-Use Sector, 1970-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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71
73
75
77
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3. Financial IndicatorsContinued
3.7
Value of Fossil Fuel Imports, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.8
Value of Fossil Fuel Exports, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.9
Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4. Energy Resources
4.1
Technically Recoverable Crude Oil and Natural Gas Resource Estimates, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.2
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Cumulative Production and Proved Reserves, 1977-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.3
Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Proved Reserves, Selected Years, 1949-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.4
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Rotary Rigs in Operation, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.5
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, Selected Years, 1949-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.6
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploratory Wells, Selected Years, 1949-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.7
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Development Wells, Selected Years, 1949-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.8
Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.9
Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.10 Uranium Reserves, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5. Petroleum and Other Liquids
5.1a Petroleum and Other Liquids Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.1b Petroleum Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.2
Crude Oil Production and Crude Oil Well Productivity, Selected Years, 1954-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.3
Petroleum Imports by Type, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.4
Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin, Selected Years, 1960-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.5
Petroleum Exports by Type, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.6
Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination, Selected Years, 1960-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.7
Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, Selected Years, 1960-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.8
Refinery and Blender Net Inputs and Net Production, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.9
Refinery Capacity and Utilization, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.12 Heat Content of Petroleum Products Supplied, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.13a Petroleum Consumption Estimates: Residential and Commercial Sectors, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.13b Petroleum Consumption Estimates: Industrial Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
5.13c Petroleum Consumption Estimates: Transportation Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.13d Petroleum Consumption Estimates: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.14a Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption Estimates: Residential and Commercial Sectors, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.14b Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption Estimates: Industrial Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.14c Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption Estimates: Transportation and Electric Power Sectors, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.15
Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales, Selected Years, 1984-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.16 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, Selected Years, End of Year 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
5.17 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
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5. Petroleum and Other LiquidsContinued
5.18 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices, Selected Years, End of Year 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
5.19 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5.20 Value of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5.21 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.22 Refiner Sales Prices and Refiner Margins for Selected Petroleum Products, 1995-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
5.23 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1994-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.24 Retail Motor Gasoline and On-Highway Diesel Fuel Prices, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
6. Natural Gas
6.1
Natural Gas Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2
Natural Gas Production, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3
Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4
Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Natural Gas Well Productivity, Selected Years, 1960-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5
Natural Gas Consumption by Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6
Natural Gas Underground Storage, Selected Years, End of Year 1954-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.7
Natural Gas Wellhead, Citygate, and Imports Prices, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8
Natural Gas Prices by Sector, Selected Years, 1967-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
179
181
183
185
187
189
191
193
7. Coal
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8. Electricity
8.1
8.2a
8.2b
8.2c
8.2d
8.3a
8.3b
8.3c
8.4a
8.4b
8.4c
Coal Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Coal Production, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Coal Consumption by Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Coal Imports by Country of Origin, 2000-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Coal Exports by Country of Destination, Selected Years, 1960-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Coal Stocks by Sector, Selected Years, End of Year 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Coal Mining Productivity, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Coke Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Coal Prices, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Electricity Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Electricity Net Generation: Total (All Sectors), Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electricity Net Generation: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electricity Net Generation: Electric Power Sector by Plant Type, Selected Years, 1989-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electricity Net Generation: Commercial and Industrial Sectors, Selected Years, 1989-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants: Total (All Sectors), 1989-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants: Electric Power Sector, 1989-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants: Commercial and Industrial Sectors, Selected Years, 1989-2011. . . . . . . . . . .
Consumption for Electricity Generation by Energy Source: Total (All Sectors), Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Consumption for Electricity Generation by Energy Source: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Consumption for Electricity Generation by Energy Source: Commercial and Industrial Sectors, Selected Years, 1989-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . .
221
224
225
226
227
229
230
231
233
234
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8. ElectricityContinued
8.5a
Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation: Total (All Sectors), Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
8.5b Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
8.5c
Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation: Electric Power Sector by Plant Type, Selected Years, 1989-2011. . . . . . . . . 240
8.5d Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation: Commercial and Industrial Sectors, Selected Years, 1989-2011. . . . . . . . . . 241
8.6a
Estimated Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants:
Total (All Sectors), 1989-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
8.6b Estimated Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants:
Electric Power Sector, 1989-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
8.6c
Estimated Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants:
Commercial and Industrial Sectors, Selected Years, 1989-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
8.7a
Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output: Total (All Sectors), 1989-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
8.7b Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output: Electric Power Sector, 1989-2011. . . . . . . . . . . 248
8.7c
Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output:
Commercial and Industrial Sectors, Selected Years, 1989-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
8.8
Stocks of Coal and Petroleum: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, End of Year 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
8.9
Electricity End Use, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
8.10 Average Retail Prices of Electricity, Selected Years, 1960-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
8.11a Electric Net Summer Capacity: Total (All Sectors), Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
8.11b Electric Net Summer Capacity: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
8.11c Electric Net Summer Capacity: Electric Power Sector by Plant Type, Selected Years, 1989-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
8.11d Electric Net Summer Capacity: Commercial and Industrial Sectors , Selected Years, 1989-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
8.12a Electric Noncoincident Peak Load and Capacity Margin: Summer Peak Period, 1986-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
8.12b Electric Noncoincident Peak Load and Capacity Margin, Winter Peak Period, 1986-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
8.13 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs, 1989-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
9. Nuclear Energy
9.1
Nuclear Generating Units, 1955-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
9.2
Nuclear Power Plant Operations, 1957-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
9.3
Uranium Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
10. Renewable Energy
10.1
Renewable Energy Production and Consumption by Primary Energy Source, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2a
Renewable Energy Consumption: Residential and Commercial Sectors, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2b Renewable Energy Consumption: Industrial and Transportation Sectors, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2c
Renewable Energy Consumption: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3
Fuel Ethanol Overview, 1981-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.4
Biodiesel Overview, 2001-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.5
Estimated Number of Alternative-Fueled Vehicles in Use and Fuel Consumption, 1992-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.6
Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type, Price, and Trade, 1974-2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
279
282
283
285
287
289
291
293
xi
Tables
Page
10. Renewable EnergyContinued
10.7
Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Market Sector, End Use, and Type, 2001-2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
10.8
Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by Type, Trade, and Prices, 1982-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
10.9
Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by Sector and End Use, 1989-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
11. Environment
11.1
Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Source, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2a Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption: Residential Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2b Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption: Commercial Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2c Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption: Industrial Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2d Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption: Transportation Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2e Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3
Methane Emissions, 1980-2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.4
Nitrous Oxide Emissions, 1980-2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5a Emissions From Energy Consumption for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output: Total (All Sectors), 1989-2010. . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5b Emissions From Energy Consumption for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output: Electric Power Sector, 1989-2010. . . . . . . . .
11.5c Emissions From Energy Consumption for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output:
Commercial and Industrial Sectors, 1989-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.6
Installed Nameplate Capacity of Fossil-Fuel Steam-Electric Generators With Environmental Equipment, 1985-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
303
305
306
307
308
309
311
313
315
316
317
319
Appendix A. British Thermal Unit Conversion Factors

A1.
Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
A2.
Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Production, Imports, and Exports, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
A3.
Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption and Biofuels Production, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
A4.
Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
A5.
Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
A6.
Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity, and Heat Content of Electricity, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Appendix B. Metric Conversion Factors, Metric Prefixes, and Other Physical Conversion Factors
B1.
Metric Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
B2.
Metric Prefixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
B3.
Other Physical Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Appendix D. Population, U.S. Gross Domestic Product, and Implict Price Deflator
D1.
Population, U.S. Gross Domestic Product, and Implicit Price Deflator, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Appendix E. Estimated Energy Consumption in the United States, 1635-1945
E1.
Estimated Primary Energy Consumption in the United States, Selected Years, 1635-1945. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
xii
Tables
Page
Appendix F. Alternatives for Estimating Energy Consumption
F1.
Conversion Efficiencies of Noncombustible Renewable Energy Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
F2.
Energy Consumption by Sector, 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
F3.
Noncombustible Renewable Primary Energy Consumption by Energy Source, 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
xiii
Figures
Page
1. Energy Overview
1.0
Energy Flow, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1
Primary Energy Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2
Primary Energy Production by Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3
Primary Energy Consumption Estimates by Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4
Primary Energy Trade by Source, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5
Energy Consumption and Expenditures Indicators Estimates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.6
State-Level Energy Consumption Estimates and Estimated Consumption per Capita, 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.7
Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.8
Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.9
Heating Degree-Days by Census Division. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 2003, 2010, and 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.14 Sales of Fossil Fuels Produced on Federal and American Indian Lands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.15 Non-Combustion Use of Fossil Fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.0
Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.1a
Energy Consumption Estimates by Sector Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.1b Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2
Manufacturing Energy Consumption for All Purposes, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.3
Manufacturing Energy Consumption for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.4
Household Energy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.5
Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.6
Household End Uses: Fuel Types, Appliances, and Electronics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.7
Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, 1950 and 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.8
Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.9
Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.10 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.11 Commercial Buildings Electricity Consumption by End Use, 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.1
Fossil Fuel Production Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.2
Value of Fossil Fuel Production, Imports, and Exports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.3
Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.4
Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by End-Use Sector, 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.5
Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy by Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.6
Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy by End-Use Sector, 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.7
Value of Fossil Fuel Imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.8
Value of Fossil Fuel Exports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
xiv
Figures
Page
3.
Financial IndicatorsContinued
3.9
Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4. Energy Resources
4.1
Technically Recoverable Crude Oil and Natural Gas Resource Estimates, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.2
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Cumulative Production and Proved Reserves, 1977-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.3
Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Proved Reserves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.4
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Rotary Rigs in Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.5
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploratory and Development Wells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.6
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.7
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Development Wells, 1949-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.8
Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.9
Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.10 Uranium Reserves, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.11 Concentrating Solar Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.12 Photovoltaic Solar Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.13 Onshore Wind Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.14 Offshore Wind Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.15 Geothermal Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.16 Biomass Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.0
Petroleum Flow, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.1a Petroleum and Other Liquids Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.1b Petroleum Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.2
Crude Oil Production and Crude Oil Well Productivity, 1954-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.3
Petroleum Imports by Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.4
Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.5
Petroleum Exports by Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.6
Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.7
Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.8
Refinery and Blender Net Inputs and Net Production, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.9
Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.12 Heat Content of Petroleum Products Supplied. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5.13a Petroleum Consumption Estimates by Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5.13b Petroleum Consumption Estimates by Product by Sector, 1949-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.14 Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption Estimates by Product by Sector, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.15 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales, 1984-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
xv
Figures
Page
5. Petroleum and Other LiquidsContinued
5.16 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, End of Year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.17 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.18 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.19 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.20 Value of Crude Oil Imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.21 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.22 Refiner Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1995-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.23 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.24 Retail Motor Gasoline and On-Highway Diesel Fuel Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
156
158
160
162
164
166
168
170
172
6. Natural Gas
6.0
Natural Gas Flow, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1
Natural Gas Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2
Natural Gas Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3
Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4
Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Natural Gas Well Productivity, 1960-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5
Natural Gas Consumption by Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6
Natural Gas Underground Storage, End of Year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.7
Natural Gas Wellhead, Citygate, and Imports Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8
Natural Gas Prices by Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
177
178
180
182
184
186
188
190
192
7. Coal
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8. Electricity
8.0
8.1
8.2a
8.2b
8.3
8.4
8.5a
xvi
Coal Flow, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Coal Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Coal Production, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Coal Consumption by Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Coal Imports by Country of Origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Coal Exports by Country of Destination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Coal Stocks, End of Year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Coal Mining Productivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Coke Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Coal Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Electricity Flow, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Electricity Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Electricity Net Generation, Total (All Sectors). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Electricity Net Generation by Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Consumption for Electricity Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation (All Sectors), 1989-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Figures
Page
8. ElectricityContinued
8.5b Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation by Sector, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
8.6
Estimated Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants by Sector, 1989-2011. . . . . 242
8.7
Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output, 1989-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
8.8
Stocks of Coal and Petroleum: Electric Power Sector, End of Year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
8.9
Electricity End Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
8.10 Average Retail Prices of Electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
8.11a Electric Net Summer Capacity, Total (All Sectors). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
8.11b Electric Net Summer Capacity by Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
8.12a Electric Noncoincident Peak Load and Capacity Margin: Summer Peak Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
8.12b Electric Noncoincident Peak Load and Capacity Margin: Winter Peak Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
8.13 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
9. Nuclear Energy
9.1
Nuclear Generating Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
9.2
Nuclear Power Plant Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
9.3
Uranium Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
10.1
Renewable Energy Consumption by Major Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
10.2a
Renewable Energy Consumption: End-Use Sectors, 1989-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
10.2b Renewable Energy Consumption: End-Use Sectors and Electric Power Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
10.2c
Renewable Energy Consumption: Electric Power Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
10.3
Fuel Ethanol Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
10.4
Biodiesel Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
10.5
Estimated Number of Alternative-Fueled Vehicles in Use and Alternative Fuel Consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
10.6
Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type, Price, and Trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
10.7
Solar Thermal Collector Domestic Shipments by Market Sector, End Use, and Type, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
10.8
Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments, Trade, and Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
10.9
U.S. Shipment of Photovoltaic Modules Only by Sector and End Use, 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
11. Environment
11.1
Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
11.2
Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
11.3
Methane Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
11.4
Nitrous Oxide Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
11.5
Emissions From Energy Consumption for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
11.6
Installed Nameplate Capacity of Fossil-Fuel Steam-Electric Generators With Environmental Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Appendix C. U.S. Census Regions and Division
C1.
U.S. Census Regions and Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
xvii
Figures
Page
Appendix F. Alternatives for Estimating Energy Consumption
F1.
Primary Energy Consumption and Delivered Total Energy, 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
xviii
1. Energy Overview
Figure 1.0 Energy Flow, 2011

(Quadrillion Btu)
Includes lease condensate.

Natural gas plant liquids.
3
Conventional hydroelectric power, biomass, geothermal, solar/photovoltaic, and wind.
4
Crude oil and petroleum products. Includes imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.
5
Natural gas, coal, coal coke, biofuels, and electricity.
6
Adjustments, losses, and unaccounted for.
7
Natural gas only; excludes supplemental gaseous fuels.
8
Petroleum products, including natural gas plant liquids, and crude oil burned as fuel.
2
Includes 0.01 quadrillion Btu of coal coke net imports.

Includes 0.13 quadrillion Btu of electricity net imports.
11
Total energy consumption, which is the sum of primary energy consumption, electricity retail
sales, and electrical system energy losses. Losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in
proportion to each sectors share of total electricity retail sales. See Note, Electrical Systems
Energy Losses, at end of Section 2.
Notes: Data are preliminary. Values are derived from source data prior to rounding for
publication. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Sources: Tables 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and 2.1a.
10
Figure 1.1 Primary Energy Overview

Overview, 1949-2011
Production and Consumption, 2011
120
120
Consumption
97
90
Renewable
90
60
Imports
30
Quadrillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu
Production
78
Nuclear
Renewable
Nuclear
60
Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels
Production
Consumption
30
Exports
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Overview, 2011
2010
Energy Flow, 2011

(Quadrillion Btu)
120
97
90
Quadrillion Btu
78
60
29
30
10
0
Production
Imports
Adjustments, losses, and unaccounted for.
Exports
Consumption
Source: Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 Primary Energy Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2011

(Quadrillion Btu)
Production
Year
Fossil
Fuels 2
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
28.748
32.563
37.364
39.869
47.235
59.186
54.733
54.723
55.101
55.074
58.006
59.008
58.529
57.458
54.416
58.849
57.539
56.575
57.167
57.875
57.483
58.560
57.872
57.655
55.822
58.044
57.540
58.387
58.857
59.314
57.614
57.366
58.541
R56.837
56.099
55.895
55.038
55.968
R56.409
57.482
R56.685
R58.235
60.601
Trade
Nuclear
Electric
Power 3
Renewable
Energy 4
Total
Petroleum 5
Total 6
0.000
.000
.000
.006
.043
.239
1.900
2.111
2.702
3.024
2.776
2.739
3.008
3.131
3.203
3.553
4.076
4.380
4.754
5.587
5.602
6.104
6.422
6.479
6.410
6.694
7.075
7.087
6.597
7.068
7.610
7.862
8.029
8.145
7.959
8.222
8.161
8.215
8.455
8.427
8.356
R8.434
8.259
2.974
2.978
2.784
2.928
3.396
4.070
4.687
4.727
4.209
5.005
5.123
5.428
5.414
5.980
6.496
6.438
6.084
6.111
5.622
5.457
6.235
6.041
6.069
5.821
6.083
5.988
6.558
7.012
7.018
6.494
6.517
6.104
5.164
5.734
5.982
6.070
6.229
R6.599
R6.509
R7.202
R7.616
R8.136
9.236
31.722
35.540
40.148
42.803
50.674
63.495
61.320
61.561
62.012
63.104
65.904
67.175
66.951
66.569
64.114
68.840
67.698
67.066
67.542
68.919
69.320
70.705
70.362
R69.956
68.315
70.726
71.174
72.486
72.472
72.876
71.742
71.332
71.735
R70.716
70.040
70.188
R69.428
R70.782
R71.373
R73.111
R72.657
R74.806
78.096
1.427
1.886
2.752
3.999
5.402
7.470
12.948
15.672
18.756
17.824
17.933
14.658
12.639
10.777
10.647
11.433
10.609
13.201
14.162
15.747
17.162
17.117
16.348
16.968
18.510
19.243
18.881
20.284
21.740
22.908
23.133
24.531
25.398
24.674
26.219
28.197
29.248
29.169
28.781
27.685
25.082
R25.371
24.491
1.448
1.913
2.790
4.188
5.892
8.342
14.032
16.760
19.948
19.106
19.460
15.796
13.719
11.861
11.752
12.471
11.781
14.151
15.398
17.296
18.766
18.817
18.335
19.372
21.273
22.390
22.260
23.702
25.215
26.581
27.252
28.973
30.157
29.408
31.061
33.544
34.709
34.679
34.703
32.992
29.706
R29.877
28.587
Coal
Total 7
Total
0.877
.786
1.465
1.023
1.376
1.936
1.761
1.597
1.442
1.078
1.753
2.421
2.944
2.787
2.045
2.151
2.438
2.248
2.093
2.499
2.637
2.772
2.854
2.682
1.962
1.879
2.318
2.368
2.193
2.092
1.525
1.528
1.265
1.032
1.117
1.253
1.273
1.264
1.507
2.071
1.515
2.101
2.751
1.592
1.465
2.286
1.477
1.829
2.632
2.323
2.172
2.052
1.920
2.855
3.695
4.307
4.608
3.693
3.786
4.196
4.021
3.812
4.366
4.661
4.752
5.141
4.937
4.258
4.061
4.511
4.633
4.514
4.299
3.715
4.006
3.771
3.669
4.054
4.434
4.560
4.872
5.482
7.060
6.965
R8.234
10.356
-0.144
.448
.504
2.710
4.063
5.709
11.709
14.588
17.896
17.186
16.605
12.101
9.412
7.253
8.059
8.685
7.584
10.130
11.586
12.929
14.105
14.065
13.194
14.435
17.014
18.329
17.750
19.069
20.701
22.281
23.537
24.967
26.386
25.739
27.007
29.110
30.149
29.806
29.221
25.932
22.741
R21.643
18.232
0.403
-1.372
-.444
-.427
-.722
-1.367
-1.065
-.175
-1.946
-.339
-1.650
-1.210
-.257
-.723
.798
-.892
1.110
-.549
-.074
.861
1.361
-.284
.882
1.392
2.094
.037
2.105
2.468
1.429
-.140
1.373
R2.515
-1.953
R1.190
.931
R.864
R.705
R-.959
R.702
R.231
R-.839
R1.273
.974
Exports
Net imports equal imports minus exports. A minus sign indicates exports are greater than imports.
Coal, natural gas (dry), crude oil, and natural gas plant liquids.
Nuclear electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the nuclear heat ratesee Table A6).
4 See Tables 10.110.2c for notes on series components and estimation; and see Note, "Renewable
Energy Production and Consumption," at end of Section 10.
5 Crude oil and petroleum products. Includes imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.
6 Also includes natural gas, coal, coal coke, fuel ethanol, biodiesel, and electricity.
7 Also includes natural gas, petroleum, coal coke, biodiesel, and electricity.
8 Calculated as consumption and exports minus production and imports. Includes petroleum stock
change and adjustments; natural gas net storage withdrawals and balancing item; coal stock change,
losses, and unaccounted for; fuel ethanol stock change; and biodiesel stock change and balancing item.
2
3
Consumption
Stock
Change
and
Other 8
Imports
Net Imports 1
Fossil
Fuels 9
Nuclear
Electric
Power 3
Renewable
Energy 4
29.002
31.632
37.410
42.137
50.577
63.522
65.357
69.107
70.991
71.854
72.891
69.828
67.571
63.888
63.152
66.506
66.093
66.033
68.521
71.557
72.911
72.332
71.880
73.396
74.836
76.256
77.259
79.785
80.873
81.369
82.427
84.731
82.902
R83.699
84.014
R85.819
R85.794
R84.702
R86.211
R83.549
R78.488
R81.109
79.779
0.000
.000
.000
.006
.043
.239
1.900
2.111
2.702
3.024
2.776
2.739
3.008
3.131
3.203
3.553
4.076
4.380
4.754
5.587
5.602
6.104
6.422
6.479
6.410
6.694
7.075
7.087
6.597
7.068
7.610
7.862
8.029
8.145
7.959
8.222
8.161
8.215
8.455
8.427
8.356
R8.434
8.259
2.974
2.978
2.784
2.928
3.396
4.070
4.687
4.727
4.209
5.005
5.123
5.428
5.414
5.980
6.496
6.438
6.084
6.111
5.622
5.457
6.235
6.041
6.069
5.821
6.083
5.988
6.560
7.014
7.016
6.493
6.516
6.106
5.163
5.729
5.983
6.082
6.242
R6.649
R6.523
R7.186
R7.600
R8.090
9.135
Total 10
31.982
34.616
40.208
45.086
54.015
67.838
71.965
75.975
77.961
79.950
80.859
78.067
76.106
73.099
72.971
76.632
76.392
76.647
79.054
82.709
84.786
84.485
84.438
85.783
87.424
89.091
91.029
94.022
94.602
95.018
96.652
R98.814
96.168
R97.645
97.978
R100.162
R100.282
R99.629
R101.296
R99.275
R94.559
R97.722
97.301
9 Coal, coal coke net imports, natural gas, and petroleum. For petroleum, product supplied is used as
an approximation of petroleum consumption. See Note 1, "Petroleum Products Supplied and Petroleum
Consumption," at end of Section 5.
10 Also includes electricity net imports.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary.
Notes: See "Primary Energy," "Primary Energy Production," and "Primary Energy Consumption" in
Glossary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#summary for updated monthly and
annual data. See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#summary for all annual data beginning in
1949.
Sources: Tables 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4.
Figure 1.2 Primary Energy Production by Source

By Source Category, 1949-2011
By Source, 1949-2011
75
25
Coal
Quadrillion Btu
Fossil Fuels
50
20
Natural Gas
25
Nuclear Electric Power

15
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
By Source, 2011
Quadrillion Btu
Renewable Energy
Crude Oil
30
10
25
24

22
Quadrillion Btu
20
15
12
10
8
5
Coal
Crude Oil Nuclear Biomass

Electric
Power

Conventional hydroelectric power.
3
Other Renewable Energy4
2
Natural
Gas
NGPL3
Biomass
Hydroelectric Power2
Hydroelectric
Power
NGPL
Other
Renewable
Energy4
1950
1960
1970
Geothermal, solar/photovoltaic, and wind.

Source: Table 1.2.
1980
1990
2000
2010
Table 1.2 Primary Energy Production by Source, Selected Years, 1949-2011

(Quadrillion Btu)
Renewable Energy 1
Fossil Fuels
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Natural
Gas
(Dry)
Crude
Oil 3
11.974
14.060
12.370
10.817
13.055
14.607
14.989
15.654
15.755
14.910
17.540
18.598
18.377
18.639
17.247
19.719
19.325
19.509
20.141
20.738
221.360
22.488
21.636
21.694
20.336
22.202
22.130
22.790
23.310
24.045
23.295
22.735
223.547
22.732
22.094
22.852
23.185
23.790
23.493
23.851
R21.624
R22.038
22.181
5.377
6.233
9.345
12.656
15.775
21.666
19.640
19.480
19.565
19.485
20.076
19.908
19.699
18.319
16.593
18.008
16.980
16.541
17.136
17.599
17.847
18.326
18.229
18.375
18.584
19.348
19.082
19.344
19.394
19.613
19.341
19.662
20.166
R19.382
19.633
19.074
18.556
19.022
R19.786
20.703
R21.139
R21.823
23.506
10.683
11.447
14.410
14.935
16.521
20.401
17.729
17.262
17.454
18.434
18.104
18.249
18.146
18.309
18.392
18.848
18.992
18.376
17.675
17.279
16.117
15.571
15.701
15.223
14.494
14.103
13.887
13.723
13.658
13.235
12.451
12.358
12.282
12.163
12.026
11.503
10.963
10.801
10.721
10.509
11.348
R11.593
11.986
Coal
NGPL
0.714
.823
1.240
1.461
1.883
2.512
2.374
2.327
2.327
2.245
2.286
2.254
2.307
2.191
2.184
2.274
2.241
2.149
2.215
2.260
2.158
2.175
2.306
2.363
2.408
2.391
2.442
2.530
2.495
2.420
2.528
2.611
2.547
2.559
2.346
2.466
2.334
2.356
2.409
2.419
2.574
R2.781
2.928
Total
Nuclear
Electric
Power 5
Hydroelectric
Power 6
Geothermal 7
Solar/PV 8
Wind 9
Biomass 10
Total
Total
28.748
32.563
37.364
39.869
47.235
59.186
54.733
54.723
55.101
55.074
58.006
59.008
58.529
57.458
54.416
58.849
57.539
56.575
57.167
57.875
57.483
58.560
57.872
57.655
55.822
58.044
57.540
58.387
58.857
59.314
57.614
57.366
58.541
R56.837
56.099
55.895
55.038
55.968
R56.409
57.482
R56.685
R58.235
60.601
0.000
.000
.000
.006
.043
.239
1.900
2.111
2.702
3.024
2.776
2.739
3.008
3.131
3.203
3.553
4.076
4.380
4.754
5.587
5.602
6.104
6.422
6.479
6.410
6.694
7.075
7.087
6.597
7.068
7.610
7.862
8.029
8.145
7.959
8.222
8.161
8.215
8.455
8.427
8.356
R8.434
8.259
1.425
1.415
1.360
1.608
2.059
2.634
3.155
2.976
2.333
2.937
2.931
2.900
2.758
3.266
3.527
3.386
2.970
3.071
2.635
2.334
2.837
3.046
3.016
2.617
2.892
2.683
3.205
3.590
3.640
3.297
3.268
2.811
2.242
2.689
2.825
2.690
2.703
2.869
2.446
2.511
2.669
R2.539
3.171
NA
NA
NA
(s)
.002
.006
.034
.038
.037
.031
.040
.053
.059
.051
.064
.081
.097
.108
.112
.106
.162
.171
.178
.179
.186
.173
.152
.163
.167
.168
.171
.164
.164
.171
.175
.178
.181
.181
.186
.192
.200
R.208
.226
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
.055
.059
.062
.064
.066
.068
.069
.070
.070
.069
.068
R.066
.064
.063
.062
.063
.063
.068
.076
.089
.098
R.126
.158
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
.022
.029
.031
.030
.031
.036
.033
.033
.034
.031
.046
.057
.070
.105
.115
.142
.178
.264
.341
.546
.721
R.923
1.168
1.549
1.562
1.424
1.320
1.335
1.431
1.499
1.713
1.838
2.038
2.152
2.476
2.596
2.663
2.904
2.971
3.016
2.932
2.875
3.016
3.159
2.735
2.782
2.932
2.908
3.028
3.099
3.155
3.108
2.929
2.965
3.006
2.624
2.705
2.805
2.998
3.104
R3.216
R3.461
R3.864
R3.928
R4.341
4.511
2.974
2.978
2.784
2.928
3.396
4.070
4.687
4.727
4.209
5.005
5.123
5.428
5.414
5.980
6.496
6.438
6.084
6.111
5.622
5.457
6.235
6.041
6.069
5.821
6.083
5.988
6.558
7.012
7.018
6.494
6.517
6.104
5.164
5.734
5.982
6.070
6.229
R6.599
R6.509
R7.202
R7.616
R8.136
9.236
31.722
35.540
40.148
42.803
50.674
63.495
61.320
61.561
62.012
63.104
65.904
67.175
66.951
66.569
64.114
68.840
67.698
67.066
67.542
68.919
69.320
70.705
70.362
R69.956
68.315
70.726
71.174
72.486
72.472
72.876
71.742
71.332
71.735
R70.716
70.040
70.188
R69.428
R70.782
R71.373
R73.111
R72.657
R74.806
78.096
1 Most data are estimates. See Tables 10.110.2c for notes on series components and estimation; and
see Note, "Renewable Energy Production and Consumption," at end of Section 10.
2 Beginning in 1989, includes waste coal supplied. Beginning in 2001, also includes a small amount of
refuse recovery. See Table 7.1.
3 Includes lease condensate.
4 Natural gas plant liquids.
5 Nuclear electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the nuclear heat ratesee Table A6).
6 Conventional hydroelectricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fuels heat ratesee
Table A6).
7 Geothermal electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fuels heat ratesee Table A6),
and geothermal heat pump and direct use energy.
8 Solar thermal and photovoltaic (PV) electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fuels
heat ratesee Table A6), and solar thermal direct use energy.
9 Wind electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fuels heat ratesee Table A6).
10 Wood and wood-derived fuels, biomass waste, and total biomass inputs to the production of fuel
ethanol and biodiesel.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.0005 quadrillion Btu.
Notes: See "Primary Energy Production" in Glossary. Totals may not equal sum of components
due to independent rounding.
1949.
Sources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.2a, 10.1, A2, A4, A5, and A6.
Figure 1.3 Primary Energy Consumption Estimates by Source

Total, 1949-2011
By Major Source, 1949-2011
120
45
100
Petroleum1
Quadrillion Btu
40
80
60
35
40
30
20
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
By Major Source, 2011
Quadrillion Btu
Natural Gas
25
20
Coal
40
35
15
Quadrillion Btu
30
25
10
20
20
10
Renewable
Energy
Nuclear
Electric
Power
Renewable Energy
0
Petroleum
Natural
Gas
Coal
1
Petroleum products supplied, including natural gas plant liquids and crude oil burned as fuel.
Does not include biofuels that have been blended with petroleumbiofuels are included in
Renewable Energy. For petroleum, product supplied is used as an approximation of
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
petroleum consumption. See Note 1, Petroleum Products Supplied and Petroleum Consumption, at the end of Section 5
Sources: Tables 1.2 and 1.3.
Table 1.3 Primary Energy Consumption Estimates by Source, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Quadrillion Btu)
Renewable Energy 1
Fossil Fuels
Noncombustible 2
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Coal
Coal
Coke
Net
Imports 3
Natural
Gas 4
Petroleum 5
Total
Nuclear
Electric
Power
Captured
Energy 6
Adjustment for
Fossil Fuel
Equivalence 6
Total 6,7
Biomass 7
Total
Electricity
Net
Imports 3
11.981
12.347
11.167
9.838
11.581
12.265
12.663
13.584
13.922
13.766
15.040
15.423
15.908
15.322
15.894
17.071
17.478
17.260
18.008
18.846
19.070
19.173
18.992
19.122
19.835
19.909
20.089
21.002
21.445
21.656
21.623
22.580
21.914
21.904
22.321
22.466
22.797
22.447
22.749
22.385
19.692
R20.850
19.643
-0.007
.001
-.010
-.006
-.018
-.058
.014
(s)
.015
.125
.063
-.035
-.016
-.022
-.016
-.011
-.013
-.017
.009
.040
.030
.005
.010
.035
.027
.058
.061
.023
.046
.067
.058
.065
.029
.061
.051
.138
.044
.061
.025
.041
-.024
-.006
.011
5.145
5.968
8.998
12.385
15.769
21.795
19.948
20.345
19.931
20.000
20.666
20.235
19.747
18.356
17.221
18.394
17.703
16.591
17.640
18.448
19.602
19.603
20.033
20.714
21.229
21.728
22.671
23.085
23.223
22.830
22.909
23.824
22.773
R23.510
22.831
R22.923
R22.565
R22.239
R23.663
R23.843
R23.416
R24.256
24.843
11.883
13.315
17.255
19.919
23.246
29.521
32.732
35.178
37.124
37.963
37.122
34.205
31.932
30.232
30.052
31.053
30.925
32.198
32.864
34.223
34.209
33.552
32.846
33.525
33.745
34.561
34.438
35.675
36.159
36.816
37.838
38.262
38.186
38.224
38.811
40.292
40.388
39.955
39.774
37.280
35.403
R36.010
35.283
29.002
31.632
37.410
42.137
50.577
63.522
65.357
69.107
70.991
71.854
72.891
69.828
67.571
63.888
63.152
66.506
66.093
66.033
68.521
71.557
72.911
72.332
71.880
73.396
74.836
76.256
77.259
79.785
80.873
81.369
82.427
84.731
82.902
R83.699
84.014
R85.819
R85.794
R84.702
R86.211
R83.549
R78.488
R81.109
79.779
0.000
.000
.000
.006
.043
.239
1.900
2.111
2.702
3.024
2.776
2.739
3.008
3.131
3.203
3.553
4.076
4.380
4.754
5.587
5.602
6.104
6.422
6.479
6.410
6.694
7.075
7.087
6.597
7.068
7.610
7.862
8.029
8.145
7.959
8.222
8.161
8.215
8.455
8.427
8.356
R8.434
8.259
0.323
.344
.397
.510
.673
.858
1.045
.991
.775
.977
.979
.970
.920
1.082
1.165
1.133
1.002
1.038
.900
.807
1.048
1.128
1.121
1.001
1.100
1.030
1.197
1.326
1.360
1.247
1.240
1.090
.893
1.070
1.114
1.103
1.127
1.229
1.125
1.238
1.382
R1.440
1.785
1.101
1.071
.963
1.098
1.388
1.781
2.143
2.022
1.595
1.990
1.992
1.983
1.898
2.234
2.426
2.334
2.066
2.141
1.847
1.634
2.028
2.177
2.166
1.889
2.074
1.930
2.262
2.530
2.550
2.318
2.312
2.008
1.647
1.959
2.062
1.969
1.998
2.153
1.924
2.099
2.306
R2.355
2.939
1.425
1.415
1.360
1.608
2.061
2.639
3.188
3.014
2.371
2.968
2.971
2.953
2.817
3.316
3.591
3.467
3.068
3.179
2.747
2.441
3.076
3.306
3.287
2.890
3.174
2.961
3.459
3.857
3.910
3.565
3.552
3.098
2.540
3.029
3.176
3.073
3.125
3.382
3.048
3.338
3.688
R3.796
4.724
1.549
1.562
1.424
1.320
1.335
1.431
1.499
1.713
1.838
2.038
2.152
2.476
2.596
2.663
2.904
2.971
3.016
2.932
2.875
3.016
3.159
2.735
2.782
2.932
2.908
3.028
3.101
3.157
3.105
2.927
2.963
3.008
2.622
2.701
2.807
3.010
R3.117
R3.267
R3.474
R3.849
R3.912
R4.294
4.411
2.974
2.978
2.784
2.928
3.396
4.070
4.687
4.727
4.209
5.005
5.123
5.428
5.414
5.980
6.496
6.438
6.084
6.111
5.622
5.457
6.235
6.041
6.069
5.821
6.083
5.988
6.560
7.014
7.016
6.493
6.516
6.106
5.163
5.729
5.983
6.082
6.242
R6.649
R6.523
R7.186
R7.600
R8.090
9.135
0.005
.006
.014
.015
(s)
.007
.021
.029
.059
.067
.069
.071
.113
.100
.121
.135
.140
.122
.158
.108
.037
.008
.067
.087
.095
.153
.134
.137
.116
.088
.099
.115
.075
.072
.022
.039
.085
.063
.107
.112
.116
R.089
.127
1 Most data are estimates. See Note, "Renewable Energy Production and Consumption," at end of
Section 10.
2 Conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar thermal, photovoltaic, and wind. See Note 1,
"Noncombustible Renewable Energy," at end of section.
3 Net imports equal imports minus exports. A minus sign indicates exports are greater than imports.
4 Natural gas only; excludes supplemental gaseous fuels. See Note 1, "Supplemental Gaseous Fuels,"
at end of Section 6.
5 Petroleum products supplied, including natural gas plant liquids and crude oil burned as fuel. Does
not include biofuels that have been blended with petroleumbiofuels are included in "Biomass." For
petroleum, product supplied is used as an approximation of petroleum consumption. See Note 1,
"Petroleum Products Supplied and Petroleum Consumption," at end of Section 5.
Total
31.982
34.616
40.208
45.086
54.015
67.838
71.965
75.975
77.961
79.950
80.859
78.067
76.106
73.099
72.971
76.632
76.392
76.647
79.054
82.709
84.786
84.485
84.438
85.783
87.424
89.091
91.029
94.022
94.602
95.018
96.652
R98.814
96.168
R97.645
97.978
R100.162
R100.282
R99.629
R101.296
R99.275
R94.559
R97.722
97.301
See Note 1, "Noncombustible Renewable Energy," at end of section.

7 See Table 10.1 for a breakdown of individual sources.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.0005 and greater than -0.0005 quadrillion Btu.
Notes: See "Primary Energy Consumption" in Glossary. See Table E1 for estimated energy
consumption for 16351945. See Note 3, "Electricity Imports and Exports," at end of Section 8. Totals
may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
1949.
Sources: Tables 5.12, 6.1, 7.1, 7.8, 8.1, 8.2a, 10.1, 10.3, A4, A5, and A6.
Figure 1.4 Primary Energy Trade by Source, 1949-2011

Energy Net Imports
Imports and Exports, 2011
35
40
30
30
20
Quadrillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu
25
15
10
5
Other 4.1
20
Petroleum 24.5
10
Other 4.5
0
Petroleum 5.9
-5
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Energy Imports
Imports
Exports
Energy Exports
40
12
Total
10
Total
Petroleum
20
Quadrillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu
30
8
10
Petroleum
2
Coal
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
Note: Negative net imports are net exports.
10
1990
2000
2010
1950
1960
1970
Source: Table 1.4.
1980
1990
2000
2010
Table 1.4 Primary Energy Trade by Source, Selected Years, 1949-2011

(Quadrillion Btu)
Imports
Petroleum
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
Net
Imports 1
Exports
Petroleum
Coal
Coal
Coke
Natural
Gas
Crude
Oil 2
Petroleum
Products 3
Total
0.008
.009
.008
.007
.005
.001
.024
.030
.041
.074
.051
.030
.026
.019
.032
.032
.049
.055
.044
.053
.071
.067
.085
.095
.205
.222
.237
.203
.187
.218
.227
.313
.495
.422
.626
.682
.762
.906
.909
.855
.566
.484
.327
0.007
.011
.003
.003
.002
.004
.045
.033
.045
.142
.099
.016
.013
.003
.001
.014
.014
.008
.023
.067
.057
.019
.029
.052
.053
.083
.095
.063
.078
.095
.080
.094
.063
.080
.068
.170
.088
.101
.061
.089
.009
.030
.035
0.000
.000
.011
.161
.471
.846
.978
.988
1.037
.995
1.300
1.006
.917
.950
.940
.847
.952
.748
.992
1.296
1.387
1.551
1.798
2.161
2.397
2.682
2.901
3.002
3.063
3.225
3.664
3.869
4.068
4.104
4.042
4.365
4.450
4.291
4.723
4.084
3.845
R3.834
3.540
0.915
1.056
1.691
2.196
2.654
2.814
8.721
11.239
14.027
13.460
13.825
11.195
9.336
7.418
7.079
7.302
6.814
9.002
10.067
11.027
12.596
12.766
12.553
13.253
14.749
15.340
15.669
16.341
17.876
18.916
18.935
19.783
20.348
19.920
21.060
22.082
22.091
22.085
21.914
21.448
19.699
R20.140
19.561
0.513
.830
1.061
1.802
2.748
4.656
4.227
4.434
4.728
4.364
4.108
3.463
3.303
3.360
3.568
4.131
3.796
4.199
4.095
4.720
4.565
4.351
3.794
3.714
3.760
3.904
3.211
3.943
3.864
3.992
4.198
4.749
5.051
4.754
5.159
6.114
7.157
7.084
6.868
6.237
5.383
R5.231
4.930
1.427
1.886
2.752
3.999
5.402
7.470
12.948
15.672
18.756
17.824
17.933
14.658
12.639
10.777
10.647
11.433
10.609
13.201
14.162
15.747
17.162
17.117
16.348
16.968
18.510
19.243
18.881
20.284
21.740
22.908
23.133
24.531
25.398
24.674
26.219
28.197
29.248
29.169
28.781
27.685
25.082
R25.371
24.491
Biofuels 4
Electricity
Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
.001
.001
.001
.001
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
.002
.002
.002
.013
.012
.066
.054
.084
.026
.004
.016
0.006
.007
.016
.018
.012
.021
.038
.037
.069
.072
.077
.085
.124
.112
.132
.144
.157
.139
.178
.133
.089
.063
.075
.096
.107
.160
.146
.148
.147
.135
.147
.166
.131
.125
.104
.117
.150
.146
.175
.195
.178
.154
.178
1.448
1.913
2.790
4.188
5.892
8.342
14.032
16.760
19.948
19.106
19.460
15.796
13.719
11.861
11.752
12.471
11.781
14.151
15.398
17.296
18.766
18.817
18.335
19.372
21.273
22.390
22.260
23.702
25.215
26.581
27.252
28.973
30.157
29.408
31.061
33.544
34.709
34.679
34.703
32.992
29.706
R29.877
28.587
Net imports equal imports minus exports. Minus sign indicates exports are greater than imports.
2 Crude oil and lease condensate. Imports data include imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve,
which began in 1977.
3 Petroleum products, unfinished oils, pentanes plus, and gasoline blending components. Does not
include biofuels.
4 Fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) and biodiesel.
5 Biodiesel only.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.0005 quadrillion Btu.
Coal
Coal
Coke
Natural
Gas
Crude
Oil 2
Petroleum
Products 3
Total
Biofuels 5
Electricity
Total
Total
0.877
.786
1.465
1.023
1.376
1.936
1.761
1.597
1.442
1.078
1.753
2.421
2.944
2.787
2.045
2.151
2.438
2.248
2.093
2.499
2.637
2.772
2.854
2.682
1.962
1.879
2.318
2.368
2.193
2.092
1.525
1.528
1.265
1.032
1.117
1.253
1.273
1.264
1.507
2.071
1.515
2.101
2.751
0.014
.010
.013
.009
.021
.061
.032
.033
.031
.017
.036
.051
.029
.025
.016
.026
.028
.025
.014
.027
.027
.014
.020
.017
.026
.024
.034
.040
.031
.028
.022
.028
.033
.020
.018
.033
.043
.040
.036
.049
.032
.036
.024
0.021
.027
.032
.012
.027
.072
.074
.066
.056
.053
.056
.049
.060
.052
.055
.055
.056
.062
.055
.075
.109
.087
.132
.220
.142
.164
.156
.155
.159
.161
.164
.245
.377
.520
.686
.862
.735
.730
.830
.972
1.082
1.147
1.521
0.192
.202
.067
.018
.006
.029
.012
.017
.106
.335
.497
.609
.482
.500
.348
.384
.432
.326
.319
.329
.300
.230
.246
.188
.208
.209
.200
.233
.228
.233
.250
.106
.043
.019
.026
.057
.067
.052
.058
.061
.093
.088
.100
0.488
.440
.707
.413
.386
.520
.427
.452
.408
.432
.505
.551
.781
1.231
1.217
1.161
1.225
1.344
1.311
1.412
1.536
1.594
1.882
1.819
1.907
1.779
1.791
1.825
1.872
1.740
1.705
2.048
1.996
2.023
2.124
2.151
2.374
2.699
2.949
3.739
4.147
R4.750
5.801
0.680
.642
.774
.431
.392
.549
.439
.469
.514
.767
1.002
1.160
1.264
1.732
1.565
1.545
1.657
1.670
1.630
1.741
1.836
1.824
2.128
2.008
2.115
1.988
1.991
2.059
2.100
1.972
1.955
2.154
2.039
2.042
2.151
2.208
2.442
2.751
3.007
3.800
4.240
R4.838
5.901
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
.001
.001
.001
.004
.035
.086
.034
R.046
.108
0.001
.001
.002
.003
.013
.014
.017
.008
.009
.005
.007
.014
.010
.012
.011
.009
.017
.016
.020
.024
.052
.055
.008
.010
.012
.007
.012
.011
.031
.047
.049
.051
.056
.054
.082
.078
.065
.083
.069
.083
.062
R.065
.051
1.592
1.465
2.286
1.477
1.829
2.632
2.323
2.172
2.052
1.920
2.855
3.695
4.307
4.608
3.693
3.786
4.196
4.021
3.812
4.366
4.661
4.752
5.141
4.937
4.258
4.061
4.511
4.633
4.514
4.299
3.715
4.006
3.771
3.669
4.054
4.434
4.560
4.872
5.482
7.060
6.965
R8.234
10.356
-0.144
.448
.504
2.710
4.063
5.709
11.709
14.588
17.896
17.186
16.605
12.101
9.412
7.253
8.059
8.685
7.584
10.130
11.586
12.929
14.105
14.065
13.194
14.435
17.014
18.329
17.750
19.069
20.701
22.281
23.537
24.967
26.386
25.739
27.007
29.110
30.149
29.806
29.221
25.932
22.741
R21.643
18.232
Notes: Includes trade between the United States (50 States and the District of Columbia) and its
territories and possessions. See "Primary Energy" in Glossary. See Note 3, "Electricity Imports and
Exports," at end of Section 8. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
1949.
Sources: Tables 5.1b, 5.3, 5.5, 6.1, 7.1, 7.8, 8.1, 10.3, 10.4, A2, A3, A4, A5, and A6.
11
Figure 1.5 Energy Consumption and Expenditures Indicators Estimates

Energy Consumption, 1949-2011
Energy Expenditures, 1970-2010
Energy Consumption per Real Dollar of

Gross Domestic Product, 1949-2011
1,500
20
Thousand Btu per Real (2005) Dollar
120
Billion Nominal Dollars
Quadrillion Btu
100
80
60
40
1,000
500
20
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
0
1970
2010
Energy Consumption per Capita,

1949-2011
1980
1990
2000
5,000
400
4,000
10
0
1950
2010
Energy Expenditures per Capita,

1970-2010
500
15
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Energy Expenditures as Share of Gross

Domestic Product and Gross Output, 1987-2010
12
300
200
Share of GDP
3,000
Percent
Nominal Dollars
Million Btu
2,000
6
Share of Gross Output3
3
100
0
1950
1,000
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
0
1970
0
1980
See Nominal Dollars in Glossary.

In chained (2005) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators
in Table D1. See Chained Dollars in Glossary.
12
1990
2000
2010
1990
1995
2000
2005
3
Gross output is the value of gross domestic product (GDP) plus the value of intermediate
inputs used to produce GDP.
Source: Table 1.5.
2010
Table 1.5 Energy Consumption, Expenditures, and Emissions Indicators Estimates, Selected Years, 1949-2011
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
Energy
Consumption
Energy
Consumption
per Capita
Quadrillion
Btu
Million
Btu
31.982
34.616
40.208
45.086
54.015
67.838
71.965
75.975
77.961
79.950
80.859
78.067
76.106
73.099
72.971
76.632
76.392
76.647
79.054
82.709
84.786
84.485
84.438
85.783
87.424
89.091
91.029
94.022
94.602
95.018
96.652
R98.814
96.168
R97.645
97.978
R100.162
R100.282
R99.629
R101.296
R99.275
R94.559
R97.722
97.301
214
227
242
250
278
331
333
348
354
359
359
344
332
316
312
325
321
319
326
338
344
338
334
334
336
339
342
349
347
344
346
350
337
R339
338
342
339
334
336
326
308
R316
312
Energy
Expenditures 1
as Share of
Gross Output 3
Gross
Domestic
Product (GDP)
Billion
Nominal
Dollars 4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8,639.9
9,359.5
9,969.6
10,511.1
10,676.5
11,242.4
11,857.6
12,647.2
13,451.6
14,259.9
15,160.5
15,987.4
17,017.4
18,305.7
18,576.5
18,874.2
19,832.3
21,267.7
23,046.9
24,477.0
25,819.7
26,561.9
24,568.6
25,811.4
NA
Energy
Expenditures 1
Energy
Expenditures 1
per Capita
Gross
Output 3
Million
Nominal
Dollars 4
Nominal
Dollars 4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
404
R796
889
1,001
R1,075
1,322
1,647
R1,865
R1,841
R1,786
1,845
1,842
1,597
R1,637
R1,679
1,773
1,893
1,860
R1,854
R1,890
1,916
1,930
2,078
2,079
1,905
1,994
2,431
R2,437
R2,303
R2,601
R2,975
R3,543
R3,887
R4,097
R4,633
R3,459
R3,895
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
82,860
R171,837
R193,896
R220,476
R239,255
R297,549
R374,347
R427,898
R426,479
R417,476
R435,195
R438,347
R383,518
R396,587
R410,515
R437,679
R472,653
R470,668
R475,644
R491,231
504,073
513,947
559,890
566,714
525,515
R556,379
R685,902
694,484
R662,414
754,708
R871,097
R1,046,897
R1,159,687
R1,234,282
R1,408,845
R1,061,220
R1,204,827
NA
Expenditures include taxes where data are available.

Carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption. See Table 11.1.
Gross output is the value of GDP plus the value of intermediate inputs used to produce GDP.
4 See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.
5 In chained (2005) dollars. See "Chained Dollars" in Glossary.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.
2
3
Energy
Expenditures 1
as Share of GDP
Gross
Domestic
Product (GDP)
Energy
Consumption per
Real Dollar of GDP
Carbon Dioxide
Emissions 2 per
Real Dollar of GDP
Percent
Billion
Nominal
Dollars 4
Percent
Billion
Real
(2005) Dollars 5
Thousand Btu
per Real
(2005) Dollar 5
Metric Tons
Carbon Dioxide
per Million Real
(2005) Dollars 5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4.6
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.4
4.2
4.1
4.0
3.8
3.9
3.7
3.3
3.3
3.7
3.7
3.5
3.8
4.1
4.5
4.7
4.8
5.3
4.3
4.7
NA
267.2
293.7
414.7
526.4
719.1
1,038.3
1,637.7
1,824.6
2,030.1
2,293.8
2,562.2
2,788.1
3,126.8
3,253.2
3,534.6
3,930.9
4,217.5
4,460.1
4,736.4
5,100.4
5,482.1
5,800.5
5,992.1
6,342.3
6,667.4
7,085.2
7,414.7
7,838.5
8,332.4
8,793.5
9,353.5
9,951.5
10,286.2
10,642.3
R11,142.2
R11,853.3
R12,623.0
R13,377.2
R14,028.7
R14,291.5
R13,939.0
R14,526.5
15,094.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8.0
10.5
10.6
10.9
10.4
11.6
13.4
13.7
13.1
11.8
11.1
10.4
8.6
8.4
8.0
8.0
8.1
7.9
7.5
7.4
7.1
6.9
7.1
6.8
6.0
5.9
6.9
6.8
6.2
6.8
7.3
8.3
8.7
8.8
R9.9
R7.6
R8.3
NA
R1,843.1
R17.35
R1,197
R2,004.2
R17.27
R1,189
R2,498.2
R16.09
R1,075
R2,828.5
R15.94
R1,030
R3,607.0
R14.98
R960
R4,266.3
R15.90
R999
R4,875.4
R14.76
R910
R5,136.9
R14.79
R916
R5,373.1
R14.51
R902
R5,672.8
R14.09
R863
R5,850.1
R13.82
R849
R5,834.0
R13.38
R818
R5,982.1
R12.72
R776
R5,865.9
R12.46
751
R6,130.9
R11.90
R715
R6,571.5
R11.66
R702
R6,843.4
R11.16
672
R7,080.5
R10.83
R651
R7,307.0
R10.82
R652
R7,607.4
R10.87
R655
R7,879.2
R10.76
643
R8,027.1
10.52
R10.54
R10.36
R10.27
R10.05
R10.02
9.97
R9.61
R9.25
8.97
R8.81
8.48
8.46
R8.28
R8.18
R7.94
R7.69
R7.67
R7.54
R7.44
R7.47
7.31
R628
R8,008.3
R8,280.0
R8,516.2
R8,863.1
R9,086.0
R9,425.8
R9,845.9
R10,274.7
R10,770.7
R11,216.4
R11,337.5
R11,543.1
R11,836.4
R12,246.9
R12,623.0
R12,958.5
R13,206.4
R13,161.9
R12,703.1
R13,088.0
13,315.1
R624
615
R609
593
R585
R584
566
547
R528
523
508
503
495
R488
R475
R457
R456
R444
R427
R429
412
Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#summary.

Sources: Energy Consumption: Table 1.3. Energy Expenditures: Table 3.5. Gross Domestic
Product: Table D1. Population Data: Table D1. Gross Output: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau
of Economic Analysis, Gross Domestic Product by Industry Data, Gross Output, All Industries. Carbon
Dioxide Emissions: Table 11.1. Other Columns: Calculated by U.S. Energy Information Administration.
13
Figure 1.6 State-Level Energy Consumption Estimates and Estimated Consumption per Capita, 2010
Consumption
14
12 TX
Quadrillion Btu
10
CA
8
6
FL
LA IL OH
PA NY
GA IN
MI NC
VA NJ TN
WA KY AL MO MN WI
SC OK CO IA MD AZ MA
MS KS AR OR
NE UT CT WV NM NV AK
WY ID ND ME MT SD NH HI DE
RI DC VT
2
0
1
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Consumption per Capita

1.0 WY
0.9
AK LA
0.8
ND
Billion Btu
0.7
0.6
IA
0.5
TX SD NE KY
IN
0.4
0.3
0.2
OK AL KS MT MS WV
AR
SC TN MN ID
OH NM GA MO WI US VA
ME DC IL WA CO PA
DE MI NC NJ UT
MD OR NV VT
FL NH AZ MA
CT CA HI NY
RI
0.1
0.0
1 2
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Source: Table 1.6.
14
Table 1.6 State-Level Energy Consumption, Expenditure, and Price Estimates, 2010
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Consumption
Consumption per Capita
Expenditures 1
Expenditures 1 per Capita
Prices 1
Trillion Btu
Million Btu
Million Dollars 2
Dollars 2
Dollars 2 per Million Btu
Texas
California
Florida
Louisiana
Illinois
Ohio
Pennsylvania
New York
Georgia
Indiana
Michigan
North Carolina
Virginia
New Jersey
Tennessee
Washington
Kentucky
Alabama
Missouri
Minnesota
Wisconsin
South Carolina
Oklahoma
Colorado
Iowa
Maryland
Arizona
Massachusetts
Mississippi
Kansas
Arkansas
Oregon
Nebraska
Utah
Connecticut
West Virginia
New Mexico
Nevada
Alaska
Wyoming
Idaho
North Dakota
Maine
Montana
South Dakota
New Hampshire
Hawaii
Delaware
Rhode Island
District of Columbia
Vermont
United States
11,769.9
7,825.7
4,381.9
4,065.4
3,936.7
3,833.7
3,758.8
3,728.4
3,155.7
2,871.1
2,798.1
2,705.2
2,502.1
2,447.5
2,250.6
2,036.5
1,976.5
1,959.7
1,928.4
1,867.3
1,800.1
1,661.6
1,551.6
1,516.9
1,492.3
1,481.1
1,399.6
1,396.9
1,189.2
1,165.3
1,125.6
977.1
843.8
763.7
754.0
738.9
680.1
646.1
641.7
535.3
533.8
480.7
407.3
401.4
379.6
295.5
272.2
256.2
197.2
185.5
147.6
3,497,710.6
Wyoming
Alaska
Louisiana
North Dakota
Iowa
Texas
South Dakota
Nebraska
Kentucky
Indiana
Oklahoma
Alabama
Kansas
Montana
Mississippi
West Virginia
Arkansas
South Carolina
Tennessee
Minnesota
Idaho
Ohio
New Mexico
Georgia
Missouri
Wisconsin
Virginia
Maine
Illinois
Washington
Colorado
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Michigan
North Carolina
New Jersey
Utah
Maryland
Oregon
Nevada
Vermont
Florida
New Hampshire
Arizona
Massachusetts
Connecticut
California
Hawaii
New York
Rhode Island
United States
948.1
898.5
894.4
712.6
489.3
466.1
464.9
461.1
454.7
442.3
412.6
409.5
407.6
405.1
400.4
398.4
385.3
358.3
354.0
351.6
339.7
332.3
329.2
324.9
321.6
316.3
311.8
306.8
306.6
306.5
302.0
300.5
295.6
284.7
283.3
283.0
278.1
275.2
256.0
254.6
238.9
235.9
232.6
224.4
218.2
213.1
210.9
209.6
199.6
192.2
187.4
315.9
Texas
California
New York
Florida
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Illinois
Louisiana
New Jersey
Georgia
Michigan
North Carolina
Virginia
Indiana
Tennessee
Massachusetts
Washington
Missouri
Maryland
Alabama
Wisconsin
Minnesota
Kentucky
Arizona
South Carolina
Colorado
Oklahoma
Iowa
Connecticut
Mississippi
Oregon
Kansas
Arkansas
Nevada
Utah
Nebraska
West Virginia
New Mexico
Maine
Alaska
Hawaii
Idaho
New Hampshire
Montana
North Dakota
Wyoming
South Dakota
Rhode Island
Delaware
Vermont
United States
Prices and expenditures include taxes where data are available.

Prices are not adjusted for inflation. See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.
Includes -6.2 trillion Btu of coal coke net imports, which are not allocated to the States.
4 The U.S. consumption value in this table does not match those in Tables 1.1 and 1.3 because it:
1) does not include biodiesel; and 2) is the sum of State values, which use State average heat contents to
convert physical units of coal and natural gas to Btu.
5 Includes $158 million for coal coke net imports, which are not allocated to the States.
2
3
137,532
117,003
61,619
60,172
48,701
45,081
44,989
39,369
37,362
37,338
34,540
32,989
29,826
27,374
25,153
24,512
22,893
22,885
21,517
21,507
21,483
20,869
19,675
19,374
18,705
16,751
16,049
14,766
14,221
13,206
12,592
12,457
12,061
9,294
8,332
8,091
7,882
7,435
6,300
6,289
5,714
5,691
5,229
4,568
4,547
4,462
3,798
3,690
3,616
2,719
2,439
51,204,827
Alaska
Louisiana
Wyoming
North Dakota
Texas
Iowa
Maine
South Dakota
Montana
Kentucky
Alabama
Mississippi
Nebraska
Kansas
Vermont
Oklahoma
West Virginia
New Jersey
Indiana
Hawaii
Arkansas
South Carolina
Delaware
Connecticut
New Hampshire
Tennessee
Minnesota
Ohio
Georgia
Pennsylvania
Missouri
Wisconsin
Massachusetts
Maryland
Virginia
Idaho
New Mexico
Rhode Island
Illinois
Michigan
North Carolina
Nevada
Washington
Colorado
Oregon
Florida
New York
California
Arizona
Utah
United States
8,807
8,661
7,904
6,740
5,446
4,841
4,746
4,651
4,610
4,526
4,494
4,446
4,421
4,357
4,344
4,268
4,251
4,246
4,217
4,191
4,128
4,034
4,033
4,019
3,977
3,971
3,956
3,930
3,907
3,844
3,829
3,817
3,774
3,739
3,719
3,717
3,622
3,599
3,506
3,503
3,497
3,451
3,437
3,395
3,319
3,281
3,194
3,177
3,134
3,021
3,002
3,895
Hawaii
Connecticut
Vermont
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Delaware
New York
Maryland
Arizona
Florida
New Jersey
Nevada
California
Alaska
North Carolina
Pennsylvania
New Mexico
Virginia
Oregon
Maine
Missouri
Tennessee
South Carolina
Michigan
Wisconsin
Washington
Georgia
Ohio
Montana
Kansas
Mississippi
Alabama
Texas
Colorado
Illinois
West Virginia
South Dakota
Kentucky
Minnesota
Oklahoma
Arkansas
Idaho
Utah
Nebraska
Iowa
Wyoming
Indiana
Louisiana
North Dakota
United States
30.75
26.19
25.63
24.20
23.87
23.32
23.12
22.95
22.91
22.48
21.78
21.66
20.91
20.87
20.66
20.25
19.98
19.56
19.40
18.91
18.89
18.78
18.54
18.33
18.26
18.22
18.22
18.11
17.96
17.93
17.73
17.72
17.63
17.49
17.46
17.24
17.17
17.09
16.92
16.89
16.82
16.78
16.76
16.68
16.66
16.27
15.46
15.16
14.75
14.73
13.73
18.73
Note: Rankings based on unrounded data.

Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/seds-data-complete.cfm.
Sources: Consumption: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), "State Energy Data 2010:
Consumption" (June 2012), Tables C10 and C11. Expenditures and Prices: EIA, "State Energy Data
2010: Prices and Expenditures" (June 2012), Table E15. "State Energy Data 2010" includes State-level
data by end-use sector and type of energy. Consumption estimates are annual 1960 through 2010, and
price and expenditure estimates are annual 1970 through 2010.
15
Figure 1.7 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-2011

1,188
(1977)
1,200
1,070
(1989)
958
(1978)
1,000
831
(1960)
Heating Degree-Days
800
668
(1976)
683
(1956)
600
687
(2006)
577
(1954)
400
494
(2000)
367
(1976)
449
(1975)
396
(2001)
Record High Monthly Value (Year of Record)
260
(1981)
(1985)
2010- 2011 Heating Season
200
30-Year Monthly Normal
162
(1963)
Record Low Monthly Value (Year of Record)
0
October
16
November
Based on calculations of data from 1971 through 2000.
December
January
February
Source: Table 1.7.
March
April
Table 1.7 Heating Degree-Days by Month, Selected Years, 1949-2011

Year
January
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
858
761
927
884
907
1,063
821
974
1,188
1,061
1,079
887
984
1,067
874
1,000
1,057
859
920
1,004
789
728
921
852
860
1,031
847
945
932
765
861
886
935
776
944
968
859
687
841
892
969
940
956
917
Normal1
February
March
April
May
June
July
701
721
759
780
780
758
742
609
751
958
950
831
689
776
706
645
807
734
714
778
832
655
639
644
827
813
750
748
672
623
647
643
725
669
801
766
676
731
853
741
705
820
743
611
693
600
831
738
685
686
544
529
677
575
680
620
620
588
704
557
542
573
594
603
535
564
603
664
594
556
713
552
596
645
494
669
622
572
495
648
600
502
617
583
552
586
330
412
272
278
355
344
449
309
270
350
364
338
260
408
421
371
260
295
309
344
344
321
287
345
368
293
375
360
406
331
319
341
302
281
344
303
305
264
372
319
330
263
316
128
162
121
160
114
120
117
178
119
157
148
142
165
114
189
172
123
123
107
134
163
184
98
152
128
174
174
165
198
109
139
115
115
184
165
107
186
137
111
183
132
132
166
21
40
48
33
48
31
37
28
38
31
37
49
25
62
35
28
47
30
20
30
32
29
30
46
38
21
31
27
31
41
31
29
29
23
41
37
25
23
24
26
40
27
35
7
11
9
7
11
4
5
8
6
7
6
5
6
7
6
7
5
9
8
3
5
6
6
14
11
6
4
8
7
4
5
12
8
3
4
7
3
2
5
5
14
5
4
9
18
6
11
14
9
13
19
13
11
15
10
11
19
5
7
17
18
13
5
14
10
7
24
9
16
7
9
16
5
12
12
6
8
5
20
6
9
7
13
12
7
6
94
85
56
48
78
55
100
81
59
59
58
54
76
75
53
88
69
76
61
72
73
56
69
74
89
65
77
72
63
33
62
69
69
37
62
47
39
82
44
52
60
50
67
209
196
237
254
271
253
235
367
295
283
271
316
327
264
251
223
243
258
345
352
259
246
242
301
302
268
233
276
273
245
275
244
260
298
260
251
236
304
175
281
330
234
259
732
593
345
159
39
15
77
282
1 Based on calculations of data from 1971 through 2000.

P=Preliminary.
Notes: This table excludes Alaska and Hawaii. Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor
air temperature. Heating degree-days are deviations below the mean daily temperature of 65 F. For
example, a weather station recording a mean daily temperature of 40 F would report 25 heating
degree-days. Temperature information recorded by weather stations is used to calculate State-wide
degree-day averages based on resident State population. Beginning in July 2001, data are weighted by the
2000 population. The population-weighted State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the
national average.
August
September
October
November
December
Total
503
565
600
502
494
541
462
668
493
517
528
564
504
515
509
565
506
558
491
506
542
457
586
564
580
479
605
630
592
482
413
610
396
560
477
487
466
467
521
534
441
522
469
763
872
886
936
739
801
805
941
844
847
750
831
845
692
990
704
951
793
773
831
1,070
789
751
822
824
723
872
760
800
717
760
1,005
689
812
784
802
866
690
800
831
877
909
713
4,234
4,536
4,521
4,724
4,549
4,664
4,472
4,726
4,605
4,958
4,781
4,707
4,512
4,619
4,627
4,514
4,642
4,295
4,334
4,653
4,726
4,016
4,200
4,441
4,700
4,483
4,531
4,713
4,542
3,951
4,169
4,460
4,203
4,273
4,459
4,290
4,315
3,996
4,255
4,494
4,493
4,461
4,320
539
817
4,524
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#summary for all data beginning in 1949.

For current data, see http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#summary.
Sources:
1949-2010U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina, Historical Climatology
Series 5-1. Data are compiled from about 8,000 weather stations. 2011 and NormalU.S. Department
of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center, Camp Springs, Maryland,
Degree Days Statistics. The data are based on mean daily temperatures recorded at about 200 major
weather stations around the country.
17
Figure 1.8 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-2011
500
411
(2011)
Cooling Degree-Days
400
366
(2007)
285
(2010)
300
268
(1950)
215
(1998)
(2005)
228
(1992)
200
147
(1991)
161
(1955)
Record High Monthly Value (Year of Record)
100
56
(2011)
118
(1967)
83
(1963)
2011 Cooling Season
64
(1976)
30-Year Monthly Normal

Record Low Monthly Value (Year of Record)
13
(1983)
27
(1976)
0
April
18
May
June
July
August
Source: Table 1.8.
September
October
Table 1.8 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, Selected Years, 1949-2011

Year
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
16
27
6
7
9
3
14
5
2
3
4
9
3
6
6
5
3
8
5
5
15
15
10
6
13
7
7
7
8
12
12
10
3
8
5
6
10
13
10
7
7
3
3
14
12
7
4
7
4
11
11
5
1
4
4
6
10
5
6
5
10
7
5
7
14
9
10
5
9
7
6
11
7
11
10
12
6
7
6
7
5
5
11
7
2
10
14
13
20
6
10
10
14
23
21
10
13
13
10
21
9
14
22
17
13
13
19
21
19
15
11
18
18
8
31
10
12
25
11
17
24
28
12
18
29
17
17
7
20
27
21
45
37
42
36
24
27
35
31
32
23
52
26
13
24
39
33
23
28
36
29
42
29
19
37
29
26
19
23
40
28
37
53
30
29
24
53
23
31
29
34
56
110
105
121
76
125
104
117
64
121
93
82
95
75
115
72
92
108
106
127
89
88
86
147
77
91
76
91
116
81
135
94
131
114
92
110
138
82
109
119
91
117
126
120
253
201
161
215
179
201
203
208
212
218
187
199
257
165
193
233
193
231
244
218
208
234
235
170
207
262
202
226
189
228
219
221
220
243
187
208
250
236
236
264
222
285
256
367
268
381
301
280
323
301
282
351
310
295
374
333
318
353
291
313
340
334
359
312
316
336
286
347
328
348
299
315
350
374
284
302
370
336
299
367
388
310
334
284
380
411
294
244
355
302
273
313
296
243
293
300
266
347
275
262
362
312
269
259
298
348
266
291
305
228
317
263
363
287
268
337
305
302
333
332
345
252
351
337
366
283
307
356
347
18
R30
R97
R213
R321
R290
Normal1
1 Based on calculations of data from 1971 through 2000.

Notes: This table excludes Alaska and Hawaii. Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor
air temperature. Cooling degree-days are deviations above the mean daily temperature of 65 F. For
example, a weather station recording a mean daily temperature of 78 F would report 13 cooling
degree-days. Temperature information recorded by weather stations is used to calculate State-wide
degree-day averages based on resident State population. Beginning in 2002, data are weighted by the
2000 population. The population-weighted State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and the
national average.
August
September
October
November
December
Total
131
128
182
181
155
185
120
127
180
180
160
192
138
140
172
143
145
161
156
149
138
172
149
150
146
141
150
139
171
215
152
156
138
202
156
177
215
138
191
171
169
195
184
70
78
50
59
48
48
55
27
44
52
53
42
43
47
58
70
68
52
40
45
49
57
62
49
47
50
61
45
48
62
55
50
46
57
65
67
55
46
82
48
47
55
46
12
9
10
15
19
6
12
8
15
19
11
10
12
15
12
9
25
23
14
18
16
16
8
13
11
20
12
14
10
20
17
8
18
11
21
17
20
14
16
12
16
13
16
10
4
6
3
6
9
5
4
6
9
6
5
5
11
5
15
4
9
8
6
2
9
9
7
4
9
5
7
5
11
6
4
11
5
4
5
4
11
12
8
7
1
8
1,318
1,110
1,344
1,206
1,153
1,242
1,172
1,029
1,285
1,226
1,113
1,313
1,209
1,136
1,260
1,214
1,194
1,249
1,269
1,283
1,156
1,260
1,331
1,040
1,218
1,220
1,293
1,180
1,156
1,410
1,297
1,229
1,245
1,396
1,290
1,232
1,397
1,368
1,399
1,277
1,229
1,457
1,477
R155
R53
R15
R1,216

Sources:

Degree Days Statistics. The data are based on mean daily temperatures recorded at about 200 major
weather stations around the country.
19
Figure 1.9 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division

U.S. Heating Degree-Days, 1949-2011
6,000
5,000
Degree-Days
4,000
30-Year Normal
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 2011

8,000
30-Year Normal
6,612
6,498
6,135
Degree-Days
6,000
5,910
6,750
2011
6,641
6,186
5,414
5,209
4,000
3,603
2,853
5,120
3,387
2,598
3,226
2,286
3,379
2,222
2,000
0
New
England
1
2
20
Middle
Atlantic
East North
Central
Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.

West North
Central
South
Atlantic
East South
Central
West South
Central
Note: See Appendix C for map of Census divisions.

Source: Table 1.9.
Mountain
Pacific
Table 1.9 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, Selected Years, 1949-2011

Year
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
East North
Central
West North
Central
South
Atlantic
East South
Central
West South
Central
Mountain
Pacific 1
United
States 1
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
5,829
6,470
6,577
6,561
6,825
6,839
6,362
6,839
6,579
7,061
6,348
6,900
6,612
6,697
6,305
6,442
6,571
6,517
6,546
6,715
6,887
5,848
5,960
6,844
6,728
6,672
6,559
6,679
6,661
5,680
5,952
6,489
6,055
6,099
6,851
6,612
6,551
5,809
6,501
6,395
6,646
5,942
6,135
5,091
5,765
5,708
5,901
5,933
5,943
5,477
6,097
5,889
6,330
5,851
6,143
5,989
5,866
5,733
5,777
5,660
5,665
5,699
6,088
6,134
4,998
5,177
5,964
5,948
5,934
5,831
5,986
5,809
4,812
5,351
5,774
5,323
5,372
6,090
5,749
5,804
5,050
5,623
5,643
5,799
5,455
5,414
5,801
6,619
6,101
6,544
6,284
6,455
6,169
6,768
6,538
7,095
6,921
6,792
6,446
6,542
6,423
6,418
6,546
6,150
5,810
6,590
6,834
5,681
5,906
6,297
6,646
6,378
6,664
6,947
6,617
5,278
5,946
6,284
5,824
6,122
6,528
6,199
6,241
5,712
6,096
6,696
6,540
6,207
6,186
6,479
7,136
6,630
6,884
6,646
6,835
6,678
6,670
6,506
7,324
7,369
6,652
6,115
7,000
6,901
6,582
7,119
6,231
5,712
6,634
6,996
6,011
6,319
6,262
7,168
6,509
6,804
7,345
6,761
5,774
5,921
6,456
6,184
6,465
6,539
6,290
6,202
5,799
6,374
7,112
6,837
6,584
6,641
2,367
2,713
2,786
3,147
2,830
2,997
2,640
3,040
3,047
3,187
2,977
3,099
3,177
2,721
3,057
2,791
2,736
2,686
2,937
3,122
2,944
2,230
2,503
2,852
2,981
2,724
2,967
3,106
2,845
2,429
2,652
2,959
2,641
2,671
2,891
2,748
2,844
2,535
2,584
2,782
2,879
3,219
2,598
2,942
3,315
3,314
3,958
3,374
3,685
3,336
3,881
3,812
4,062
3,900
3,855
3,757
3,357
3,892
3,451
3,602
3,294
3,466
3,800
3,713
2,929
3,211
3,498
3,768
3,394
3,626
3,782
3,664
3,025
3,142
3,548
3,312
3,420
3,503
3,289
3,402
3,239
3,213
3,641
3,588
3,994
3,387
2,133
1,974
2,083
2,551
2,078
2,396
2,187
2,446
2,330
2,764
2,694
2,378
2,162
2,227
2,672
2,194
2,466
2,058
2,292
2,346
2,439
1,944
2,178
2,145
2,489
2,108
2,145
2,285
2,418
2,021
1,835
2,194
2,187
2,307
2,230
2,088
2,051
1,863
2,156
2,178
2,212
2,521
2,222
5,483
4,930
5,517
5,328
5,318
5,436
5,693
5,303
5,060
5,370
5,564
5,052
4,671
5,544
5,359
5,592
5,676
4,870
5,153
5,148
5,173
5,146
5,259
5,054
5,514
5,002
4,953
5,011
5,188
5,059
4,768
4,881
4,895
5,018
4,605
4,844
4,759
4,778
4,830
5,114
5,016
4,954
5,120
3,729
3,355
3,723
3,309
3,378
3,257
3,623
3,115
3,135
3,168
3,202
2,986
2,841
3,449
3,073
3,149
3,441
2,807
3,013
2,975
3,061
3,148
3,109
2,763
3,052
3,155
2,784
2,860
2,754
3,255
3,158
3,012
3,136
3,132
2,918
2,925
2,959
3,116
3,113
3,186
3,150
3,171
3,379
4,234
4,536
4,521
4,724
4,549
4,664
4,472
4,726
4,605
4,958
4,781
4,707
4,512
4,619
4,627
4,514
4,642
4,295
4,334
4,653
4,726
4,016
4,200
4,441
4,700
4,483
4,531
4,713
4,542
3,951
4,169
4,460
4,203
4,273
4,459
4,290
4,315
3,996
4,255
4,494
4,493
4,461
4,320
6,612
5,910
6,498
6,750
2,853
3,603
2,286
5,209
3,226
4,524
Normal2
1

P=Preliminary.
Notes: Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor air temperature. Heating degree-days are
deviations below the mean daily temperature of 65 F. For example, a weather station recording a mean
daily temperature of 40 F would report 25 heating degree-days. Temperature information recorded by
weather stations is used to calculate State-wide degree-day averages based on resident State population.
Beginning in July 2001, data are weighted by the 2000 population. The population-weighted State figures
are aggregated into Census divisions and the national average. See Appendix C for map of Census
2
divisions.
Sources:

Degree Days Statistics. The data are the sum of monthly values and are based on mean daily
temperatures recorded at about 200 major weather stations around the country.
21
Figure 1.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division

U.S. Cooling Degree-Days, 1949-2011
2,000
30-Year Normal
Degree-Days
1,500
1,000
500
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 2011

4,000
30-Year Normal
2011
3,172
Degree-Days
3,000
2,449
2,332
1,964
2,000
1,817
1,547
1,243
1,118
897
887
1,000
608
656
1,368
927
709
704
717
417
0
New
England
1
2
22
Middle
Atlantic
East North
Central

West North
Central
South
Atlantic
East South
Central
West South
Central
Note: See Appendix C for map of Census divisions.

Source: Table 1.10.
Mountain
Pacific
Table 1.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, Selected Years, 1949-2011

Year
New
England
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Normal2
1
Middle
Atlantic
654
353
602
368
352
479
467
402
407
378
434
487
436
321
538
468
372
301
406
545
426
477
511
276
486
548
507
400
395
505
631
317
519
570
522
402
642
528
484
497
362
657
608
R
417
East North
Central
West North
Central
South
Atlantic
East South
Central
West South
Central
Mountain
901
542
934
640
638
779
708
597
689
615
588
793
657
541
799
649
627
626
729
782
658
656
854
460
764
722
803
623
586
788
882
542
722
863
685
670
990
778
788
745
587
997
887
949
602
1,043
722
688
827
788
619
823
741
618
816
658
643
934
724
643
738
918
975
652
647
959
449
735
664
921
629
574
889
855
658
744
933
645
604
960
752
900
698
547
975
897
1,038
729
1,238
961
914
1,066
1,003
939
1,122
1,027
871
1,217
924
859
1,178
955
830
1,021
1,115
1,230
864
983
1,125
637
817
887
985
821
873
1,138
970
1,023
1,028
1,087
946
752
1,094
1,079
1,135
847
720
1,123
1,118
2,128
1,919
2,045
1,926
1,931
2,007
2,011
1,675
2,020
1,972
1,833
2,075
1,889
1,958
1,925
1,865
2,004
2,149
2,067
1,923
1,977
2,143
2,197
1,777
2,092
2,005
2,081
1,867
1,886
2,277
2,024
1,929
1,891
2,209
2,007
2,037
2,081
2,037
2,212
1,987
2,025
2,267
2,332
1,776
1,568
1,791
1,613
1,634
1,662
1,520
1,232
1,808
1,685
1,412
1,834
1,576
1,537
1,579
1,508
1,596
1,792
1,718
1,582
1,417
1,622
1,758
1,293
1,622
1,448
1,671
1,474
1,393
1,928
1,733
1,736
1,535
1,808
1,494
1,549
1,696
1,670
1,927
1,560
1,497
2,004
1,817
2,510
2,473
2,643
2,492
2,579
2,375
2,261
2,035
2,720
2,638
2,242
2,734
2,498
2,502
2,288
2,469
2,599
2,618
2,368
2,422
2,295
2,579
2,499
2,201
2,369
2,422
2,448
2,515
2,361
3,026
2,645
2,787
2,565
2,545
2,522
2,485
2,636
2,776
2,488
2,494
2,570
2,750
3,172
1,198
1,120
1,124
1,308
961
1,163
1,031
1,058
1,256
1,174
1,164
1,202
1,331
1,121
1,174
1,190
1,210
1,188
1,196
1,320
1,330
1,294
1,182
1,206
1,113
1,436
1,234
1,381
1,335
1,271
1,242
1,488
1,498
1,543
1,639
1,376
1,457
1,586
1,663
1,504
1,504
1,450
1,368
656
R1,964
R1,547
R2,449
R1,243
709
927

Notes: Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor air temperature. Cooling degree-days are
deviations above the mean daily temperature of 65 F. For example, a weather station recording a mean
daily temperature of 78 F would report 13 cooling degree-days. Temperature information recorded by
weather stations is used to calculate State-wide degree-day averages based on resident State population.
Beginning in 2002, data are weighted by the 2000 population. The population-weighted State figures are
aggregated into Census divisions and the national average. See Appendix C for map of Census
2
Pacific 1
United
States 1
593
597
560
770
542
689
547
620
715
738
770
658
876
619
776
956
737
664
706
729
685
827
672
905
708
801
754
856
921
732
635
756
794
739
941
823
728
916
811
868
884
655
717
1,318
1,110
1,344
1,206
1,153
1,242
1,172
1,029
1,285
1,226
1,113
1,313
1,209
1,136
1,260
1,214
1,194
1,249
1,269
1,283
1,156
1,260
1,331
1,040
1,218
1,220
1,293
1,180
1,156
1,410
1,297
1,229
1,245
1,396
1,290
1,232
1,397
1,368
1,399
1,277
1,229
1,457
1,477
704
R1,216
divisions.
Sources:

Degree Days Statistics. The data are the sum of monthly values and are based on mean daily
temperatures recorded at about 200 major weather stations around the country.
23
Figure 1.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency

U.S. Department of Defense and Non-Defense Agencies, Fiscal Years
1975-2011
1,600
1,600
1,200
1,200
Trillion Btu
Trillion Btu
Total and U.S. Department of Defense, Fiscal Years

1975-2011
Non-Defense
800
Defense
800
Defense
400
400
Non-Defense
0
1975
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Non-Defense Agencies, Fiscal Year 2011

50
44.4
41.5
40
Trillion Btu
33.4
30.6
30
18.5
20
13.9
10.5
10
10.1
8.3
8.3
Interior
Agriculture
6.7
0
Postal
Service
1
Energy
Veterans
Affairs
General Services Administration.

Health and Human Services.
3
National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
4
See Table 1.11 for list of agencies.
2
24
GSA
Justice
HHS
NASA
Transportation
Other 4
Note: The U.S. Governments fiscal year was October 1 through September 30, except in
1975 and 1976 when it was July 1 through June 30.
Source: Table 1.11.
Table 1.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency, Fiscal Years 1975-2011
(Trillion Btu)
Year
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
Agriculture
9.5
9.3
8.9
9.1
9.2
8.6
7.9
7.6
7.4
7.9
8.4
6.8
7.3
7.8
8.7
9.6
9.6
9.1
9.3
9.4
9.0
9.1
7.4
7.9
7.8
7.4
7.4
7.2
7.7
7.0
7.5
6.8
6.8
6.5
6.6
6.8
8.3
Defense
Energy
GSA 1
HHS 2
Interior
Justice
NASA 3
Postal
Service
1,360.2
1,183.3
1,192.3
1,157.8
1,175.8
1,183.1
1,239.5
1,264.5
1,248.3
1,292.1
1,250.6
1,222.8
1,280.5
1,165.8
1,274.4
1,241.7
1,269.3
1,104.0
1,048.8
977.0
926.0
904.5
880.0
837.1
810.7
779.1
787.2
837.5
902.3
960.7
933.2
843.7
864.6
893.0
R874.3
R889.3
890.3
50.4
50.3
51.6
50.1
49.6
47.4
47.3
49.0
49.5
51.6
52.2
46.9
48.5
49.9
44.2
43.5
42.1
44.3
43.4
42.1
47.3
44.6
43.1
31.5
27.0
30.5
31.1
30.7
31.6
31.4
29.6
32.9
31.5
31.5
31.1
R31.7
33.4
22.3
20.6
20.4
20.4
19.6
18.1
18.0
18.1
16.1
16.2
20.7
14.0
13.1
12.4
12.7
17.5
14.0
13.8
14.1
14.0
13.7
14.5
14.4
14.1
14.4
17.6
18.4
17.5
19.6
18.3
18.4
18.2
19.1
18.8
18.6
18.8
18.5
6.5
6.7
6.9
6.5
6.4
6.0
6.7
6.4
6.2
6.4
6.0
6.2
6.6
6.4
6.7
7.1
6.2
6.8
7.2
7.5
6.1
6.6
7.9
7.4
7.1
8.0
8.5
8.0
10.1
8.8
9.6
9.3
9.9
10.5
10.8
10.3
10.5
9.4
9.4
9.5
9.2
10.4
8.5
7.6
7.4
7.7
8.4
7.8
6.9
6.6
7.0
7.1
7.4
7.1
7.0
7.5
7.9
6.4
4.3
6.6
6.4
7.5
7.8
9.5
8.2
8.2
8.7
8.6
8.1
7.5
7.9
7.9
8.3
8.3
5.9
5.7
5.9
5.9
6.4
5.7
5.4
5.8
5.5
6.4
8.2
8.6
8.1
9.4
7.7
7.0
8.0
7.5
9.1
10.3
10.2
12.1
12.0
15.8
15.4
19.7
19.7
17.7
22.7
17.5
18.8
23.5
20.7
18.9
16.5
R15.7
13.9
13.4
12.4
12.0
11.2
11.1
10.4
10.0
10.1
10.3
10.6
10.9
11.2
11.3
11.3
12.4
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.4
12.6
12.4
11.5
12.0
11.7
11.4
11.1
10.9
10.7
10.8
9.9
10.3
10.2
10.6
10.2
10.2
10.1
10.1
30.5
30.0
32.7
30.9
29.3
27.2
27.9
27.5
26.5
27.7
27.8
28.0
28.5
29.6
30.3
30.6
30.8
31.7
33.7
35.0
36.2
36.4
40.8
39.5
39.8
43.3
43.4
41.6
50.9
50.5
53.5
51.8
45.8
47.0
44.2
R42.3
44.4

4 Includes National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Tennessee
Valley Authority, U.S. Department of Labor, National Science Foundation, Federal Trade Commission,
Federal Communications Commission, Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Homeland
Security, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Railroad Retirement Board, Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Department of State, U.S.
Department of the Treasury, Small Business Administration, Office of Personnel Management, Central
Intelligence Agency, Consumer Product Safety Commission, Social Security Administration, U.S.
Information Agency (International Broadcasting Bureau), Corporation for National Community Service,
Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency, Federal Housing Finance Agency, National Labor
Relations Board, Securities and Exchange Commission, National Capital Planning Commission, Office of
Special Counsel, and Peace Corps and Broadcasting Board of Governors.
2
3
Transportation
19.3
19.5
20.4
20.6
19.6
19.2
18.8
19.1
19.4
19.8
19.6
19.4
19.0
18.7
18.5
19.0
19.0
17.0
19.4
19.8
18.7
19.6
19.1
18.5
22.6
21.2
17.8
18.3
5.6
5.2
5.0
4.6
5.6
6.4
4.3
5.7
6.7
Veterans
Affairs
27.1
25.0
25.9
26.8
25.7
24.8
24.0
24.2
24.1
24.6
25.1
25.0
24.9
26.3
26.2
24.9
25.1
25.3
25.7
25.6
25.4
26.8
27.3
27.6
27.5
27.0
27.7
27.7
30.5
29.9
30.0
29.3
30.0
28.9
29.9
30.2
30.6
Other 4
10.5
11.2
11.9
12.4
12.3
12.3
11.1
11.6
10.8
10.7
13.1
10.8
11.9
15.8
15.6
17.5
18.1
15.7
16.2
17.1
17.9
18.5
21.6
20.3
20.6
21.0
21.4
19.8
36.2
39.2
37.2
33.2
33.2
36.6
R36.5
R42.8
41.5
Total
1,565.0
1,383.4
1,398.5
1,360.9
1,375.4
1,371.2
1,424.2
1,451.4
1,431.8
1,482.5
1,450.3
1,406.7
1,466.3
1,360.3
1,464.7
1,438.0
1,461.7
1,294.8
1,246.8
1,178.2
1,129.3
1,108.5
1,092.0
1,037.9
1,011.6
993.8
1,003.0
1,044.8
1,136.3
1,187.0
1,161.6
1,071.5
1,085.3
1,116.2
R1,090.9
R1,112.0
1,116.6
Notes: For 1975 and 1976, the U.S. Governments fiscal year was July 1 through June 30. Beginning
in 1977, the U.S. Governments fiscal year is October 1 through September 30 (for example, fiscal year
2011 is October 2010 through September 2011). Data in this table are developed using the following
conversion factors (which in most cases are different from those in Tables A1-A6)coal: 24.580 million
Btu/short ton; natural gas: 1,031 Btu/cubic foot; aviation gasoline: 5.250 million Btu/barrel; fuel oil: 5.8254
million Btu/barrel; jet fuel: 5.460 million Btu/barrel; liquefied petroleum gases: 4.011 million Btu/barrel;
motor gasoline: 5.250 million Btu/barrel; electricity: 3,412 Btu/kilowatthour; and purchased steam: 1,000
Btu/pound. Data include energy consumed at foreign installations and in foreign operations, including
aviation and ocean bunkering, primarily by the U.S. Department of Defense. U.S. Government energy use
for electricity generation and uranium enrichment is excluded. Totals may not equal sum of components
Web Page:
See http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/regulations/facility_reporting.html for related
information.
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Federal
Energy Management Program.
25
Figure 1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-2011
Total U.S. Government Energy Consumption
1.8
1.57
1.48 1.45
1.47
1.46 1.44 1.46
1.42 1.45 1.43
1.41
1.38 1.40 1.36 1.38 1.37
1.36
1.5
1.29
1.25
1.18
Quadrillion Btu
1.2
1.13 1.11
1.09
1.14
1.19 1.16
1.04
1.04 1.01
0.99 1.00
1.12 1.09 1.11 1.12

1.07 1.09
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
By Major Energy Source
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
By Selected Petroleum Product
1.2
0.8
1.0
0.6
Quadrillion Btu
Petroleum
0.6
Quadrillion Btu
Jet Fuel
0.8
0.4
0.4
Fuel Oil1
0.2
Electricity
0.2
Natural Gas
0.0
1975
1
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Motor Gasoline2
Coal
2010
Distillate fuel oil and residual fuel oil.

Includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.
Note: U.S. Governments fiscal year was October 1 through September 30, except in 1975
26
0.0
1975
1980
1985
1990
and 1976 when it was July 1 through June 30.

Source: Table 1.12.
1995
2000
2005
2010
Table 1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-2011
(Trillion Btu)
Petroleum
Year
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
Coal
77.9
71.3
68.4
66.0
65.1
63.5
65.1
68.6
62.4
65.3
64.8
63.8
67.0
60.2
48.7
44.3
45.9
51.7
38.3
35.0
31.7
23.3
22.5
23.9
21.2
22.7
18.8
16.9
17.7
17.4
17.1
23.5
20.4
20.8
20.3
20.1
18.6
Natural
Gas 1
166.2
151.8
141.2
144.7
148.9
147.3
142.2
146.2
147.8
157.4
149.9
140.9
145.6
144.6
152.4
159.4
154.1
151.2
152.9
143.9
149.7
147.4
154.0
140.7
137.6
134.0
133.9
134.1
139.7
134.8
135.1
132.0
130.8
128.9
R131.4
R129.3
125.7
Aviation
Gasoline
22.0
11.6
8.8
6.2
4.7
4.9
4.6
3.6
2.6
1.9
1.9
1.4
1.0
6.0
.8
.5
.4
1.0
.7
.6
.3
.2
.3
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.4
.6
.4
.4
.3
.4
.9
Fuel Oil 2
376.0
329.7
348.5
332.3
327.1
307.7
351.3
349.4
329.5
342.9
292.6
271.6
319.5
284.8
245.3
245.2
232.6
200.6
187.0
198.5
178.5
170.6
180.1
174.6
162.2
171.4
177.0
165.7
189.8
259.8
239.8
207.8
211.4
181.4
R164.8
R158.4
167.3
Jet Fuel
LPG 3
and Other 4
707.4
610.0
619.2
601.1
618.6
638.7
653.3
672.7
673.4
693.7
705.7
710.2
702.3
617.2
761.7
732.4
774.5
628.2
612.4
550.7
522.3
513.0
475.7
445.5
444.7
403.1
415.2
472.9
517.9
508.2
492.2
442.6
461.1
524.3
505.6
535.8
533.6
Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.

3 Liquefied petroleum gases.
4 Other types of fuel used in vehicles and equipment, primarily alternative fuels like methanol, ethanol,
compressed natural gas, and biodiesel.
5 Includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.
6 "Other" is chilled water, renewable energy, and other fuels reported as used in facilities.
Notes: For 1975 and 1976, the U.S. Governments fiscal year was July 1 through June 30. Beginning
in 1977, the U.S. Governments fiscal year is October 1 through September 30 (for example, fiscal year
2011 is October 2010 through September 2011). Data in this table are developed using the following
conversion factors (which in most cases are different from those in Tables A1A6)coal: 24.580 million
2
5.6
4.7
4.1
3.0
3.7
4.0
3.7
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.0
3.9
4.0
3.2
5.7
6.4
9.0
11.4
9.3
10.9
11.4
21.7
17.2
9.4
2.9
4.3
7.9
6.0
6.6
6.0
9.0
4.7
5.6
4.6
R13.3
4.8
4.7
Motor
Gasoline 5
63.2
60.4
61.4
60.1
59.1
56.5
53.2
53.1
51.6
51.2
50.4
45.3
43.1
41.2
41.1
37.2
34.1
35.6
34.5
29.5
31.9
27.6
39.0
43.1
41.1
43.9
42.5
41.3
45.7
43.5
48.2
47.8
46.0
48.1
R47.7
R51.3
52.5
Total
Electricity
1,174.2
1,016.4
1,042.1
1,002.9
1,013.1
1,011.8
1,066.2
1,082.8
1,061.1
1,093.8
1,054.6
1,032.4
1,069.9
952.4
1,054.5
1,021.7
1,050.7
876.8
843.9
790.2
744.4
733.2
712.2
672.8
650.9
622.9
642.9
686.1
760.3
817.8
789.6
703.5
724.5
758.8
R731.7
R750.7
759.0
141.5
139.3
141.1
141.0
141.2
141.9
144.5
147.5
151.5
155.9
167.2
155.8
169.9
171.2
188.6
193.6
192.7
192.5
193.1
190.9
185.3
184.5
184.0
181.8
180.4
194.0
188.8
189.1
196.1
195.4
195.9
194.9
193.2
193.6
R191.5
R195.1
195.9
Purchased
Steam
and Other 6
5.1
4.6
5.7
6.4
7.1
6.8
6.2
6.2
9.0
10.1
13.9
13.7
13.9
32.0
20.6
19.1
18.3
22.5
18.6
18.2
18.2
20.1
19.2
18.8
21.5
20.2
18.6
18.5
22.5
21.6
23.9
17.7
16.4
14.1
R16.1
R16.8
17.4
Total
1,565.0
1,383.4
1,398.5
1,360.9
1,375.4
1,371.2
1,424.2
1,451.4
1,431.8
1,482.5
1,450.3
1,406.7
1,466.3
1,360.3
1,464.7
1,438.0
1,461.7
1,294.8
1,246.8
1,178.2
1,129.3
1,108.5
1,092.0
1,037.9
1,011.6
993.8
1,003.0
1,044.8
1,136.3
1,187.0
1,161.6
1,071.5
1,085.3
1,116.2
R1,090.9
R1,112.0
1,116.6
Btu/short ton; natural gas: 1,031 Btu/cubic foot; aviation gasoline: 5.250 million Btu/barrel; fuel oil: 5.8254
million Btu/barrel; jet fuel: 5.460 million Btu/barrel; liquefied petroleum gases: 4.011 million Btu/barrel; motor
gasoline: 5.250 million Btu/barrel; electricity: 3,412 Btu/kilowatthour; and purchased steam: 1,000
Btu/pound. Data include energy consumed at foreign installations and in foreign operations, including
aviation and ocean bunkering, primarily by the U.S. Department of Defense. U.S. Government energy use
for electricity generation and uranium enrichment is excluded. Totals may not equal sum of components
Web Page:
information.
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Federal Energy
Management Program.
27
Figure 1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 2003, 2010, and 2011
By Agency
800
All Other Agencies
Department of Defense
697 689 695
600
Trillion Btu
2003
2010
2011
400
200
101 103 104
77
73
69
28
63
24
62
64
95
92
92
63
22
56
57
13
13
14
0
Petroleum
Electricity
Natural Gas
Coal, Purchased
Steam, and Other3
Petroleum
Electricity
Natural Gas
Coal, Purchased
Steam, and Other3
By Source
1,200
2003
2010
1,136 1,112 1,117
2011
1,000
Trillion Btu
800
600
760
518
536
751
759
534
400
190
200
158
196
167
51
53
Fuel Oil
Motor
Gasoline5
28
129
126
40
All Other
Petroleum6
Includes small amount of renewable energy; see Table 1.13, footnote 8.

3
Chilled water, renewable energy, and other fuels reported as used in facilities.
4
5
Includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.
2
196
140
46
Jet Fuel
195
Total
Petroleum
Electricity
Natural Gas
37
36
Coal, Purchased
Steam, and Other3
Total
6
Aviation gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas, and other types of fuel used in vehicles and
equipment, primarily alternative fuels like methanol, ethanol, compressed natural gas, and
biodiesel.
Note: The U.S. Governments fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30.
Source: Table 1.13.
Table 1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 2003, 2010, and 2011
(Trillion Btu)
Resource
and Fiscal Years
Coal
2003 .....................................
2010 .....................................
2011 P ..................................
Natural Gas 5
2003 .....................................
2010 .....................................
2011 P ..................................
Petroleum
2003 .....................................
2010 .....................................
2011 P ..................................
Aviation Gasoline
2003 .....................................
2010 .....................................
2011 P ..................................
Fuel Oil 6
2003 .....................................
2010 .....................................
2011 P ..................................
Jet Fuel
2003 .....................................
2010 .....................................
2011 P ..................................
LPG 7 and Other 8
2003 .....................................
2010 .....................................
2011 P ..................................
Motor Gasoline 9
2003 .....................................
2010 .....................................
2011 P ..................................
Electricity
2003 .....................................
2010 .....................................
2011 P ..................................
Purchased Steam and Other 10
2003 .....................................
2010 .....................................
2011 P ..................................
Total Energy
2003 .....................................
2010 .....................................
2011 P ..................................
1
2
3
4
Agriculture
Defense
Energy
GSA 1
HHS 2
Interior
Justice
NASA 3
Postal
Service
Transportation
Veterans
Affairs
Other 4
Total
(s)
(s)
0.0
15.4
15.5
14.3
2.0
4.5
4.2
0.0
.0
.0
(s)
0.0
.0
(s)
0.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
0.0
(s)
(s)
0.0
.0
.0
0.2
.1
.1
1.4
1.4
1.7
76.6
72.9
68.6
7.0
7.1
7.4
7.6
7.0
7.1
3.7
5.9
5.9
1.3
1.1
1.2
8.6
6.8
4.2
2.9
2.6
2.5
10.4
4.5
6.3
.7
.3
.8
15.6
14.9
15.1
3.3
3.2
4.6
697.1
688.8
695.3
3.0
2.8
3.6
.2
.2
.2
1.5
.8
.9
4.4
3.8
3.7
6.5
3.4
4.1
1.4
1.2
1.1
18.2
19.4
20.5
1.6
1.5
1.1
2.8
2.1
2.3
R23.4
(s)
(s)
.1
(s)
.2
.2
(s)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
(s)
(s)
(s)
.1
.1
.1
(s)
(s)
(s)
.0
.0
.0
(s)
(s)
(s)
.0
.0
.0
.4
.6
.6
166.5
138.2
146.1
2.0
1.6
2.4
.1
.1
.1
.9
.6
.6
1.2
1.3
1.4
.4
.3
.3
.4
.3
.2
5.1
4.6
4.9
.3
.2
.1
1.9
1.1
1.1
.0
.0
.9
509.9
529.0
526.7
(s)
.2
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
(s)
(s)
1.5
.2
.6
.6
.8
.7
.0
.0
.0
.6
.5
.5
.0
.0
.0
5.2
5.1
4.0
517.9
535.8
533.6
.7
.4
.4
4.2
2.7
2.6
.1
.4
.4
(s)
(s)
(s)
.1
.1
.1
.7
.4
.2
(s)
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.1
(s)
(s)
(s)
.1
.1
.3
.3
.3
6.6
4.8
4.7
2.2
2.2
2.6
16.5
18.6
19.7
.9
.6
.7
.1
.1
.1
.5
.2
.2
2.4
2.1
2.0
4.5
2.8
3.0
.2
.1
.1
12.9
14.5
15.4
.7
.6
.4
.9
.9
1.1
2.6
1.9
1.8
101.1
18.0
5.8
5.4
5.4
21.7
17.8
16.9
10.5
R4.0
R11.1
R13.3
2.7
7.0
5.4
5.3
10.2
R2.7
17.9
3.6
3.4
3.5
3.2
R17.1
104.1
10.0
9.9
9.5
2.4
R103.2
4.1
11.4
13.4
1.6
.2
.4
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.3
.1
.2
.1
.8
.7
.7
.1
.4
.8
.8
1.1
.7
.5
.7
(s)
R(s)
.7
1.7
2.0
1.7
19.6
18.8
18.5
10.1
10.3
10.5
8.2
8.3
8.3
R15.7
10.8
10.1
10.1
R42.3
5.6
5.7
6.7
30.5
30.2
30.6
.3
.3
.2
7.7
6.8
8.3
12.2
8.8
8.0
902.3
31.6
R889.3
R31.7
890.3
33.4

Includes National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Tennessee
Valley Authority, U.S. Department of Labor, National Science Foundation, Federal Trade Commission,
Federal Communications Commission, Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Homeland
Security, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Railroad Retirement Board, Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Department of State, U.S.
Department of the Treasury, Office of Personnel Management, Consumer Product Safety Commission,
Central Intelligence Agency, Social Security Administration, U.S. Information Agency (International
Broadcasting Bureau), Corporation for National Community Service, Court Services and Offender
Supervision Agency, Federal Housing Finance Agency, National Labor Relations Board, Small Business
Administration, Securities and Exchange Commission, National Capital Planning Commission, Office of
Special Counsel, and Peace Corps and Broadcasting Board of Governors.
5 Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.
6 Distillate fuel oil and residual fuel oil.
8 Other types of fuel used in vehicles and equipment, primarily alternative fuels like methanol, ethanol,
22.7
13.9
50.9
44.4
0.0
.0
.0
R
139.7
129.3
125.7
21.6
760.3
750.7
759.0
(s)
(s)
.5
.3
.4
.9
4.2
4.7
5.0
17.7
20.1
18.6
20.3
10.7
9.5
9.5
4.1
8.5
7.3
1.2
1.4
1.5
189.8
158.4
167.3
45.7
51.3
52.5
196.1
195.1
195.9
22.5
16.8
17.4
36.2
1,136.3
R42.8
R1,112.0
41.5
1,116.6
compressed natural gas, and biodiesel.

9 Includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.
10 Chilled water, renewable energy, and other fuels reported as used in facilities.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.05 trillion.
Notes: Beginning in 1977, the U.S. Governments fiscal year is October 1 through September 30 (for
example, fiscal year 2011 is October 2010 through September 2011). Data in this table are developed
using the following conversion factors (which in most cases are different from those in Tables
A1-A6)coal: 24.580 million Btu/short ton; natural gas: 1,031 Btu/cubic foot; aviation gasoline: 5.250
million Btu/barrel; fuel oil: 5.8254 million Btu/barrel; jet fuel: 5.460 million Btu/barrel; liquefied petroleum
gases: 4.011 million Btu/barrel; motor gasoline: 5.250 million Btu/barrel; electricity: 3,412 Btu/kilowatthour;
and purchased steam: 1,000 Btu/pound. Data include energy consumed at foreign installations and in
foreign operations, including aviation and ocean bunkering, primarily by the U.S. Department of Defense.
U.S. Government energy use for electricity generation and uranium enrichment is excluded. Totals may
not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Web Page:
information.
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Federal Energy
Management Program.
29
Figure 1.14 Sales of Fossil Fuels Produced on Federal and American Indian Lands
Federal and American Indian Lands Fossil Fuels Sales as Share of Total
U.S. Fossil Fuels Production, Fiscal Years 2003-2011
25
45
20
36
15
27
Percent
Quadrillion Btu
Total, Fiscal Years 2003-2011
10
0
2003
18
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
0
2003
2011
By Source, Fiscal Years 2003-2011
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Federal and American Indian Lands Fossil Fuels Sales as Share of Total
U.S. Fossil Fuels Production, By Source, Fiscal Year 2011
50
12
43
Coal
40
32
8
Natural Gas
Percent
Quadrillion Btu
10
30
21
20
14
Crude Oil and Lease Condensate
10
Natural Gas Plant Liquids

0
2003
0
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
The U.S. Governments fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30. The fiscal
year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends.
30
2011
Coal
Crude Oil and

Lease Condensate
Source: Table 1.14.
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Plant Liquids
Table 1.14 Sales of Fossil Fuels Produced on Federal and American Indian Lands, Fiscal Years 2003-2011
Crude Oil and
Lease Condensate
Natural Gas
Plant Liquids 1
Sales as
Share of
Total U.S.
Production
Sales 5,6
Quadrillion
Btu
Sales as
Share of
Total U.S.
Production
Sales 5,6
Million
Barrels
Quadrillion
Btu
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
R689
R4.00
R33.3
R94
R0.35
R14.9
R7.08
R680
R3.94
R33.8
R105
R.39
R16.0
R6.68
R649
R3.76
R33.4
R98
R15.0
R582
R3.37
R31.8
R87
R629
R3.65
R33.9
R107
R575
R3.34
R31.5
R106
R642
R3.72
R33.7
R93
R739
R4.29
R37.2
R115
646
3.74
31.7
111
.36
R.32
R.40
R.39
R.34
R.42
.41
Quadrillion
Btu
Sales 5,6
Sales as
Share of
Total U.S.
Production
Percent
Quadrillion
Btu
Percent
Million
Short Tons
R7.81
R35.5
R466
R9.58
R43.3
R21.74
R37.2
R7.38
R34.0
R484
R9.89
R43.9
R21.60
R37.0
R6.38
R7.04
R33.3
R482
R9.81
R42.6
R20.98
R36.2
R14.2
R5.85
R6.46
R30.8
R458
R9.31
R39.7
R19.46
R34.0
R16.6
R5.83
R6.42
R29.2
R471
R9.57
R41.0
R20.04
R34.3
R15.9
R5.82
R6.40
R27.7
R509
R10.30
R43.8
R20.43
R34.2
R13.8
R5.64
R6.21
R26.1
R488
R9.78
R43.8
R20.05
R33.6
R15.4
R5.42
R5.95
R24.6
R478
R9.62
R44.8
R20.27
R33.9
14.3
4.86
5.33
20.6
470
9.47
43.2
18.95
30.3
1 Includes those quantities for which royalties were paid based on the value of the natural gas plant
liquids produced. Additional quantities of natural gas plant liquids were produced; however, the royalties
paid were based on the value of natural gas processed. These latter quantities are included with natural
gas.
2 Sales and production volumes are for marketed production. See "Natural Gas Marketed Production"
in Glossary.
3 Excludes waste coal. See "Waste Coal" in Glossary.
4 The sum of crude oil and lease condensate, natural gas plant liquids, natural gas, and coal.
5 Sales of fossil fuels produced in offshore and onshore areas the Federal Government owns or
administers, including American Indian lands.
6 Sales volumes are reported for the fiscal year in which the sales occurred as opposed to the date of
the royalty payment. Volumes include fossil fuels for which royalties were paid, as well as those amounts
exempt from royalty payments, such as additions to the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.
7 The U.S. Governments fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30.
The fiscal year is
designated by the calendar year in which it ends.
Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Sources: Sales, Physical Data (Columns 1, 4, 7, and 10): U.S. Department of the Interior, Office
of Natural Resources Revenue (ONRR), data for "Sales Year" (as opposed to "Accounting Year")
revenue and non-revenue sales volumes (as of Feb. 6, 2012). For natural gas, the ONRR "Gas" data
have been adjusted to remove nitrogen (using unpublished ONRR data).
See http://www.
onrr.gov/ONRRWebStats/Disbursements_Royalties.aspx?report=AllReportedRoyaltyRevenues&yeartype=
Quadrillion
Btu
Sales 5,6
Sales as
Share of
Total U.S.
Production
Percent
Percent
Trillion
Cubic Feet
Total
Fossil Fuels 4
Coal 3
Sales as
Share of
Total U.S.
Production
Sales 5,6
Fiscal
Year 7
Percent
Million
Barrels
Natural Gas 2
FY&year=2011&datetype=PY and http://www.onrr.gov/ONRRWebStats/Disbursements_Royalties.aspx?

report=AllNonRevenueVolumesByCategoryAndCommodity&yeartype=FY&year=2011&datetype=PY.
Sales, Btu Data (Columns 2, 5, 8, 11, and 13): Calculated by the U.S. Energy Information Administration
(EIA). Monthly estimates of the ONRR physical sales data are created by dividing the fiscal-year values by
12. These monthly estimates are converted to Btu using the appropriate heat content factors in Appendix A
(crude oil and natural gas plants liquids production factors in Table A2; natural gas marketed production
factors in Table A4; and coal production factors in Table A5). For the individual fuels, fiscal-year Btu
estimates are calculated by summing the October-September monthly Btu values for each fiscal year. For
total fossil fuels, the fiscal-year Btu estimates are the sum of the fiscal-year Btu values for crude oil and
lease condensate, natural gas plant liquids, natural gas, and coal. Sales As Share of Total U.S.
Production: Calculated by EIA by dividing fiscal-year Btu data for sales by fiscal-year Btu data for total
U.S. production, then multiplying by 100. For crude oil and lease condensate total U.S. production, monthly
values from the Monthly Energy Review (MER) (May 2012), Table 3.1, are converted to Btu using the crude
oil production factors in Table A2. For natural gas plant liquids total U.S. production, monthly values from
the MER (May 2012), Table 3.1, are converted to Btu using the natural gas plant liquids production factors
in Table A2. For natural gas total U.S. marketed production, monthly values from the MER (May 2012),
Table 4.1, are converted to Btu using the natural gas marketed production factors in Table A4. For coal
total U.S. production, monthly values from the MER (May 2012), Table 6.1, are converted to Btu using the
coal production factors in Table A5. For the individual fuels, fiscal-year total U.S. production Btu values are
calculated by summing the October-September monthly Btu values for each fiscal year. For fossil fuels
total U.S. production, the fiscal-year Btu values are the sum of the fiscal-year total U.S. production Btu
values for crude oil and lease condensate, natural gas plant liquids, natural gas, and coal.
31
Figure 1.15 Non-Combustion Use of Fossil Fuels

Total, 1980-2011
As Share of Total Energy Consumption, 1980-2011

9
Total
Petroleum Products
6
Percent
Quadrillion Btu
3
2
Natural Gas
Coal
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
0
1980
2010
By Fuel, 2011
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
By Petroleum Product, 2011
2.4
4.5
2.0
4
Quadrillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu
1.8
3
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.6
1
0.3
0.4
(s)
0
Petroleum Products
Natural Gas
Coal
1
Liquefied petroleum gases and pentanes plus are aggregated to avoid disclosure of proprietary information.
2
Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, waxes, and miscellaneous products.
32
0.3
0.1
(s)
Petroleum
Coke
Special
Naphthas
0.0
LPG
Petrochemical
Feedstocks
Asphalt
and
Road Oil
Lubricants
(s)=Less than 0.05 quadrillion Btu.

Note: See Note 2, Non-Combustion Use of Fossil Fuels at end of section.
Source: Table 1.15.
Other
Table 1.15 Non-Combustion Use of Fossil Fuels, Selected Years, 1980-2011

Petroleum Products
Year
Asphalt
and
Road Oil
Liquefied
Petroleum
Gases 1
Lubricants
Petrochemical
Feedstocks 2
Petroleum
Coke
Special
Naphthas
Other 3
Total
Coal
Total
Percent of
Total Energy
Consumption
398
2.4
1.1
.6
.6
1.2
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.8
.8
.8
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.6
.6
.6
.4
.6
.6
0.65
.52
R.58
.59
R.63
R.66
.69
R.71
R.74
R.76
.79
R.76
R.73
R.70
.68
R.61
R.54
R.48
R.41
R.41
R.41
R.41
R.41
.41
0.08
.03
.02
.02
.04
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
R4.87
R6.2
Natural
Gas 4
Physical Units 5
1980
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
145
156
176
162
166
174
176
178
177
184
190
200
192
189
187
184
196
199
R190
180
152
R132
132
130
230
R278
R373
R426
R448
R436
R483
R479
R502
R501
R485
R566
R545
R492
R526
R511
R536
R498
R521
R526
R484
R532
R581
575
58
53
60
53
54
55
58
57
55
58
61
62
61
56
55
51
52
51
42
52
48
43
48
46
253
144
199
203
214
216
224
215
217
250
252
238
243
214
229
247
287
266
265
242
210
185
R196
187
R14
R16
20
17
R28
R18
R21
R20
R20
R15
25
36
16
29
24
20
36
31
35
33
37
R30
R10
11
37
30
20
17
20
20
15
13
14
14
20
28
19
15
20
15
10
12
13
15
16
9
5
4
58
41
39
44
35
35
35
33
33
34
39
37
38
39
38
36
34
34
41
40
41
41
43
44
R795
R719
R887
R922
R966
R955
R1,013
R996
R1,019
R1,056
R1,073
R1,166
R1,114
R1,034
R1,078
R1,064
R1,151
R1,092
R1,108
R1,089
R989
R972
R1,015
996
639
500
R567
573
R606
R640
673
R695
R718
R740
762
R736
R710
R683
657
R592
R528
R463
R398
R398
R398
R398
R398
Quadrillion Btu
1980
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
0.96
1.03
1.17
1.08
1.10
1.15
1.17
1.18
1.18
1.22
1.26
1.32
1.28
1.26
1.24
1.22
1.30
1.32
1.26
1.20
1.01
.87
.88
.86
0.78
R.96
R1.33
R1.52
R1.61
R1.55
R1.75
R1.72
R1.80
R1.80
1.73
R2.04
R1.96
R1.76
R1.87
R1.83
R1.92
R1.78
R1.85
R1.86
R1.70
R1.85
R2.02
1.98
0.35
.32
.36
.32
.33
.34
.35
.35
.34
.35
.37
.37
.37
.34
.33
.31
.31
.31
.25
.31
.29
.26
.29
.28
1.43
.82
1.12
1.15
1.20
1.22
1.26
1.21
1.21
1.40
1.40
1.33
1.35
1.19
1.27
1.37
1.59
1.47
1.48
1.35
1.17
1.03
1.09
1.04
R0.09
R.10
.12
.11
.17
R.11
R.13
R.12
R.12
R.09
.15
.22
.10
.17
.15
.12
.22
.19
.21
.20
.23
.18
R.06
.06
0.19
.16
.11
.09
.10
.10
.08
.07
.07
.07
.11
.15
.10
.08
.10
.08
.05
.06
.07
.08
.08
.05
.03
.02
1 Liquefied petroleum gases and pentanes plus are aggregated to avoid disclosure of proprietary
information.
2 Includes still gas not burned as refinery fuel.
3 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, waxes, and miscellaneous products.
4 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) has altered the methodology for the natural gas
estimates. The estimates are linearly interpolated between Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey
(MECS) years and held constant until data are available for the most recent MECS year.
5 Petroleummillion barrels; natural gasbillion cubic feet; and coalmillion short tons.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. =Not applicable.
Notes: Estimates of consumption for non-combustion use shown in this table are included in total
energy consumption (see Table 1.3). See Note 2, "Non-Combustion Use of Fossil Fuels," at end of
section. Because of changes in methodology, data series may be revised annually. Estimates of
0.34
.24
.23
.26
.21
.20
.20
.20
.20
.20
.23
.22
.22
.23
.22
.21
.20
.20
.24
.24
.24
.24
.25
.26
R4.14
3.63
R4.44
R4.52
R4.73
R4.68
4.95
R4.85
R4.91
R5.13
R5.26
R5.64
R5.37
R5.03
R5.19
R5.15
R5.59
R5.34
R5.37
R5.23
R4.73
R4.48
R4.62
4.50
4.18
R5.05
R5.13
R5.40
R5.37
5.67
R5.59
R5.68
R5.92
R6.07
R6.43
R6.12
R5.75
R5.88
R5.78
R6.16
R5.83
R5.80
R5.66
R5.16
4.91
R5.05
4.93
5.5
R6.0
R6.1
R6.3
R6.1
6.4
R6.1
R6.0
6.3
R6.4
R6.6
R6.2
R6.0
R6.0
R5.9
6.1
5.8
5.8
R5.6
R5.2
5.2
R5.2
5.1
non-combustion use in this table are considered industrial uses with the exception of approximately half of
the lubricants which are considered transportation use. Totals may not equal sum of components due to
independent rounding.
For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/environment/.
Sources: Petroleum Products: 1980EIA, Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual and
Sales of Liquefied Petroleum Gases and Ethane in 1980. 1981 forwardEIA, Petroleum Supply Annual,
annual reports, and unpublished data. Natural Gas: 1980Bureau of the Census, 1980 Survey of
Manufactures, Hydrocarbon, Coal, and Coke Materials Consumed. 1981 forwardU.S. Department of
Commerce. Coal: 1980 forwardEIA estimates based on the methodology underlying the nonfuel
emissions calculations in EIAs Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2008. Percent of
Total Energy Consumption: Derived by dividing total by total consumption on Table 1.3.
33
Energy Overview
Note 1. Noncombustible Renewable Energy. Noncombustible renewable energy
is the sum of hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar/PV, and wind. In Table 1.3,
total primary consumption of noncombustible renewable energy is reported as the
sum of Captured Energy and the Adjustment for Fossil Fuel Equivalence.
Captured energy represents the energy from noncombustible renewable resources that is
actually "captured" for final use. It includes the electricity generated from noncombustible resources (i.e., net generation from Table 8.2a converted to Btu using the energy
conversion factor of 3,412 Btu/kWh) and the direct consumption of noncombustible
renewable energy. Direct consumption of noncombustible renewable energy
includes: solar thermal direct use energy, residential and commercial self-generated
photovoltaic energy, geothermal energy from heat pumps, and direct use of geothermal energy.
The adjustment for fossil-fuel equivalence represents the energy losses that would
have occurred if electricity from noncombustible renewable resources had been
generated using the average fossil-fuel mix in a given year. The fossil-fuel
34
equivalent value is determined by converting electricity generation to Btu using the

average fossil-fuel heat rate from Table A6. The Adjustment for Fossil Fuel
Equivalence is then calculated as the difference between the fossil-fuel equivalent
value of electricity generated and "captured" electricity generation.
For more information, see Appendix F.
Note 2. Non-Combustion Use of Fossil Fuels. Most fossil fuels consumed in the
United States and elsewhere are combusted to produce heat and power. However,
some are used directly for non-combustion use as construction materials, lubricants, chemical feedstocks, solvents, and waxes. For example, asphalt and road
oil are used for roofing and paving; liquefied petroleum gases are used to create
intermediate products that are used in making plastics; lubricants, including
motor oil and greases, are used in vehicles and various industrial processes;
petrochemical feedstocks are used to make plastics, synthetic fabrics, and related
products; and natural gas is used to make nitrogenous fertilizers and as feedstock
in the chemical industry. Estimates of non-combustion use of fossil fuels are
based on the methodology underlying the nonfuel emissions calculations in EIAs
Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States, Chapter 2, at
http://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/ghg_report/.
Figure 2.0 Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2011

(Quadrillion Btu)
1
Does not include biofuels that have been blended with petroleumbiofuels are included in
Renewable Energy."
2
Excludes supplemental gaseous fuels.
3
Includes less than 0.1 quadrillion Btu of coal coke net imports.
4
Conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar/photovoltaic, wind, and biomass.
5
Includes industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only plants.
6
Includes commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercial electricity-only
plants.
7
Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants whose primary business is to
sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. Includes 0.1 quadrillion Btu of electricity net
imports not shown under Source.
Notes: Primary energy in the form that it is first accounted for in a statistical energy balance,
before any transformation to secondary or tertiary forms of energy (for example, coal is used to
generate electricity). Sum of components may not equal total due to independent rounding.
Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2011, Tables 1.3,
2.1b-2.1f , 10.3, and 10.4.
37
Figure 2.1a Energy Consumption Estimates by Sector Overview

Total Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-2011
End-Use Sector Shares of Total Consumption, 2011
40
Quadrillion Btu
30
Commercial
Residential
Industrial
Transportation
22%
19%
Residential
20
Commercial
31%
28%
10
Industrial
Transportation
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Primary and Total Consumption by Sector, 2011
Electric Power Sector, 1949-2011

25
50
Primary Consumption
Total Consumption
Coal
39.3
30.6
30
27.0 27.1
21.6
20.3
20
10
20
Quadrillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu
40
18.0
15
10
Renewable
Energy1
6.6
Nuclear Electric
Power
Natural Gas
4.1
Petroleum
0
0
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Transportation
Electric
Power
Conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar/photovoltaic, wind, and biomass.

Note: See Primary Energy Consumption in Glossary. Sum of components may not
equal 100 percent due to independent rounding.
38
1950
1960
1970
Sources: Tables 2.1a and 2.1f.
1980
1990
2000
2010
Figure 2.1b Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, 1949-2011

Residential, By Major Source
Commercial, By Major Source
12
12
Electrical Losses
Electrical Losses
10
Quadrillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu
10
Renewable Energy
6
Natural Gas
6
Electricity
Electricity
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Renewable Energy
Petroleum
Coal
Coal
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Industrial, By Major Source
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Transportation, By Major Source
12
30
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Petroleum
8
Electrical Losses
6
Electricity
25
Quadrillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu
10
20
15
10
Renewable
Energy
Coal
2
5
Renewable Energy
Natural Gas
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Electrical system energy losses associated with the generation, transmission, and distribution of energy in the form of electricity.
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Electricity retail sales.

Sources: Tables 2.1b2.1e.
39
Table 2.1a Energy Consumption Estimates by Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011

(Trillion Btu)
End-Use Sectors
Commercial 1
Residential
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Primary 5
4,460
4,829
5,608
6,651
7,279
8,322
7,990
8,391
8,194
8,260
7,919
7,439
7,045
7,147
6,832
7,211
7,148
6,906
6,923
7,357
7,567
6,557
6,747
6,950
7,146
6,978
6,936
R7,467
7,033
6,413
6,775
7,159
6,868
R6,912
7,211
6,993
6,909
R6,168
R6,598
6,817
6,619
R6,603
6,585
Total 6
5,599
5,989
7,278
9,039
10,639
13,766
14,813
15,410
15,662
16,132
15,813
15,753
15,262
15,531
15,425
15,960
16,041
15,975
16,263
17,133
17,786
16,945
17,420
17,356
18,218
18,112
18,519
19,504
18,965
18,955
19,557
20,425
20,042
R20,791
21,110
21,093
21,626
R20,688
R21,531
21,596
R21,064
R21,862
21,619
Primary 5
2,669
2,834
2,561
2,723
3,177
4,237
4,059
4,371
4,258
4,309
4,366
4,105
3,837
3,864
3,840
4,001
3,732
3,693
3,774
3,994
4,043
3,896
3,945
3,991
3,973
4,016
4,101
4,273
4,295
4,005
4,053
4,278
4,084
R4,132
4,283
4,232
4,051
R3,747
R3,922
4,073
4,061
R4,039
4,090
Total 6
3,669
3,893
3,895
4,609
5,845
8,346
9,492
10,063
10,208
10,512
10,648
10,578
10,616
10,860
10,938
11,444
11,451
11,606
11,946
12,578
13,193
13,320
13,500
13,441
13,820
14,098
14,690
15,172
15,681
15,968
16,376
17,175
17,137
R17,345
17,343
17,659
R17,857
R17,711
R18,255
18,381
17,899
R18,078
18,021
Industrial 2
Primary 5
12,633
13,890
16,103
16,996
20,148
22,964
21,434
22,665
23,165
23,244
24,192
22,595
21,318
19,053
18,548
20,174
19,443
19,078
19,953
20,862
20,874
21,180
20,824
21,756
21,753
22,393
22,719
23,410
23,686
23,177
22,950
22,824
21,794
R21,799
21,503
R22,412
R21,411
R21,536
R21,370
R20,480
R18,813
R20,062
20,291
Total 6
14,724
16,241
19,485
20,842
25,098
29,628
29,413
31,393
32,263
32,688
33,925
32,039
30,712
27,614
27,428
29,570
28,816
28,274
29,379
30,677
31,320
31,810
31,399
32,571
32,629
33,521
33,971
34,904
35,200
34,843
34,764
34,664
32,720
R32,662
32,532
R33,520
R32,446
R32,401
R32,394
R31,290
R28,525
R30,309
30,592
1 Commercial sector, including commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercial

electricity-only plants.
2 Industrial sector, including industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only
plants.
3 Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whose
primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.
4 Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only; beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities and
independent power producers.
5 See "Primary Energy Consumption" in Glossary.
6 Total energy consumption in the end-use sectors consists of primary energy consumption, electricity
retail sales, and electrical system energy losses. See Note, "Electrical System Energy Losses," at end of
section.
40
Transportation
Primary 5
7,880
8,383
9,474
10,560
12,399
16,062
18,210
19,067
19,786
20,583
20,437
19,659
19,478
19,052
19,134
19,609
20,041
20,740
21,419
22,267
22,424
22,366
22,065
22,363
22,715
23,311
23,791
24,383
24,695
25,201
25,891
26,489
26,213
R26,781
26,920
27,817
28,272
28,751
R29,029
27,925
R26,989
R27,384
26,999
Total 6
7,990
8,492
9,550
10,596
12,432
16,098
18,245
19,101
19,822
20,617
20,472
19,697
19,514
19,089
19,177
19,656
20,088
20,789
21,469
22,318
22,478
22,420
22,118
22,415
22,768
23,366
23,846
24,437
24,750
25,256
25,949
26,548
26,275
R26,842
26,994
27,895
28,353
28,830
R29,117
28,008
R27,071
R27,466
27,079
Electric
Power
Sector 3,4
Primary 5
4,339
4,679
6,461
8,158
11,012
16,253
20,270
21,473
22,551
23,553
23,943
24,269
24,425
23,979
24,614
25,635
26,032
26,227
26,988
28,227
429,869
30,495
30,856
30,723
31,847
32,399
33,479
34,485
34,886
36,225
36,976
38,062
37,215
38,016
38,062
38,713
39,638
39,428
40,377
39,978
38,077
R39,626
39,346
Balancing
Item 7
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
8
7
2
2
-1
3
4
3
3
-4
3
-3
3
9
-9
1
(s)
-10
-6
3
4
6
-3
6
2
-6
5
-1
-6
(s)
(s)
R-1
(s)
(s)
R8
-9
Total
Primary 8
31,982
34,616
40,208
45,086
54,015
67,838
71,965
75,975
77,961
79,950
80,859
78,067
76,106
73,099
72,971
76,632
76,392
76,647
79,054
82,709
84,786
84,485
84,438
85,783
87,424
89,091
91,029
94,022
94,602
95,018
96,652
R98,814
96,168
R97,645
97,978
R100,162
R100,282
R99,629
R101,296
R99,275
R94,559
R97,722
97,301
7 A balancing item. The sum of primary consumption in the five energy-use sectors equals the sum of
total consumption in the four end-use sectors. However, total energy consumption does not equal the sum
of the sectoral components due to the use of sector-specific conversion factors for natural gas and coal.
8 Primary energy consumption total. See Table 1.3.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu and greater than -0.5 trillion Btu.
Notes: See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of Section 8.
Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#consumption for updated monthly and
annual data. See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#consumption for all annual data beginning
in 1949.
Sources: Tables 1.3 and 2.1b2.1f.
Table 2.1b Residential Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Trillion Btu)
Primary Consumption 1
Renewable Energy 2
Fossil Fuels
Year
Coal
Natural Gas 3
Petroleum 4
Total
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1,272
1,261
867
585
352
209
63
59
57
49
37
31
30
32
31
40
39
40
37
37
31
31
25
26
26
21
17
17
16
12
14
11
12
12
12
11
8
6
8
8
8
7
6
1,027
1,240
2,198
3,212
4,028
4,987
5,023
5,147
4,913
4,981
5,055
4,825
4,614
4,711
4,478
4,661
4,534
4,405
4,420
4,735
4,899
4,491
4,667
4,805
5,063
4,960
4,954
5,354
5,093
4,646
4,835
5,105
4,889
R4,995
5,209
4,981
4,946
4,476
R4,835
5,010
4,883
R4,883
4,830
1,106
1,322
1,767
2,227
2,432
2,725
2,479
2,703
2,681
2,607
2,099
1,734
1,531
1,434
1,353
1,531
1,565
1,541
1,617
1,675
1,660
1,394
1,381
1,414
1,439
1,408
1,374
1,484
1,422
1,304
1,465
1,554
1,529
1,457
1,519
1,520
1,451
1,224
1,254
1,243
1,176
R1,142
1,139
3,405
3,824
4,833
6,024
6,811
7,922
7,564
7,910
7,652
7,638
7,191
6,589
6,175
6,177
5,862
6,231
6,138
5,986
6,073
6,447
6,590
5,916
6,073
6,244
6,528
6,389
6,345
6,854
6,531
5,962
6,314
6,670
6,430
R6,464
6,741
6,513
6,406
5,706
R6,097
6,261
6,067
R6,032
5,975
Geothermal 5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5
6
6
6
7
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
13
14
16
18
22
26
33
37
40
Solar/PV 6
Biomass 7
Total
Total
Primary
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
52
56
57
R60
61
63
64
65
64
64
63
R61
59
57
57
57
58
63
70
80
89
R114
140
1,055
1,006
775
627
468
401
425
482
542
622
728
850
870
970
970
980
1,010
920
850
910
920
580
610
640
550
520
520
540
430
380
390
420
370
380
400
410
430
R380
R410
450
430
420
430
1,055
1,006
775
627
468
401
425
482
542
622
728
850
870
970
970
980
1,010
920
850
910
977
641
673
706
618
589
591
612
502
452
461
489
438
448
470
481
504
R462
R502
R557
552
R571
610
4,460
4,829
5,608
6,651
7,279
8,322
7,990
8,391
8,194
8,260
7,919
7,439
7,045
7,147
6,832
7,211
7,148
6,906
6,923
7,357
7,567
6,557
6,747
6,950
7,146
6,978
6,936
R7,467
7,033
6,413
6,775
7,159
6,868
R6,912
7,211
6,993
6,909
R6,168
R6,598
6,817
6,619
R6,603
6,585
See "Primary Energy Consumption" in Glossary.

Data are estimates. See Table 10.2a for notes on series components.
3 Natural gas only; excludes the estimated portion of supplemental gaseous fuels.
See Note 1,
"Supplemental Gaseous Fuels," at end of Section 6.
4 Based on petroleum product supplied. For petroleum, product supplied is used as an approximation of
petroleum consumption. See Note 1, "Petroleum Products Supplied and Petroleum Consumption," at end
of Section 5.
5 Geothermal heat pump and direct use energy.
6 Solar thermal direct use energy, and photovoltaic (PV) electricity net generation (converted to Btu
using the fossil-fuels heat ratesee Table A6). Includes small amounts of distributed solar thermal and PV
energy used in the commercial, industrial, and electric power sectors.
7 Wood and wood-derived fuels.
2
Electricity
Retail
Sales 8
228
246
438
687
993
1,591
2,007
2,069
2,202
2,301
2,330
2,448
2,464
2,489
2,562
2,662
2,709
2,795
2,902
3,046
3,090
3,153
3,260
3,193
3,394
3,441
3,557
3,694
3,671
3,856
3,906
4,069
4,100
4,317
4,353
4,408
4,638
4,611
4,750
4,708
4,656
R4,933
4,858
Electrical
System
Energy
Losses 9
911
913
1,232
1,701
2,367
3,852
4,817
4,950
5,267
5,571
5,564
5,866
5,752
5,895
6,031
6,087
6,184
6,274
6,438
6,729
7,129
7,235
7,414
7,212
7,677
7,693
8,026
8,344
8,261
8,686
8,875
9,197
9,074
9,562
9,546
9,691
10,079
9,909
10,182
10,071
9,789
R10,326
10,176
Total
5,599
5,989
7,278
9,039
10,639
13,766
14,813
15,410
15,662
16,132
15,813
15,753
15,262
15,531
15,425
15,960
16,041
15,975
16,263
17,133
17,786
16,945
17,420
17,356
18,218
18,112
18,519
19,504
18,965
18,955
19,557
20,425
20,042
R20,791
21,110
21,093
21,626
R20,688
R21,531
21,596
R21,064
R21,862
21,619
8 Electricity retail sales to ultimate customers reported by electric utilities and, beginning in 1996, other
energy service providers.
9 Total losses are calculated as the primary energy consumed by the electric power sector minus the
energy content of electricity retail sales. Total losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to
each sectors share of total electricity retail sales. See Note, "Electrical System Energy Losses," at end of
section.
in 1949.
Sources: Tables 2.1f, 5.14a, 6.5, 7.3, 8.9, 10.2a, A4, A5, and A6.
41
Table 2.1c Commercial Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Trillion Btu)
Renewable Energy 2
Fossil Fuels
Year
Coal
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1,554
1,542
801
407
265
165
147
144
148
165
149
115
137
155
162
169
137
135
125
131
115
124
116
117
117
118
117
122
129
93
103
92
97
90
82
103
97
65
70
69
63
R60
51
1
2
3
Natural Gas 3 Petroleum 4,5

360
401
651
1,056
1,490
2,473
2,558
2,718
2,548
2,643
2,836
2,651
2,557
2,650
2,486
2,582
2,488
2,367
2,489
2,731
2,785
2,682
2,795
2,871
2,923
2,962
3,096
3,226
3,285
3,083
3,115
3,252
3,097
R3,212
3,261
3,201
3,073
2,902
R3,085
3,228
3,187
R3,164
3,225
735
872
1,095
1,248
1,413
1,592
1,346
1,500
1,552
1,490
1,367
1,318
1,122
1,037
1,170
1,227
1,083
1,162
1,131
1,099
1,041
991
935
893
819
825
769
790
743
702
707
807
790
726
827
809
761
663
649
651
682
R685
683
Total
2,649
2,815
2,547
2,711
3,168
4,229
4,051
4,362
4,248
4,297
4,352
4,084
3,816
3,842
3,818
3,978
3,708
3,665
3,745
3,961
3,941
3,798
3,846
3,881
3,859
3,905
3,982
4,138
4,157
3,878
3,925
4,150
3,984
R4,028
4,170
4,113
3,932
3,629
R3,805
3,948
3,932
R3,908
3,959
Hydroelectric
Power 6
Geothermal 7
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(s)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Solar/PV 8
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
6
7
7
8
8
9
11
12
14
14
14
15
17
19
20

Most data are estimates. See Table 10.2a for notes on series components and estimation.
Natural gas only; excludes the estimated portion of supplemental gaseous fuels. See Note 1,
of Section 5.
5 Does not include biofuels that have been blended with petroleumbiofuels are included in "Biomass."
Table A6).
8 Photovoltaic (PV) electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fuels heat ratesee
Table A6) at commercial plants with capacity of 1 megawatt or greater.
10 Wood and wood-derived fuels; municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste,
agricultural byproducts, and other biomass; and fuel ethanol (minus denaturant). Through 2000, also
42
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
WInd 9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
Biomass 10
Total
Total
Primary
Electricity
Retail
Sales 11
20
19
15
12
9
8
8
9
10
12
14
21
21
22
22
22
24
27
30
33
99
94
95
105
109
106
113
129
131
118
121
119
92
95
101
105
105
R103
R103
109
112
R111
110
20
19
15
12
9
8
8
9
10
12
14
21
21
22
22
22
24
27
30
33
102
98
100
109
114
112
118
135
138
127
129
128
101
104
113
118
R120
R118
118
125
129
R130
131
2,669
2,834
2,561
2,723
3,177
4,237
4,059
4,371
4,258
4,309
4,366
4,105
3,837
3,864
3,840
4,001
3,732
3,693
3,774
3,994
4,043
3,896
3,945
3,991
3,973
4,016
4,101
4,273
4,295
4,005
4,053
4,278
4,084
R4,132
4,283
4,232
4,051
R3,747
R3,922
4,073
4,061
R4,039
4,090
200
225
350
543
789
1,201
1,598
1,678
1,754
1,813
1,854
1,906
2,033
2,077
2,116
2,264
2,351
2,439
2,539
2,675
2,767
2,860
2,918
2,900
3,019
3,116
3,252
3,344
3,503
3,678
3,766
3,956
4,062
4,110
4,090
4,198
4,351
4,435
4,560
4,558
4,460
R4,539
4,501
Electrical
System
Energy
Losses 12
800
834
984
1,344
1,880
2,908
3,835
4,014
4,196
4,390
4,428
4,567
4,746
4,919
4,982
5,179
5,368
5,475
5,633
5,909
6,384
6,564
6,636
6,550
6,828
6,966
7,338
7,555
7,883
8,285
8,557
8,942
8,990
9,104
8,969
9,229
9,455
9,529
9,773
9,749
9,378
R9,501
9,429
Total
3,669
3,893
3,895
4,609
5,845
8,346
9,492
10,063
10,208
10,512
10,648
10,578
10,616
10,860
10,938
11,444
11,451
11,606
11,946
12,578
13,193
13,320
13,500
13,441
13,820
14,098
14,690
15,172
15,681
15,968
16,376
17,175
17,137
R17,345
17,343
17,659
R17,857
R17,711
R18,255
18,381
17,899
R18,078
18,021
includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).
section.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. =No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.
Notes: The commercial sector includes commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercial
electricity-only plants. See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of
Section 8. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
in 1949.
Sources: Tables 2.1f, 5.14a, 6.5, 7.3, 8.9, 10.2a, A4, A5, and A6.
Table 2.1d Industrial Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Trillion Btu)
Renewable Energy 2
Fossil Fuels
Year
Coal
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
5,433
5,781
5,620
4,543
5,127
4,656
3,667
3,661
3,454
3,314
3,593
3,155
3,157
2,552
2,490
2,842
2,760
2,641
2,673
2,828
2,787
2,756
2,601
2,515
2,496
2,510
2,488
2,434
2,395
2,335
2,227
2,256
2,192
2,019
2,041
2,047
1,954
1,914
1,865
1,796
1,396
R1,649
1,599
1
2
3
Coal Coke
Net Imports
-7
1
-10
-6
-18
-58
14
(s)
15
125
63
-35
-16
-22
-16
-11
-13
-17
9
40
30
5
10
35
27
58
61
23
46
67
58
65
29
61
51
138
44
61
25
41
-24
-6
11
Natural
Gas 3
Petroleum 4,5
3,188
3,546
4,701
5,973
7,339
9,536
8,532
8,762
8,635
8,539
8,549
8,333
8,185
7,068
6,776
7,405
7,032
6,646
7,283
7,655
8,088
8,451
8,572
8,918
9,070
9,126
9,592
9,901
9,933
9,763
9,375
9,500
8,676
R8,832
8,488
R8,550
R7,907
R7,861
R8,074
R8,083
7,609
R7,959
8,321
3,475
3,960
5,123
5,766
6,813
7,776
8,127
8,990
9,747
9,835
10,548
9,509
8,265
7,772
7,390
7,987
7,714
7,860
8,042
8,317
8,098
8,251
7,958
8,552
8,386
8,771
8,586
9,019
9,255
9,082
9,356
9,075
9,178
9,168
9,197
9,825
9,633
9,770
9,451
8,511
7,816
R8,210
8,064
Total
12,090
13,288
15,434
16,277
19,260
21,911
20,339
21,412
21,851
21,812
22,753
20,962
19,590
17,370
16,640
18,222
17,492
17,130
18,006
18,840
19,003
19,463
19,141
20,019
19,980
20,465
20,727
21,377
21,629
21,248
21,016
20,896
20,075
R20,079
19,777
R20,559
R19,538
R19,606
R19,414
R18,431
R16,797
R17,812
17,995
Hydroelectric
Geothermal 7
Power 6
76
69
38
39
33
34
32
33
33
32
34
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
28
31
30
31
30
62
55
61
58
55
49
42
33
39
43
33
32
29
16
17
18
16
18
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
3
4
4
4
5
5
4
4
4

Most data are estimates. See Table 10.2b for notes on series components and estimation.
of Section 5.
Table A6).
Table A6) at industrial plants with capacity of 1 megawatt or greater.
10 Wood and wood-derived fuels; municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste,
agricultural byproducts, and other biomass; fuel ethanol (minus denaturant); and losses and co-products
from the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste
Solar/PV 8
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
Wind 9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
Biomass 10
Total
468
532
631
680
855
1,019
1,063
1,220
1,281
1,400
1,405
1,600
1,695
1,650
1,874
1,918
1,918
1,915
1,914
1,989
1,841
1,684
1,652
1,705
1,741
1,862
1,934
1,969
1,996
1,872
1,882
1,881
1,681
1,676
1,679
1,817
1,837
1,897
R1,936
R2,028
R1,994
R2,230
2,273
544
602
669
719
888
1,053
1,096
1,253
1,314
1,432
1,439
1,633
1,728
1,683
1,908
1,951
1,951
1,948
1,947
2,022
1,871
1,717
1,684
1,737
1,773
1,927
1,992
2,033
2,057
1,929
1,934
1,928
1,719
1,720
1,726
1,853
1,873
1,930
R1,956
R2,049
R2,016
R2,250
2,295
Total
Primary
12,633
13,890
16,103
16,996
20,148
22,964
21,434
22,665
23,165
23,244
24,192
22,595
21,318
19,053
18,548
20,174
19,443
19,078
19,953
20,862
20,874
21,180
20,824
21,756
21,753
22,393
22,719
23,410
23,686
23,177
22,950
22,824
21,794
R21,799
21,503
R22,412
R21,411
R21,536
R21,370
R20,480
R18,813
R20,062
20,291
Electricity
Retail
Sales 11
Electrical
System
Energy
Losses 12
418
500
887
1,107
1,463
1,948
2,346
2,573
2,682
2,761
2,873
2,781
2,817
2,542
2,648
2,859
2,855
2,834
2,928
3,059
3,158
3,226
3,230
3,319
3,334
3,439
3,455
3,527
3,542
3,587
3,611
3,631
3,400
3,379
3,454
3,473
3,477
3,451
3,507
3,444
3,130
R3,313
3,329
1,672
1,852
2,495
2,739
3,487
4,716
5,632
6,155
6,416
6,683
6,860
6,664
6,576
6,020
6,232
6,538
6,518
6,362
6,497
6,757
7,288
7,404
7,345
7,496
7,541
7,689
7,796
7,968
7,972
8,079
8,203
8,208
7,526
7,484
7,575
7,635
7,557
7,415
7,517
7,365
6,582
R6,934
6,973
Total
14,724
16,241
19,485
20,842
25,098
29,628
29,413
31,393
32,263
32,688
33,925
32,039
30,712
27,614
27,428
29,570
28,816
28,274
29,379
30,677
31,320
31,810
31,399
32,571
32,629
33,521
33,971
34,904
35,200
34,843
34,764
34,664
32,720
R32,662
32,532
R33,520
R32,446
R32,401
R32,394
R31,290
R28,525
R30,309
30,592
(municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).

section.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. =No data reported. (s)=Less than +0.5 trillion Btu and
greater than -0.5 trillion Btu.
Notes: The industrial sector includes industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial
in 1949.
Sources: Tables 2.1f, 5.14b, 6.5, 7.3, 7.8, 8.9, 10.2b, A4, A5, and A6.
43
Table 2.1e Transportation Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Trillion Btu)
Renewable Energy 2
Fossil Fuels
Year
Coal
Natural Gas 3
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1,727
1,564
421
75
16
7
1
(s)
(s)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
NA
130
254
359
517
745
595
559
543
539
612
650
658
612
505
545
519
499
535
632
649
680
620
608
645
709
724
737
780
666
675
672
658
R699
627
602
624
625
R663
692
R715
R716
735
Petroleum 4,5
6,152
6,690
8,799
10,125
11,866
15,310
17,615
18,508
19,243
20,044
19,825
19,009
18,813
18,422
18,595
19,023
19,472
20,183
20,817
21,568
21,707
21,626
21,374
21,675
21,977
22,497
22,955
23,565
23,813
24,422
25,098
25,682
25,412
25,913
26,063
26,925
27,309
27,651
27,763
26,407
25,339
R25,595
25,110
Total
7,880
8,383
9,474
10,560
12,399
16,062
18,210
19,067
19,786
20,583
20,437
19,659
19,471
19,034
19,100
19,567
19,992
20,682
21,353
22,199
22,356
22,306
21,995
22,283
22,621
23,206
23,679
24,302
24,593
25,088
25,774
26,354
26,070
R26,612
26,690
27,527
27,933
28,276
R28,427
27,099
R26,054
R26,310
25,845

Data are estimates. See Table 10.2b for notes on series components.
3 Natural gas only; does not include supplemental gaseous fuelssee Note 1, "Supplemental Gaseous
Fuels," at end of Section 6. Data are for natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines (primarily in
compressors) and small amounts consumed as vehicle fuelsee Table 6.5.
of Section 5.
6 Fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) and biodiesel.
2
44
Biomass 6
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7
18
34
41
50
57
66
67
68
60
70
80
94
105
112
81
102
113
118
135
142
170
230
290
339
475
602
826
R935
R1,074
1,154
Total
Primary
Electricity
Retail
Sales 7
7,880
8,383
9,474
10,560
12,399
16,062
18,210
19,067
19,786
20,583
20,437
19,659
19,478
19,052
19,134
19,609
20,041
20,740
21,419
22,267
22,424
22,366
22,065
22,363
22,715
23,311
23,791
24,383
24,695
25,201
25,891
26,489
26,213
R26,781
26,920
27,817
28,272
28,751
R29,029
27,925
R26,989
R27,384
26,999
22
23
20
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
13
14
14
15
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
20
19
23
25
26
25
28
26
27
26
26
Electrical
System
Energy
Losses 8
88
86
56
26
24
26
24
24
25
24
24
27
25
26
30
33
32
34
35
35
38
37
37
36
37
38
38
38
38
38
40
42
43
42
51
54
56
54
60
56
56
55
54
Total
7,990
8,492
9,550
10,596
12,432
16,098
18,245
19,101
19,822
20,617
20,472
19,697
19,514
19,089
19,177
19,656
20,088
20,789
21,469
22,318
22,478
22,420
22,118
22,415
22,768
23,366
23,846
24,437
24,750
25,256
25,949
26,548
26,275
R26,842
26,994
27,895
28,353
28,830
R29,117
28,008
R27,071
R27,466
27,079
section.
9 Beginning in 1978, the small amounts of coal consumed for transportation are reported as industrial
sector consumption.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.
in 1949.
Sources: Tables 2.1f, 5.14c, 6.5, 7.3, 8.9, 10.2b, A4, A5, and A6.
Table 2.1f Electric Power Sector Energy Consumption, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Trillion Btu)
Renewable Energy 2
Fossil Fuels
Year
Coal
Natural
Gas 3
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
198912
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1,995
2,199
3,458
4,228
5,821
7,227
8,786
9,720
10,262
10,238
11,260
12,123
12,583
12,582
13,213
14,019
14,542
14,444
15,173
15,850
16,137
16,261
16,250
16,466
17,196
17,261
17,466
18,429
18,905
19,216
19,279
20,220
19,614
19,783
20,185
20,305
20,737
20,462
20,808
20,513
18,225
19,133
17,986
569
651
1,194
1,785
2,395
4,054
3,240
3,152
3,284
3,297
3,613
3,778
3,730
3,312
2,972
3,199
3,135
2,670
2,916
2,693
3,173
3,309
3,377
3,512
3,538
3,977
4,302
3,862
4,126
4,675
4,902
5,293
5,458
5,767
5,246
5,595
6,015
6,375
7,005
6,829
7,022
R7,527
7,740
Petroleum 4
415
472
471
553
722
2,117
3,166
3,477
3,901
3,987
3,283
2,634
2,202
1,568
1,544
1,286
1,090
1,452
1,257
1,563
1,703
1,289
1,198
991
1,124
1,059
755
817
927
1,306
1,211
1,144
1,277
961
1,205
1,212
1,235
648
657
468
390
378
288
Total
2,979
3,322
5,123
6,565
8,938
13,399
15,191
16,349
17,446
17,522
18,156
18,534
18,516
17,462
17,729
18,504
18,767
18,566
19,346
20,106
21,013
20,859
20,825
20,968
21,857
22,297
22,523
23,109
23,957
25,197
25,393
26,658
26,348
26,511
26,636
27,112
27,986
27,485
28,470
27,810
25,638
R27,039
26,014
Nuclear
Electric
Power 5
Hydroelectric
Power 6
Geothermal 7
0
0
0
6
43
239
1,900
2,111
2,702
3,024
2,776
2,739
3,008
3,131
3,203
3,553
4,076
4,380
4,754
5,587
5,602
6,104
6,422
6,479
6,410
6,694
7,075
7,087
6,597
7,068
7,610
7,862
8,029
8,145
7,959
8,222
8,161
8,215
8,455
8,427
8,356
R8,434
8,259
1,349
1,346
1,322
1,569
2,026
2,600
3,122
2,943
2,301
2,905
2,897
2,867
2,725
3,233
3,494
3,353
2,937
3,038
2,602
2,302
2,808
3,014
2,985
2,586
2,861
2,620
3,149
3,528
3,581
3,241
3,218
2,768
2,209
2,650
2,781
2,656
2,670
2,839
2,430
2,494
2,650
R2,521
3,153
NA
NA
NA
(s)
2
6
34
38
37
31
40
53
59
51
64
81
97
108
112
106
152
161
167
167
173
160
138
148
150
151
152
144
142
147
148
148
147
145
145
146
146
R148
163

See Table 10.2c for notes on series components.
4 See Table 5.14c for series components.
5 Nuclear electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the nuclear heat ratesee Table A6).
Table A6).
7 Geothermal electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fuels heat ratesee Table A6).
heat ratesee Table A6).
10 Wood and wood-derived fuels; and municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge
waste, agricultural byproducts, and other biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste
2
3
Solar/PV 8
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
3
4
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
5
6
6
5
6
9
9
R12
18
Wind 9
Biomass 10
Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
22
29
31
30
31
36
33
33
34
31
46
57
70
105
115
142
178
264
341
546
721
R923
1,168
6
5
3
2
3
4
2
3
5
3
5
5
4
3
4
9
14
12
15
17
232
317
354
402
415
434
422
438
446
444
453
453
337
380
397
388
406
412
423
435
441
R459
444
1,355
1,351
1,325
1,571
2,031
2,609
3,158
2,983
2,343
2,940
2,942
2,925
2,788
3,286
3,562
3,443
3,049
3,158
2,729
2,425
3,217
3,524
3,542
3,189
3,484
3,255
3,747
4,153
4,216
3,872
3,874
3,427
2,763
3,288
3,445
3,340
3,406
3,665
3,345
3,630
3,967
R4,064
4,945
Electricity
Net
Imports 11
5
6
14
15
(s)
7
21
29
59
67
69
71
113
100
121
135
140
122
158
108
37
8
67
87
95
153
134
137
116
88
99
115
75
72
22
39
85
63
107
112
116
R89
127
Total
Primary
4,339
4,679
6,461
8,158
11,012
16,253
20,270
21,473
22,551
23,553
23,943
24,269
24,425
23,979
24,614
25,635
26,032
26,227
26,988
28,227
29,869
30,495
30,856
30,723
31,847
32,399
33,479
34,485
34,886
36,225
36,976
38,062
37,215
38,016
38,062
38,713
39,638
39,428
40,377
39,978
38,077
R39,626
39,346
(municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).

11 Net imports equal imports minus exports.
12 Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only. Beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities and
Notes: Data are for fuels consumed to produce electricity and useful thermal output. The electric
power sector comprises electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22
category whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. See Note 3,
"Electricity Imports and Exports," at end of Section 8. Totals may not equal sum of components due to
in 1949.
Sources: Tables 5.14c, 6.5, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2b, 10.2c, A4, A5, and A6.
45
Figure 2.2 Manufacturing Energy Consumption for All Purposes, 2006

By Energy Source
10
8.4
8
5.9
Quadrillion Btu
6
4
2.9
2.4
1.4
0.3
0.3
0.1
-0.6
-2
Natural Gas
Net
Electricity
LPG and NGL
Coal
Residual
Fuel Oil
Coal Coke
and Breeze
Distillate
Fuel Oil
Other
Shipments
By North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Code6

10
Quadrillion Btu
6.9
6
5.1
4
2.4
1.7
2
1.2
0
311
1
1.1
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.1
(s)
(s)
312
313
314
315
316
321
0.3
0.1
322
323
324
Liquefied petroleum gases.

Natural gas liquids.
3
See Breeze in Glossary.
4
Includes all other types of energy that respondents indicated were consumed or allocated.
5
Energy sources produced onsite from the use of other energy sources but sold or transferred to another entity.
2
46
325
326
327
331
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
332
333
334
335
0.5
336
0.1
0.1
337
339
6
See Table 2.2 for Manufacturing Group titles of industries that correspond to the 3-digit
NAICS codes.
Source: Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Manufacturing Energy Consumption for All Purposes, 2006

(Trillion Btu )
NAICS 1
Code
Manufacturing Group
Coal
Coal Coke
and
Breeze 2
Natural Gas
LPG 3
and
NGL 4
Residual
Fuel Oil
Net
Electricity 5
Other 6
Shipments
of Energy
Sources 7
Total 8
311
312
313
314
315
316
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
339
Food .................................................................................
Beverage and Tobacco Products .....................................
Textile Mills .......................................................................
Textile Product Mills .........................................................
Apparel .............................................................................
Leather and Allied Products .............................................
Wood Products .................................................................
Paper ................................................................................
Printing and Related Support ...........................................
Petroleum and Coal Products ...........................................
Chemicals .........................................................................
Plastics and Rubber Products ..........................................
Nonmetallic Mineral Products ...........................................
Primary Metals ..................................................................
Fabricated Metal Products ................................................
Machinery .........................................................................
Computer and Electronic Products ...................................
Electrical Equipment, Appliances, and Components ........
Transportation Equipment ................................................
Furniture and Related Products ........................................
Miscellaneous ...................................................................
147
20
32
3
0
0
Q
221
0
102
182
Q
320
373
0
1
0
(s)
5
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
1
3
0
11
253
Q
0
0
0
Q
0
0
638
41
65
46
7
1
87
474
39
849
1,746
128
460
627
240
84
45
42
249
17
25
16
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
21
13
(s)
33
8
3
30
7
2
2
1
Q
3
Q
(s)
3
1
(s)
1
(s)
(s)
4
5
1
29
2,304
5
5
4
5
3
(s)
1
5
1
1
26
3
2
Q
(s)
(s)
4
91
(s)
58
87
9
3
19
(s)
Q
(s)
0
7
(s)
Q
251
30
66
20
7
1
91
247
45
137
517
182
147
458
143
111
94
44
195
32
33
105
11
12
(s)
(s)
(s)
228
1,302
(s)
5,744
707
(s)
138
139
Q
2
2
21
13
8
Q
(s)
-0
-0
-0
-0
-0
-0
-0
-0
-89
-406
-0
-0
-145
-0
-0
-0
-5
-0
-0
-0
1,186
107
178
72
14
3
451
2,354
85
6,864
5,149
337
1,114
1,736
396
204
142
103
477
61
66
Total Manufacturing ..........................................................
1,433
272
5,911
143
2,376
314
2,851
8,443
-645
21,098
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).

See "Breeze" in Glossary.
4 Natural gas liquids.
5 "Net Electricity" is the sum of purchases, transfers in, and onsite generation from noncombustible
renewable energy sources, minus quantities sold and transferred out; it excludes onsite generation from
combustible fuels.
6 Includes all other types of energy that respondents indicated were consumed or allocated, such as
asphalt and road oil, lubricants, naphtha less than 401 degrees Fahrenheit, other oils greater than or equal
to 401 degrees Fahrenheit, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous nonfuel products, which are
nonfuel products assigned to the petroleum refining industry group (NAICS Code 324110).
7 Energy sources produced onsite from the use of other energy sources but sold or transferred to
2
Distillate
Fuel Oil
another entity. Note that shipments of energy sources are subtracted from consumption.
8 The sum of coal, coal coke and breeze, natural gas, distillate fuel oil, liquefied petroleum gases,
natural gas liquids, residual fuel oil, net electricity, and other, minus shipments of energy sources.
(s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu and greater than -0.5 trillion Btu. Q=Data withheld because the relative
standard error was greater than 50 percent.
Notes: Data are estimates for the first use of energy for heat and power and as feedstocks or raw
material inputs. "First use" is the consumption of energy that was originally produced offsite or was
produced onsite from input materials not classified as energy. Totals may not equal sum of components
Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/emeu/mecs.
Source:
U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, "2006 Manufacturing Energy
Consumption Survey" and Form EIA-810, "Monthly Refinery Report" for 2006.
47
Figure 2.3 Manufacturing Energy Consumption for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, 2006
By Selected End Use
3.3
Process Heating
1.7
Machine Drive
0.7
Facility HVAC
0.2
Process Cooling and Refrigeration

Electrochemical Processes
0.2
Facility Lighting
0.2
Conventional Electricity Generation
(s)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Quadrillion Btu
By Energy Source
7
6
5.5
Quadrillion Btu
5
4
2.9
3
2
1.0
0.3
0.1
0.1
Distillate
Fuel Oil
LPG and NGL

NGL5
0
Natural Gas
Net Electricity
Excludes inputs of unallocated energy sources (5,820 trillion Btu).

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. Excludes steam and hot water.
3
Excludes coal coke and breeze.
4
2
48
Coal
Residual Fuel Oil

Fuel Oil
5
Natural gas liquids.

Source: Table 2.3.
Table 2.3 Manufacturing Energy Consumption for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by End Use, 2006
Net Electricity 1
End-Use Category
Residual Fuel Oil
Million Kilowatthours
Distillate Fuel Oil
LPG 2 and NGL 3
Million Barrels
Natural Gas
Coal 4
Billion Cubic Feet
Million Short Tons
Total 5
Indirect End Use (Boiler Fuel) .........................................

Conventional Boiler Use .............................................
CHP 6 and/or Cogeneration Process ..........................
12,109
12,109
21
11
10
4
3
1
2
2
(s)
2,059
1,245
814
25
6
19
Direct End Use

All Process Uses .........................................................
Process Heating ........................................................
Process Cooling and Refrigeration .............................
Machine Drive .............................................................
Electrochemical Processes ........................................
Other Process Uses ...................................................
All Non-Process Uses .................................................
Facility Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 7 ...
Facility Lighting ...........................................................
Other Facility Support .................................................
Onsite Transportation .................................................
Conventional Electricity Generation ...........................
Other Non-Process Use .............................................
657,810
101,516
60,381
422,408
60,323
13,181
157,829
77,768
58,013
17,644
2,197
2,208
10
9
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
9
3
(s)
4
1
9
1
(s)
6
1
1
10
8
(s)
(s)
1
7
1
(s)
5
(s)
(s)
2,709
2,417
31
126
136
426
367
29
3
19
8
19
16
(s)
3
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
End Use Not Reported ...................................................
7,634
164
Total .................................................................................
835,382
40
22
21
5,357
46
Trillion Btu
Indirect End Use (Boiler Fuel) .........................................
Conventional Boiler Use .............................................
CHP 6 and/or Cogeneration Process .........................
41
41
133
71
62
23
17
6
8
8
1
2,119
1,281
838
547
129
417
2,871
1,547
1,324
Direct End Use

All Process Uses .........................................................
Process Heating ........................................................
Process Cooling and Refrigeration .............................
Machine Drive .............................................................
Electrochemical Processes ........................................
Other Process Uses ...................................................
All Non-Process Uses .................................................
Facility Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 7 ...
Facility Lighting ...........................................................
Other Facility Support .................................................
Onsite Transportation .................................................
Conventional Electricity Generation ...........................
Other Non-Process Use .............................................
2,244
346
206
1,441
206
45
539
265
198
60
7
62
59
(s)
2
Q
6
4
(s)
(s)
52
19
1
24
8
50
4
(s)
35
4
6
39
32
(s)
2
5
27
5
(s)
20
(s)
1
2,788
2,487
32
129
140
438
378
30
3
19
8
412
345
(s)
56
10
6
2
(s)
3
(s)
5,597
3,288
239
1,654
206
208
1,066
658
198
91
65
26
23
End Use Not Reported ...................................................
26
49
168
52
304
Total .................................................................................
2,850
251
129
79
5,512
1,016
9,838
1 "Net Electricity" is the sum of purchases, transfers in, and onsite generation from noncombustible
renewable energy sources, minus quantities sold and transferred out; it excludes onsite generation from
combustible fuels.
3 Natural gas liquids.
4 Excludes coal coke and breeze.
5 Total of listed energy sources. Excludes inputs of unallocated energy sources (5,820 trillion Btu).
6 Combined-heat-and-power plants.
7 Excludes steam and hot water.
= Not applicable. (s)=Estimate less than 0.5. Q=Withheld because relative standard error is greater
than 50 percent.
Notes: Data are estimates for the total consumption of energy for the production of heat, power, and
electricity generation, regardless of where the energy was produced. Specifically, the estimates include the
quantities of energy that were originally produced offsite and purchased by or transferred to the
establishment, plus those that were produced onsite from other energy or input materials not classified as
energy, or were extracted from captive (onsite) mines or wells. Allocations to end uses are made on the
basis of reasonable approximations by respondents. Totals may not equal sum of components due to
independent rounding, the presence of estimates that round to zero, and the presence of estimates that are
withheld because the relative standard error is greater than 50 percent.
Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/emeu/mecs.
Source:
U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, "2006 Manufacturing Energy
Consumption Survey."
49
Figure 2.4 Household Energy Consumption

Household Energy Consumpton by Census Region, Selected Years, 1978-2009
Household Energy Consumption by Source, 2009
4
Electricity
4.39
4.39
South
Quadrillion Btu
Midwest
Northeast
Distillate Fuel Oil

and Kerosene
0.61
West
0.61
LPG
0.49
0.49
Natural Gas
4.69
4.69
0
1978 1980 1982 1984
1987
1990
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
Energy Consumption per Household, Selected Years, 1978-2009
Total = 10.18 Quadrillion Btu
Energy Consumption per Household, by Census Region, 2009
150
120
112
138
126
108
100
114112
101
98
101
92
95
90
Million Btu
100
90
104
80
Million Btu
102 105
76
73
60
40
50
20
0
1978 1980 1982 1984
1
2
50
1987
1990
For years not shown, there are no data available.

1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
United States
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Notes: Data include natural gas, electricity, distillate fuel oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gases; data do not include wood. Data for 1978-1984 are for April of the year shown
through March of following year; data for 1987 forward are for the calendar year. See Appendix C for map of Census regions.
Source: Table 2.4.
Table 2.4 Household 1 Energy Consumption by Census Region, Selected Years, 1978-2009
(Quadrillion Btu, Except as Noted)
Census Region 2
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1984
1987
1990
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
United States Total (does not include wood) ......

Natural Gas ........................................................
Electricity 3 ..........................................................
Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene .........................
Liquefied Petroleum Gases ................................
Wood 4 ................................................................
10.56
5.58
2.47
2.19
.33
NA
9.74
5.31
2.42
1.71
.31
NA
9.32
4.97
2.48
1.52
.35
.85
9.29
5.27
2.42
1.28
.31
.87
8.58
4.74
2.35
1.20
.29
.97
9.04
4.98
2.48
1.26
.31
.98
9.13
4.83
2.76
1.22
.32
.85
9.22
4.86
3.03
1.04
.28
.58
10.01
5.27
3.28
1.07
.38
.55
10.25
5.28
3.54
1.07
.36
.43
9.86
4.84
3.89
.75
.38
.37
10.55
4.79
4.35
.88
.52
.43
10.18
4.69
4.39
.61
.49
.50
Consumption per Household (million Btu) 3 .......
138
126
114
112
102
105
101
98
104
101
92
95
90
Northeast Total (does not include wood) ............

Natural Gas ........................................................
Electricity 3 ..........................................................
Wood 4 ................................................................
2.89
1.14
.39
1.32
.03
NA
2.50
1.05
.39
1.03
.03
NA
2.44
.94
.41
1.07
.03
.26
2.36
1.01
.40
.93
.03
.27
2.19
.96
.37
.83
.02
.24
2.29
.93
.41
.93
.03
.21
2.37
1.03
.44
.87
.02
.17
2.30
1.03
.47
.78
.02
.12
2.38
1.11
.47
.78
.03
.14
2.38
1.03
.49
.84
.03
.14
2.16
.98
.53
.60
.05
.10
2.52
1.15
.58
.72
.07
.09
2.24
1.06
.57
.52
.08
.10
166
145
138
132
122
125
124
120
122
121
107
122
108
Midwest Total (does not include wood) ...............

Natural Gas ........................................................
Electricity 3 ..........................................................
Wood 4 ................................................................
3.70
2.53
.60
.46
.12
NA
3.48
2.48
.59
.31
.10
NA
2.96
2.05
.60
.17
.15
.25
3.09
2.22
.56
.19
.13
.25
2.61
1.78
.56
.16
.11
.27
2.80
1.99
.55
.13
.13
.27
2.73
1.83
.61
.16
.13
.25
2.81
1.88
.66
.13
.13
.17
3.13
2.07
.74
.13
.19
.11
3.22
2.20
.75
.11
.17
.08
2.86
1.84
.81
.06
.15
.09
2.91
1.72
.94
.06
.18
.13
2.91
1.75
.94
.03
.19
.14
180
168
141
146
122
129
123
122
134
134
117
113
112
South Total (does not include wood) ...................

Natural Gas ........................................................
Electricity 3 ..........................................................
Wood 4 ................................................................
2.43
.96
1.00
.32
.15
NA
2.30
.91
.97
.28
.14
NA
2.57
1.12
1.06
.25
.14
.23
2.41
1.15
1.01
.14
.12
.21
2.45
1.14
1.01
.18
.12
.33
2.50
1.15
1.06
.16
.12
.33
2.61
1.09
1.22
.17
.12
.26
2.60
1.03
1.36
.11
.10
.17
2.95
1.18
1.51
.13
.13
.17
3.01
1.13
1.67
.10
.12
.12
3.21
1.13
1.89
.08
.12
.09
3.25
.94
2.07
.07
.18
.12
3.22
.94
2.09
.05
.14
.16
99
92
95
87
87
85
84
81
88
84
83
80
76
West Total (does not include wood) ....................

Natural Gas ........................................................
Electricity 3 ..........................................................
Wood 4 ................................................................
1.54
.95
.48
.09
.03
NA
1.47
.88
.47
.09
.04
NA
1.34
.86
.41
.04
.04
.11
1.42
.90
.46
.03
.04
.13
1.33
.85
.41
.03
.04
.13
1.45
.91
.47
.04
.03
.17
1.42
.88
.48
.02
.05
.17
1.51
.92
.54
.02
.03
.12
1.55
.91
.56
.03
.04
.12
1.63
.93
.64
.03
.04
.10
1.63
.90
.66
.02
.06
.10
1.87
.98
.76
.03
.10
.09
1.82
.94
.79
.01
.08
.10
110
100
84
87
81
85
78
78
76
75
70
77
73
1 Includes energy consumption in occupied primary housing units only, which differs from residential
sector energy consumption.
2 See Appendix C for map of Census regions.
3 Retail electricity. One kilowatthour = 3,412 Btu.
4 Wood is not included in the region and U.S. totals, or in the consumption-per-household data.
NA=Not available.
Notes: Data are estimates, and are for major energy sources only. For years not shown, there are
no data available. Data for 19781984 are for April of year shown through March of following year; data
for 1987 forward are for the calendar year. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent
rounding.
Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/.
Sources: 1978 and 1979U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-84, "Residential
Energy Consumption Survey." 1980 forwardEIA, Form EIA-457, "Residential Energy Consumption
Survey."
51
Figure 2.5 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures

Household Energy Consumption by End Use, Selected Years,
1978-2005
Household Energy Expenditures, Selected Years, 1978-2005

250
201
200
Space Heating
4
Appliances, Electronics, and Lighting
160
Billion Dollars
Quadrillion Btu
6
150
136
124
110
100
76
Water Heating
55
97
98
1984
1987
83 87
63
50
Air Conditioning
0
0
1978 1980 1982 1984
1987
1990
1993
1997
2001
2005
Household Energy Consumption for Space Heating by Fuel 2005
1978 1980 1982
1990
1993
1997
2001
2005
Appliances, Electronics, and Lighting Expenditures, Selected

Years, 1978-2005
100
87
LPG
LPG4
0.32
0.32
80
72
Fuel
Oil
Fuel
0.75
0.75
Natural Gas
Natural
2.95 Gas
2.95
Billion Dollars
Electricty
Electricity
0.28
0.28
64
60
56
49
39
40
29
20
42
32 34
20
0
1978 1980 1982 1984
Total = 4.30 Quadrillion Btu

1
For years not shown, there are no data available.

Prices are not adjusted for inflation. See Nominal Dollars in Glossary.
3
Distillate fuel oil and kerosene.
2
52

Source: Table 2.5.
1987
1990
1993
1997
2001
2005
Table 2.5 Household 1 Energy Consumption and Expenditures by End Use, Selected Years, 1978-2005
Air
Conditioning
Space Heating
Year
Natural
Gas
Electricity 3
Fuel
Oil 4
LPG 5
Total
Electricity 3
Appliances, 2 Electronics, and Lighting
Water Heating
Natural
Gas
Electricity 3
Fuel
Oil 4
LPG 5
Total
Natural
Gas
Electricity 3
LPG 5
Total
0.06
.07
.06
.06
.06
.06
.06
.05
.08
.05
.15
1.53
1.74
1.71
1.64
1.63
1.64
1.67
1.82
1.92
1.69
2.12
0.28
.36
.43
.43
.35
.34
.33
.29
.37
.37
.43
1.46
1.54
1.52
1.50
1.59
1.72
1.91
2.08
2.33
2.52
2.77
0.03
.05
.05
.05
.04
.04
.03
.03
.02
.05
.05
1.77
1.95
2.00
1.98
1.98
2.10
2.27
2.40
2.72
2.94
3.25
0.36
.57
.51
.54
.58
.50
.65
.58
.89
.69
3.28
6.95
11.29
12.52
13.33
14.74
13.91
15.28
16.98
19.76
21.62
31.98
0.93
1.91
2.17
2.58
2.31
2.02
2.03
1.98
2.86
3.83
4.80
19.24
26.74
29.70
31.29
36.36
39.83
46.95
53.52
60.57
66.94
80.92
0.25
.44
.52
.52
.54
.46
.48
.42
.36
.86
1.37
20.42
29.09
32.39
34.39
39.21
42.31
49.46
55.92
63.79
71.63
87.09
Consumption (quadrillion Btu)

1978
1980
1981
1982
1984
1987
1990
1993
1997
2001
2005
4.26
3.41
3.69
3.14
3.51
3.38
3.37
3.67
3.61
3.32
2.95
0.40
.27
.26
.25
.25
.28
.30
.41
.40
.39
.28
2.05
1.30
1.06
1.04
1.11
1.05
.93
.95
.91
.62
.75
0.23
.23
.21
.19
.21
.22
.19
.30
.26
.28
.32
6.94
5.21
5.22
4.62
5.08
4.93
4.79
5.33
5.18
4.61
4.30
0.31
.36
.34
.31
.32
.44
.48
.46
.42
.62
.88
1.04
1.15
1.13
1.15
1.10
1.10
1.16
1.31
1.29
1.15
1.41
0.29
.30
.30
.28
.32
.31
.34
.34
.39
.36
.42
0.14
.22
.22
.15
.15
.17
.11
.12
.16
.13
.14
Expenditures (billion nominal dollars 6)

1978
1980
1981
1982
1984
1987
1990
1993
1997
2001
2005
11.49
13.22
16.62
17.74
20.66
18.05
18.59
21.95
24.11
31.84
31.97
3.53
3.78
3.93
4.21
4.62
5.53
6.16
8.66
8.56
8.98
7.42
8.06
10.48
9.44
8.80
8.51
6.25
7.42
6.24
6.57
5.66
10.99
1.05
1.78
1.78
1.69
2.00
1.85
2.01
2.81
2.79
4.04
6.35
24.13
29.26
31.77
32.44
35.79
31.68
34.18
39.66
42.03
50.52
56.73
3.97
5.84
6.23
6.23
7.06
9.77
11.23
11.31
10.20
15.94
25.26
2.88
4.51
5.13
6.51
6.63
6.02
6.59
8.08
8.84
11.31
15.57
1 Includes energy consumption in occupied primary housing units only, which differs from
residential sector energy consumption.
2 Includes refrigerators.
3 Retail electricity. One kilowatthour=3,412 Btu.
4 Distillate fuel oil and kerosene.
6 Prices are not adjusted for inflation. See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.
3.15
4.45
4.94
5.00
6.44
6.45
7.21
7.58
8.99
8.47
11.13
0.56
1.76
1.94
1.28
1.09
.94
.83
.74
1.04
1.15
2.00
Notes: 2009 data for this table were not available in time for publication. Data are estimates.
For years not shown, there are no data available. Totals may not equal sum of components
Sources: 1978U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-84, "Residential
Energy Consumption Survey." 1980 forwardEIA, Form EIA-457, "Residential Energy
Consumption Survey."
53
Figure 2.6 Household End Uses: Fuel Types, Appliances, and Electronics
Share of Households With Selected Appliances, 1980 and 2009
1980
100
2009
86
Percent
79
74
6%
5%
61
60
59
38
40
2% 1%
96
82
77
80
Space Heating by Main Fuel, 2009
50%
37
30
35%
23
20
14
Natural Gas
Electricity
LPG
Distillate Fuel Oil
Wood
Other4
14
0
One
Two or More
Refrigerators
Separate
Freezer
Clothes
Washer
Clothes
Dryer
Dishwasher
Microwave
Oven
Share of Households With Selected Electronics, 1997 and 2009
Air-Conditioning Equipment, 1980 and 2009
100
100
88
None 13%
1997
80
2009
60
51
44
40
20
37
32
33
29
41
35
29
40
21
One
Two
Three or More
Televisions
VCR
DVR
Window/Wall
Unit 24%
Window/Wall
Unit 30%
Central System
63%
(7)
None 43%
60
43
Percent
Percent
80
20
6
One
Two or More
Central System
27%
Computers
0
1980
Natural gas and electric.

3
Includes kerosene.
4
Coal, solar, other fuel, or no heating equipment.
5
Video Cassette Recorder.
54
2009
Digital Video Recorder.

Not collected in 1997.
Note: Total may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Source: Table 2.6.
Table 2.6 Household End Uses: Fuel Types, Appliances, and Electronics, Selected Years, 1978-2009
Year
Change
Appliance
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1984
1987
1990
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
1980 to 2009
Total Households (millions) ..........
77
78
82
83
84
86
91
94
97
101
107
111
114
32
Percent of Households
Space Heating - Main Fuel 1
Natural Gas ....................................
Electricity 2 ......................................
Liquefied Petroleum Gases ............
Distillate Fuel Oil 3 ..........................
Wood ..............................................
Other 4 or No Equipment ................
55
16
4
20
2
3
55
17
5
17
4
2
55
18
5
15
6
2
56
17
4
14
6
3
57
16
5
13
7
3
55
17
5
12
7
3
55
20
5
12
6
3
55
23
5
11
4
2
53
26
5
11
3
2
52
29
5
9
2
2
55
29
5
7
2
2
52
30
5
7
3
3
50
35
5
6
2
1
-5
17
0
-9
-4
-1
Air Conditioning - Equipment

Central System 5 ............................
Window/Wall Unit 5 .........................
None ...............................................
23
33
44
24
31
45
27
30
43
27
31
42
28
30
42
30
30
40
34
30
36
39
29
32
44
25
32
47
25
28
55
23
23
59
25
16
63
24
13
36
-6
-30
Water Heating - Main Fuel

Natural Gas ....................................
Electricity 2 ......................................
Liquefied Petroleum Gases ............
Distillate Fuel Oil 3 ..........................
Other or No Water Heating .............
55
33
4
8
0
55
33
4
7
0
54
32
4
9
1
55
33
4
7
1
56
32
4
7
1
54
33
4
6
1
54
35
3
6
1
53
37
3
5
1
53
38
3
5
1
52
39
3
5
1
54
38
3
4
0
53
39
4
4
0
51
41
4
3
1
-3
9
0
-6
0
Appliances
Refrigerator 6 ..................................
One ...............................................
Two or More .................................
Separate Freezer ............................
Clothes Washer ..............................
Clothes Dryer ..................................
Natural Gas ..................................
Electric ..........................................
Dishwasher .....................................
Range/Stove/Oven .........................
Natural Gas ..................................
Electric ..........................................
Microwave Oven .............................
100
86
14
35
74
59
14
45
35
99
48
53
8
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
100
86
14
38
74
61
14
47
37
99
46
57
14
100
87
13
38
73
61
16
45
37
100
46
56
17
100
86
13
37
71
60
15
45
36
99
47
56
21
100
88
12
37
73
62
16
46
38
99
46
57
34
100
86
14
34
75
66
15
51
43
99
43
60
61
100
84
15
34
76
69
16
53
45
100
42
59
79
100
85
15
35
77
70
14
57
45
100
33
63
84
100
85
15
33
77
71
15
55
50
99
35
62
83
100
83
17
32
79
74
16
57
53
100
35
62
86
100
78
22
32
83
79
17
61
58
99
35
62
88
100
77
23
30
82
79
15
63
59
99
34
60
96
0
-9
9
-8
8
18
1
16
22
0
-12
3
82
Electronics
Television .......................................
One ...............................................
Two ...............................................
Three or More ...............................
Video Cassette Recorder (VCR) ....
Digital Video Recorder (DVR) .........
Computer ........................................
One ...............................................
Two or More .................................
Printer .............................................
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
98
47
38
14
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
98
51
34
14
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
98
49
35
15
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
98
46
34
18
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
98
40
35
23
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
99
35
36
28
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
99
34
36
28
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5
99
32
37
29
88
NA
35
29
6
12
99
27
36
36
7 90
NA
56
42
15
49
99
21
35
43
80
NA
68
45
23
59
99
21
33
44
51
43
76
41
35
60
1
-26
-5
30
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Includes households that have but do not use space heating equipment.
Retail (delivered) electricity.
Includes kerosene.
4 Coal, solar, or other fuels.
5 Households with both a central system and a window or wall unit are counted only under "Central
System." Includes households that have but do not use air conditioning equipment.
6 Fewer than 0.5 percent of the households do not have a refrigerator.
7 The 2001 "Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS)" only had one question for VCRs and
2
3
DVD players.
NA=Not available.
Notes: Data are estimates. For years not shown, there are no data available. Totals may not
equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Sources: 1978 and 1979U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-84, "RECS."
1980 forwardEIA, Form EIA-457, "RECS."
55
Figure 2.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, 1950 and 2009
By Fuel Type
60
57
Million Occupied Housing Units
1950
40
2009
38
20
14
11
Natural Gas
(s)
Electricity
Distillate Fuel Oil
LPG
(s)
Wood
1
4
Coal
Other and None
By Fuel Type, Share of Total

60
1950
2009
51
40
Percent
34
34
26
22
20
10
Natural Gas
Electricity
Distillate Fuel Oil
Sum of components do not equal total due to independent rounding.

3
Includes coal coke.
2
56
5
2
LPG
Wood
Kerosene, solar, and other.

(s)=Less than 0.5.
Source: Table 2.7.
(s)
Coal
1
Other4 and None
Table 2.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, Selected Years, 1950-2009
Year
Coal 1
Distillate
Fuel Oil
Kerosene
Liquefied
Petroleum
Gases
Natural
Gas
Electricity
Wood
Solar
Other 2
None 3
4.17
2.24
.79
.60
.85
1.24
1.14
1.89
4.09
6.25
5.45
4.59
4.44
4.10
3.53
1.79
1.70
1.67
1.56
1.41
1.47
1.78
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
.05
.05
.04
.03
.03
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
0.77
.22
.27
.15
.08
.15
.10
.10
.16
.37
.28
.40
.41
.50
.64
.36
.21
.19
.16
.21
.46
.24
1.57
.48
.40
.45
.47
.51
.57
.59
.68
.53
.66
.66
.86
.91
1.04
.62
.54
.39
.44
.40
.48
.38
42.83
53.02
63.45
69.34
72.52
75.28
78.57
83.18
84.64
88.43
90.89
93.68
93.15
94.73
97.69
99.49
102.80
105.44
105.84
108.87
110.69
111.81
9.7
4.2
1.3
.9
1.2
1.6
1.4
2.3
4.8
7.1
6.0
4.9
4.8
4.3
3.6
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.6
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
.1
.1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1.8
.4
.4
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.4
.3
.4
.4
.5
.7
.4
.2
.2
.1
.2
.4
.2
3.7
.9
.6
.7
.6
.7
.7
.7
.8
.6
.7
.7
.9
1.0
1.1
.6
.5
.4
.4
.4
.4
.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
Million Occupied Housing Units

1950
1960
1970
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983 5
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001 6
2003
2005
2007
2009
14.48
6.46
1.82
.80
.57
.45
.36
.36
.43
.45
.41
.34
.32
.30
.21
.18
.17
.13
.13
.10
.09
.10
9.46
17.16
16.47
17.24
16.30
15.62
15.30
14.13
12.59
12.44
12.74
12.47
11.47
11.17
10.98
10.10
10.03
9.81
9.50
9.38
8.74
8.21
( )
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
.44
.41
.37
.45
1.06
1.08
1.07
.99
1.02
1.06
.75
.72
.65
.64
.55
.57
.60
0.98
2.69
3.81
4.42
4.15
4.18
4.13
4.17
3.87
3.58
3.66
3.66
3.88
3.92
4.25
5.40
5.91
6.04
6.13
6.23
6.10
5.82
11.12
22.85
35.01
38.46
40.93
41.54
43.32
46.08
46.70
45.33
45.96
47.40
47.02
47.67
49.20
51.05
52.37
54.13
54.93
56.32
56.68
56.81
0.28
.93
4.88
7.21
9.17
11.15
13.24
15.49
15.68
18.36
20.61
23.06
23.71
25.11
26.77
29.20
31.14
32.41
32.34
34.26
36.08
37.85
Percent
1950
1960
1970
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983 5
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001 6
2003
2005
2007
2009
1
33.8
12.2
2.9
1.2
.8
.6
.5
.4
.5
.5
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
22.1
32.4
26.0
24.9
22.5
20.7
19.5
17.0
14.9
14.1
14.0
13.3
12.3
11.8
11.2
10.2
9.8
9.3
9.0
8.6
7.9
7.3
( )
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
.6
.5
.4
.5
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
.8
.7
.6
.6
.5
.5
.5
2.3
5.1
6.0
6.4
5.7
5.6
5.3
5.0
4.6
4.1
4.0
3.9
4.2
4.1
4.4
5.4
5.7
5.7
5.8
5.7
5.5
5.2
26.0
43.1
55.2
55.5
56.4
55.2
55.1
55.4
55.2
51.3
50.6
50.6
50.5
50.3
50.4
51.3
50.9
51.3
51.9
51.7
51.2
50.8
Includes coal coke.

Includes briquettes (made of pitch and sawdust), coal dust, waste material (such as corncobs),
purchased steam, and other fuels not separately displayed.
3 In 1950 and 1960, also includes nonreporting units, which totaled 997 and 2,000 units, respectively.
4 Included in "Distillate Fuel Oil."
5 Beginning in 1983, the American Housing Survey for the United States has been a biennial survey.
6 Beginning in 2001, data are consistent with the 2000 Census. For 2001 data consistent with the 1990
Census, see American Housing Survey for the United States: 2001.
NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 percent.
2
0.6
1.8
7.7
10.4
12.6
14.8
16.9
18.6
18.5
20.8
22.7
24.6
25.5
26.5
27.4
29.4
30.3
30.7
30.6
31.5
32.6
33.9
Notes: Includes mobile homes and individual housing units in apartment buildings. Housing units with
more than one type of heating system are classified according to the principal type of heating system.
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#consumption for all data beginning in
1950. For related information, see http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html.
Sources: 1950, 1960, and 1970Bureau of the Census, Census of Population and Housing.
1973-1981Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States, annual surveys,
Table 2-5. 1983 forwardBureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States,
biennial surveys, Table 2-5.
57
Figure 2.8 Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Economy
All Motor Vehicles, 1949-2010
175
150
Fuel Economy1
Index 1949=100
125
Mileage2
100
Fuel Consumption3
75
50
25
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
Mileage, 1966-2010
1970
Light-Duty Vehicles,
Long Wheelbase5
Short Wheelbase6
0
1980
1990
2000
2010
1995
2000
2005
2010
Fuel Economy, 1966-2010

25
Short Wheelbase6
20
2
Short Wheelbase6
10
Heavy-Duty Trucks4
Long Wheelbase5
Long Wheelbase5
15
0
1970
0
1970
1980
Miles per gallon.

Miles per vehicle.
3
Gallons per vehicle.
4
Through 2006, data are for single-unit trucks with 2 axles and 6 or more tires, and combination trucks. Beginning in 2007, data are for single-unit trucks with 2 axles and 6 or more tires or
a gross vehicle weight rating exceeding 10,000 pounds, and combination trucks.
58
1990
Miles per Gallon
24
16
1985
Heavy-Duty Trucks4
Thousand Gallons per Vehicle
Thousand Miles per Vehicle
Heavy-Duty Trucks
1980
Fuel Consumption, 1966-2010
32
1975
1990
2000
2010
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
5
Through 2006, data are for vans, pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles, and a small number of
trucks with 2 axles and 4 tires, such as step vans. Beginning in 2007, data are for large
passenger cars, vans, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles with a wheelbase larger than 121
inches.
6
Through 2006, data are for passenger cars (and, through 1989, for motorcycles). Beginning
in 2007, data are for passenger cars, light trucks, vans, and sport utility vehicles with a wheelbase equal to or less than 121 inches.
Source: Table 2.8.
Table 2.8 Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Economy, Selected Years, 1949-2010
Light-Duty Vehicles, Short Wheelbase 1
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010P
Light-Duty Vehicles, Long Wheelbase 2
Heavy-Duty Trucks 3
All Motor Vehicles 4
Mileage
Fuel
Consumption
Fuel
Economy
Mileage
Fuel
Consumption
Fuel
Economy
Mileage
Fuel
Consumption
Fuel
Economy
Mileage
Fuel
Consumption
Fuel
Economy
Miles per
Vehicle
Gallons
per Vehicle
Miles
per Gallon
Miles per
Vehicle
Gallons
per Vehicle
Miles
per Gallon
Miles per
vehicle
Gallons
per vehicle
Miles
per Gallon
Miles per
Vehicle
Gallons
per Vehicle
Miles
per Gallon
9,388
9,060
9,447
9,518
9,603
9,989
9,309
9,418
9,517
9,500
9,062
8,813
8,873
9,050
9,118
9,248
9,419
9,464
9,720
9,972
10,157
10,504
10,571
10,857
10,804
10,992
11,203
11,330
11,581
11,754
11,848
11,976
11,831
12,202
12,325
12,460
12,510
12,485
1,R10,710
R10,290
10,391
10,649
627
603
645
668
661
737
665
681
676
665
620
551
538
535
534
530
538
543
539
531
533
520
501
517
527
531
530
534
539
544
553
547
534
555
556
553
567
554
1,R468
R435
442
453
15.0
15.0
14.6
14.3
14.5
13.5
14.0
13.8
14.1
14.3
14.6
16.0
16.5
16.9
17.1
17.4
17.5
17.4
18.0
18.8
19.0
20.2
21.1
21.0
20.5
20.7
21.1
21.2
21.5
21.6
21.4
21.9
22.1
22.0
22.2
22.5
22.1
22.5
1,R22.9
R23.7
23.5
23.5
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
8,676
9,829
10,127
10,607
10,968
10,802
10,437
10,244
10,276
10,497
11,151
10,506
10,764
11,114
11,465
11,676
11,902
12,245
12,381
12,430
12,156
12,018
11,811
12,115
12,173
11,957
11,672
11,204
11,364
11,287
11,184
10,920
10,920
2,R14,970
R15,256
15,252
15,463
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
866
934
934
947
948
905
854
819
762
767
797
735
738
744
745
724
738
721
717
714
701
694
685
703
707
701
669
636
650
697
690
617
612
2,R877
R880
882
898
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
10.0
10.5
10.8
11.2
11.6
11.9
12.2
12.5
13.5
13.7
14.0
14.3
14.6
14.9
15.4
16.1
16.1
17.0
17.3
17.4
17.3
17.3
17.2
17.2
17.2
17.0
17.4
17.6
17.5
16.2
16.2
17.7
17.8
2,R17.1
R17.3
17.3
17.2
1 Through 2006, data are for passenger cars (and, through 1989, for motorcycles). Beginning in 2007,
data are for passenger cars, light trucks, vans, and sport utility vehicles with a wheelbase equal to or less
than 121 inches.
2 Through 2006, data are for vans, pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles, and a small number of trucks with
2 axles and 4 tires, such as step vans. Beginning in 2007, data are for large passenger cars, vans, pickup
trucks, and sport utility vehicles with a wheelbase larger than 121 inches.
3 Through 2006, data are for single-unit trucks with 2 axles and 6 or more tires, and combination trucks.
Beginning in 2007, data are for single-unit trucks with 2 axles and 6 or more tires or a gross vehicle weight
rating exceeding 10,000 pounds, and combination trucks.
9,712
10,316
10,576
10,693
10,851
13,565
15,167
15,438
16,700
18,045
18,502
18,736
19,016
19,931
21,083
22,550
20,597
22,143
23,349
22,485
22,926
23,603
24,229
25,373
26,262
25,838
26,514
26,092
27,032
25,397
26,014
25,617
26,602
27,071
28,093
27,023
26,235
25,231
3,R28,290
R28,573
26,274
26,609
1,080
1,229
1,293
1,333
1,387
2,467
2,722
2,764
3,002
3,263
3,380
3,447
3,565
3,647
3,769
3,967
3,570
3,821
3,937
3,736
3,776
3,953
4,047
4,210
4,309
4,202
4,315
4,221
4,218
4,135
4,352
4,391
4,477
4,642
4,215
4,057
4,385
4,304
3,R4,398
R4,387
4,037
4,174
9.0
8.4
8.2
8.0
7.8
5.5
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.4
5.3
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.2
6.4
6.1
6.0
5.8
5.9
5.8
6.7
6.7
6.0
5.9
3,R6.4
R6.5
6.5
6.4
9,498
9,321
9,661
9,732
9,826
9,976
9,627
9,774
9,978
10,077
9,722
9,458
9,477
9,644
9,760
10,017
10,020
10,143
10,453
10,721
10,932
11,107
11,294
11,558
11,595
11,683
11,793
11,813
12,107
12,211
12,206
12,164
11,887
12,171
12,208
12,200
12,082
12,017
R11,915
R11,631
11,631
11,853
726
725
761
784
787
830
790
806
814
816
776
712
697
686
686
691
685
692
694
688
688
677
669
683
693
698
700
700
711
721
732
720
695
719
718
714
706
698
693
667
661
678
13.1
12.8
12.7
12.4
12.5
12.0
12.2
12.1
12.3
12.4
12.5
13.3
13.6
14.1
14.2
14.5
14.6
14.7
15.1
15.6
15.9
16.4
16.9
16.9
16.7
16.7
16.8
16.9
17.0
16.9
16.7
16.9
17.1
16.9
17.0
17.1
17.1
17.2
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.5
Includes buses and motorcycles, which are not separately displayed.

Included in "Heavy-Duty Trucks."
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#consumption for all data beginning in
1949. For related information, see http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics.cfm.
Sources: Light-Duty Vehicles, Short Wheelbase, 1990-1994: U.S. Department of Transportation,
Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics 1998, Table 4-13. All Other Data:
1949-1994Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, Table
VM-201A. 1995 forwardFHWA, Highway Statistics, annual reports, Table VM-1.
5
59
Figure 2.9 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source

By Survey Year, 1979-2003
4
Quadrillion Btu
Electricity1
Natural Gas
1
District Heat
Fuel Oil2
0
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
By Census Region, 2003

4
Electricity
Natural Gas
Fuel Oil
3.6
District Heat
Quadrillion Btu
2.1
2
1.5
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.5
0.2
0.2
Northeast
Electricity only; excludes electrical system energy losses.
Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.
60
Midwest
0.6
0.4
0.2
(s)
0.6
0.5
0.2
(s)
South
0.2
(s)
West
Q
United States
Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent or
fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.
Note: See Appendix C for map of Census regions.
Source: Table 2.9.
Table 2.9 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-2003
(Trillion Btu)
Square Footage Category
Energy Source
and Year
1,001 to
10,000
10,001 to
100,000
Over
100,000
Major Sources 2
1979 ................
1983 ................
1986 ................
1989 ................
1992 ................
1995 4 .............
1999 ................
2003 ................
1,255
1,242
1,273
1,259
1,258
1,332
1,381
1,248
2,202
1,935
2,008
2,402
2,301
2,152
2,300
2,553
1,508
1,646
1,696
2,127
1,932
1,838
2,053
2,721
Electricity 5
1979 ................
1983 ................
1986 ................
1989 ................
1992 ................
1995 4 .............
1999 ................
2003 ................
429
469
654
572
586
618
698
685
872
903
927
1,145
991
1,064
1,235
1,405
Natural Gas
1979 ................
1983 ................
1986 ................
1989 ................
1992 ................
1995 4 .............
1999 ................
2003 ................
646
684
485
568
572
535
604
482
Fuel Oil 6
1979 ................
1983 ................
1986 ................
1989 ................
1992 ................
1995 4 .............
1999 ................
2003 ................
District Heat 7
1979 ................
1983 ................
1986 ................
1989 ................
1992 ................
1995 4 .............
1999 ................
2003 ................
1
2
3
4
Census Region 1
Principal Building Activity

Food
Sales
Food
Service
Health
Care
Lodging
Mercantile
and Service
Office
All
Other
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
All
Buildings
511
480
633
704
637
614
649
820
(3)
(3)
147
139
137
137
201
251
336
414
247
255
307
332
447
427
469
463
456
449
403
561
515
594
278
362
299
425
463
461
450
510
894
812
985
1,048
892
973
1,145
1,333
861
1,018
1,008
1,230
1,247
1,019
1,089
1,134
1,616
1,274
1,202
1,538
1,404
1,225
1,237
1,455
1,217
858
1,037
1,354
1,090
1,035
1,116
1,396
1,826
1,821
1,585
1,659
1,578
1,497
1,509
1,799
1,395
1,462
1,459
1,648
1,825
1,684
1,961
2,265
526
682
896
1,126
998
1,106
1,147
1,063
4,965
4,823
4,977
5,788
5,490
5,321
5,733
6,523
608
758
809
1,056
1,033
926
1,164
1,469
163
152
179
217
235
221
257
371
(3)
(3)
99
105
113
119
165
208
171
212
121
113
138
166
216
217
129
147
132
154
138
211
232
248
119
151
120
138
189
187
196
235
361
426
536
550
444
508
659
883
424
509
641
781
704
676
767
719
543
532
563
715
649
521
606
679
425
324
430
586
419
436
543
587
593
673
584
609
622
558
662
799
662
801
867
975
1,002
1,027
1,247
1,542
227
331
510
604
566
587
645
631
1,908
2,129
2,390
2,773
2,609
2,608
3,098
3,559
996
809
715
836
1,017
830
803
909
532
597
523
670
586
580
616
709
214
246
254
323
291
245
227
268
(3)
(3)
45
27
24
18
31
39
145
188
114
128
157
158
216
203
221
218
205
186
189
258
217
243
115
170
105
187
193
213
181
215
422
327
332
417
381
395
446
403
272
365
258
238
388
239
219
269
784
576
409
566
552
420
486
460
443
278
244
353
354
297
299
462
1,007
978
742
831
747
750
709
751
470
523
426
498
697
528
618
527
255
311
311
391
376
371
396
360
2,174
2,091
1,723
2,073
2,174
1,946
2,023
2,100
177
85
114
101
86
71
29
71
272
140
206
170
111
104
73
74
231
90
121
86
75
60
60
83
107
61
103
71
62
57
48
47
(3)
(3)
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
15
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
97
28
Q
17
21
21
19
11
20
18
20
10
16
Q
Q
35
103
43
105
76
55
49
18
41
107
75
39
43
47
28
29
18
232
79
130
122
67
70
65
68
285
172
270
237
194
168
138
181
133
28
63
61
26
16
5
24
237
104
86
50
48
45
29
15
26
Q
23
Q
Q
7
8
9
681
314
442
357
272
235
179
228
Q
Q
Q
19
Q
Q
Q
Q
61
83
159
252
182
154
158
165
136
202
243
315
238
271
213
460
27
21
97
Q
49
91
117
134
(3)
(3)
Q
Q
NC
Q
Q
NC
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
22
70
80
92
55
70
46
Q
24
22
Q
Q
65
57
68
Q
Q
Q
12
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
58
68
71
167
109
75
74
128
57
87
99
134
135
214
126
247
64
84
94
179
123
135
136
166
93
141
196
159
183
173
132
225
Q
34
81
126
78
83
67
182
Q
30
51
121
51
Q
98
Q
201
289
422
585
435
533
433
636
Education
See Appendix C for map of Census regions.

Includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat.
Included in "Food Service."
Beginning in 1995, excludes commercial buildings at multi-building manufacturing facilities, and
parking garages.
5 Electricity only; excludes electricity system energy losses.
6 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.
7 Through 1983, includes purchased steam only.
Beginning in 1986, includes purchased and
non-purchased steam and hot water.
Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 20
buildings were sampled. NC=No cases in the sample.

Note: Data are estimates. Statistics for individual fuels are for all buildings using each fuel. Statistics for
"Major Sources" are for the sum of "Electricity," "Natural Gas," "Fuel Oil," and "District Heat," across all
buildings using any of those fuels.
Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/.
Sources: 1979U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-143, "Nonresidential
Buildings Energy Consumption Survey." 1983EIA, Form EIA-788, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy
Consumption Survey." 1986EIA, Form EIA-871, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption
Survey." 1989 forwardEIA, Form EIA-871A-F, "Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey."
61
Figure 2.10 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-2003
Buildings by Energy Source Used
Consumption
Consumption per Square Foot
125
Electricity
Electricity
Thousands of Buildings
100
District Heat
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
2
0
1983 1986 1989 1992 1995
1999
2003
Square Footage per Building by

Energy Source Used
25
Fuel Oil
Fuel Oil
0
1979
1979
1983 1986 1989 1992 1995
1999
2003
Expenditures
90
Natural Gas
50
District Heat
District Heat
Fuel Oil
75
Electricity
1
1
Thousand Btu
Quadrillion Btu
1979
1983 1986 1989 1992 1995
1999
Expenditures Per Square Foot
90
1.5
District Heat
Fuel Oil
30
60
Electricity
Dollars
60
Billion Dollars
Thousand Square Feet
1.2
Electricity
0.9
District Heat
0.6
30
Natural Gas
District Heat
Fuel Oil
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
0.3
Electricity
0
0
1979
1983 1986 1989 1992 1995
1999
2003
1979
Electricity only; excludes electrical system energy losses.

Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.
3
2
62
1983 1986 1989 1992 1995
1999
2003
0
1979
Fuel Oil
1983 1986 1989 1992 1995
Note: For years not shown, there are no data available.

Source: Table 2.10.
1999
2003
2003
Table 2.10 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-2003
Building Characteristics
Energy Consumption
Energy Expenditures
Number of
Buildings
Total
Square Feet
Square Feet
per Building
Total
Per
Building
Per
Square Foot
Per
Employee
Total
Per
Building
Per
Square Foot
Per
Million Btu
Energy Source
and Year
Thousands
Millions
Thousands
Trillion Btu
Million Btu
Thousand Btu
Million Btu
Million Dollars 1
Thousand Dollars 1
Dollars 1
Dollars 1
Major Sources 2
1979 ......................
1983 ......................
1986 ......................
1989 ......................
1992 ......................
1995 3 ...................
1999 ......................
2003 ......................
3,073
3,185
4,154
4,528
4,806
4,579
4,657
4,859
43,546
49,471
58,199
63,184
67,876
58,772
67,338
71,658
14.2
15.5
14.0
14.0
14.1
12.8
14.5
14.7
5,008
4,856
5,040
5,788
5,490
5,321
5,733
6,523
1,630
1,525
1,213
1,278
1,142
1,162
1,231
1,342
115.0
98.2
86.6
91.6
80.9
90.5
85.1
91.0
85.0
65.7
68.6
81.9
77.1
69.3
70.0
(5)
33,821
55,764
60,762
70,826
71,821
69,918
81,552
107,897
11.0
17.5
14.6
15.6
14.9
15.3
17.5
22.2
0.78
1.13
1.04
1.12
1.06
1.19
1.21
1.51
6.75
11.48
12.06
12.24
13.08
13.14
14.22
16.54
Electricity 4
1979 ......................
1983 ......................
1986 ......................
1989 ......................
1992 ......................
1995 3 ...................
1999 ......................
2003 ......................
3,001
3,052
3,965
4,294
4,611
4,343
4,395
4,617
43,153
48,327
56,508
61,563
66,525
57,076
65,716
70,181
14.4
15.8
14.3
14.3
14.4
13.1
15.0
15.2
1,908
2,129
2,390
2,773
2,609
2,608
3,098
3,559
636
697
603
646
566
600
706
771
44.2
44.1
42.3
45.0
39.2
45.7
47.1
50.7
32.4
28.9
32.7
39.3
36.6
34.1
37.9
(5)
23,751
39,279
47,186
55,943
57,619
56,621
66,424
82,783
7.9
12.9
11.9
13.0
12.5
13.0
15.1
17.9
.55
.81
.84
.91
.87
.99
1.01
1.18
12.45
18.45
19.74
20.17
22.09
21.71
21.44
23.26
Natural Gas
1979 ......................
1983 ......................
1986 ......................
1989 ......................
1992 ......................
1995 3 ...................
1999 ......................
2003 ......................
1,864
1,904
2,214
2,420
2,657
2,478
2,670
2,538
30,477
33,935
37,263
41,143
44,994
38,145
45,525
48,473
16.4
17.8
16.8
17.0
16.9
15.4
17.1
19.1
2,174
2,091
1,723
2,073
2,174
1,946
2,023
2,100
1,167
1,098
778
857
818
785
758
828
71.3
61.6
46.2
50.4
48.3
51.0
44.4
43.3
52.5
40.6
35.2
43.2
42.5
38.7
36.0
(5)
5,814
11,443
8,355
9,204
9,901
9,018
10,609
16,010
3.1
6.0
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.6
4.0
6.3
.19
.34
.22
.22
.22
.24
.23
.33
2.67
5.47
4.85
4.44
4.55
4.63
5.24
7.62
Fuel Oil 6
1979 ......................
1983 ......................
1986 ......................
1989 ......................
1992 ......................
1995 3 ...................
1999 ......................
2003 ......................
641
441
534
581
560
607
434
465
11,397
9,409
11,005
12,600
13,215
14,421
13,285
16,265
17.8
21.3
20.6
21.7
23.6
23.7
30.6
35.0
681
314
442
357
272
235
179
228
1,063
714
827
614
487
387
412
490
59.7
33.4
40.1
28.3
20.6
16.3
13.5
14.0
40.5
19.8
27.7
21.0
15.1
10.2
9.1
(5)
2,765
2,102
2,059
1,822
1,400
1,175
956
1,826
4.3
4.8
3.9
3.1
2.5
1.9
2.2
3.9
.24
.22
.19
.14
.11
.08
.07
.11
4.06
6.68
4.66
5.11
5.14
5.00
5.35
8.01
District Heat 7
1979 ......................
1983 ......................
1986 ......................
1989 ......................
1992 ......................
1995 3 ...................
1999 ......................
2003 ......................
47
64
77
98
95
110
117
67
3,722
4,643
4,625
6,578
5,245
5,658
5,891
5,576
79.0
72.9
59.7
67.0
55.4
51.5
50.2
83.0
201
289
422
585
435
533
433
636
4,267
4,530
5,446
5,964
4,596
4,849
3,692
9,470
54.0
62.1
91.2
89.0
82.9
94.1
73.6
114.0
26.5
34.4
52.4
56.5
60.9
51.2
50.1
(5)
1,267
2,627
2,620
3,857
2,901
3,103
3,564
7,279
26.9
41.2
33.8
39.3
30.7
28.3
30.4
108.4
.34
.57
.57
.59
.55
.55
.60
1.31
6.30
9.10
6.21
6.59
6.67
5.83
8.23
11.45
Includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat.
Beginning in 1995, excludes commercial buildings at multi-building manufacturing facilities, and
parking garages.
4 Electricity only; excludes electricity system energy losses.
5 Total number of employees not collected in 2003.
6 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.
7 Through 1983, includes purchased steam only.
Beginning in 1986, includes purchased and
2
3
non-purchased steam and hot water.

Note: Data are estimates. Statistics for individual fuels are for all buildings using each fuel. Statistics for
major sources are for all buildings, even buildings using no major fuel.
Sources: 1979U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-143, "Nonresidential
Buildings Energy Consumption Survey." 1983EIA, Form EIA-788, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy
Consumption Survey." 1986EIA, Form EIA-871, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption
Survey." 1989 forwardEIA, Form EIA-871A-F, "Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey."
63
Figure 2.11 Commercial Buildings Electricity Consumption by End Use, 2003

By End Use
1,500
1,340
Trillion Btu
1,000
481
500
436
418
381
167
156
88
69
Water
Heating
Office
Equipment
24
0
Lighting
Cooling
Ventilation
Refrigeration
Space
Heating
Computers
Cooking
Other
By Principal Building Activity

800
Trillion Btu (Cumulative)
733
719
All Other End Uses

Cooling
Lighting
600
400
371
248
244
235
267
217
200
208
167
149
Public
Assembly
Service
0
Mercantile
Office
Education
Health Care
Warehouse
and Storage
1
Examples of other include medical, electronic, and testing equipment; conveyors, wrappers,
hoists, and compactors; washers, disposals, dryers, and cleaning equipment; escalators, elevators, dumb waiters, and window washers; shop tools and electronic testing equipment; sign
motors, time clocks, vending machines, phone equipment, and sprinkler controls; scoreboards,
fire alarms, intercoms, television sets, radios, projectors, and door operators.
64
Lodging
Food Service
Food Sales
Other
2
Religious worship, public order and safety, vacant, and buildings that do not fit into any of
the other named categories.
Note: Data are estimates for electricity consumption, excluding electrical system energy
losses.
Source: Table 2.11.
Table 2.11 Commercial Buildings Electricity Consumption by End Use, 2003

(Trillion Btu)
End Use
Space
Heating
Cooling
Ventilation
Water
Heating
Lighting
Cooking
Refrigeration
Office
Equipment
Computers
Other 1
Total
All Buildings ....................................
167
481
436
88
1,340
24
381
69
156
418
3,559
Principal Building Activity

Education ......................................
Food Sales ...................................
Food Service ................................
Health Care ..................................
Inpatient .....................................
Outpatient ..................................
Lodging .........................................
Mercantile .....................................
Retail (Other Than Mall) ............
Enclosed and Strip Malls ...........
Office ............................................
Public Assembly ...........................
Public Order and Safety ...............
Religious Worship .........................
Service ..........................................
Warehouse and Storage ...............
Other 2 ..........................................
Vacant ..........................................
15
6
10
6
3
3
14
58
6
52
33
5
2
3
6
5
2
1
74
12
28
34
25
9
24
109
25
84
101
35
8
11
15
13
16
2
83
7
24
42
38
4
14
68
16
51
63
63
10
5
24
20
11
1
11
Q
10
2
2
(s)
12
38
2
36
7
(s)
3
(s)
(s)
2
Q
Q
113
46
42
105
76
28
124
308
111
197
281
27
18
17
63
132
59
4
2
2
13
1
1
(s)
2
2
(s)
2
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
Q
Q
Q
Q
16
119
70
8
4
4
12
49
22
27
35
9
3
6
9
36
10
(s)
4
2
2
4
2
2
Q
8
3
5
32
Q
1
(s)
1
2
Q
Q
32
2
2
10
7
3
6
11
4
8
74
3
2
1
3
5
5
(s)
21
10
15
36
21
15
24
83
22
61
91
23
10
18
28
30
22
7
371
208
217
248
178
69
235
733
211
523
719
167
57
62
149
244
133
15
1 Examples of "other" include medical, electronic, and testing equipment; conveyors, wrappers, hoists,
and compactors; washers, disposals, dryers and cleaning equipment; escalators, elevators, dumb waiters,
and window washers; shop tools and electronic testing equipment; sign motors, time clocks, vending
machines, phone equipment, and sprinkler controls; scoreboards, fire alarms, intercoms, television sets,
radios, projectors, and door operators.
2 Includes buildings that do not fit into any of the other named categories.
(s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater
than 50 percent or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: Data are estimates for electricity consumption, excluding electrical system energy losses.
One kilowatthour = 3,412 Btu.
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey
2003," Table E3A.
65
Energy Consumption by Sector

Note. Electrical System Energy Losses. Electrical system energy losses are
calculated as the difference between total primary consumption by the electric
power sectorsee Table 2.1fand the total energy content of electricity retail
salessee Tables 8.9 and A6. Most of these losses occur at steam-electric
power plants (conventional and nuclear) in the conversion of heat energy into
mechanical energy to turn electric generators. The loss is a thermodynamically
necessary feature of the steam-electric cycle. Part of the energy input-to-output
66
losses is a result of imputing fossil energy equivalent inputs for hydroelectric,

geothermal, solar thermal, photovoltaic, and wind energy sources. In addition to
conversion losses, other losses included power plant use of electricity, transmission and distribution of electricity from power plants to end-use consumers
(also called line losses), and unaccounted for electricity. Total losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to each sector's share of total electricity
sales. Overall, about two thirds of total energy input is lost in conversion.
Currently, of electricity generated, approximately 5 percent is lost in plant use
and 7 percent is lost in transmission and distribution.
Figure 3.1
Fossil Fuel Production Prices
Prices, 1949-2011
Real (2005) Dollars per Million Btu
20
Crude Oil
15
10
Natural Gas
5
Fossil Fuel
Composite
Coal
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Fossil Fuel Composite Price, Change From Previous Year, 1950-2011

60
40
Percent
20
-20
-40
-60
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1
68
Based on real prices in chained (2005) dollars. See Chained Dollars in Glossary.
Source: Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices, Selected Years, 1949-2011

(Dollars per Million Btu)
Coal 1
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Natural Gas 2
Crude Oil 3
Nominal 5
Real 6
Nominal 5
Real 6
Nominal 5
0.21
.21
.19
.19
.18
.27
.85
.86
.88
.98
1.06
1.10
1.18
1.23
1.18
1.16
1.15
1.09
1.05
1.01
1.00
1.00
.99
.97
.93
.91
.88
.87
.85
.83
.79
.80
.84
.87
.87
.98
1.16
1.24
1.29
1.55
1.67
1.77
1.83
1.45
1.41
1.12
1.04
.92
1.09
2.52
2.41
2.34
2.43
R2.41
2.30
R2.26
2.21
R2.04
1.95
1.87
R1.72
R1.62
1.51
1.44
1.38
R1.32
1.27
R1.18
R1.13
1.08
1.04
1.01
R.96
.91
.90
.92
.94
.93
1.01
1.16
1.20
1.21
1.42
1.52
R1.59
1.62
0.05
.06
.09
.13
.15
.15
.40
.53
.72
.84
1.08
1.45
1.80
2.22
2.32
2.40
2.26
1.75
1.50
1.52
1.53
1.55
1.48
1.57
1.84
1.67
1.40
1.96
2.10
1.77
1.98
3.32
3.62
2.67
R4.42
4.95
6.64
5.79
R5.67
7.25
3.33
R4.08
3.60
0.37
.43
.54
.68
.73
.63
1.20
R1.49
R1.91
2.07
2.47
3.03
R3.43
4.01
4.03
4.01
R3.66
R2.77
2.32
R2.27
R2.19
2.14
1.98
2.05
2.36
R2.09
1.72
R2.35
2.48
2.07
2.28
3.75
3.99
2.90
R4.70
5.11
6.64
5.61
R5.34
6.67
3.04
R3.68
3.18
0.44
.43
.48
.50
.49
.55
1.32
1.41
1.48
1.55
2.18
3.72
5.48
4.92
4.52
4.46
4.15
2.16
2.66
2.17
2.73
3.45
2.85
2.76
2.46
2.27
2.52
3.18
2.97
1.87
2.68
4.61
3.77
3.88
4.75
6.34
8.67
10.29
11.47
16.21
9.72
12.88
16.51
1 Free-on-board (F.O.B.) rail/barge prices, which are the F.O.B. prices of coal at the point of first sale,
excluding freight or shipping and insurance costs. See "Free on Board (F.O.B.)" in Glossary.
2 Wellhead prices (converted to dollars per million Btu using marketed production heat contents). See
"Natural Gas Wellhead Price" in Glossary.
3 Domestic first purchase prices. See "Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Price" in Glossary.
4 Derived by multiplying the price per Btu of each fossil fuel by the total Btu content of the production of
each fossil fuel and dividing this accumulated value of total fossil fuel production by the accumulated Btu
content of total fossil fuel production.
Fossil Fuel Composite 4

Real 6
Nominal 5
3.02
0.26
.26
.27
.28
.28
.32
.82
.90
1.01
1.12
1.42
2.04
R2.74
2.76
2.70
2.65
2.51
1.65
1.70
1.53
1.67
1.84
1.67
1.66
1.67
1.53
1.47
1.82
1.81
1.41
1.65
2.60
2.53
2.21
R3.10
3.61
4.74
4.73
4.95
6.52
3.97
R4.96
5.50
R2.95
2.88
2.67
R2.47
R2.25
3.94
3.98
3.91
3.84
4.98
R7.79
R10.48
8.87
R7.83
R7.46
R6.74
R3.42
4.10
3.24
3.93
4.78
R3.81
3.60
3.14
R2.84
3.09
3.83
3.51
2.19
3.09
R5.19
4.15
4.21
5.05
6.55
8.67
9.97
R10.80
14.93
R8.85
R11.61
14.56
Real 6
1.81
1.74
R1.63
1.52
1.39
1.31
2.45
2.54
2.67
2.76
R3.23
R4.27
R5.25
R4.97
R4.68
R4.42
4.08
R2.62
R2.62
2.29
2.40
2.55
2.23
R2.16
2.13
1.91
R1.80
2.19
R2.13
1.65
1.90
2.93
2.79
2.40
3.29
3.73
4.74
4.58
R4.66
6.01
3.62
R4.47
4.85
Percent
Change 7
-3.6
-3.6
-2.3
-1.5
.8
10.9
3.8
5.1
3.4
17.3
32.1
22.9
-5.3
-5.8
-5.6
-7.8
-35.6
(s)
-12.8
5.0
6.2
-12.5
-3.1
-1.4
-10.4
-5.5
21.3
-2.5
-22.8
15.4
54.2
-4.8
-14.1
R37.2
R13.4
R27.0
-3.3
R1.8
R28.9
-39.7
R23.4
8.7
See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.

In chained (2005) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in Table
D1. See "Chained Dollars" in Glossary.
7 Based on real values.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.05 percent and greater than -0.05
percent.
Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#financial.
Sources: Tables 5.18, 6.7, 7.9, A2, A4, and A5.
6
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011
69
Figure 3.2
Value of Fossil Fuel Production, Imports, and Exports
Overview, 1949-2011
Production by Fuel, 1949-2011
450
Imports
200
Billion Real (2005) Dollars
400
350
300
175
Production
250
200
Production
150
150
100
Natural Gas
Exports
50
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Overview, 2011
500
453
125
100
75
400
334
Crude Oil
300
50
Coal
200
128
25
100
Production
Imports
Exports
1950
1
In chained (2005) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in Table D1. See Chained Dollars in Glossary.
70
1960
1970

1980
1990
2000
2010
Table 3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production, Selected Years, 1949-2011

(Billion Dollars)
Coal 1
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Natural Gas 2
Nominal 5
Real 6
2.52
2.91
2.30
2.10
2.40
3.88
12.67
13.40
13.91
14.65
18.55
20.45
21.75
22.84
20.32
22.94
22.27
21.18
21.20
20.97
21.40
22.39
21.40
20.98
18.77
20.06
19.45
19.68
19.77
19.75
18.30
18.02
19.60
19.68
19.13
22.16
26.69
29.25
30.04
36.62
35.73
R38.61
40.39
R17.37
R19.84
R13.87
R11.27
R12.03
R15.96
R37.71
R37.72
R36.81
R36.23
R42.36
R42.79
R41.61
R41.18
R35.24
R38.36
R36.13
R33.62
R32.70
R31.28
R30.76
R30.99
R28.61
R27.39
R23.97
R25.09
R23.84
R23.67
R23.36
R23.07
R21.07
R20.30
R21.60
R21.34
R20.32
22.90
26.69
R28.34
R28.28
R33.72
R32.56
R34.79
35.63
Crude Oil 3,4
Nominal 5
Real 6
Nominal 5
0.33
.44
.94
1.79
2.57
3.73
8.85
11.57
15.82
18.18
24.16
32.09
39.51
45.71
43.73
48.69
43.35
32.71
29.11
30.28
30.58
31.80
30.39
32.56
38.72
36.46
30.24
42.99
46.09
39.12
43.37
74.33
82.28
58.66
97.47
106.57
138.74
124.03
126.23
R168.26
R79.45
R100.36
95.47
2.24
3.00
5.67
9.61
R12.87
R15.31
R26.34
R32.58
R41.87
R44.95
R55.15
R67.14
R75.59
R82.42
R75.85
R81.40
R70.34
R51.92
R44.91
R45.17
R43.95
R44.00
R40.62
R42.51
R49.46
R45.61
R37.05
R51.70
R54.46
R45.71
R49.94
R83.77
R90.69
R63.63
R103.55
R110.10
138.74
R120.15
R118.83
R154.96
R72.40
R90.42
84.22
4.68
4.95
6.88
7.42
8.15
11.19
23.45
24.37
25.79
28.60
39.45
67.93
99.40
90.03
83.05
84.10
78.88
39.63
46.93
37.48
44.07
53.77
44.77
41.97
35.61
32.07
35.00
43.68
40.57
24.80
33.40
56.93
46.25
47.21
57.14
72.93
95.03
111.16
122.96
170.38
110.25
R149.32
197.83
1 Coal values are based on free-on-board (F.O.B.) rail/barge prices, which are the F.O.B. prices of coal
at the point of first sale, excluding freight or shipping and insurance costs. See "Free on Board (F.O.B.)" in
Glossary.
2 Natural gas values are for marketed production based on wellhead prices.
See "Natural Gas
Marketed Production" and "Natural Gas Wellhead Price" in Glossary.
4 Crude oil values are based on domestic first purchase prices.
See "Crude Oil Domestic First
Purchase Price" in Glossary.
Total
Real 6
R32.27
R33.80
R41.45
R39.84
R40.86
R45.96
R69.80
R68.63
R68.26
R70.74
R90.08
R142.14
R190.16
R162.34
R144.05
R140.60
R128.00
R62.92
R72.40
R55.90
R63.34
R74.42
R59.84
R54.79
R45.49
R40.12
R42.89
R52.52
R47.94
R28.98
R38.46
R64.17
R50.97
R51.20
R60.70
R75.35
95.03
R107.68
R115.75
R156.92
R100.48
R134.54
174.51
Nominal 5
7.52
8.30
10.12
11.30
13.11
18.80
44.96
49.34
55.52
61.43
82.16
120.47
160.66
158.58
147.10
155.74
144.50
93.52
97.24
88.73
96.05
107.96
96.57
95.50
93.10
88.59
84.69
106.35
106.43
83.68
95.08
149.27
148.13
125.54
173.75
201.66
260.46
264.44
279.23
R375.27
R225.43
R288.30
333.69
Real 6
R51.88
R56.64
R60.99
R60.72
R65.76
R77.23
R133.85
R138.92
R146.94
R151.92
R187.59
R252.07
R307.36
R285.94
R255.15
R260.35
R234.47
R148.47
R150.02
R132.34
R138.05
R149.40
R129.06
R124.68
R118.92
R110.83
R103.78
R127.89
R125.77
R97.77
R109.48
R168.25
R163.27
R136.17
R184.58
R208.35
260.46
R256.16
R262.86
R345.61
R205.44
R259.75
294.36

Sources: Tables 5.1b, 5.18, 6.2, 6.7, 7.2, and 7.9.
6
71
Figure 3.3
Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by Source
Total Energy, 1970-2010
By Energy Type, 2010
24
35
30
18
Dollars per Million Btu
21
15
12
9
6
28.92
25
20.32
20
15
10
0
1970
7.41
3.45
2.42
0.62
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Prices by Energy Type, Indexed, 1970-2010
Retail
Electricity
Petroleum
Biomass
Coal
Nuclear
Fuel
20
25
Natural Gas
21.98
20.62
20
12
Petroleum
8
Coal
4
16
Index: 1970=1.00
Natural
Gas
19.61
17.97
16.28
15
11.70
10
5
Nuclear Fuel
Biomass
0
1970
1
0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Wood and wood-derived fuels, and biomass waste; excludes fuel ethanol and biodiesel.
Prior to 2001, also includes non-biomass waste.
3
Based on nominal dollars.
4
2
72
Motor
Gasoline
Distillate
Fuel Oil
LPG
Jet Fuel
Residual
Fuel Oil
Other
5
Consumption-weighted average price for asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene,
lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum coke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products.
Source: Table 3.3.
Table 3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by Source, 1970-2010

(Dollars 1 per Million Btu)
Primary Energy 2
Petroleum
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
1
2
3
4
Coal
Natural
Gas 3
Distillate
Fuel Oil
Jet
Fuel 4
LPG
0.38
.42
.45
.48
.88
1.03
1.04
1.11
1.27
1.36
1.46
1.64
1.73
1.70
1.71
1.69
1.62
1.53
1.50
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.45
1.42
1.39
1.37
1.33
1.32
1.29
1.27
1.24
1.29
1.30
1.32
1.41
1.62
1.78
1.88
2.21
2.33
2.42
0.59
.63
.68
.73
.89
1.18
1.46
1.76
1.95
2.31
2.86
3.43
4.23
4.72
4.75
4.61
4.07
3.77
3.78
3.82
3.82
3.74
3.83
4.10
4.08
3.73
4.25
4.53
4.13
4.16
R5.61
6.87
5.31
7.08
7.91
9.92
9.62
9.31
10.83
R7.67
7.41
1.16
1.22
1.22
1.46
2.44
2.60
2.77
3.11
3.26
4.69
6.70
8.03
7.78
7.32
7.37
7.22
5.68
5.97
5.83
6.43
7.68
7.29
7.09
7.08
6.99
6.98
7.87
7.66
6.57
7.19
9.86
9.18
8.64
10.05
12.23
16.41
18.55
19.87
26.33
16.98
20.62
0.73
.77
.79
.92
1.58
2.05
2.25
2.59
2.87
3.90
6.36
7.57
7.23
6.53
6.25
5.91
3.92
4.03
3.80
4.39
5.68
4.83
4.52
4.29
3.95
4.00
4.82
4.53
3.35
4.01
6.64
5.72
5.33
6.46
8.93
12.86
14.80
16.01
22.56
12.61
16.28
1.43
1.46
1.49
R2.00
R2.80
R2.96
R3.20
R3.66
R3.61
R4.50
R5.64
R6.19
R6.68
R7.20
R6.95
R6.63
R6.49
R6.11
R5.92
R5.58
R6.83
R6.87
R6.25
R6.27
6.61
6.51
7.98
7.39
5.95
6.60
9.55
R9.53
8.09
10.32
12.24
14.58
16.85
18.76
23.35
16.38
19.61
Motor
Gasoline 6
Residual
Fuel Oil
Other
2.85
2.90
2.88
3.10
4.32
4.65
4.84
5.13
5.24
7.11
9.84
10.94
10.39
9.12
8.89
9.01
6.79
7.23
7.33
8.02
9.12
8.93
8.96
8.83
8.96
9.22
9.85
9.81
8.45
9.31
11.89
11.34
10.69
12.34
14.67
17.89
20.27
22.01
25.53
18.51
21.98
0.42
.58
.62
.75
1.82
1.93
1.90
2.14
2.08
2.83
3.88
4.91
4.65
4.50
4.75
4.30
2.37
2.86
2.35
2.72
3.17
2.62
2.28
2.26
2.32
2.46
2.80
2.93
2.15
2.51
4.32
3.99
3.91
4.75
4.92
6.65
7.93
8.57
12.64
9.69
11.70
1.38
1.45
1.49
1.58
2.60
2.94
3.08
3.27
3.45
4.70
7.04
8.67
7.87
7.60
7.72
7.55
5.80
5.63
5.26
5.50
5.82
5.73
5.51
5.49
5.47
5.74
6.20
5.89
5.02
5.30
7.04
6.41
6.59
7.62
8.56
10.98
13.37
14.94
18.83
R14.30
17.97
Consumption-weighted average prices for all sectors, including the electric power sector.
Through 2004, includes kerosene-type and naphtha-type jet fuel. Beginning in 2005, includes
kerosene-type jet fuel only.
6 Beginning in 1993, includes fuel ethanol blended into motor gasoline.
7 Consumption-weighted average price for asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants,
petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum coke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum
products.
8 Wood and wood-derived fuels, and biomass waste; excludes fuel ethanol and biodiesel. Through
2000, also includes non-biomass waste.
9 Includes coal coke imports and exports, which are not separately displayed. In 2010, coal coke
imports averaged 13.37 dollars per million Btu, and coal coke exports averaged 6.74 dollars per million Btu.
10 Includes electricity imports, which are not separately displayed. For 19811992, also includes fuel
ethanol blended into motor gasoline that is not included in the motor gasoline data for those years.
11 Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS (North American
Total
1.71
1.78
1.78
1.97
R3.06
R3.35
R3.47
3.73
3.84
5.23
7.40
8.68
R8.40
7.77
7.68
7.63
R5.74
6.04
5.91
6.43
7.47
R7.20
7.07
R7.01
7.06
7.28
8.01
7.86
6.63
7.33
9.82
9.32
8.83
10.31
12.27
15.53
17.92
19.47
24.18
R16.87
20.32
Nuclear
Fuel
Biomass
0.18
.18
.18
.19
.20
.24
.25
.27
.30
.34
.43
.48
.54
.58
.67
.71
.70
.71
.73
.70
.67
.63
.59
.56
.56
.54
.51
.51
.50
.48
.46
.44
.43
.42
.42
.43
.44
.46
.47
.55
.62
1.29
1.31
1.33
1.39
1.50
1.50
1.53
1.58
1.61
1.88
2.26
2.52
2.60
2.44
2.53
2.47
2.12
2.07
2.09
1.42
1.32
1.39
1.32
1.28
1.39
1.40
1.25
1.15
1.27
1.34
R1.57
2.08
2.19
1.98
2.17
3.10
R3.13
R3.32
R3.69
R3.27
3.45
Total
9,10
1.08
1.15
1.18
1.29
1.94
2.19
2.34
2.58
R2.72
3.47
4.57
5.25
R5.33
R5.12
5.04
R4.93
3.97
4.00
3.89
4.07
R4.46
R4.29
4.24
R4.26
4.27
4.23
4.63
4.66
4.08
4.37
5.70
5.83
5.25
6.28
7.37
9.24
10.21
R10.74
12.93
9.37
10.63
Electric
Power
Sector 11,12
0.32
.38
.42
.47
.87
.97
1.03
1.17
1.27
1.50
1.77
2.04
2.05
2.02
2.02
1.91
1.60
1.57
1.49
1.51
1.48
1.40
1.38
1.40
1.36
1.29
1.35
1.38
1.32
1.33
1.71
1.85
1.54
1.84
2.00
2.61
2.48
2.68
3.21
R2.45
2.62
Retail
Total
Electricity 13 Energy 9,10,14
4.98
5.30
5.54
5.86
7.42
8.61
9.13
10.11
10.92
11.78
13.95
16.14
18.16
18.62
18.50
19.05
19.05
18.74
18.68
18.98
19.32
19.84
20.06
20.38
20.33
20.29
20.16
20.13
19.80
19.52
20.03
21.41
21.15
21.85
22.38
23.92
26.15
26.84
28.64
28.90
28.92
1.65
1.76
1.84
2.02
2.87
3.33
3.57
3.98
4.23
5.21
6.89
8.03
8.46
8.39
R8.29
8.37
7.30
7.34
7.26
R7.56
R8.25
R8.21
8.13
8.25
8.30
8.28
8.75
8.80
8.20
8.53
10.28
10.73
10.06
11.42
12.87
15.55
17.36
18.24
21.37
R17.02
18.73
Industry Classification System) 22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and
heat, to the public. Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only; beginning in 1989, data are for electric
utilities and independent power producers.
12 Consumption-weighted average electric power sector price for coal, natural gas, petroleum, nuclear
fuel, wood, waste, and electricity imports.
13 Retail electricity prices paid by ultimate customers, reported by electric utilities and, beginning in 1996,
other energy service providers.
14 Consumption-weighted average price for primary energy and retail electricity in the four end-use
sectors (residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation); excludes energy in the electric power
sector.
R=Revised.
Notes: Prices include taxes where data are available. There are no direct fuel costs for
hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, or solar energy.
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, "State Energy Data 2010: Prices and Expenditures"
(June 2012), U.S. Table ET1.
73
Figure 3.4
Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by End-Use Sector, 2010
By Sector
Residential Sector by Major Source

40
25
22.40
21.00
33.81
20.90
15
12.04
10
20
30
23.46
20
11.13
10
0
Residential
Transportation
Commercial
Industrial
Commercial Sector by Major Source
Retail
Electricity
25
29.87
25
20
18.69
15
9.20
10
20
Natural
Gas
Industrial Sector by Major Source
35
30
Petroleum
19.89
17.58
15
10
6.25
5
3.96
2.74
0
Retail
Electricity
1
2
74
Petroleum
Natural
Gas
Retail
Electricity
Petroleum
Natural
Gas
Coal
Biomass
Notes: Consumer prices are intended to represent prices paid by consumers. As such
they include taxes where data are available. There are no direct fuel costs for hydroelectric,
geothermal, wind, or solar energy.
Source: Table 3.4.
Table 3.4 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by End-Use Sector, 1970-2010
(Dollars 1 per Million Btu)
Residential
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
1
Natural
Gas 2
1.06
1.12
1.18
1.26
1.42
1.67
1.94
2.30
2.52
2.92
3.60
4.19
5.05
5.88
5.95
5.94
5.67
5.39
5.32
5.47
5.63
5.66
5.73
5.99
6.23
5.89
6.16
6.75
6.61
6.50
R7.63
9.42
7.69
9.24
10.47
12.34
13.35
R12.70
13.52
11.81
11.13
Retail
Petroleum Electricity 3
1.54
1.59
R1.61
R2.09
2.85
R3.02
R3.24
3.64
R3.77
R5.32
7.24
R8.65
R8.66
R8.39
R8.44
R8.14
R6.77
R6.59
R6.57
R7.54
R8.69
R8.48
R7.80
R7.64
R7.57
R7.49
R8.63
R8.61
R7.55
R7.78
R11.12
R11.23
R9.99
R11.85
R13.33
R16.76
R19.22
R21.11
R25.80
R20.76
23.46
6.51
6.80
7.09
7.44
9.09
10.29
10.93
11.87
12.63
13.60
15.71
18.17
20.11
21.04
20.96
21.66
21.75
21.82
21.92
22.41
22.96
23.57
24.06
24.40
24.57
24.63
24.50
24.71
24.21
23.93
24.14
25.16
24.75
25.56
26.22
27.68
30.49
31.22
33.01
33.72
33.81
Commercial
Total 4
2.10
2.24
2.37
2.71
3.38
3.80
R4.13
4.76
5.13
5.99
7.46
8.82
R9.77
10.66
10.66
10.91
10.75
10.71
10.66
11.02
11.87
12.08
R11.97
R12.27
R12.60
R12.60
R12.69
R13.25
R13.44
R13.15
R14.21
R15.62
R14.65
R15.81
R17.01
R19.16
R21.49
R21.56
R23.06
R22.05
22.40
Natural
Gas 2
0.75
.80
.86
.91
1.05
1.32
1.61
2.00
2.20
2.69
3.32
3.91
4.70
5.43
5.40
5.34
4.94
4.64
4.51
4.61
4.70
4.69
4.75
5.08
5.35
4.94
5.26
5.67
5.38
5.22
R6.54
8.32
6.49
8.07
9.19
10.98
11.60
R10.99
11.89
R9.70
9.20
Industrial
Retail
Petroleum 5 Electricity 3 Total 6,7
R0.90
1.02
1.05
R1.20
R2.25
R2.39
R2.49
R2.84
R2.92
R4.14
R5.62
R6.95
R6.62
R6.49
R6.48
R6.46
R4.44
R4.75
R4.50
R5.09
R6.04
R5.59
R5.37
R5.14
R5.05
R5.14
R6.17
R6.10
R5.09
R5.56
R8.27
R7.88
R7.14
R8.62
R10.16
R13.55
R15.91
R17.52
R22.96
R15.45
18.69
6.09
6.44
6.71
7.06
8.91
10.11
10.82
11.99
12.78
13.72
16.06
18.44
20.11
20.57
20.89
21.30
21.10
20.44
20.34
20.77
21.20
21.73
22.15
22.40
22.35
22.29
22.17
22.03
21.48
21.01
21.52
22.99
22.81
23.54
23.95
25.40
27.72
28.27
30.38
29.81
29.87
1.97
2.15
2.32
2.55
R3.40
R4.06
4.38
5.12
R5.49
R6.27
7.83
R9.47
R10.34
R10.91
R11.12
R11.63
R11.20
R10.96
R10.81
R11.25
R11.87
R12.05
R12.15
R12.55
R12.72
R12.62
R12.76
R13.03
R13.05
R12.84
R13.90
R15.54
R14.66
R15.63
R16.55
R18.59
R20.63
R20.73
R22.44
R20.67
20.90
3 Retail electricity prices paid by ultimate customers, reported by electric utilities and, beginning in 1996,
other energy service providers.
4 Includes coal, and wood and wood-derived fuels, which are not separately displayed.
6 Includes coal, wood and wood-derived fuels, and biomass waste, which are not separately displayed.
Through 2000, also includes non-biomass waste.
7 For 19811992, includes fuel ethanol blended into motor gasoline that is not included in the petroleum
data for those years.
2
Coal
Natural
Gas 2
0.45
.50
.55
.63
1.22
1.50
1.50
1.56
1.73
1.75
1.87
2.06
2.09
1.91
1.91
1.90
1.80
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.67
1.69
1.63
1.62
1.63
1.62
1.62
1.58
1.58
1.55
1.63
1.75
1.74
1.99
2.56
2.83
2.92
3.51
3.87
3.96
0.38
.41
.46
.50
.67
.95
1.21
1.48
1.66
1.96
2.52
3.07
3.80
4.10
4.13
3.87
3.20
2.88
2.90
2.93
2.95
2.80
2.91
3.12
3.09
2.80
3.30
3.53
3.16
3.21
R4.60
5.71
R4.48
6.20
7.02
9.08
R8.77
R8.29
10.06
R6.46
6.25
Petroleum 5
Transportation
Retail
Biomass 8 Electricity 3
0.98
1.05
1.05
1.18
R2.25
R2.47
R2.58
R2.85
R2.97
R4.00
R5.76
R6.87
R6.53
R6.60
R6.58
R6.32
R4.93
R4.98
R4.63
R4.70
R5.50
R5.33
R5.02
R4.95
R5.06
R5.23
R6.08
R5.71
R4.55
R5.10
R7.35
R6.81
R6.49
R7.86
R9.41
R11.99
R14.32
R15.90
R20.49
R13.87
17.58
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.59
1.60
1.60
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.20
.99
1.14
1.13
1.12
1.15
1.21
1.01
1.01
1.24
1.38
1.43
1.95
2.11
1.62
1.79
2.73
R2.65
R2.52
R2.83
R2.62
2.74
2.99
3.22
3.40
3.66
4.95
6.07
6.48
7.33
8.18
8.94
10.81
12.57
14.51
14.54
14.16
14.57
14.45
13.98
13.78
13.85
13.92
14.18
14.18
14.22
14.00
13.68
13.49
13.29
13.13
12.98
13.60
14.78
14.30
14.97
15.38
16.77
18.02
18.71
19.96
20.00
19.89
Total 7,9
0.84
R.93
.99
1.10
1.78
R2.21
2.43
2.78
R3.04
3.63
4.71
5.52
R6.06
R6.22
6.12
R6.04
R5.37
5.17
R5.01
4.92
R5.24
R5.19
R5.14
R5.17
R5.16
R4.98
R5.41
R5.35
4.91
R5.13
R6.43
R6.90
R6.31
R7.49
R8.47
R10.41
R11.39
R11.93
R14.32
R11.05
12.04
Petroleum 5
2.31
2.37
2.38
2.57
3.70
4.02
4.20
4.47
4.59
6.19
8.60
9.83
9.42
R8.43
8.25
8.26
6.21
6.57
6.56
7.17
8.27
7.98
7.91
7.87
7.91
8.08
8.76
8.69
7.47
8.23
10.71
10.20
9.64
11.20
13.43
R16.88
R19.12
20.61
25.24
17.54
21.01
Total 7,10
2.31
2.37
2.38
2.57
3.70
4.02
4.21
R4.47
4.59
6.19
8.61
9.84
9.43
R8.44
8.26
8.27
6.22
6.59
6.57
7.18
8.28
7.99
R7.92
7.88
7.92
8.09
8.77
8.70
7.48
8.23
10.72
10.21
9.65
11.21
13.43
16.89
R19.12
20.61
25.23
17.54
21.00
9 Includes coal coke imports and exports, which are not separately displayed.
10 Includes coal, natural gas, and retail electricity, which are not separately displayed.
R=Revised.
Notes: Prices include taxes where data are available. There are no direct fuel costs for
hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, or solar energy.
(June 2012), U.S. Tables ET3ET6.
75
Figure 3.5
Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy by Source
Total Energy, 1970-2010
By Energy Type, 2010

800
1,500
700
709
1,200
Billion Dollars
Billion Dollars
600
900
600
500
400
366
300
200
160
300
100
0
1970
50
0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Expenditures by Energy Type, Indexed, 1970-2010
Petroleum
Retail
Electricity
Natural
Gas
Coal
55
48
Biomass
Nuclear
Fuel

400
25
377
Natural Gas
20
15
10
Retail Electricity
Coal
Billion Dollars
Index: 1970=1.00
300
200
167
100
5
Petroleum
49
14
0
1970
0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
3
Based on nominal dollars.
4
2
76
Motor
Gasoline
Distillate
Fuel Oil
LPG
Jet Fuel
Residual
Fuel Oil
Other
5
Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks,
petroleum coke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products.
Source: Table 3.5.
Table 3.5 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy by Source, 1970-2010

(Million Dollars 1)
Primary Energy 2
Petroleum
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
1
Coal
4,630
4,902
5,415
6,243
11,118
13,021
14,051
15,416
17,551
20,376
22,607
26,159
26,349
26,987
29,025
29,678
27,855
27,532
28,333
28,284
28,602
28,129
27,776
28,229
27,715
27,431
28,028
28,277
27,888
27,310
28,080
28,202
28,511
29,402
31,764
36,932
40,005
42,717
49,438
R45,825
50,407
Coal Coke
Net
Imports 3
-75
-40
-26
7
150
82
44
67
362
259
-78
-31
-52
-44
-22
-34
-40
7
116
137
22
44
126
96
214
234
156
170
188
140
146
82
180
169
1,125
633
509
347
1,465
-42
158
Natural
Gas 4
10,891
12,065
13,198
13,933
16,380
20,061
25,097
29,602
33,185
40,785
51,061
60,544
68,292
72,000
77,169
72,938
59,702
58,019
61,089
66,198
65,278
65,956
70,086
77,052
78,581
75,020
86,904
93,382
83,620
84,960
119,094
139,388
R111,536
144,489
R162,843
R200,356
R190,590
R196,957
R230,465
R159,362
159,821
Distillate
Fuel Oil
6,253
6,890
7,552
9,524
15,217
15,680
18,402
22,004
23,587
32,854
40,797
48,200
44,087
41,846
44,668
43,972
35,113
37,729
38,776
43,159
49,335
45,269
45,019
45,732
47,002
47,533
56,455
55,922
48,350
54,565
78,209
75,035
69,285
83,873
105,772
143,598
164,399
177,172
221,435
131,050
166,595
Jet
Fuel 5
1,441
1,582
1,682
2,001
3,208
4,193
4,567
5,517
6,205
8,603
13,923
15,607
14,974
13,979
15,097
14,747
10,505
11,448
11,318
13,434
17,784
14,609
13,559
13,002
12,474
12,526
15,770
15,000
11,239
13,878
23,777
19,602
17,802
21,096
30,219
44,679
50,007
53,754
72,046
36,353
48,244
LPG
2,395
2,483
2,834
R3,881
R5,254
R5,221
R5,992
R6,839
R6,646
R9,389
R10,926
R11,922
R12,972
R14,147
R14,197
R13,752
R12,843
R12,969
R12,906
R12,266
R13,840
R15,116
R14,303
R14,114
16,243
16,197
21,086
19,781
15,241
19,038
27,970
25,543
22,980
28,161
34,408
38,874
45,355
51,081
59,875
43,466
55,157
Motor
Gasoline 7
Residual
Fuel Oil
31,596
33,478
35,346
39,667
54,194
59,446
64,977
70,591
74,513
95,916
124,408
138,138
130,305
115,803
114,429
118,048
91,529
99,864
103,323
112,720
126,558
123,118
125,249
126,560
130,068
136,647
148,344
149,668
132,730
149,260
192,153
185,752
179,796
209,493
254,873
312,047
357,286
389,282
438,237
R317,082
376,512
2,046
2,933
3,458
4,667
10,547
10,374
11,648
14,381
13,747
17,656
21,573
22,668
17,632
14,099
14,410
11,493
7,486
8,062
7,259
8,357
8,721
6,784
5,585
5,449
5,296
4,676
5,313
5,206
4,280
4,686
8,870
7,266
6,156
8,325
9,717
13,951
12,432
14,129
17,984
11,310
14,308
Expenditures by all sectors, including the electric power sector.
Values derive from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Monthly Report IM-145"
and "Monthly Report EM-545," and may differ slightly from those shown on Table 3.9, which derive from
Bureau of the Census, U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, FT600 series.
5 Through 2004, includes kerosene-type and naphtha-type jet fuel.
Beginning in 2005, includes
kerosene-type jet fuel only.
8 Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum
coke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products.
10 Includes electricity imports, which are not separately displayed. For 19811992, also includes fuel
ethanol blended into motor gasoline that is not included in the motor gasoline data for those years.
11 Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS (North American Industry
2
3
Other
4,172
4,449
4,777
5,318
8,284
8,493
9,925
11,790
13,348
18,785
26,049
28,571
22,447
21,573
22,812
22,088
17,647
17,687
16,779
17,060
19,255
18,213
18,345
18,285
18,687
19,225
21,144
21,631
19,835
21,250
26,496
23,097
24,167
28,061
35,212
44,136
52,986
55,211
61,417
R39,268
48,656
Total
47,904
51,816
55,648
R65,057
R96,704
R103,407
R115,512
R131,121
R138,047
R183,204
R237,676
R265,106
R242,418
R221,446
R225,612
R224,100
R175,122
R187,758
R190,360
R206,996
R235,493
R223,110
R222,060
R223,142
229,770
236,803
268,112
267,208
231,675
262,676
357,475
336,294
320,185
379,010
470,200
597,285
682,465
740,628
870,993
R578,529
709,471
Nuclear
Fuel
44
73
104
177
259
448
520
743
915
941
1,189
1,436
1,684
1,859
2,384
2,878
3,061
3,378
4,057
3,939
4,104
4,073
3,802
3,597
3,777
3,810
3,624
3,369
3,555
3,643
3,628
3,524
3,504
3,362
3,445
3,469
3,637
3,871
3,976
4,560
5,234
Biomass
438
446
476
502
544
534
622
694
782
964
1,232
1,429
1,510
1,517
1,608
1,597
1,352
1,300
1,378
2,270
1,997
2,165
2,194
2,193
2,521
2,938
2,668
2,425
2,477
R2,646
R3,174
3,494
4,005
3,599
3,692
R5,897
R6,101
R6,357
R6,953
R5,116
6,424
Total
10
63,872
69,312
74,893
R86,053
R125,322
R137,702
R156,002
R177,966
R191,221
R246,969
R314,279
R355,717
R341,439
R325,311
R337,460
R333,084
R268,741
R280,084
R287,005
R309,176
R336,588
R324,653
R327,401
R335,016
343,593
347,144
390,437
395,817
350,464
R382,655
R514,379
513,673
R469,045
561,401
R674,684
R847,085
R925,829
R994,077
R1,166,847
R795,506
933,562
Electric
Power
Sector 11,12
-4,357
-5,491
-6,551
-7,952
-14,558
-16,545
-19,078
-23,715
-26,125
-31,472
-38,027
-44,274
-42,354
-42,566
-44,686
-43,970
-37,016
-38,182
-38,553
-40,829
-40,626
-38,752
-38,663
-40,317
-40,352
-39,073
-41,652
-42,947
-43,311
-44,689
-60,054
-64,672
-54,230
-64,685
-71,720
-95,975
-90,104
-100,719
R-118,571
R-84,723
-94,635
Retail
Electricity 13
23,345
26,202
29,712
33,774
42,586
50,680
56,972
66,225
74,159
82,051
98,095
116,455
127,393
134,731
142,420
149,233
151,793
154,685
162,063
169,332
176,691
184,767
186,906
196,532
200,831
205,876
211,105
213,843
218,361
218,413
231,577
245,483
247,598
257,992
268,133
295,787
323,962
340,925
360,570
350,438
365,900
Total
Energy 10,14
82,860
90,023
98,054
R111,875
R153,351
R171,837
R193,896
R220,476
R239,255
R297,549
R374,347
R427,898
R426,479
R417,476
R435,195
R438,347
R383,518
R396,587
R410,515
R437,679
R472,653
R470,668
R475,644
R491,231
504,073
513,947
559,890
566,714
525,515
R556,379
R685,902
694,484
R662,414
754,708
R871,097
R1,046,897
R1,159,687
R1,234,282
R1,408,845
R1,061,220
1,204,827
Classification System) 22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the
public. Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only; beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities and
12 Expenditures by the electric power sector for coal, natural gas, petroleum, nuclear fuel, wood, waste,
and electricity imports. Values are negative so the columns will sum to the "Total Energy" column.
13 Retail electricity expenditures by ultimate customers, reported by electric utilities and, beginning in
1996, other energy service providers.
14 Expenditures for primary energy and retail electricity by the four end-use sectors (residential,
commercial, industrial, and transportation); excludes expenditures for energy by the electric power sector.
R=Revised.
Notes: Expenditures include taxes where data are available. There are no direct fuel costs for
hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, or solar energy. Totals may not equal the sum of components due to
(June 2012), U.S. Table ET1.
77
Figure 3.6
Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy by End-Use Sector, 2010
By Sector
600
Residential Sector by Major Source

200
561
167
500
150
Billion Dollars
Billion Dollars
400
300
250
216
200
100
178
54
50
100
27
0
Transportation
Residential
Industrial
Commercial
Retail Electricity
Natural Gas
Petroleum
Industrial Sector by Major Source4
Commercial Sector by Major Source
125
150
136
106
125
100
Billion Dollars
Billion Dollars
100
75
75
63
50
50
37
29
25
25
13
0
Natural Gas
Petroleum
Expenditures for coal and wood and wood-derived fuels are not displayed.
Expenditures for coal, wood and wood-derived fuels, and biomass waste are not displayed.
4
Expenditures for imports and exports of coal coke are not displayed.
5
2
3
78
0
Retail Electricity
7
Petroleum
Retail Electricity
Natural Gas
Coal
Biomass5
Notes: Petroleum accounts for nearly all transportation sector expenditures. There are no
direct fuel costs for hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, or solar energy. Totals may not equal
the sum of components due to independent rounding.
Source: Table 3.6.
Table 3.6 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy by End-Use Sector, 1970-2010
(Million Dollars 1)
Residential
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
1
Natural
Gas 2
5,272
5,702
6,223
6,282
6,949
8,410
9,992
11,324
12,565
14,772
17,497
19,502
23,987
26,564
27,873
27,136
25,147
23,926
25,332
26,951
25,439
26,508
27,599
30,533
31,028
29,362
33,219
34,590
30,875
31,577
38,959
46,189
38,490
48,278
52,265
61,196
59,834
61,598
67,851
R57,841
54,439
Retail
Petroleum Electricity 3
4,186
4,367
4,623
R5,849
R7,288
R7,486
R8,755
R9,772
R9,831
R11,157
R12,554
R13,250
R12,413
R11,350
R12,919
R12,741
R10,433
R10,658
R11,008
R12,522
R12,116
R11,703
R11,026
R10,990
10,656
10,289
12,796
12,239
9,852
11,397
17,283
17,169
14,549
18,010
20,264
24,320
23,531
26,468
32,071
24,425
26,791
10,352
11,589
13,034
14,712
17,924
20,644
22,621
26,132
29,069
31,683
38,458
44,780
50,045
53,918
55,777
58,672
60,776
63,318
66,793
69,243
72,378
76,828
76,848
82,814
84,552
87,610
90,503
90,704
93,360
93,482
98,209
103,158
106,834
111,249
115,577
128,393
140,582
148,295
155,433
157,008
166,782
Commercial
Total 4
Natural
Gas 2
20,112
21,934
24,095
R27,029
R32,459
R36,835
R41,682
R47,594
R51,854
R58,149
R69,277
R78,486
R87,506
R92,812
R97,657
R99,619
R97,173
R98,635
R103,907
R109,553
R110,905
R115,999
R116,394
R125,141
126,962
127,961
137,340
138,201
134,602
R136,999
R155,299
167,241
160,542
178,374
189,080
215,186
R225,244
R237,897
257,448
R240,773
249,739
1,844
2,060
2,289
2,421
2,741
3,385
4,379
5,094
5,812
7,623
8,858
10,085
12,565
13,602
14,012
13,368
11,770
11,601
12,377
12,908
12,681
13,175
13,685
14,967
15,927
15,383
17,106
18,755
16,667
16,351
21,339
25,879
20,926
26,411
29,518
33,838
33,736
34,005
38,476
31,012
29,183
Retail
Petroleum 5 Electricity 3
1,440
1,574
1,653
1,936
3,290
3,219
3,739
4,411
4,350
5,659
7,409
7,794
6,865
7,592
7,948
6,996
5,166
5,377
4,950
5,293
5,986
5,224
4,796
4,209
4,162
3,956
4,879
4,531
3,575
3,931
6,674
6,225
5,187
7,137
8,233
10,331
10,563
11,410
14,996
R10,584
12,863
7,319
8,301
9,443
10,707
13,373
16,157
18,148
21,023
23,166
25,433
30,611
37,484
41,759
43,529
47,304
50,092
51,449
51,900
54,411
57,460
60,627
63,407
64,233
67,626
69,637
72,481
74,121
77,153
78,999
79,141
85,129
93,402
93,763
96,263
100,546
110,522
122,914
128,903
138,469
132,940
135,559
Industrial
Total 6,7
10,678
12,021
13,464
15,149
19,579
22,956
26,447
30,725
33,563
38,944
47,074
55,629
61,503
65,028
69,593
70,725
68,637
69,098
71,969
75,911
79,605
82,098
83,007
87,095
90,010
92,106
96,414
100,758
99,492
99,681
113,423
125,790
120,164
130,132
138,694
R155,165
R167,630
R174,798
R192,540
R175,023
178,128
Retail electricity expenditures by ultimate customers, reported by electric utilities and, beginning in
4 Includes coal and wood and wood-derived fuels, which are not separately displayed.
6 Includes coal, wood and wood-derived fuels, and biomass waste, which are not separately displayed.
Through 2000, also includes non-biomass waste.
7 For 19811992, includes fuel ethanol blended into motor gasoline that is not included in the petroleum
data for those years.
2
3
Coal
Natural
Gas 2
2,082
1,971
2,212
2,527
4,704
5,498
5,448
5,360
5,722
6,247
5,888
6,441
5,301
4,735
5,420
5,252
4,745
4,448
4,744
4,650
4,636
4,332
4,245
4,060
4,060
4,068
3,943
3,887
3,566
3,457
3,507
3,572
3,526
3,552
4,064
5,004
5,405
5,439
6,290
5,388
6,591
2,625
3,019
3,335
3,936
4,971
5,844
7,484
8,958
10,114
12,110
16,350
20,432
20,504
21,461
23,763
21,615
16,479
15,909
17,257
18,770
19,348
18,912
20,553
22,367
22,556
21,487
26,167
28,411
24,515
24,079
34,624
38,597
R31,199
41,168
R47,464
R55,300
R52,571
R51,126
R61,877
R36,302
36,993
Transportation
Retail
Petroleum 5 Biomass 8 Electricity 3
6,069
6,663
7,180
8,600
15,408
15,544
18,384
22,190
23,203
33,705
42,765
47,171
41,841
38,437
41,470
38,876
30,567
31,092
29,123
28,561
34,132
32,494
32,208
31,518
33,612
34,177
40,853
39,886
32,143
36,966
52,066
47,173
45,685
54,228
71,052
88,285
106,621
113,491
131,958
R80,591
106,495
366
374
404
425
421
386
443
464
511
512
529
558
540
610
622
619
639
636
662
1,323
906
1,034
1,079
1,146
1,279
1,699
1,432
1,435
1,600
1,786
1,888
2,216
2,592
1,935
1,919
3,451
R3,509
R3,180
R3,402
R2,310
3,190
5,624
6,256
7,173
8,284
11,184
13,760
16,083
18,956
21,798
24,797
28,863
34,007
35,364
37,017
39,050
40,190
39,271
39,109
40,507
42,255
43,358
44,201
45,474
45,726
46,257
45,402
46,102
45,610
45,634
45,429
47,859
48,519
46,606
49,962
51,491
56,229
59,764
62,934
65,840
59,662
62,745
Total 7,9
16,691
18,244
20,278
23,779
36,837
41,113
47,887
55,996
61,710
77,630
94,316
108,581
103,503
102,220
110,309
106,528
91,669
91,210
92,418
95,705
102,411
101,028
103,699
104,913
107,978
107,067
118,654
119,400
107,647
111,857
140,090
140,158
R129,788
151,015
R177,114
R208,902
R228,377
R236,517
R270,833
R184,210
216,172
Petroleum 5
35,327
37,766
40,154
45,846
64,368
70,813
77,759
86,047
92,003
122,688
163,517
184,946
173,553
156,841
156,979
160,745
125,353
136,807
141,382
155,591
178,852
170,589
171,482
173,704
178,724
186,411
207,078
207,940
183,368
207,433
276,642
260,785
251,441
294,544
365,526
466,785
537,500
584,045
686,871
R460,142
559,758
Total 7,10
35,379
37,824
40,218
45,918
64,476
70,933
77,880
86,160
92,128
122,826
163,680
185,203
173,968
157,417
157,636
161,475
126,039
137,644
142,221
156,510
179,732
R171,543
172,544
174,082
179,123
186,813
207,483
208,353
183,775
207,843
277,090
261,295
251,919
295,188
366,208
467,644
538,436
585,070
688,024
R461,214
560,787

9 Includes coal coke imports and exports, which are not separately displayed.
10 Includes coal, natural gas, and retail electricity, which are not separately displayed.
R=Revised.
Notes: Expenditures include taxes where data are available. There are no direct fuel costs for
hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, or solar energy. Totals may not equal the sum of components due to
(June 2012), U.S. Tables ET3ET6.
79
Figure 3.7
Value of Fossil Fuel Imports
Total, 1949-2011
By Fuel, 1949-2011
350
400
300
300
200
250
100
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
By Fuel, 2011
400
337
200
Crude Oil
150
300
Petroleum
Products
100
200
50
99
100
15
Crude Oil
Petroleum
Products
Other
0
Natural Gas
Coal and
Coal Coke
1
2
80
500
1950
1960
1970
Natural gas, coal, and coal coke.

Source: Table 3.7.
1980
1990
2000
2010
Table 3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports, Selected Years, 1949-2011

(Billion Dollars)
Coal
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
1
Coal Coke
Nominal 3
Real 4
Nominal 3
Real 4
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
.02
.02
.04
.07
.05
.03
.03
.02
.04
.05
.07
.08
.06
.06
.10
.09
.11
.13
.25
.27
.32
.27
.26
.28
.28
.38
.67
.60
.79
1.02
1.42
1.78
1.73
2.05
1.45
1.39
P1.35
0.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
(s)
.06
.05
.10
.18
.12
.06
.06
.04
.07
.08
.11
.13
.09
.10
.14
.13
.15
.17
.32
.34
.40
.33
.30
.33
.32
.42
.74
.65
.84
1.06
1.42
1.72
1.63
1.88
1.32
R1.25
P1.19
(s)
.01
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
.16
.11
.13
.41
.34
.05
.04
.01
(s)
.05
.04
.03
.05
.19
.22
.07
.09
.14
.17
.27
.33
.24
.25
.29
.23
.25
.19
.24
.24
1.23
.78
.64
.48
1.68
.09
.40
P.55
0.03
.04
.01
.01
.01
.01
.47
.31
.35
1.01
.78
.11
.08
.02
(s)
.08
.07
.04
.08
.29
.31
.10
.12
.19
.21
.34
.40
.29
.30
.34
.26
.28
.21
R.26
.25
1.27
.78
.62
.45
1.54
.08
.36
P.49
Nominal 3
0.00
.00
(s)
.03
.11
.26
1.15
1.66
2.00
2.06
3.13
4.21
4.41
4.69
4.39
3.44
3.05
1.82
R1.94
2.38
2.51
2.97
R3.25
R3.95
4.77
R4.91
4.23
5.79
6.50
6.21
8.03
14.94
17.62
R12.65
20.39
24.74
35.25
28.80
31.65
34.66
15.72
R16.91
E14.61
Real 4
0.00
.00
.01
.15
.53
1.06
3.43
R4.67
R5.29
5.10
7.14
8.82
R8.44
R8.46
R7.61
5.75
4.95
2.90
R2.99
3.55
R3.61
R4.11
R4.34
R5.16
R6.09
6.14
5.19
R6.96
7.68
7.26
R9.25
R16.84
R19.42
R13.72
R21.66
R25.56
35.25
R27.90
R29.80
R31.92
R14.32
R15.23
E12.89
Beginning in 1977, includes imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.

Includes petroleum preparations, liquefied propane and butane, and, beginning in 1997, other mineral
fuels.
4 In chained (2005) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in Table
5 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1996 and 1997 due to the addition of the
commodity category "Other Mineral Fuels."
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 0.005 billion.
Notes: Includes value of imports into Puerto Rico from foreign countries; excludes receipts into the 50
States and the District of Columbia from the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Totals may not equal sum of
components due to independent rounding.
Sources: Coal and Coal Coke: Bureau of the Census, Foreign Trade Division, unpublished data.
2
Crude Oil 1
Natural Gas
Nominal 3
0.30
.37
.65
.90
1.12
1.26
18.29
25.46
33.59
32.30
46.06
61.90
61.46
45.72
36.49
36.44
32.90
22.61
29.13
27.55
35.53
43.78
36.90
38.55
38.47
38.48
42.81
54.93
54.23
37.25
50.89
89.88
74.29
79.25
101.80
136.03
182.94
225.16
245.77
353.54
194.60
R260.11
P336.80
Petroleum Products 2
Real 4
2.10
2.52
R3.94
4.81
5.62
5.18
R54.45
R71.67
R88.91
R79.88
R105.16
R129.52
R117.58
R82.45
R63.30
R60.93
R53.39
R35.89
R44.94
R41.09
R51.06
R60.59
R49.32
R50.33
R49.14
R48.14
R52.46
R66.06
R64.08
R43.53
R58.60
R101.30
R81.89
R85.96
R108.14
R140.55
182.94
R218.11
R231.36
R325.59
R177.35
R234.35
P297.10
Nominal 3
0.14
.21
.44
.73
.92
1.48
6.77
6.65
8.42
7.30
10.45
12.54
14.30
13.86
14.84
17.87
17.47
12.18
12.37
12.43
13.50
16.90
13.17
11.98
11.74
11.14
9.95
15.27
516.93
13.01
16.28
29.38
28.45
23.52
30.64
43.24
67.12
74.56
81.85
96.31
57.23
R73.36
P99.49
Real 4
0.95
R1.46
2.66
3.93
R4.63
R6.09
R20.15
R18.73
R22.28
R18.06
R23.86
R26.24
R27.35
R25.00
R25.74
R29.87
R28.34
R19.34
R19.08
R18.55
R19.40
R23.39
R17.60
R15.65
R15.00
R13.94
R12.19
R18.36
5,R20.00
R15.20
R18.75
R33.11
R31.36
R25.51
R32.55
R44.67
67.12
R72.22
R77.05
R88.70
R52.16
R66.09
P87.76
Total
Nominal 3
0.45
.59
1.10
1.66
2.15
3.00
26.39
33.90
44.18
42.15
60.03
78.74
80.24
64.31
55.77
57.84
53.53
36.72
43.54
42.62
R51.86
63.83
R53.52
R54.76
55.40
R55.08
57.64
R76.50
78.16
57.05
75.71
134.81
121.23
R116.26
153.85
206.26
287.52
330.93
361.48
488.23
269.09
R352.16
P452.79
Real 4
3.09
4.04
6.64
R8.91
R10.79
R12.34
R78.56
R95.43
R116.93
R104.23
R137.05
R164.75
R153.51
R115.96
R96.73
R96.70
R86.86
R58.29
R67.17
R63.57
R74.53
R88.32
R71.53
R71.49
R70.76
R68.90
R70.64
R92.00
R92.36
R66.66
R87.18
R151.95
R133.62
R126.11
R163.43
R213.11
287.52
R320.57
R340.29
R449.64
R245.23
R317.29
P399.43
Natural Gas: 1949-1962Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Merchandise for Consumption,
FT110. 1963Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Merchandise for Consumption, FT125.
1964-1971Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports for Consumption and General Imports, FT246. 1972
and 1973Federal Power Commission (FPC), Pipeline Imports and Exports of Natural Gas - Imports and
Exports of LNG. 1974-1977FPC, United States Imports and Exports of Natural Gas, annual reports.
1978-1981U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Imports and Exports of Natural Gas,
annual reports.
1982-2009EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (NGM), monthly reports.

2010EIA, NGM (April 2012), Table 4. 2011EIA estimate based on volume and revenue data from
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy.
Crude Oil and Petroleum Products:
1949-1962Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Merchandise for Consumption, FT110.
1963Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports of Merchandise for Consumption, FT125.

1964-1988Bureau of the Census, U.S. Imports for Consumption, FT135. 1989 forwardBureau of
the Census, Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Merchandise Trade, FT900, "Exports and Imports of Goods by
Principal SITC Commodity Groupings," Annual Revisions and December 2011 issue.
81
Figure 3.8
Value of Fossil Fuel Exports
Total, 1949-2011
By Fuel, 1949-2011
120
100
90
80
80
60
40
70
20
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
By Fuel, 2011
120
104
100
100
60
50
40
30
80
60
20
Petroleum Products
40
10
20
16
Other3
7
2
0
Petroleum
Products
Coal
Natural Gas
1
2
82
Coal
Crude Oil
and
Coal Coke
1950
1960
1970
Natural gas, crude oil, and coal coke.

Source: Table 3.8.
1980
1990
2000
2010
Table 3.8 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports, Selected Years, 1949-2011

(Billion Dollars)
Coal
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Nominal
0.30
.27
.48
.35
.48
.96
3.26
2.91
2.66
2.05
3.40
4.63
5.92
5.99
4.06
4.13
4.47
3.93
3.40
4.01
4.29
4.51
4.62
4.24
3.09
2.85
3.57
3.69
3.39
3.04
2.13
2.04
1.80
1.60
1.55
2.60
3.35
3.52
4.16
7.96
5.99
9.84
P15.97
Coal Coke
Real
2.05
1.84
2.92
1.90
2.39
3.95
R9.70
R8.19
7.03
5.07
7.76
R9.68
R11.32
R10.80
7.04
6.91
7.25
6.24
R5.25
5.99
R6.16
R6.24
R6.17
R5.53
R3.94
R3.56
4.37
R4.43
R4.00
3.55
2.46
2.30
1.98
1.74
1.64
2.68
3.35
3.41
3.91
7.33
R5.46
R8.86
P14.08
Nominal
0.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.08
.07
.07
.07
.05
.08
.13
.07
.06
.05
.07
.08
.07
.05
.08
.08
.05
.05
.04
.06
.04
.05
.06
.05
.04
.03
.05
.11
.06
.07
.11
.15
.13
.13
.21
.14
.24
P.21
Natural Gas
Real
0.06
.04
.05
.04
.08
.32
.22
.19
.19
.12
.18
.27
.14
.11
.08
.12
.12
.10
.07
.12
.12
.07
.07
.06
.08
.05
.06
.07
.06
.05
.03
.06
.12
.07
.07
.11
.15
.12
.12
.19
.12
.22
P.19
Nominal
(s)
(s)
.01
(s)
.01
.03
.09
.10
.11
.11
.13
.23
.35
.30
.28
.27
.26
.17
.17
.20
.27
.27
.33
.49
.36
.40
.37
.46
.47
.39
.43
1.00
1.56
1.76
3.77
5.20
5.53
4.94
5.69
8.26
4.79
R5.71
E7.01
Real
Crude Oil
3
0.01
.02
.04
.02
.04
.12
.27
.28
.28
.28
.29
.48
.67
.54
.48
.45
.43
.27
.26
.30
.39
.37
.45
.64
.46
.51
.45
.55
.56
.46
.49
1.13
R1.72
1.91
4.00
R5.37
5.53
4.79
R5.36
7.61
4.37
R5.14
E6.18
1 Includes petroleum preparations, liquefied propane and butane, and, beginning in 1997, other mineral
fuels.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 0.005 billion.
Notes: Includes value of exports from Puerto Rico to foreign countries; excludes shipments from the
50 States and the District of Columbia to the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Totals may not equal sum
of components due to independent rounding.
Nominal
0.10
.10
.04
.01
(s)
.02
(s)
.03
.21
.39
.39
.75
.58
.47
.22
.19
.23
.12
.13
.08
.21
.14
.03
.03
.02
.05
.01
.56
1.04
.90
.77
.46
.19
.09
.16
.28
.60
.85
1.02
2.27
1.62
R1.37
P1.46
Real
0.68
.70
.23
.04
.02
.08
(s)
.08
.55
.96
.90
1.57
1.10
.85
.39
.31
.37
.19
.19
.12
.30
.19
.04
.04
.03
.06
.01
.67
1.23
1.05
.89
.52
.21
.10
.17
.29
.60
.83
R.96
2.09
R1.47
R1.23
P1.29
Nominal
0.46
.39
.60
.47
.44
.50
1.01
1.07
1.14
1.23
1.58
2.12
3.24
5.86
4.88
4.62
4.90
3.77
3.80
2.72
2.65
4.23
4.65
4.27
4.15
3.36
3.56
4.25
47.55
5.68
6.35
9.73
8.68
8.65
10.05
12.85
18.56
27.32
32.28
59.43
42.89
R63.41
P103.54
Real
R3.18
2.69
3.61
2.51
2.21
2.06
3.00
3.01
3.01
3.05
3.62
4.44
R6.19
R10.57
R8.46
7.72
R7.94
5.98
5.86
R4.06
R3.81
5.86
6.22
R5.57
5.30
4.21
R4.36
5.12
4,R8.92
6.64
7.31
10.97
R9.57
R9.38
10.68
13.28
18.56
26.46
R30.39
R54.73
R39.09
R57.13
P91.34
Total
Nominal
0.87
.78
1.14
.84
.95
1.59
4.43
4.17
4.18
3.83
5.58
7.86
10.16
12.68
9.48
9.27
9.93
8.05
7.54
7.09
7.49
9.20
9.69
9.07
7.68
R6.70
7.55
9.02
12.51
10.04
9.71
13.28
12.34
12.17
15.59
21.04
28.18
36.77
43.27
78.13
55.43
R80.57
P128.18
Real 3
R5.98
R5.29
R6.85
4.51
4.74
R6.53
R13.19
R11.75
R11.07
R9.48
R12.75
R16.44
R19.43
R22.87
R16.45
R15.50
R16.11
R12.78
R11.63
R10.58
R10.77
R12.73
R12.95
R11.84
9.81
R8.39
R9.25
R10.84
R14.78
R11.74
R11.18
R14.97
R13.60
R13.20
R16.56
R21.73
28.18
35.61
R40.74
R71.96
R50.52
72.59
P113.08
Sources: Coal and Coal Coke: Bureau of the Census, Foreign Trade Division, unpublished data.
Natural Gas: 1949-1971Bureau of the Census, U.S. Exports, FT410. 1972 and 1973Federal
Power Commission (FPC), Pipeline Imports and Exports of Natural Gas - Imports and Exports of LNG.
1974-1977FPC, United States Imports and Exports of Natural Gas, annual reports.
1978-1981U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Imports and Exports of Natural Gas,
annual reports. 1982-2009EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (NGM), monthly reports. 2010EIA, NGM
(April 2012), Table 5. 2011EIA estimate based on volume and revenue data from U.S. Department of
Energy, Office of Fossil Energy. Crude Oil and Petroleum Products: 1949-1988Bureau of the
Census, U.S. Exports, FT410. 1989 forwardBureau of the Census, Foreign Trade Division, U.S.
Merchandise Trade, FT900, "Exports and Imports of Goods by Principal SITC Commodity Groupings,"
Annual Revisions and December 2011 issue.
83
Figure 3.9
Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-2011
Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports by Fuel

400
350
300
250
200
Crude Oil and
Petroleum Products
150
100
50
Natural Gas
0
Coal
-50
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1
2
Includes small amounts of coal coke.
84
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Note: Negative net imports indicate that the value of exports is greater than the value of
imports.
Source: Table 3.9.
Table 3.9 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Billion Dollars)
Coal
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Nominal 2
-0.29
-.27
-.48
-.35
-.48
-.96
-3.24
-2.89
-2.62
-1.98
-3.35
-4.60
-5.89
-5.97
-4.01
-4.09
-4.39
-3.85
-3.35
-3.95
-4.19
-4.42
-4.51
-4.11
-2.83
-2.58
-3.24
-3.41
-3.13
-2.75
-1.85
-1.66
-1.13
-1.00
-.76
-1.57
-1.93
-1.74
-2.42
-5.92
-4.55
-8.45
P-14.61
Coal Coke
Real 3
R-2.03
-1.82
R-2.90
-1.89
R-2.38
-3.95
-9.64
R-8.14
R-6.92
R-4.88
R-7.64
R-9.62
R-11.26
R-10.76
R-6.96
R-6.83
R-7.13
R-6.11
-5.17
-5.89
R-6.02
R-6.11
R-6.02
-5.37
-3.62
R-3.22
R-3.97
R-4.10
-3.70
-3.22
-2.14
-1.88
-1.24
-1.09
-.81
-1.63
-1.93
-1.69
-2.28
-5.45
R-4.14
R-7.61
P-12.89
Natural Gas
Nominal 2
Real 3
Nominal 2
(s)
(s)
-.01
-.01
-.01
-.08
.08
.04
.06
.36
.26
-.08
-.03
-.05
-.04
-.02
-.03
-.04
.01
.12
.14
.02
.04
.10
.11
.23
.27
.18
.20
.25
.20
.20
.08
.18
.17
1.12
.63
.51
.35
1.47
-.04
.16
P.34
-0.03
-.01
-.04
-.03
-.07
-.31
.24
.12
.16
.89
.59
-.16
-.06
-.09
-.08
-.04
R-.05
-.06
.01
.17
.20
.03
.06
.13
.14
.29
.34
.22
.23
.29
.23
.23
.09
.20
.18
1.16
.63
.49
.33
1.35
-.04
.14
P.30
(s)
(s)
-.01
.02
.10
.23
1.06
1.56
1.89
1.95
3.00
3.98
4.06
4.39
4.11
3.17
R2.78
1.65
R1.77
2.18
R2.25
2.71
R2.91
3.47
4.41
4.50
3.86
5.33
6.02
5.82
7.61
13.94
16.05
R10.89
16.62
19.54
29.72
23.86
25.96
26.40
10.92
R11.20
E7.60
Real 3
-0.01
-.02
-.03
.13
.49
R.93
3.16
4.39
R5.01
4.82
6.85
8.34
R7.77
R7.92
7.13
5.30
4.52
2.62
R2.73
3.25
R3.23
3.75
R3.89
R4.53
R5.63
5.63
R4.74
R6.41
7.12
R6.80
8.76
R15.71
R17.69
R11.81
17.66
20.19
29.72
R23.11
R24.44
R24.31
R9.96
R10.09
E6.70
1 Includes petroleum preparations, liquefied propane and butane, and, beginning in 1997, other mineral
fuels.
Crude Oil
Nominal 2
0.21
.27
.62
.89
1.11
1.24
18.29
25.43
33.38
31.91
45.66
61.15
60.88
45.25
36.27
36.26
32.68
22.49
29.00
27.47
35.32
43.65
36.87
38.52
38.45
38.43
42.81
54.37
53.19
36.36
50.12
89.41
74.11
79.16
101.64
135.75
182.35
224.30
244.76
351.27
192.99
258.74
P335.34
Real 3
1.42
1.82
3.71
4.77
R5.59
R5.10
R54.45
R71.59
R88.35
R78.91
R104.26
R127.95
R116.47
R81.60
R62.91
R60.62
R53.02
R35.71
R44.75
R40.97
R50.77
R60.40
R49.27
R50.29
R49.11
R48.07
R52.46
R65.38
R62.85
R42.48
R57.71
R100.78
R81.68
R85.86
R107.97
R140.26
182.35
R217.28
R230.41
R323.50
R175.87
R233.11
P295.81
Nominal 2
-0.32
-.18
-.16
.26
.48
.98
5.76
5.58
7.28
6.07
8.87
10.42
11.06
8.00
9.96
13.25
12.57
8.42
8.57
9.71
10.85
12.67
8.52
7.72
7.59
7.78
6.39
11.01
49.37
7.33
9.94
19.65
19.77
14.87
20.59
30.38
48.56
47.24
49.57
36.89
14.34
R9.95
P-4.05
Real 3
-2.24
-1.23
-.95
1.42
2.43
4.03
R17.15
R15.71
R19.26
R15.01
R20.24
R21.80
R21.16
R14.43
R17.28
R22.15
R20.40
R13.36
R13.22
R14.48
R15.59
R17.53
R11.38
R10.07
9.70
R9.73
7.83
R13.24
4,R11.08
R8.57
R11.44
R22.14
R21.79
R16.13
R21.87
R31.39
48.56
R45.76
R46.67
R33.97
R13.07
R8.96
P-3.58
Total
Nominal 2
-0.42
-.18
-.04
.82
1.21
1.41
21.96
29.72
40.00
38.31
54.44
70.88
70.09
51.63
46.28
48.57
43.60
28.67
36.00
35.53
R44.36
54.63
R43.83
R45.69
47.72
48.37
50.09
67.49
65.65
47.00
66.00
121.53
108.89
R104.10
138.26
185.23
259.34
294.17
318.21
410.10
213.66
R271.60
P324.61
Real 3
-2.89
-1.26
-.22
4.40
R6.05
5.81
R65.36
R83.68
R105.86
R94.75
R124.30
R148.31
R134.08
R93.09
R80.28
R81.19
R70.75
R45.51
R55.54
R52.99
R63.76
R75.60
R58.58
R59.65
R60.95
R60.51
R61.38
R81.15
R77.58
R54.92
R76.00
R136.98
R120.02
R112.91
R146.87
R191.38
259.34
R284.96
R299.56
R377.69
R194.72
R244.70
P286.35
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 0.005 billion and greater than -0.005 billion.
Notes: Net imports equal imports minus exports. Minus sign indicates that the value of exports is
greater than the value of imports. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent
rounding. Data on this table may not equal data on Table 3.7 minus data on Table 3.8 due to
85
4. Energy Resources
Figure 4.1
Technically Recoverable Crude Oil and Natural Gas Resource Estimates, 2009
Crude Oil and Lease Condensate, Total Technically

Recoverable Resources
Dry Natural Gas, Total Technically Recoverable Resources
13%
18%
13%
48 States Onshore
48 States Offshore
Alaska
58%
25%
54%
48 States Onshore
48 States Offshore Gas
Alaska
Tight Gas, Shale Gas, and Coalbed
Methane
20%
Total
2,203 trillion cubic feet
Total
220 billion barrels
Crude Oil and Lease Condensate by Type
Dry Natural Gas by Type
250
2,500
2,203
220
198
150
100
50
1,500
1,000
500
273
22
0
0
Proved
Reserves
Unproved
Resources
Total
Technically
Recoverable
Resources
48 States is the United States excluding Alaska and Hawaii.

Note: Sum of components may not equal 100 percent due to independent rounding.
88
1,931
2,000
Trillion Cubic Feet
Billion Barrels
200
Proved
Reserves
Source: Table 4.1.
Unproved
Resources
Total
Technically
Recoverable
Resources
Table 4.1 Technically Recoverable Crude Oil and Natural Gas Resource Estimates, 2009
Proved Reserves 1
Region
Unproved Resources
Total Technically
Recoverable Resources 2
Crude Oil and Lease Condensate (billion barrels)

48 States 3 Onshore ...........................................................................
48 States 3 Offshore ...........................................................................
Alaska .................................................................................................
14.2
4.6
3.6
112.6
50.3
35.0
126.7
54.8
38.6
Total U.S. ...........................................................................................

.......................
22.3
197.9
220.2
Dry Natural Gas 4 (trillion cubic feet)

Conventionally Reservoired Fields 5 .............................................
48 States 3 Onshore Gas 6 .............................................................
48 States 3 Offshore Gas 7 .............................................................
Alaska .............................................................................................
105.5
81.4
15.0
9.1
904.0
369.7
262.6
271.7
1,009.5
451.1
277.6
280.8
Tight Gas, 8 Shale Gas, 9 and Coalbed Methane 10 .......................
167.1
1,026.7
1,193.8
Total U.S. ..........................................................................................
272.5
1,930.7
2,203.3
1 See "Proved Reserves, Crude Oil," "Proved Reserves, Lease Condensate," and "Proved Reserves,
Natural Gas" in Glossary.
2 "Technically recoverable" resources are those that are producible using current technology without
reference to the economic viability thereof.
3 "48 States" is the United States excluding Alaska and Hawaii.
4 Excludes natural gas plant liquids. See "Natural Gas, Dry" in Glossary.
5 Conventionally reservoired deposits are discrete subsurface accumulations of crude oil or natural gas
usually defined, controlled, or limited by hydrocarbon/water contacts.
6 Includes associated-dissolved (AD) natural gas that occurs in crude oil reservoirs either as free gas
(associated) or as gas in solution with crude oil (dissolved gas).
7 Includes Federal offshore and State offshore waters (near-shore, shallow-water areas under State
jurisdiction).
8 Natural gas produced from a non-shale formation with extremely low permeability.
See "Shale Gas" in Glossary.

See "Coalbed Methane" in Glossary.
Notes: See Tables 4.2 and 4.3 for more recent proved reserves data. Data are at end of year.
Resources in areas where drilling is officially prohibited are not included. Estimates of the resources in
the Northern Atlantic, Northern and Central Pacific, and within a 50-mile buffer off the Mid and Southern
Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) are also excluded from the technically recoverable volumes.
Sources: Proved Reserves: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Crude Oil, Natural
Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Proved Reserves, 2010 (August 2012). Unproved Resources: U.S.
Geological Survey National Oil and Gas Resource Assessment Team, with adjustments made to the shale
gas data by EIA, Office of Energy Analysis. Total Technically Recoverable Resources: Calculated as
the sum of proved reserves and unproved resources.
10
89
Figure 4.2
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Cumulative Production and Proved Reserves, 1977-2010
Natural Gas (Dry)
250
1,500
200
1,200
Trillion Cubic Feet
Billion Barrels
Crude Oil
150
100
Cumulative Production
50
900
600
300
Proved Reserves
0
1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998
Proved Reserves
0
1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010
2001 2004 2007 2010
Cumulative Production and Proved Reserves, Indexed

250
Natural Gas (Dry) Cumulative Production
Index: 1977=100
200
Crude Oil Cumulative Production
150
Natural Gas (Dry) Proved Reserves
100
Crude Oil Proved Reserves
50
0
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
Notes: Data are at end of year. Crude oil includes lease condensate.
90
1992
1995
1998
Source: Table 4.2.
2001
2004
2007
2010
Table 4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Cumulative Production and Proved Reserves, 1977-2010
Crude Oil and Lease Condensate 1
Proved Reserves 2
118.1
121.3
124.4
127.5
130.7
133.8
137.0
140.2
143.5
146.7
149.7
152.7
155.5
158.2
160.9
163.5
166.0
168.4
170.8
173.2
175.6
177.8
180.0
182.1
184.2
186.3
188.4
190.4
192.3
194.1
196.0
197.8
199.8
201.8
Proved Reserves 3
Billion Barrels
Year
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Natural Gas (Dry)
Trillion Cubic Feet

31.8
31.4
31.2
31.3
31.0
29.5
29.3
30.0
29.9
28.3
28.7
28.2
27.9
27.6
25.9
25.0
24.1
23.6
23.5
23.3
23.9
22.4
23.2
23.5
23.8
24.0
23.1
22.6
23.0
22.3
22.8
20.6
22.3
25.2
1 Lease condensate is the portion of natural gas liquids that is separated from the wellhead gas stream
at a lease or field separation facility.
2 See "Proved Reserves, Crude Oil" and "Proved Reserves, Lease Condensate" in Glossary.
3 See "Proved Reserves, Natural Gas" in Glossary.
Note: Data are at end of year.
Web Pages:
See http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/ and http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/ for related
514.4
533.6
553.2
572.6
591.8
609.6
625.7
643.2
659.6
675.7
692.3
709.4
726.7
744.5
762.2
780.1
798.2
817.0
835.6
854.5
873.4
892.4
911.2
930.4
950.0
968.9
988.0
1,006.6
1,024.7
1,043.2
1,062.4
1,082.6
1,103.2
1,124.6
207.4
208.0
201.0
199.0
201.7
201.5
200.2
197.5
193.4
191.6
187.2
168.0
167.1
169.3
167.1
165.0
162.4
163.8
165.1
166.5
167.2
164.0
167.4
177.4
183.5
186.9
189.0
192.5
204.4
211.1
237.7
244.7
272.5
304.6
information.
Sources: Cumulative Production: Calculated from U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA),
Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports and Natural Gas Annual, annual reports. Proved Reserves:
1977-2000EIA, U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, annual reports.
2001-2010EIA, Summary: U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Proved Reserves
2010 (August 2012), Table 7.
91
Figure 4.3
Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Proved Reserves
Total, 1949-2010
By Type, 2010
100
60
54
50
Billion Barrels COE
75
50
Billion Barrels COE
API and AGA Data
EIA Data
40
30
23
20
25
10
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Natural Gas
Crude Oil
Natural Gas Liquids
By Type, 1949-2010
60
API and AGA Data: 1949-1979

Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Billion Barrels COE
EIA Data: 1977-2010

40
Crude Oil
Crude Oil
20
Natural Gas Liquids
Natural Gas Liquids

0
1950
1
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
COE=crude oil equivalent.

To the extent that lease condensate is measured or estimated it is included in Natural Gas
Liquids; otherwise, lease condensate is included in Crude Oil.
92
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Notes: Data are at end of year. API=American Petroleum Institute. AGA=American Gas
Association. EIA=U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Source: Table 4.3.
Table 4.3 Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Proved Reserves, Selected Years, 1949-2010
Crude Oil 1
Billion Barrels
Trillion Cubic Feet 2
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
24.6
25.3
30.0
31.6
31.4
39.0
38.1
36.3
35.3
34.2
32.7
30.9
29.5
27.8
27.1
179.4
184.6
222.5
262.3
286.5
290.7
278.8
266.1
250.0
237.1
228.2
216.0
208.9
200.3
194.9
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
31.8
31.4
29.8
29.8
29.4
27.9
27.7
28.4
28.4
26.9
27.3
26.8
26.5
26.3
24.7
23.7
23.0
22.5
22.4
22.0
22.5
21.0
21.8
22.0
22.4
22.7
21.9
21.4
21.8
21.0
21.3
19.1
20.7
23.3
207.4
208.0
201.0
199.0
201.7
201.5
200.2
197.5
193.4
191.6
187.2
168.0
167.1
169.3
167.1
165.0
162.4
163.8
165.1
166.5
167.2
164.0
167.4
177.4
183.5
186.9
189.0
192.5
204.4
211.1
237.7
244.7
272.5
304.6
Year
Natural Gas Liquids 1
Natural Gas (Dry)

Billion Barrels COE 3
Billion Barrels
Total
3.1
3.5
4.4
5.4
6.3
5.9
5.5
5.1
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.7
4.4
4.3
4.1
59.7
61.7
74.1
83.8
88.6
96.6
93.2
88.5
84.1
80.8
77.5
73.6
70.6
67.3
65.5
NA
5.0
4.9
5.0
5.2
5.3
5.7
5.5
5.6
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.5
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.1
5.0
5.2
5.5
5.6
5.3
5.5
5.8
5.6
5.6
5.2
5.5
5.6
5.8
6.3
6.4
7.0
8.0
NA
73.0
70.1
70.0
70.4
68.8
69.0
69.0
68.5
66.7
66.3
62.4
61.7
61.7
59.6
58.3
56.8
56.5
56.8
56.9
57.7
55.5
56.9
59.2
60.5
R61.2
60.6
60.9
63.6
64.2
R69.7
68.8
75.8
85.0
American Petroleum Institute and American Gas Association Data

32.0
32.9
39.7
46.8
51.0
51.7
49.6
47.1
44.0
41.9
40.2
38.0
36.8
35.2
34.3
3.7
4.3
5.4
6.8
8.0
7.7
7.3
6.8
6.5
6.4
6.3
6.4
6.0
5.9
5.7
U.S. Energy Information Administration Data

36.5
36.5
35.4
35.2
35.7
35.7
35.6
35.1
34.4
34.0
33.3
29.8
29.7
30.0
29.7
29.3
28.8
29.0
29.2
29.4
29.6
29.2
29.6
31.4
32.5
R33.0
33.5
34.1
36.2
37.4
R42.1
43.3
48.2
53.7
1 To the extent that lease condensate is measured or estimated it is included in "Natural Gas Liquids";
otherwise, lease condensate is included in "Crude Oil."
2 The American Gas Association estimates of natural gas proved reserves include volumes of natural
gas held in underground storage. In 1979, this volume amounted to 4.9 trillion cubic feet. U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA) data do not include natural gas in underground storage.
3 Natural gas is converted to crude oil equivalent (COE) by multiplying by the natural gas dry production
approximate heat content (see Table A4) and then dividing by the crude oil production approximate heat
content (see Table A2). The lease condensate portion of natural gas liquids is converted to COE by
multiplying by the lease condensate production approximate heat content (5.5 million Btu per barrel) and
then dividing by the crude oil production approximate heat content. Other natural gas liquids are converted
to COE by multiplying by the natural gas plant liquids production approximate heat content (see Table A2)
and then dividing by the crude oil production approximate heat content.
NA
6.8
6.6
6.7
7.1
7.2
7.9
7.6
7.9
8.2
8.1
8.2
7.8
7.6
7.5
7.5
7.2
7.2
7.4
7.8
8.0
7.5
7.9
8.3
8.0
8.0
7.5
7.9
8.2
8.5
9.1
9.3
10.2
11.7
R=Revised. NA=Not available.

Notes: Data are at end of year. See "Proved Reserves, Crude Oil," "Proved Reserves, Natural
Gas," and "Proved Reserves, Natural Gas Liquids" in Glossary.
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#resources for all data beginning in
1949. For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/.
Sources: American Petroleum Institute and American Gas Association Data: American Petroleum
Institute, American Gas Association, and Canadian Petroleum Association (published jointly), Reserves of
Crude Oil, Natural Gas Liquids and Natural Gas in the United States and Canada as of December 31,
1979, Volume 34 (June 1980). U.S. Energy Information Administration Data: 1977-2008EIA, U.S.
Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, annual reports. 2009 and 2010EIA,
Summary: U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves 2010 (August 2012), Tables 7
and 17.
93
Figure 4.4
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Rotary Rigs in Operation
By Site, 1949-2011
By Site, 2011
2,000
1,846
Number of Rigs
Thousand Rigs
1,500
3
1,000
Total
500
1
Onshore
Offshore
32
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
By Type, 1949-2011
Onshore
Offshore
By Type, 2011
1,250
1,000
984
Total
Number of Rigs
Thousand Rigs
887
750
500
250
Crude Oil
Natural Gas
0
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Rigs drilling for miscellaneous purposes, such as service wells, injection wells, and stratigraphic tests, are not shown.
94
2010
Source: Table 4.4.
Natural Gas
Crude Oil
Table 4.4 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Rotary Rigs in Operation, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Number of Rigs)
By Site
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Onshore
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,554
1,529
1,834
2,074
1,970
2,678
3,714
2,862
2,033
2,215
1,774
865
841
813
764
902
779
669
672
673
622
671
821
703
519
778
1,003
717
924
1,095
1,287
1,559
1,695
1,814
1,046
1,514
1,846
By Type
Offshore
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
106
129
167
185
207
231
256
243
199
213
206
99
95
123
105
108
81
52
82
102
101
108
122
123
106
140
153
113
108
97
94
90
72
65
44
31
32
1 Sum of rigs drilling for crude oil, rigs drilling for natural gas, and other rigs (not shown) drilling for
miscellaneous purposes, such as service wells, injection wells, and stratigraphic tests.
NA=Not available.
Notes: Data are not for the exact calendar year but are an average for the 52 or 53 consecutive whole
weeks that most nearly coincide with the calendar year. Geographic coverage is the 50 States and the
Crude Oil
Natural Gas
Total 1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
354
401
464
351
331
364
427
385
464
564
560
496
720
939
691
872
1,025
1,184
1,372
1,466
1,491
801
943
887
2,017
2,154
2,686
1,748
1,388
1,028
1,660
1,658
2,001
2,259
2,177
2,909
3,970
3,105
2,232
2,428
1,980
964
936
936
869
1,010
860
721
754
775
723
779
943
827
625
918
1,156
830
1,032
1,192
1,381
1,649
1,768
1,879
1,089
1,546
1,879
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
554
453
532
482
373
373
335
323
306
376
264
128
197
217
137
157
165
194
274
297
379
278
591
984
District of Columbia. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#crude for updated monthly and annual
data. See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#resources for all annual data beginning in 1949.
Source: Baker Hughes, Inc., Houston, TX, Rotary Rigs RunningBy State, used with permission. See
http://investor.shareholder.com/bhi/rig_counts/rc_index.cfm.
95
Figure 4.5
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploratory and Development Wells
Total Wells Drilled, 1949-2010
Total Wells Drilled by Type, 1949-2010
100
Successful Wells, 1949-2010
50
100
Development
Crude Oil Wells

40
Total
Natural
Gas Wells
30
Exploratory
60
Percent
Thousand Wells
Thousand Wells
75
50
Total
80
20
40
Dry Holes
25
10
20
Development
0
1950
Exploratory
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
0
1950
2010
Wells Drilled, 2010
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Footage Drilled, 2010
20
1950
15.9
15
147
Million Feet
150
10
138
100
95
101
50
4.3
1970
1980
12
Exploratory
Development
Total
Exploratory
Development
Total
Thousand Feet per Well
17.0
16.3
1960
1990
2000
2010
Average Depth, 2010
200
15.6
Thousand Wells
0
1960
Exploratory
Development
Total
9.1
8.8
6.1
8.6
8.7
6.2
5.7
4.9
5.1
3.2
0.7
1.0
1.1
96
22
0
Crude Oil
16
Natural Gas
Dry Holes
0
Crude Oil
Data are for exploratory and development wells combined.
Natural Gas
Dry Holes
Sources: Tables 4.54.7.
Crude Oil
Natural Gas
Dry Holes
Table 4.5 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, Selected Years, 1949-2010
Footage Drilled 1
Wells Drilled
Crude Oil
Natural Gas
Dry Holes
Total
Number
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
21,352
23,812
30,432
22,258
18,065
12,968
16,948
17,688
18,745
19,181
20,851
32,959
43,887
39,459
37,366
42,906
35,261
19,213
16,210
13,646
10,230
12,839
12,588
9,402
8,856
7,348
8,248
8,836
11,206
7,682
4,805
8,090
8,888
6,775
8,129
8,789
10,779
R13,404
R13,361
R16,645
R11,261
R16,254
3,363
3,439
4,266
5,149
4,482
4,011
8,127
9,409
12,122
14,413
15,254
17,461
20,250
19,076
14,684
17,338
14,324
8,599
8,096
8,578
9,522
11,246
9,793
8,163
9,839
9,375
8,082
9,027
11,498
11,639
12,027
17,051
22,072
17,342
20,722
24,186
R28,590
R32,838
R32,719
R32,274
R18,234
R16,973
Successful
Wells
Crude Oil
Percent
12,597
14,799
20,452
18,212
16,226
11,031
13,646
13,758
14,985
16,551
16,099
20,785
27,953
26,379
24,355
25,884
21,211
12,799
11,167
10,119
8,236
8,245
7,481
5,862
6,096
5,096
4,814
4,890
5,874
4,761
3,550
4,146
4,598
3,754
3,982
4,082
4,653
R5,206
R4,978
R5,428
R3,552
R4,277
37,312
42,050
55,150
45,619
38,773
28,010
38,721
40,855
45,852
50,145
52,204
71,205
92,090
84,914
76,405
86,128
70,796
40,611
35,473
32,343
27,988
32,330
29,862
23,427
24,791
21,819
21,144
22,753
28,578
24,082
20,382
29,287
35,558
27,871
32,833
37,057
R44,022
R51,448
R51,058
R54,347
R33,047
R37,504
66.2
64.8
62.9
60.1
58.2
60.6
64.8
66.3
67.3
67.0
69.2
70.8
69.6
68.9
68.1
69.9
70.0
68.5
68.5
68.7
70.6
74.5
74.9
75.0
75.4
76.6
77.2
78.5
79.4
80.2
82.6
85.8
87.1
86.5
87.9
89.0
89.4
89.9
90.3
R90.0
R89.3
R88.6
Dry Holes
Average Footage Drilled

4
Total
Crude Oil
Thousand Feet
79,428
92,695
121,148
86,568
73,322
56,859
66,819
68,892
75,451
77,041
82,688
125,262
172,167
149,674
136,849
162,653
137,728
76,825
66,358
58,639
43,266
R56,591
R56,196
R45,748
R44,236
R38,620
R41,076
R42,472
R56,371
R38,579
R22,024
R36,745
R43,172
R30,892
R38,588
R42,109
R51,449
R63,340
R64,792
R82,646
R62,771
R100,682
See "Footage Drilled" in Glossary.

See "Crude Oil Well" in Glossary.
See "Natural Gas Well" in Glossary.
4 See "Dry Hole" in Glossary.
R=Revised.
Data are for exploratory and development wells combined; see Table 4.6 for exploratory wells only, and
Table 4.7 for development wells only. Service wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests are excluded.
For 19491959, data represent wells completed in a given year. For 19601969, data are for well
completion reports received by the American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970
forward, the data represent wells completed in a given year. The as-received well completion data for
recent years are incomplete due to delays in the reporting of wells drilled. The U.S. Energy Information
2
Natural Gas
12,437
13,685
19,930
28,246
24,931
23,623
44,454
49,113
63,686
75,841
80,468
92,106
108,353
107,149
78,108
91,480
76,293
45,039
42,584
45,363
49,081
R57,028
R51,032
R44,727
R58,240
R58,340
R49,746
R56,042
R71,270
R70,099
R60,217
R83,618
R110,734
R93,041
R115,916
R138,449
R163,820
R191,646
R208,907
R223,224
R156,200
R146,973
43,754
50,977
85,103
77,361
76,629
58,074
69,220
68,977
76,728
85,788
81,642
99,575
134,934
123,746
105,222
119,860
100,388
60,961
53,588
52,517
42,099
R42,433
R37,750
R29,451
R31,018
R27,771
R26,349
R27,851
R33,640
R28,540
R20,608
R24,076
R26,221
R21,232
R22,744
R23,714
R25,044
R27,778
R27,754
R28,572
R20,520
R21,719
Natural Gas 3
Dry Holes 4
Total
Feet per Well

135,619
157,358
226,182
192,176
174,882
138,556
180,494
186,982
215,866
238,669
244,798
316,943
415,454
380,569
320,179
373,993
314,409
182,825
162,530
156,519
134,446
R156,052
R144,978
R119,926
R133,494
R124,731
R117,171
R126,365
R161,281
R137,218
R102,849
R144,439
R180,127
R145,165
R177,248
R204,272
R240,313
R282,764
R301,453
R334,442
R239,491
R269,374
3,720
3,893
3,981
3,889
4,059
4,385
3,943
3,895
4,025
4,017
3,966
3,801
3,923
3,793
3,662
3,791
3,906
3,999
4,094
4,297
4,229
R4,408
R4,464
R4,866
R4,995
R5,256
R4,980
R4,807
R5,030
R5,022
4,584
R4,542
R4,857
R4,560
R4,747
R4,791
R4,773
R4,725
R4,849
R4,965
R5,574
R6,194
3,698
3,979
4,672
5,486
5,562
5,860
5,470
5,220
5,254
5,262
5,275
5,275
5,351
5,617
5,319
5,276
5,326
5,238
5,260
5,288
5,154
R5,071
R5,211
R5,479
R5,919
R6,223
R6,155
R6,208
R6,198
R6,023
R5,007
R4,904
R5,017
R5,365
R5,594
R5,724
R5,730
R5,836
R6,385
R6,917
R8,566
R8,659
3,473
3,445
4,161
4,248
4,723
5,265
5,073
5,014
5,120
5,183
5,071
4,791
4,827
4,691
4,320
4,631
4,733
4,763
4,799
5,190
5,112
R5,147
R5,046
R5,024
R5,088
R5,450
R5,473
R5,696
R5,727
R5,995
R5,805
R5,807
R5,703
R5,656
R5,712
R5,809
R5,382
R5,336
R5,575
R5,264
R5,777
R5,078
3,635
3,742
4,101
4,213
4,510
4,943
4,661
4,577
4,708
4,760
4,689
4,451
4,511
4,482
4,191
4,342
4,441
4,502
4,582
4,839
4,804
R4,827
R4,855
R5,119
R5,385
R5,717
R5,542
R5,554
R5,644
R5,698
R5,046
R4,932
R5,066
R5,208
R5,398
R5,512
R5,459
R5,496
R5,904
R6,154
R7,247
R7,183
Administration (EIA) therefore statistically imputes the missing data. Totals may not equal sum of
components due to independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average of components due to
See http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/ for related information.
Sources:
1949-1965Gulf Publishing Company, World Oil, "Forecast-Review" issue.
1966-1969American Petroleum Institute (API), Quarterly Review of Drilling Statistics for the United
States, annual summaries and monthly reports. 1970-1989EIA computations based on well reports
submitted to the API. 1990 forwardEIA computations based on well reports submitted to IHS, Inc.,
Denver, CO.
97
Figure 4.6
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-2010
Exploratory Wells Drilled by Well Type
Exploratory Footage Drilled by Well Type

80
15
12
Million Feet
Thousand Wells
60
9
40
Dry Holes
Natural Gas
Wells
Natural Gas
Wells
20
Dry Holes
Crude Oil Wells
Crude Oil Wells

0
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Exploratory Wells Average Depth, All Wells
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Exploratory Wells Average Depth by Well Type
10
10
8
Thousand Feet Per Well
Crude Oil Wells
6
Dry Holes
4
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Note: These graphs depict exploratory wells only; see Figure 4.5 for all wells and Figure 4.7
for development wells only.
98
Natural Gas
Wells
1950
1960
1970
Source: Table 4.6.
1980
1990
2000
2010
Table 4.6 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploratory Wells, Selected Years, 1949-2010
Footage Drilled 1
Wells Drilled
Crude Oil
Natural Gas
Dry Holes
Total
Number
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
1,406
1,583
2,236
1,321
946
757
982
1,086
1,164
1,171
1,321
1,777
2,651
2,437
2,030
2,209
1,680
1,084
926
855
607
778
673
571
539
595
570
489
491
327
197
288
357
258
350
383
539
R646
R806
R892
R612
R668
424
431
874
868
515
477
1,248
1,346
1,548
1,771
1,907
2,099
2,522
2,133
1,605
1,528
1,200
797
756
747
706
811
649
513
610
782
558
576
562
566
570
657
1,052
844
997
1,671
R2,141
R2,456
R2,794
R2,345
R1,196
R1,044
Successful
Wells
Crude Oil
Percent
7,228
8,292
11,832
9,515
8,005
6,162
7,129
6,772
7,283
7,965
7,437
9,081
12,400
11,307
10,206
11,321
8,954
5,567
5,052
4,711
3,934
3,652
3,191
2,384
2,334
2,247
2,024
1,956
2,113
1,590
1,157
1,341
1,733
1,282
1,297
1,350
1,462
R1,547
R1,582
R1,715
R1,052
R1,093
9,058
10,306
14,942
11,704
9,466
7,396
9,359
9,204
9,995
10,907
10,665
12,957
17,573
15,877
13,841
15,058
11,834
7,448
6,734
6,313
5,247
5,241
4,513
3,468
3,483
3,624
3,152
3,021
3,166
2,483
1,924
2,286
3,142
2,384
2,644
3,404
R4,142
R4,649
R5,182
R4,952
R2,860
R2,805
20.2
19.5
20.8
18.7
15.4
16.7
23.8
26.4
27.1
27.0
30.3
29.9
29.4
28.8
26.3
24.8
24.3
25.3
25.0
25.4
25.0
30.3
29.3
31.3
33.0
38.0
35.8
35.3
33.3
36.0
39.9
41.3
44.8
46.2
50.9
60.3
64.7
R66.7
R69.5
R65.4
R63.2
R61.0
Dry Holes

4
Total
Crude Oil
Thousand Feet
5,950
6,862
10,774
6,829
5,366
4,729
5,806
6,527
6,870
7,105
7,941
10,177
15,515
13,413
10,437
12,294
9,854
6,579
5,652
5,286
3,659
R5,316
4,470
R3,959
R3,572
3,971
R3,927
R3,650
R3,946
2,740
1,433
2,103
R2,608
R1,742
R2,446
R3,098
R4,252
R4,710
R5,790
R7,088
R4,711
R6,099

3 See "Natural Gas Well" in Glossary.
R=Revised.
Data are for exploratory wells only; see Table 4.5 for exploratory and development wells combined, and
Table 4.7 for development wells only. For 19491959, data represent wells completed in a given year.
For 19601969, data are for well completion reports received by the American Petroleum Institute (API)
during the reporting year. For 1970 forward, the data represent wells completed in a given year. The
as-received well completion data for recent years are incomplete due to delays in the reporting of wells
2
Natural Gas
2,409
2,356
5,212
5,466
3,757
3,678
8,422
9,121
10,255
11,798
12,643
13,862
17,079
14,763
10,264
9,935
8,144
5,401
5,064
4,992
4,664
R5,740
R4,619
3,544
R3,950
R5,121
R3,494
R3,902
R4,022
R4,068
R3,997
R4,798
R7,323
R5,701
R6,569
R9,988
R12,208
R13,987
R15,658
R14,276
R8,499
R9,226
26,439
30,957
53,220
43,535
40,081
35,123
40,448
37,969
40,823
46,295
42,512
50,249
69,214
60,680
48,989
58,624
47,604
30,325
26,746
27,079
21,947
R20,761
18,049
13,058
R13,465
R13,306
R11,927
12,137
R13,485
R10,836
7,687
R9,147
R11,458
R8,687
R8,810
R9,331
R9,359
R9,745
R10,102
R10,500
R6,443
R6,192
Natural Gas 3
Dry Holes 4
Total
Feet per Well

34,798
40,175
69,206
55,831
49,204
43,530
54,677
53,617
57,949
65,197
63,096
74,288
101,808
88,856
69,690
80,853
65,602
42,305
37,462
37,357
30,270
R31,817
R27,138
R20,561
R20,987
R22,398
R19,348
R19,689
R21,453
R17,644
R13,117
R16,048
R21,389
R16,130
R17,825
R22,417
R25,819
R28,442
R31,550
R31,864
R19,653
R21,517
4,232
4,335
4,819
5,170
5,672
6,247
5,913
6,010
5,902
6,067
6,011
5,727
5,853
5,504
5,141
5,565
5,865
6,069
6,104
6,182
6,028
R6,833
6,642
R6,933
R6,627
6,674
R6,889
R7,464
R8,037
8,379
7,274
7,302
R7,305
R6,752
R6,989
R8,089
R7,889
R7,291
R7,184
R7,946
R7,698
R9,130
5,682
5,466
5,964
6,298
7,295
7,695
6,748
6,777
6,625
6,662
6,630
6,604
6,772
6,921
6,395
6,502
6,787
6,777
6,698
6,683
6,606
R7,078
R7,117
6,908
R6,475
R6,549
R6,262
R6,774
R7,157
R7,187
R7,012
R7,303
R6,961
R6,755
R6,589
R5,977
R5,702
R5,695
R5,604
R6,088
R7,106
R8,837
3,658
3,733
4,498
4,575
5,007
5,700
5,674
5,607
5,605
5,812
5,716
5,533
5,582
5,367
4,800
5,178
5,317
5,447
5,294
5,748
5,579
R5,685
5,656
5,477
R5,769
5,922
5,893
6,205
R6,382
R6,815
6,644
R6,821
R6,612
R6,776
R6,793
R6,912
R6,402
R6,299
R6,386
R6,122
R6,125
R5,665
3,842
3,898
4,632
4,770
5,198
5,885
5,842
5,825
5,798
5,978
5,916
5,733
5,793
5,597
5,035
5,369
5,544
5,680
5,563
5,917
5,769
R6,071
6,013
R5,929
R6,026
R6,180
R6,138
R6,517
R6,776
R7,106
R6,818
R7,020
R6,807
R6,766
R6,742
R6,585
R6,233
R6,118
R6,088
R6,435
R6,872
R7,671
drilled. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) therefore statistically imputes the missing data.
Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Average depth may not equal
average of components due to independent rounding.
Sources:

Denver, CO.
99
Figure 4.7
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Development Wells, 1949-2010
Development Wells Drilled by Well Type
Development Footage Drilled by Well Type
50
250
40
200
Natural Gas Wells
30
Crude Oil Wells
20
Million Feet
Thousand Wells
Natural Gas Wells
10
150
Crude Oil Wells
100
50
Dry Holes
Dry Holes
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Development Wells Average Depth, All Wells
1950
8
10
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Development Wells Average Depth by Well Type
10
Natural Gas Wells

Dry Holes
Crude Oil Wells
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Note: These graphs depict development wells only; see Figure 4.5 for all wells and Figure
4.6 for exploratory wells only.
100
1960
1950
1960
1970
Source: Table 4.7.
1980
1990
2000
2010
Table 4.7 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Development Wells, Selected Years, 1949-2010
Footage Drilled 1
Wells Drilled
Crude Oil
Natural Gas
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
1
Dry Holes
Total
Number
19,946
22,229
28,196
20,937
17,119
12,211
15,966
16,602
17,581
18,010
19,530
31,182
41,236
37,022
35,336
40,697
33,581
18,129
15,284
12,791
9,623
12,061
11,915
8,831
8,317
6,753
7,678
8,347
10,715
7,355
4,608
7,802
8,531
6,517
7,779
8,406
10,240
R12,758
R12,555
R15,753
R10,649
R15,586
2,939
3,008
3,392
4,281
3,967
3,534
6,879
8,063
10,574
12,642
13,347
15,362
17,728
16,943
13,079
15,810
13,124
7,802
7,340
7,831
8,816
10,435
9,144
7,650
9,229
8,593
7,524
8,451
10,936
11,073
11,457
16,394
21,020
16,498
19,725
22,515
26,449
R30,382
R29,925
R29,929
R17,038
R15,929
Successful
Wells
Crude Oil
Percent
5,369
6,507
8,620
8,697
8,221
4,869
6,517
6,986
7,702
8,586
8,662
11,704
15,553
15,072
14,149
14,563
12,257
7,232
6,115
5,408
4,302
4,593
4,290
3,478
3,762
2,849
2,790
2,934
3,761
3,171
2,393
2,805
2,865
2,472
2,685
2,732
3,191
R3,659
R3,396
R3,713
R2,500
R3,184
28,254
31,744
40,208
33,915
29,307
20,614
29,362
31,651
35,857
39,238
41,539
58,248
74,517
69,037
62,564
71,070
58,962
33,163
28,739
26,030
22,741
27,089
25,349
19,959
21,308
18,195
17,992
19,732
25,412
21,599
18,458
27,001
32,416
25,487
30,189
33,653
39,880
R46,799
R45,876
R49,395
R30,187
R34,699
81.0
79.5
78.6
74.4
71.9
76.4
77.8
77.9
78.5
78.1
79.1
79.9
79.1
78.2
77.4
79.5
79.2
78.2
78.7
79.2
81.1
83.0
83.1
82.6
82.3
84.3
84.5
85.1
85.2
85.3
87.0
89.6
91.2
90.3
91.1
91.9
92.0
92.2
R92.6
R92.5
91.7
R90.8
Dry Holes

4
Total
Crude Oil
Thousand Feet
73,478
85,833
110,374
79,739
67,956
52,130
61,013
62,365
68,581
69,936
74,747
115,085
156,652
136,261
126,412
150,359
127,874
70,246
60,706
53,353
39,607
R51,275
R51,726
R41,789
R40,664
R34,649
R37,149
R38,822
R52,425
R35,839
R20,591
R34,642
R40,564
R29,150
R36,142
R39,011
R47,197
R58,630
R59,002
R75,558
R58,060
R94,583

See "Natural Gas Well" in Glossary.
R=Revised.
Data are for development wells only; see Table 4.5 for exploratory and development wells combined, and
Table 4.6 for exploratory wells only. Service wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests are excluded.
For 19491959, data represent wells completed in a given year. For 19601969, data are for well
completion reports received by the American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970
forward, the data represent wells completed in a given year. The as-received well completion data for
recent years are incomplete due to delays in the reporting of wells drilled. The U.S. Energy Information
2
Natural Gas
10,028
11,329
14,718
22,780
21,174
19,945
36,032
39,992
53,431
64,043
67,825
78,244
91,274
92,386
67,844
81,545
68,149
39,638
37,520
40,371
44,417
R51,288
R46,413
R41,183
R54,290
R53,219
R46,252
R52,140
R67,248
R66,031
R56,220
R78,820
R103,411
R87,340
R109,347
R128,461
R151,612
R177,659
R193,249
R208,948
R147,701
R137,747
17,315
20,020
31,883
33,826
36,548
22,951
28,772
31,008
35,905
39,493
39,130
49,326
65,720
63,066
56,233
61,236
52,784
30,636
26,842
25,438
20,152
R21,672
R19,701
R16,393
R17,553
R14,465
R14,422
R15,714
R20,155
R17,704
R12,921
R14,929
R14,763
R12,545
R13,934
R14,383
R15,685
R18,033
R17,652
R18,072
R14,077
R15,527
Natural Gas 3
Dry Holes 4
Total
Feet per Well

100,821
117,183
156,976
136,345
125,678
95,026
125,817
133,365
157,917
173,472
181,702
242,655
313,646
291,713
250,489
293,140
248,807
140,520
125,068
119,162
104,176
R124,235
R117,840
R99,365
R112,507
R102,333
R97,823
R106,676
R139,828
R119,574
R89,732
R128,391
R158,738
R129,035
R159,423
R181,855
R214,494
R254,322
R269,903
R302,578
R219,838
R247,857
3,684
3,861
3,915
3,809
3,970
4,269
3,821
3,756
3,901
3,883
3,827
3,691
3,799
3,681
3,577
3,695
3,808
3,875
3,972
4,171
4,116
R4,251
R4,341
R4,732
R4,889
R5,131
R4,838
R4,651
R4,893
R4,873
4,469
R4,440
R4,755
R4,473
R4,646
R4,641
R4,609
R4,596
R4,699
R4,796
R5,452
R6,068
3,412
3,766
4,339
5,321
5,337
5,644
5,238
4,960
5,053
5,066
5,082
5,093
5,149
5,453
5,187
5,158
5,193
5,080
5,112
5,155
5,038
R4,915
R5,076
R5,383
R5,883
R6,193
R6,147
R6,170
R6,149
R5,963
R4,907
R4,808
R4,920
R5,294
R5,544
R5,706
R5,732
R5,848
R6,458
R6,981
R8,669
R8,648
3,225
3,077
3,699
3,889
4,446
4,714
4,415
4,439
4,662
4,600
4,517
4,214
4,226
4,184
3,974
4,205
4,306
4,236
4,390
4,704
4,684
R4,718
R4,592
R4,713
R4,666
R5,077
R5,169
R5,356
R5,359
R5,583
R5,399
5,322
R5,153
R5,075
R5,190
R5,265
R4,915
R4,928
R5,198
R4,867
R5,631
R4,877
3,568
3,691
3,904
4,020
4,288
4,610
4,285
4,214
4,404
4,421
4,374
4,166
4,209
4,225
4,004
4,125
4,220
4,237
4,352
4,578
4,581
R4,586
R4,649
R4,978
R5,280
R5,624
R5,437
R5,406
R5,502
R5,536
R4,861
R4,755
R4,897
R5,063
R5,281
R5,404
R5,378
R5,434
R5,883
R6,126
R7,283
R7,143
Administration (EIA) therefore statistically imputes the missing data. Totals may not equal sum of
components due to independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average of components due to
Sources:
Denver, CO.
101
Figure 4.8
Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 2011
By Key State
By Region
140
120
350
119
300
104
250
Billion Short Tons
Billion Short Tons
100
80
61
60
40
200
156
150
98
100
32
29
27
23
16
20
12
50
12
0
Montana Illinois
Wyoming
West
Virginia
Kentucky
Pennsylvania
West and East of the Mississippi
Ohio
Colorado
Texas
New
Indiana
Mexico
By Mining Method
350
300
250
230
254
Western
Interior
Appalachian
By Rank
300
331
257
300
250
231
Billion Short Tons
Billion Short Tons
150
100
200
153
150
Billion Short Tons
250
200
200
177
150
100
100
50
43
50
50
8
0
0
West of the
East of the
Mississippi
Mississippi
Underground
Surface
Source: Table 4.8.
102
Bituminous
Subbituminous
Lignite
Anthracite
Table 4.8 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 2011

(Billion Short Tons)
Anthracite
Region and State
Underground
Bituminous Coal
Surface
Subbituminous Coal
Underground
Surface
Underground
Surface
Lignite
Surface 1
Total
Underground
Surface
Total
Appalachian ..............................................
Alabama ...................................................
Kentucky, Eastern ....................................
Ohio ..........................................................
Pennsylvania ............................................
Virginia ......................................................
West Virginia ............................................
Other 2 ......................................................
4.0
.0
.0
.0
3.8
.1
.0
.0
3.3
.0
.0
.0
3.3
.0
.0
.0
68.2
.9
.8
17.4
18.9
.9
28.3
1.1
21.9
2.1
9.1
5.7
.8
.5
3.4
.3
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.1
1.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
72.1
.9
.8
17.4
22.7
1.0
28.3
1.1
26.3
3.1
9.1
5.7
4.2
.5
3.4
.3
98.4
4.0
9.8
23.1
26.9
1.5
31.7
1.4
Interior .......................................................
Illinois ........................................................
Indiana ......................................................
Iowa ..........................................................
Kentucky, Western ...................................
Missouri ....................................................
Oklahoma .................................................
Texas ........................................................
Other 3 ......................................................
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
(s)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
(s)
116.6
87.6
8.6
1.7
15.6
1.5
1.2
.0
.3
27.1
16.5
.6
.5
3.6
4.5
.3
.0
1.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
12.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
12.1
0.4
116.7
87.6
8.6
1.7
15.6
1.5
1.2
.0
.4
39.6
16.5
.6
.5
3.6
4.5
.3
12.1
1.5
156.4
104.2
9.2
2.2
19.2
6.0
1.5
12.1
1.9
Western .....................................................
Alaska .......................................................
Colorado ...................................................
Montana ....................................................
New Mexico ..............................................
North Dakota ............................................
Utah ..........................................................
Washington ...............................................
Wyoming ...................................................
Other 4 ......................................................
(s)
.0
(s)
.0
(s)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
21.2
.6
7.5
1.4
2.7
.0
4.9
.3
3.8
(s)
2.3
.1
.6
.0
.9
.0
.3
.0
.5
.0
121.2
4.8
3.7
69.6
3.4
.0
(s)
1.0
38.6
(s)
55.9
.6
.0
32.3
5.0
.0
.0
.0
18.1
(s)
29.2
(s)
4.2
15.8
.0
8.9
.0
(s)
.0
.4
142.4
5.4
11.2
70.9
6.1
.0
4.9
1.3
42.5
(s)
87.4
.7
4.8
48.0
5.9
8.9
.3
(s)
18.5
.4
229.7
6.1
15.9
119.0
12.0
8.9
5.2
1.3
61.0
.4
U.S. Total ...................................................

States East of the Mississippi River .........
States West of the Mississippi River ........
4.1
4.0
.1
3.4
3.3
(s)
206.0
180.0
25.9
51.2
42.6
8.6
121.1
.0
121.1
55.9
.0
55.9
42.8
1.1
41.7
331.2
184.0
147.2
153.3
47.0
106.3
484.5
231.0
253.5
Lignite resources are not mined underground in the United States.

Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
3 Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, and Michigan.
4 Arizona, Idaho, Oregon, and South Dakota.
(s)=Less than 0.05 billion short tons.
Notes: See U.S. Coal Reserves: 1997 Update on the Web Page for a description of the methodology
used to produce these data. Data represent remaining measured and indicated coal resources, analyzed
2
and on file, meeting minimum seam and depth criteria, and in the ground as of January 1, 2011. These
coal resources are not totally recoverable. Net recoverability with current mining technologies ranges from
0 percent (in far northern Alaska) to more than 90 percent. Fifty-four percent of the demonstrated reserve
base of coal in the United States is estimated to be recoverable. Totals may not equal sum of
Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/coal/.
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Coal Reserves Database.
103
Figure 4.9
Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling
Total Holes Drilled, 1958-2011
Holes Drilled, Selected Years
120
30
28
100
19
20
18
Thousands
Thousands
80
60
40
Exploration
Development
10
10
5
20
2
0
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Total Footage Drilled, 1949-2011
Million Feet
1961
12
50
10
40
30
20
10
1981
1991
11
1970
2001
2011
11
Exploration
Development
4
3
3
1
1980
1990
2000
2010
1
0
0
1960
In 2002 and 2003, data are withheld to avoid disclosure.
104
1971
Footage Drilled, Selected Years
60
1950
0
1950
1961
1971
Source: Table 4.9.
1981
1991
2001
2011
Table 4.9 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, Selected Years, 1949-2011
Exploration 1
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Development 2
Total
Holes Drilled
Footage Drilled
Holes Drilled
Footage Drilled
Holes Drilled
Footage Drilled
Thousands
Million Feet
Thousands
Million Feet
Thousands
Million Feet
NA
NA
NA
7.34
6.23
43.98
34.29
40.41
62.60
75.07
60.46
39.61
17.75
6.97
4.29
4.80
2.88
1.99
1.82
2.03
2.09
1.51
1.62
.94
.36
.52
.58
1.12
1.94
1.37
.27
W
.00
W
NA
W
W
1.47
4.35
5.20
1.79
2.44
5.44
0.36
.57
5.27
1.40
1.16
17.98
15.69
20.36
27.96
28.95
28.07
19.60
10.87
4.23
2.09
2.26
1.42
1.10
1.11
1.28
1.43
.87
.97
.56
.22
.34
.40
.88
1.33
.89
.18
W
.00
W
NA
W
W
.82
2.20
2.54
1.05
1.46
3.32
NA
NA
NA
24.40
7.33
14.87
21.60
27.23
30.86
29.29
30.19
20.19
8.67
3.00
3.01
.72
.77
1.85
1.99
3.18
1.75
1.91
1.57
.83
1.67
.48
1.73
3.58
5.86
5.23
2.91
W
1.02
W
NA
W
W
3.43
5.00
4.16
3.89
4.77
5.16
0.05
.21
.76
4.21
.95
5.55
9.73
14.44
17.62
19.15
13.01
8.59
3.35
1.13
1.08
.29
.34
.97
.86
1.73
.80
.81
.87
.50
.89
.32
.95
2.16
3.56
3.75
2.33
W
.66
W
NA
W
W
1.89
2.95
2.55
2.69
3.44
3.00
NA
NA
NA
31.73
13.56
58.85
55.89
67.64
93.45
104.35
90.65
59.80
26.42
9.97
7.30
5.52
3.65
3.83
3.81
5.21
3.84
3.42
3.20
1.77
2.02
1.00
2.31
4.70
7.79
6.60
3.18
1.55
1.02
W
W
2.19
3.14
4.90
9.35
9.36
5.68
7.21
10.60
0.41
.78
6.03
5.61
2.11
23.53
25.42
34.80
45.58
48.10
41.08
28.19
14.22
5.36
3.17
2.55
1.76
2.07
1.97
3.01
2.23
1.68
1.84
1.06
1.11
.66
1.35
3.05
4.88
4.64
2.50
1.02
.66
W
W
1.25
1.67
2.71
5.15
5.09
3.74
4.90
6.33
1 Includes surface drilling in search of new ore deposits or extensions of known deposits and drilling at
the location of a discovery up to the time the company decides sufficient ore reserves are present to justify
commercial exploitation.
2 Includes all surface drilling on an ore deposit to determine more precisely size, grade, and
configuration subsequent to the time that commercial exploitation is deemed feasible.
NA=Not available. W=Value withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#resources for all data beginning in

1949. For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/nuclear/.
Sources: 1949-1981U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction Office, Statistical Data of the
Uranium Industry, January 1, 1983, Report No. GJO-100 (1983), Table VIII-5. 1982-2002U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA), Uranium Industry Annual, annual reports. 2003-2005EIA, "Domestic
Uranium Production Report," annual reports. 2006 forwardEIA, "2011 Domestic Uranium Production
Report" (May 2012), Table 1.
105
Figure 4.10 Uranium Reserves, 2008

By State
Total Reserves
500
1,500
446
Forward-Cost Category
(dollars per pound)
400
1,227
$50 or Less
$100 or Less
390
Million Pounds Uranium Oxide
1,000
300
220
198
200
179
154
539
500
100
63
40
50
27
0
0
Wyoming
New
Mexico
Arizona,
Colorado,
Utah
Texas
106
$100 or Less
Forward-Cost Category
(dollars per pound)

Alaska, California, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota,
Virginia, and Washington.
1
$50 or Less
Others
Notes: See Uranium Oxide in Glossary. Data are at end of year.

Source: Table 4.10.
Table 4.10 Uranium Reserves,1 2008

(Million Pounds Uranium Oxide)
Forward-Cost 2 Category (dollars 3 per pound)
State
$50 or Less
Total ....................................................................................................................................
Wyoming .........................................................................................................................
New Mexico ....................................................................................................................
Arizona, Colorado, Utah .................................................................................................
Texas ..............................................................................................................................
Others 4 ..........................................................................................................................
1 The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) category of uranium reserves is equivalent to the
internationally reported category of "Reasonably Assured Resources" (RAR).
2 Forward costs include the costs for power and fuel, labor, materials, insurance, severance and ad
valorem taxes, and applicable administrative costs. Past capital costs are considered "sunk" costs and
mining of the individual deposits may or may not return such costs to investors. Sunk costs for such items
as exploration and land acquisition are excluded as are the costs for income taxes, profit, and the cost of
money. The forward costs used to estimate U.S. uranium ore reserves are independent of the price at
which uranium produced from the estimated reserves might be sold in the commercial market. Reserves
values in forward-cost categories are cumulative; that is, the quantity at each level of forward cost includes
539
220
179
63
27
50
$100 or Less
1,227
446
390
198
40
154
all reserves at the lower cost in that category.

4 Alaska, California, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Virginia,
and Washington.
Notes: Estimates are at end of year. See "Uranium Oxide" in Glossary. For updates, see
http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/reserves/ures.html.
Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/nuclear/.
Sources: EIA, U.S. Uranium Reserves Estimates (July 2010), Table 1.
107
Figure 4.11 Concentrating Solar Resources
Notes: Annual average direct normal solar resource data are shown. kWh/m2/Day =
kilowatthours per square meter per day.
Web Page: For related information, see http://www.nrel.gov/gis/maps.html.
Sources: This map was created by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory for the
108
Department of Energy (October 20, 2008). The data for Hawaii and the 48 contiguous States
are a 10-kilometer (km) satellite modeled dataset (SUNY/NREL, 2007) representing data from
1998-2005. The data for Alaska are a 40-km dataset produced by the Climatological Solar
Radiation Model (NREL, 2003).
Figure 4.12 Photovoltaic Solar Resources
Notes: Annual average solar resource data are shown for a tilt=latitude collector. kWh/m2/Day =
kilowatthours per square meter per day.
Sources: This map was created by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory for the Department of Energy (October 20, 2008). The data for Hawaii and the 48 contiguous States are a
10-kilometer (km) satellite modeled dataset (SUNY/NREL, 2007) representing data from 19982005. The data for Alaska are a 40-km dataset produced by the Climatological Solar Radiation
Model (NREL, 2003).
109
Figure 4.13 Onshore Wind Resources
Notes: Data are annual average wind speed at 80 meters. m/s = meters per second.
Department of Energy (April 1, 2011). Wind resource estimates developed by AWS
110
Truepower, LLC for windNavigator.

See http://www.windnavigator.com and
http://www.awstruepower.com. Spatial resolution of wind resource data: 2.5 kilometers.
Projection: Albers Equal Area WGS84.
Figure 4.14 Offshore Wind Resources
Notes: Data are annual average wind speed at 90 meters. m/s = meters per second.
mph = miles per hour.

Source: This map was created by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory for the
Department of Energy (January 10, 2011).
111
Figure 4.15 Geothermal Resources
Notes: Data are for locations of identified hydrothermal sites and favorability of deep
enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Map does not include shallow EGS resources
located near hydrothermal sites or USGS assessment of undiscovered hydrothermal
resources. *N/A regions have temperatures less than 150C at 10 kilometers (km) depth
and were not assessed for deep EGS potential. **Temperature at depth data for deep EGS
in Alaska and Hawaii not available.
112
Department of Energy (October 13, 2009). Source data for deep EGS includes temperature at depth from 3 to 10 km provided by Southern Methodist University Geothermal
Laboratory (Blackwell & Richards, 2010) and analyses (for regions with temperatures
150C) performed by NREL (2009). Source data for identified hydrothermal sites from
USGS Assessment of Moderate- and High-Temperature Geothermal Resources of the
United States (2008).
Figure 4.16 Biomass Resources
Notes: Data are for total biomass per square kilometer. km2 = square kilometer. This
study estimates the biomass resources currently available in the United States by county. It
includes the following feedstock categories: crop residues (5 year average: 2003-2007), forest
and primary mill residues (2007), secondary mill and urban wood waste (2002), methane emissions from landfills (2008), domestic wastewater treatment (2007), and animal manure (2002).
For more information on the data development, please refer to http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/39181.pdf.
Although, the document contains the methodology for the development of an older assessment,
the information is applicable to this assessment as well. The difference is only in the datas time
period.
Source: This map was created by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory for the Department of Energy (September 23, 2009).
113
Figure 5.0. Petroleum Flow, 2011

(Million Barrels per Day)
Unfinished oils, hydrogen/oxygenates/renewables/other hydrocarbons, and motor gasoline

and aviation gasoline blending components.
2
Renewable fuels and oxygenate plant net production (0.972), net imports (1.164) and adjustments
(0.122) minus stock change (0.019) and product supplied (0.001).
3
Finished petroleum products, liquefied petroleum gases, and pentanes plus.
4
5
Field production (2.183) and renewable fuels and oxygenate plant net production (-.019)
minus refinery and blender net inputs (0.489).
Petroleum products supplied.

(s)=Less than 0.005.
Sources: Tables 5.1b, 5.3, 5.5, 5.8, 5.11, 5.13a-5.13d, 5.16; U.S. Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2012), Table 4; and revisions to crude oil
production and adjustments (see sources for Table 5.1b).
117
Figure 5.1a Petroleum and Other Liquids Overview

Overview, 1949-2011
Overview, 2011
20
25
18.9
Estimated Consumption
15
Net Imports
10
Production
Million Barrels per Day
20
15
9.9
10
8.4
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Production, 1949-2011
Production
100
Total
10
80
8
Percent
Production and Net Imports, Share of Estimated Consumption,

1949-2011
12
Net Imports
60
40
Production
4
20
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Note: Production includes production of crude oil (including lease condensate), natural gas
plant liquids, fuel ethanol (minus denaturant), and biodiesel; and processing gain.
118
Net Imports
1950
1960
1970
Source: Table 5.1a.
1980
1990
2000
2010
Figure 5.1b Petroleum Overview

Overview, 1949-2011
Overview, 2011
20
25
18.8
Products Supplied
15
Net Imports
10
15
20
11.4
10
7.8
Field Production1
2.9
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Plant Liquids Field Production, 1949-2011
Field Production
Imports
Exports
Products Supplied
Trade, 1949-2011
12
10
6
Crude Oil
4
8
9
Crude Oil Imports
6
Product Imports
3
2
Natural Gas Plant Liquids
Exports
0
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Crude oil and natural gas plant liquids field production.
2000
2010
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Sources: Tables 5.1b.and 5.3
119
Table 5.1a Petroleum and Other Liquids Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2011
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Production 1
Production
as Share of
Net Imports 2
Net Imports
as Share of
Thousand Barrels per Day
Percent
Percent
5,475
5,908
7,611
8,110
9,234
11,656
10,467
10,213
10,387
10,771
10,662
10,767
10,693
10,744
10,761
11,095
11,177
10,893
10,636
10,473
9,874
9,645
9,846
9,703
9,422
9,239
9,183
9,194
9,201
8,987
8,711
8,784
8,686
8,720
8,554
8,498
8,140
8,163
8,292
8,364
R8,981
R9,490
E9,884
95.0
91.5
90.0
82.8
80.2
79.3
64.1
58.5
56.4
57.2
57.6
63.1
66.6
70.2
70.5
70.4
70.9
66.7
63.6
60.4
56.8
56.6
58.7
56.8
54.7
52.1
51.8
50.2
49.4
47.5
44.6
44.6
44.2
44.1
42.7
41.0
39.1
39.4
40.1
42.9
47.8
R49.4
E52.4
318
545
880
1,613
2,281
3,161
5,846
7,090
8,565
8,002
7,985
6,365
5,401
4,298
4,312
4,715
4,286
5,439
5,914
6,587
7,202
7,161
6,626
6,938
7,618
8,054
7,886
8,498
9,158
9,764
9,912
10,419
10,900
10,547
11,238
12,097
12,549
12,391
12,027
11,090
9,654
R9,435
P8,432
5.5
8.4
10.4
16.5
19.8
21.5
35.8
40.6
46.5
42.5
43.1
37.3
33.6
28.1
28.3
29.9
27.2
33.3
35.4
38.0
41.4
42.0
39.5
40.6
44.2
45.5
44.5
46.4
49.2
51.6
50.8
52.9
55.5
53.4
56.1
58.4
60.3
59.9
58.1
56.9
51.4
49.2
P44.7
1 Crude oil (including lease condensate) production; natural gas plant liquids production; and processing
gain (refinery and blender net production minus refinery and blender net inputs). Beginning in 1981, also
includes fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) production. Beginning in 2001, also includes biodiesel production.
Includes petroleum (excluding biofuels) net imports.
Beginning in 1993, also includes fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) net imports. Beginning in 2001, also
includes biodiesel net imports. Beginning in 2009, also includes a small amount of other biofuels (such as
bio-jet fuel and bio-ETBE) imports.
3 Includes petroleum and biofuels stock withdrawals (stock change multiplied by -1); petroleum
adjustments; and biodiesel balancing item.
4 Includes estimated consumption of petroleum.
Beginning in 1981, also includes estimated
consumption of fuel ethanol minus denaturant. Beginning in 2001, also includes estimated consumption of
biodiesel. Techniques used to estimate consumption vary depending on the product. Petroleum product
supplied is used as an approximation of petroleum consumption, which is adjusted to exclude biofuels in
order to prevent double counting.
See Note 1, "Petroleum Products Supplied and Petroleum
120
Balancing
Item 3
Estimated
Consumption 4

-30
5
-37
74
-2
-119
8
159
-520
74
-135
-76
-31
268
185
-52
302
-5
168
277
303
230
297
455
195
424
654
616
260
165
894
496
60
493
239
133
114
143
376
51
154
R267
P561
5,763
6,458
8,455
9,797
11,512
14,697
16,322
17,461
18,431
18,847
18,513
17,056
16,063
15,310
15,258
15,758
15,766
16,326
16,717
17,336
17,379
17,036
16,769
17,096
17,235
17,716
17,723
18,308
18,619
18,915
19,517
19,699
19,647
19,760
20,031
20,728
20,803
20,697
20,695
19,506
R18,789
R19,192
P18,877
Consumption," at end of section. Estimated consumption of fuel ethanol minus denaturant in 2011 is
calculated as fuel ethanol refinery and blender net inputs minus fuel ethanol adjustments minus the amount
of denaturant in fuel ethanol consumed; for other years, see sources in Table 10.3. Estimated consumption
of biodiesel in 2011 is calculated as biodiesel production plus biodiesel net imports minus biodiesel stock
change; for other years, see sources in Table 10.4.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate.
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#petroleum for updated monthly and
annual data. See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#petroleum for all annual data beginning in
1949. See http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/ and http://www.eia.gov/renewable/ for related information.
Sources: Production: Tables 5.1b, 10.3, and 10.4. Net Imports: Tables 5.1b, 10.3, and 10.4; and
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA), Petroleum Supply Monthly
(PSM), and earlier publicationssee sources for Table 5.1b. Balancing Item: Calculated as estimated
consumption minus production and net imports. Estimated Consumption: Tables 5.1b, 10.3, and 10.4;
and EIA, PSA, PSM, and earlier publicationssee sources for Table 5.1b.
Table 5.1b Petroleum Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2011

(Thousand Barrels per Day)
Field Production 1
Trade
Crude Oil 2
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
48 States
5,046
5,407
6,807
7,034
7,774
9,408
8,183
7,958
7,781
7,478
7,151
6,980
6,962
6,953
6,974
7,157
7,146
6,814
6,387
6,123
5,739
5,582
5,618
5,457
5,264
5,103
5,076
5,071
5,156
5,077
4,832
4,851
4,839
4,761
4,706
4,510
4,314
4,361
4,342
4,268
4,715
R4,874
E5,090
Alaska
Total
Natural Gas
Plant Liquids 4
0
0
0
2
30
229
191
173
464
1,229
1,401
1,617
1,609
1,696
1,714
1,722
1,825
1,867
1,962
2,017
1,874
1,773
1,798
1,714
1,582
1,559
1,484
1,393
1,296
1,175
1,050
970
963
984
974
908
864
741
722
683
645
R601
E572
5,046
5,407
6,807
7,035
7,804
9,637
8,375
8,132
8,245
8,707
8,552
8,597
8,572
8,649
8,688
8,879
8,971
8,680
8,349
8,140
7,613
7,355
7,417
7,171
6,847
6,662
6,560
6,465
6,452
6,252
5,881
5,822
5,801
5,746
5,681
5,419
5,178
5,102
5,064
4,950
5,361
R5,476
E5,662
430
499
771
929
1,210
1,660
1,633
1,604
1,618
1,567
1,584
1,573
1,609
1,550
1,559
1,630
1,609
1,551
1,595
1,625
1,546
1,559
1,659
1,697
1,736
1,727
1,762
1,830
1,817
1,759
1,850
1,911
1,868
1,880
1,719
1,809
1,717
1,739
1,783
1,784
1,910
R2,074
P2,183
Total
5,477
5,906
7,578
7,965
9,014
11,297
10,007
9,736
9,862
10,275
10,135
10,170
10,180
10,199
10,246
10,509
10,581
10,231
9,944
9,765
9,159
8,914
9,076
8,868
8,582
8,388
8,322
8,295
8,269
8,011
7,731
7,733
7,670
7,626
7,400
7,228
6,895
6,841
6,847
6,734
7,270
R7,550
E7,844
Renewable
Fuels
and
Oxygenates 5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
746
R907
P954
1 Crude oil production on leases, and natural gas liquids (liquefied petroleum gases, pentanes plus, and
a small amount of finished petroleum products) production at natural gas processing plants. Excludes what
was previously classified as "Field Production" of finished motor gasoline, motor gasoline blending
components, and other hydrocarbons and oxygenates; these are now included in "Adjustments."
3 United States excluding Alaska and Hawaii.
4 See Table 5.10.
5 Renewable fuels and oxygenate plant net production.
6 Refinery and blender net production minus refinery and blender net inputs. See Table 5.8.
7 Includes crude oil imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. See Table 5.17.
Beginning in 2009, also
includes biodiesel and other renewable fuels blended into petroleum.
10 A negative value indicates a decrease in stocks and a positive value indicates an increase. Includes
crude oil stocks in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, but excludes distillate fuel oil stocks in the Northeast
Heating Oil Reserve. See Table 5.16.
11 An adjustment for crude oil, finished motor gasoline, motor gasoline blending components, fuel
Processing
Gain 6
-2
2
34
146
220
359
460
477
524
496
527
597
508
531
488
553
557
616
639
655
661
683
715
772
766
768
774
837
850
886
886
948
903
957
974
1,051
989
994
996
993
979
R1,068
P1,085
Imports
7,8
645
850
1,248
1,815
2,468
3,419
6,056
7,313
8,807
8,363
8,456
6,909
5,996
5,113
5,051
5,437
5,067
6,224
6,678
7,402
8,061
8,018
7,627
7,888
8,620
8,996
8,835
9,478
10,162
10,708
10,852
11,459
11,871
11,530
12,264
13,145
13,714
13,707
13,468
12,915
11,691
R11,793
P11,360
Exports
Net
Imports 8,9
Stock
Change 8,10
327
305
368
202
187
259
209
223
243
362
471
544
595
815
739
722
781
785
764
815
859
857
1,001
950
1,003
942
949
981
1,003
945
940
1,040
971
984
1,027
1,048
1,165
1,317
1,433
1,802
2,024
R2,353
P2,924
318
545
880
1,613
2,281
3,161
5,846
7,090
8,565
8,002
7,985
6,365
5,401
4,298
4,312
4,715
4,286
5,439
5,914
6,587
7,202
7,161
6,626
6,938
7,618
8,054
7,886
8,498
9,158
9,764
9,912
10,419
10,900
10,546
11,238
12,097
12,549
12,390
12,036
11,114
9,667
R9,441
P8,436
-8
-56
(s)
-83
-8
103
32
-58
548
-94
173
140
160
-147
-20
280
-103
202
41
-28
-43
107
-10
-68
151
15
-246
-151
143
239
-422
-69
325
-105
56
209
145
60
-148
195
109
R49
P-115
Adjustments 11
-38
-51
-37
-8
-10
-16
41
101
28
-20
38
64
129
121
165
228
200
197
209
249
260
338
287
386
422
523
496
528
487
495
567
532
501
527
478
564
513
522
653
852
218
R264
P402
Petroleum
Products
Supplied 8
5,763
6,458
8,455
9,797
11,512
14,697
16,322
17,461
18,431
18,847
18,513
17,056
16,058
15,296
15,231
15,726
15,726
16,281
16,665
17,283
17,325
16,988
16,714
17,033
17,237
17,718
17,725
18,309
18,620
18,917
19,519
19,701
19,649
19,761
20,034
20,731
20,802
20,687
20,680
19,498
18,771
R19,180
P18,835
ethanol, and distillate fuel oil. See EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (PSM), Appendix B.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day and
greater than -500 barrels per day.
Notes: See Note 1, "Petroleum Products Supplied and Petroleum Consumption," and Note 2,
"Changes Affecting Petroleum Production and Product Supplied Statistics," at end of section. Totals may
1949. See http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/ for related information.
Sources: 1949-1975Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual,
annual reports. 1976-1980U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports,
Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports. 1981-2009EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA), annual
reports. 2010 and 2011EIA, PSA, annual report; Petroleum Supply Monthly, monthly reports; and
revisions to crude oil production, total field production, and adjustments, published in the Monthly Energy
Review (May 2012), Table 3.1 (based on crude oil production data from: State government agencies; U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, and predecessor agencies;
and Form EIA-182, "Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase Report").
121
Figure 5.2
Crude Oil Production and Crude Oil Well Productivity, 1954-2011
Crude Oil Production by Location
Number of Producing Wells

800
Million Barrels per Day (Cumulative)
10
6
Offshore
4
Thousand Wells
600
Onshore
400
200
0
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Crude Oil Production, 48 States and Alaska
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1990
2000
2010
Crude Oil Well Average Productivity

20
10
6
48 States
4
Barrels per Day per Well
8
15
10
2
Alaska
0
0
1960
1970
1980
United States excluding Alaska and Hawaii.

Note: Crude oil includes lease condensate.
122
1990
2000
2010
1960
1970
Source: Table 5.2.
1980
Table 5.2 Crude Oil Production and Crude Oil Well Productivity, Selected Years, 1954-2011
Crude Oil Well 1 Productivity
Crude Oil Production

Offshore
48 States
Year
1954
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
1
Alaska
Total
Onshore
Federal

6,342
6,807
7,034
7,774
9,408
8,183
7,958
7,781
7,478
7,151
6,980
6,962
6,953
6,974
7,157
7,146
6,814
6,387
6,123
5,739
5,582
5,618
5,457
5,264
5,103
5,076
5,071
5,156
5,077
4,832
4,851
4,839
4,761
4,706
4,510
4,314
4,361
4,342
4,268
4,715
R4,874
E5,090
0
0
2
30
229
191
173
464
1,229
1,401
1,617
1,609
1,696
1,714
1,722
1,825
1,867
1,962
2,017
1,874
1,773
1,798
1,714
1,582
1,559
1,484
1,393
1,296
1,175
1,050
970
963
984
974
908
864
741
722
683
645
R601
E572
State
Total
Total

6,342
6,807
7,035
7,804
9,637
8,375
8,132
8,245
8,707
8,552
8,597
8,572
8,649
8,688
8,879
8,971
8,680
8,349
8,140
7,613
7,355
7,417
7,171
6,847
6,662
6,560
6,465
6,452
6,252
5,881
5,822
5,801
5,746
5,681
5,419
5,178
5,102
5,064
4,950
5,361
R5,476
E5,662
6,209
6,645
6,716
7,140
8,060
7,012
6,868
7,069
7,571
7,485
7,562
7,537
7,538
7,492
7,596
7,722
7,426
7,153
6,949
6,486
6,273
6,245
5,953
R5,596
5,291
5,035
4,902
4,803
4,560
4,132
4,049
3,879
3,743
3,668
3,536
3,466
3,401
3,407
3,452
3,622
RE3,744
E4,178
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
773
863
960
1,039
1,023
1,038
977
904
855
821
886
938
964
1,017
1,140
1,197
1,278
1,355
1,462
1,525
1,621
1,637
1,641
1,527
1,354
1,370
1,344
1,218
1,619
E1,609
E1,373

2 United States excluding Alaska and Hawaii. Includes State onshore, State offshore, and Federal
offshore production.
3 Includes State onshore and State offshore production.
4 As of December 31.
5 Through 1976, average productivity is based on the average number of producing wells. Beginning in
1977, average productivity is based on the number of wells producing at end of year.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available.
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#petroleum for all data beginning in
Sources: Crude Oil Production: 1954-1975Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
261
247
236
244
227
216
219
287
272
261
286
280
287
353
385
365
371
337
288
248
302
365
371
356
358
331
312
280
119
E122
E111
133
162
319
665
1,577
1,362
1,264
1,176
1,136
1,067
1,034
1,034
1,110
1,196
1,283
1,250
1,254
1,196
1,191
1,127
1,082
1,172
1,218
R1,250
1,370
1,525
1,562
1,648
1,692
1,750
1,773
1,923
2,003
2,012
1,883
1,712
1,701
1,657
1,498
1,738
RE1,732
E1,484
6,342
6,807
7,035
7,804
9,637
8,375
8,132
8,245
8,707
8,552
8,597
8,572
8,649
8,688
8,879
8,971
8,680
8,349
8,140
7,613
7,355
7,417
7,171
6,847
6,662
6,560
6,465
6,452
6,252
5,881
5,822
5,801
5,746
5,681
5,419
5,178
5,102
5,064
4,950
5,361
R5,476
E5,662
Producing
Wells 4
Average
Productivity 5
Thousands
Barrels per Day

per Well
511
524
591
589
531
500
499
507
517
531
548
557
580
603
621
647
623
620
612
603
602
614
594
584
582
574
574
573
562
546
534
530
529
513
510
498
497
500
526
526
R520
P536
12.4
13.0
11.9
13.2
18.1
16.8
16.3
16.3
16.8
16.1
15.7
15.4
14.9
14.4
14.3
13.9
13.9
13.5
13.3
12.6
12.2
12.1
12.1
11.7
11.4
11.4
11.3
11.3
11.1
10.8
10.9
10.9
10.9
11.1
10.6
10.4
10.3
10.1
9.4
10.2
R10.5
E10.6
Statement, Annual, annual reports; and U.S. Geological Survey, Outer Continental Shelf Statistics (June
1979). 1976-1980U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum
Statement, Annual, annual reports. 1981-2009EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports. 2010
and 2011EIA, Monthly Energy Review (May 2012), Table 3.1; and crude oil production data from: State
government agencies; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement,
and predecessor agencies; and Form EIA-182, "Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase Report." Producing
Wells: 1954-1975Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products"
chapter. 1976-1980EIA, Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports.
1981-1994Independent Petroleum Association of America, The Oil Producing Industry in Your State.
1995 forwardGulf Publishing Co., World Oil, February issues. Average Productivity: Calculated as
total production divided by producing wells.
123
Figure 5.3
Petroleum Imports by Type
Total, 1949-2011
By Selected Product, 1949-2011

2.0
15
10
Crude Oil
5
Petroleum Products
Total
1.5
Motor Gasoline,
Including Blending
Components
1.0
Residual
Fuel Oil
0.5
Distillate Fuel Oil

0
0.0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
By Product, 2011
800
707
623
600
400
353
251
176
200
133
105
69
22
0
Motor Gasoline
Blending
Components
1
Unfinished Oils
Residual
Fuel Oil
Distillate
Fuel Oil

Aviation gasoline and blending components, kerosene, lubricants, naphtha-type jet fuel,
pentanes plus, petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum coke, special naphthas, waxes, other
hydrocarbons and oxygenates, and miscellaneous products.
LPG
Motor
Gasoline
Source: Table 5.3.
124
Jet Fuel
Asphalt and
Road Oil
Other Products
Table 5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type, Selected Years, 1949-2011

Petroleum Products
Liquefied Petroleum Gases
Year
Crude
Oil 1,2
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
421
487
782
1,015
1,238
1,324
4,105
5,287
6,615
6,356
6,519
5,263
4,396
3,488
3,329
3,426
3,201
4,178
4,674
5,107
5,843
5,894
5,782
6,083
6,787
7,063
7,230
7,508
8,225
8,706
8,731
9,071
9,328
9,140
9,665
10,088
10,126
10,118
10,031
9,783
9,013
R9,213
8,921
Asphalt and
Road Oil
3
5
9
17
17
17
14
11
4
2
4
4
4
5
7
18
35
29
36
31
31
32
28
27
32
37
36
27
32
28
34
28
26
27
12
43
43
50
40
25
22
20
22
Distillate
Fuel Oil
Jet
Fuel 3
Propane 4
Total
Motor
Gasoline 5
5
7
12
35
36
147
155
146
250
173
193
142
173
93
174
272
200
247
255
302
306
278
205
216
184
203
193
230
228
210
250
295
344
267
333
325
329
365
304
213
225
R228
176
(3)
(3)
(3)
34
81
144
133
76
75
86
78
80
38
29
29
62
39
57
67
90
106
108
67
82
100
117
106
111
91
124
128
162
148
107
109
127
190
186
217
103
81
R98
69
0
0
0
NA
NA
26
60
68
86
57
88
69
70
63
44
67
67
110
88
106
111
115
91
85
103
124
102
119
113
137
122
161
140
145
168
209
233
228
182
185
147
R121
108
0
0
0
4
21
52
112
130
161
123
217
216
244
226
190
195
187
242
190
209
181
188
147
131
160
183
146
166
169
194
182
215
206
183
225
263
328
332
247
253
182
R153
133
0
(s)
13
27
28
67
184
131
217
190
181
140
157
197
247
299
381
326
384
405
369
342
297
294
247
356
265
336
309
311
382
427
454
498
518
496
603
475
413
302
223
R134
105

Includes imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. See Table 5.17.
Through 1955, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in "Motor Gasoline." Through 1964, kerosene-type jet
fuel is included with kerosene in "Other Products." Beginning in 2005, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in
"Other Products."
4 Includes propylene.
5 Finished motor gasoline. Through 1955, also includes naphtha-type jet fuel. Through 1963, also
includes aviation gasoline and special naphthas. Through 1980, also includes motor gasoline blending
components.
6 Aviation gasoline blending components, kerosene, lubricants, pentanes plus, petrochemical
feedstocks, petroleum coke, waxes, other hydrocarbons and oxygenates, and miscellaneous products.
Through 1964, also includes kerosene-type jet fuel. Beginning in 1964, also includes aviation gasoline and
2
3
Motor Gasoline
Blending
Components
0
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
24
42
47
83
67
72
60
57
66
62
36
41
27
20
48
166
200
209
217
223
298
311
367
451
510
669
753
789
719
R741
707
Residual
Fuel Oil
Unfinished
Oils
Other
Products 6
Total
206
329
417
637
946
1,528
1,223
1,413
1,359
1,355
1,151
939
800
776
699
681
510
669
565
644
629
504
453
375
373
314
187
248
194
275
237
352
295
249
327
426
530
350
372
349
331
R366
353
10
21
15
45
92
108
36
32
31
27
59
55
112
174
234
231
318
250
299
360
348
413
413
443
491
413
349
367
353
302
317
274
378
410
335
490
582
689
717
763
677
R606
623
0
1
0
(s)
10
32
95
87
95
50
54
72
48
84
94
171
130
153
146
196
183
198
198
195
219
291
276
319
360
350
375
414
393
337
373
436
473
473
375
337
217
R234
251
224
363
466
799
1,229
2,095
1,951
2,026
2,193
2,008
1,937
1,646
1,599
1,625
1,722
2,011
1,866
2,045
2,004
2,295
2,217
2,123
1,844
1,805
1,833
1,933
1,605
1,971
1,936
2,002
2,122
2,389
2,543
2,390
2,599
3,057
3,588
3,589
3,437
3,132
2,678
R2,580
2,438
Total
Petroleum
645
850
1,248
1,815
2,468
3,419
6,056
7,313
8,807
8,363
8,456
6,909
5,996
5,113
5,051
5,437
5,067
6,224
6,678
7,402
8,061
8,018
7,627
7,888
8,620
8,996
8,835
9,478
10,162
10,708
10,852
11,459
11,871
11,530
12,264
13,145
13,714
13,707
13,468
12,915
11,691
R11,793
11,360
special naphthas. Beginning in 2005, also includes naphtha-type jet fuel.

7 Included in "Motor Gasoline."
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day.
Notes: Includes imports from U.S. possessions and territories. Totals may not equal sum of
Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports. 1981-2010EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual
reports. 2011EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2012).
125
Figure 5.4
Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin
Total, OPEC, and Non-OPEC, 1960-2011
Selected Countries, 2011
15
3.0
Total
2.7
2.4
Non-OPEC
6
OPEC
12
1.8
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.2
0
1960
0.2
0.0
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Selected OPEC Countries, 1960-2011
Canada
Mexico
Saudi
Arabia
Venezuela
Nigeria
Russia
Iraq
Brazil
United
Kingdom
Selected Non-OPEC Countries, 1960-2011

3.0
2.0
Saudi Arabia
Canada
1.5
2.5
Venezuela
1.0
Nigeria1
0.5
0.0
1960
Iraq
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
1.5
Mexico
1.0
United Kingdom
0.5
2010
1
On this graph, imports from Nigeria are shown beginning in 1971, when Nigeria joined
OPEC.
126
2.0
0.0
1960
Russia
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Note: OPEC=Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Source: Table 5.4.
2000
2005
2010
Table 5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin, Selected Years, 1960-2011

Selected OPEC 1 Countries
Persian
Gulf 2
Iraq
Nigeria
Saudi
Arabia 3
Venezuela
Year
1960
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
2
Selected Non-OPEC 1 Countries

Total
OPEC 4
Brazil
Canada
Mexico
Russia 5
United
Kingdom
Total
Non-OPEC 4
Total
Imports
Imports From Imports From

Persian Gulf 2
OPEC 1
as Share of
as Share of
Total Imports Total Imports

RE326
R359
R319
R203
R218
R193
R184
R379
471
848
1,039
1,165
1,840
2,448
2,219
2,069
1,519
1,219
696
442
506
311
912
1,077
1,541
1,861
1,966
1,845
1,778
1,782
1,728
1,573
1,604
1,755
2,136
2,464
2,488
2,761
2,269
2,501
2,493
2,334
2,211
2,163
2,370
1,689
R1,711
1,862
22
16
26
5
0
0
0
11
4
4
0
2
26
74
62
88
28
(s)
3
10
12
46
81
83
345
449
518
0
0
0
0
0
1
89
336
725
620
795
459
481
656
531
553
484
627
450
R415
460
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
102
251
459
713
762
1,025
1,143
919
1,080
857
620
514
302
216
293
440
535
618
815
800
703
681
740
637
627
617
698
696
657
896
885
621
867
1,140
1,166
1,114
1,134
988
809
R1,023
817
84
158
147
92
74
65
30
128
190
486
461
715
1,230
1,380
1,144
1,356
1,261
1,129
552
337
325
168
685
751
1,073
1,224
1,339
1,802
1,720
1,414
1,402
1,344
1,363
1,407
1,491
1,478
1,572
1,662
1,552
1,774
1,558
1,537
1,463
1,485
1,529
1,004
R1,096
1,195
911
994
1,018
938
886
875
989
1,020
959
1,135
979
702
700
690
646
690
481
406
412
422
548
605
793
804
794
873
1,025
1,035
1,170
1,300
1,334
1,480
1,676
1,773
1,719
1,493
1,546
1,553
1,398
1,376
1,554
1,529
1,419
1,361
1,189
1,063
R988
944
1,233
1,439
1,444
1,247
1,287
1,286
1,294
1,673
2,046
2,993
3,256
3,601
5,066
6,193
5,751
5,637
4,300
3,323
2,146
1,862
2,049
1,830
2,837
3,060
3,520
4,140
4,296
4,092
4,092
4,273
4,247
4,002
4,211
4,569
4,905
4,953
5,203
5,528
4,605
5,162
5,701
5,587
5,517
5,980
5,954
4,776
R4,906
4,534
1
0
0
2
(s)
0
2
3
5
9
2
5
0
0
0
1
3
23
47
41
60
61
50
84
98
82
49
22
20
33
31
8
9
5
26
26
51
82
116
108
104
156
193
200
258
309
R272
249
Percent
120
323
384
450
506
608
766
857
1,108
1,325
1,070
846
599
517
467
538
455
447
482
547
630
770
807
848
999
931
934
1,033
1,069
1,181
1,272
1,332
1,424
1,563
1,598
1,539
1,807
1,828
1,971
2,072
2,138
2,181
2,353
2,455
2,493
2,479
R2,535
2,706
See "Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)" in Glossary.

Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and the Neutral Zone (between
Kuwait and Saudi Arabia).
3 Through 1970, includes half the imports from the Neutral Zone. Beginning in 1971, includes imports
from the Neutral Zone that are reported to U.S. Customs as originating in Saudi Arabia.
4 On this table, "Total OPEC" for all years includes Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and the
Neutral Zone (between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia); beginning in 1961, also includes Qatar; beginning in
1962, also includes Libya; for 19622008, also includes Indonesia; beginning in 1967, also includes United
Arab Emirates; beginning in 1969, also includes Algeria; beginning in 1971, also includes Nigeria; for
19731992 and beginning in 2008, also includes Ecuador (although Ecuador rejoined OPEC in November
2007, on this table Ecuador is included in "Total Non-OPEC" for 2007); for 19751994, also includes
Gabon; and beginning in 2007, also includes Angola. Data for all countries not included in "Total OPEC"
are included in "Total Non-OPEC."
5 Through 1992, may include imports from republics other than Russia in the former U.S.S.R. See
"U.S.S.R." in Glossary.
16
48
45
49
45
43
42
27
21
16
8
71
87
179
318
439
533
522
685
826
748
816
699
655
747
767
755
807
830
919
984
1,068
1,244
1,385
1,351
1,324
1,373
1,440
1,547
1,623
1,665
1,662
1,705
1,532
1,302
1,210
R1,284
1,205
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
0
8
26
20
14
11
12
8
1
1
5
1
1
13
8
18
11
29
48
45
29
18
55
30
25
25
13
24
89
72
90
210
254
298
410
369
414
465
563
R612
621
(s)
(s)
6
11
28
20
11
10
9
15
8
14
31
126
180
202
176
375
456
382
402
310
350
352
315
215
189
138
230
350
458
383
308
226
250
365
366
324
478
440
380
396
272
277
236
245
256
158
581
1,029
1,129
1,290
1,553
1,879
2,126
2,253
2,695
3,263
2,856
2,454
2,247
2,614
2,612
2,819
2,609
2,672
2,968
3,189
3,388
3,237
3,387
3,617
3,882
3,921
3,721
3,535
3,796
4,347
4,749
4,833
5,267
5,593
5,803
5,899
6,257
6,343
6,925
7,103
7,444
8,127
8,190
7,489
6,961
6,915
R6,887
6,825
1,815
2,468
2,573
2,537
2,840
3,166
3,419
3,926
4,741
6,256
6,112
6,056
7,313
8,807
8,363
8,456
6,909
5,996
5,113
5,051
5,437
5,067
6,224
6,678
7,402
8,061
8,018
7,627
7,888
8,620
8,996
8,835
9,478
10,162
10,708
10,852
11,459
11,871
11,530
12,264
13,145
13,714
13,707
13,468
12,915
11,691
R11,793
11,360
RE17.9
R14.5
R12.4
R8.0
R7.7
R6.1
R5.4
R9.7
9.9
13.6
17.0
19.2
25.2
27.8
26.5
24.5
22.0
20.3
13.6
8.8
9.3
6.1
14.7
16.1
20.8
23.1
24.5
24.2
22.5
20.7
19.2
17.8
16.9
17.3
19.9
22.7
21.7
23.3
19.7
20.4
19.0
17.0
16.1
16.1
18.4
14.4
14.5
16.4
68.0
58.3
56.1
49.2
45.3
40.6
37.8
42.6
43.2
47.8
53.3
59.5
69.3
70.3
68.8
66.7
62.2
55.4
42.0
36.9
37.7
36.1
45.6
45.8
47.6
51.4
53.6
53.7
51.9
49.6
47.2
45.3
44.4
45.0
45.8
45.6
45.4
46.6
39.9
42.1
43.4
40.7
40.2
44.4
46.1
40.9
41.6
39.9
6 Nigeria joined OPEC in 1971. For 19601970, Nigeria is included in "Total Non-OPEC."
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day.
Notes: The country of origin for refined petroleum products may not be the country of origin for the
crude oil from which the refined products were produced. For example, refined products imported from
refineries in the Caribbean may have been produced from Middle East crude oil. Data include any
imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. Totals may not equal sum of
Sources: 1960-1975Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum
Products" chapter. 1976-1980U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports,
P.A.D. Districts Supply/Demand, Annual, annual reports. 1981-2010EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual,
annual reports. 2011EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (February 2012).
127
Figure 5.5
Petroleum Exports by Type
Total, 1949-2011
3,500
900
800
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
Total
1,000
Products
500
Distillate
Fuel Oil
700
600
500
Petroleum
Coke
400
300
Residual
Fuel Oil
200
100
Crude Oil
0
Motor
Gasoline
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
By Product, 2011
900
854
800
700
600
492
500
479
431
400
300
270
200
148
97
100
68
38
0
Distillate
Fuel Oil
1
Petroleum
Coke
Motor
Gasoline
Residual
Fuel Oil

Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, motor gasoline blending components,
naphtha-type jet fuel, pentanes plus, waxes, other hydrocarbons and oxygenates, and miscellaneous products.
128
LPG
Jet Fuel
Source: Table 5.5.
Lubricants
Special
Naphthas
Other Products
Table 5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type, Selected Years, 1949-2011

Petroleum Products
Year
Crude
Oil 1
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
91
95
32
8
3
14
6
8
50
158
235
287
228
236
164
181
204
154
151
155
142
109
116
89
98
99
95
110
108
110
118
50
20
9
12
27
32
25
27
29
44
42
47
Distillate
Fuel Oil
34
35
67
27
10
2
1
1
1
3
3
3
5
74
64
51
67
100
66
69
97
109
215
219
274
234
183
190
152
124
162
173
119
112
107
110
138
215
268
528
587
656
854
Jet
Fuel 2
(2)
(2)
(s)
(s)
3
6
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
6
6
9
13
18
24
28
27
43
43
43
59
20
26
48
35
26
32
32
29
15
20
40
53
41
41
61
69
84
97
Propane 3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6
13
13
10
9
8
10
18
31
43
30
48
28
24
31
24
28
28
33
26
24
38
28
32
25
33
53
31
55
37
28
37
45
42
53
85
109
124
Total
4
4
12
8
21
27
26
25
18
20
15
21
42
65
73
48
62
42
38
49
35
40
41
49
43
38
58
51
50
42
50
74
44
67
56
43
53
56
57
67
100
132
148
Lubricants
35
39
39
43
45
44
25
26
26
27
23
23
19
16
16
15
15
23
23
26
19
20
18
16
19
22
25
34
31
25
28
26
26
33
37
41
40
55
59
60
57
62
68
Motor
Gasoline 4
108
68
95
37
2
1
2
3
2
1
(s)
1
2
20
10
6
10
33
35
22
39
55
82
96
105
97
104
104
137
125
111
144
133
124
125
124
136
142
127
172
195
296
479

Through 1952, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in the products from which it was blended: gasoline,
kerosene, and distillate fuel oil. Through 1964, kerosene-type jet fuel is included with kerosene in "Other
Products." Beginning in 2005, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in "Other Products."
4 Finished motor gasoline. Through 1963, also includes aviation gasoline.
5 Asphalt and road oil, kerosene, motor gasoline blending components, pentanes plus, waxes, other
hydrocarbons and oxygenates, and miscellaneous products. Through 1964, also includes kerosene-type
jet fuel. Beginning in 1964, also includes aviation gasoline. Beginning in 2005, also includes naphtha-type
jet fuel.
2
Petroleum
Coke
7
7
12
19
32
84
102
103
102
111
146
136
138
156
195
193
187
238
213
231
233
220
235
216
258
261
277
285
306
267
242
319
336
337
361
350
347
366
366
377
391
449
492
Petrochemical
Feedstocks
0
0
0
0
5
10
22
30
24
23
31
29
26
24
20
21
19
22
20
23
26
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Residual
Fuel Oil
35
44
93
51
41
54
15
12
6
13
9
33
118
209
185
190
197
147
186
200
215
211
226
193
123
125
136
102
120
138
129
139
191
177
197
205
251
283
330
355
415
405
431
Special
Naphthas
NA
NA
NA
NA
4
4
3
7
4
2
5
5
11
5
3
2
1
1
2
7
12
11
15
14
4
20
21
21
22
18
16
20
23
15
22
27
21
14
18
13
22
36
38
Other
Products 5
Total
Total
Petroleum
15
12
18
9
20
12
6
6
7
2
3
4
4
4
3
6
4
8
7
6
15
13
9
16
20
26
25
36
44
70
52
64
50
94
89
82
94
121
140
139
143
R192
270
236
210
336
193
184
245
204
215
193
204
236
258
367
579
575
541
577
631
613
661
717
748
885
861
904
843
855
871
896
835
822
990
951
975
1,014
1,021
1,133
1,292
1,405
1,773
1,980
R2,311
2,877
327
305
368
202
187
259
209
223
243
362
471
544
595
815
739
722
781
785
764
815
859
857
1,001
950
1,003
942
949
981
1,003
945
940
1,040
971
984
1,027
1,048
1,165
1,317
1,433
1,802
2,024
R2,353
2,924
Notes: Includes exports to U.S. possessions and territories. Totals may not equal sum of
129
Figure 5.6
Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination
Total Exports and Exports to Canada and Mexico, 1960-2011
By Selected Country, 1960-2011
3,500
600
Mexico
500
Total Exports
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
Exports to Canada and Mexico
500
400
300
Netherlands
200
Canada
100
Japan
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
0
1960
2010
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
By Selected Country, 2011

600
569
500
400
295
300
249
200
160
100
75
58
49
39
34
30
Italy
United
Kingdom
Belgium
16
15
U.S. Virgin
Islands and
Puerto Rico
South
Korea
0
Mexico
Canada
Netherlands
Brazil
Japan
Spain
France
Source: Table 5.6.
130
Table 5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination, Selected Years, 1960-2011

Year
1960
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Belgium 1
3
3
3
5
4
4
5
7
13
15
13
9
12
16
15
19
20
12
17
22
21
26
30
17
25
23
20
22
22
21
26
21
27
21
14
11
14
16
19
13
20
21
23
13
18
29
19
30
Brazil
Canada
4
3
4
6
8
7
7
9
9
8
9
6
7
6
8
7
4
1
8
2
1
3
3
2
3
5
2
13
20
16
15
16
29
15
18
27
28
23
26
27
27
39
42
46
54
55
R123
160
34
26
32
50
39
44
31
26
26
31
32
22
28
71
108
100
108
89
85
76
83
74
85
83
84
92
91
70
64
72
78
73
94
119
148
119
110
112
106
141
158
181
159
189
264
223
R233
295
France
4
3
4
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
4
6
6
9
9
13
11
15
24
23
18
11
11
12
12
11
17
27
9
8
11
11
18
11
8
7
10
13
12
9
18
14
13
24
27
34
36
49
Italy
Japan
6
7
7
9
8
9
10
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
15
14
22
32
35
39
30
39
42
29
37
48
55
38
34
35
46
32
30
30
25
34
33
29
39
32
28
39
34
41
35
37
39
62
40
36
51
56
47
69
39
32
34
38
27
25
25
26
34
32
38
68
104
92
108
110
120
124
122
92
95
100
105
74
76
102
95
64
84
90
62
74
69
63
56
58
54
54
58
88
75
Mexico
Netherlands
18
27
39
36
31
33
33
42
41
44
35
42
35
24
27
21
28
26
53
24
35
61
56
70
70
89
89
99
124
110
124
125
143
207
235
261
358
274
254
228
209
268
255
279
333
322
R448
569
6
10
9
13
10
9
15
11
12
13
17
23
22
17
18
28
23
42
85
49
37
44
58
39
26
36
54
72
52
45
30
33
43
41
33
38
42
45
23
15
36
25
83
81
131
192
R165
249
1 Through 2004, includes Luxembourg.

South
Korea
Spain
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
2
10
28
15
17
27
12
25
24
17
60
66
80
74
66
57
60
50
33
49
20
14
11
10
12
16
21
16
18
23
R13
15
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
9
8
18
24
34
29
28
39
31
36
28
33
23
21
30
30
38
34
42
30
26
40
51
54
39
42
35
42
48
54
40
36
58
United
Kingdom
12
12
12
62
14
13
12
9
10
9
6
7
13
9
7
7
7
5
14
8
14
14
8
6
9
9
11
13
12
10
10
14
9
12
11
9
10
13
12
6
14
21
28
9
17
33
R19
34
U.S. Virgin
Islands and
Puerto Rico
1
1
3
7
2
2
2
3
4
3
6
12
22
11
86
170
220
220
212
144
152
162
113
136
147
141
101
117
95
108
104
123
72
18
4
8
10
4
9
9
10
11
10
10
13
20
17
16
Other
Total
52
54
49
65
55
59
71
67
59
56
48
40
39
39
42
45
70
97
165
202
182
193
222
179
226
249
240
330
315
370
338
317
318
340
317
276
277
312
354
421
408
449
543
629
777
960
R1,117
1,335
202
187
198
307
231
233
259
224
222
231
221
209
223
243
362
471
544
595
815
739
722
781
785
764
815
859
857
1,001
950
1,003
942
949
981
1,003
945
940
1,040
971
984
1,027
1,048
1,165
1,317
1,433
1,802
2,024
R2,353
2,924

131
Figure 5.7
Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-2011
Total, OPEC, and Non-OPEC
By Selected Country
4
14
Canada and Mexico
Total
10
8
Non-OPEC
6
4
OPEC
12
3
Saudi Arabia
Venezuela
2
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
0
1960
2010
Total Net Imports as Share of Consumption
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Net Imports From OPEC
100
100
75
75
Percent
Percent
Share of Total Net Imports

50
25
50
25
Share of Consumption
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
132
2005
2010
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
Source: Table 5.7.
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Table 5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, Selected Years, 1960-2011
Persian
Gulf 2
Algeria
Nigeria
Saudi
Arabia 3
Venezuela
Year
1960
1965
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
2

Total
OPEC 4
Canada
Mexico
United
Kingdom
U.S. Virgin
Islands and
Puerto Rico
Net Imports From OPEC 1

Total
Non-OPEC 4
Total
Net
Imports
Total Net
Imports as
Share of
Consumption 5

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,215
692
439
502
309
909
1,074
1,529
1,858
1,962
1,833
1,773
1,774
1,723
1,563
1,596
1,747
2,132
2,459
2,483
2,758
2,265
2,497
2,489
2,330
2,208
2,159
2,368
1,678
R1,705
1,843
(8)
(8)
8
15
92
136
190
282
432
559
649
636
488
311
170
240
323
187
271
295
300
269
280
253
196
219
243
234
256
285
290
259
225
278
264
381
452
478
657
663
548
490
R510
354
(9)
(9)
(9)
102
251
459
713
762
1,025
1,143
919
1,080
857
620
512
299
215
293
440
535
618
815
800
703
680
736
637
626
616
693
693
655
896
884
620
866
1,139
1,165
1,111
1,133
982
798
R1,006
802
84
158
30
128
189
485
461
714
1,229
1,379
1,142
1,354
1,259
1,128
551
336
324
167
685
751
1,064
1,224
1,339
1,796
1,720
1,413
1,402
1,343
1,362
1,407
1,491
1,478
1,571
1,662
1,551
1,774
1,557
1,536
1,462
1,483
1,529
1,003
R1,096
1,193
910
994
989
1,019
959
1,134
978
702
699
689
644
688
478
403
409
420
544
602
788
801
790
861
1,016
1,020
1,161
1,296
1,322
1,468
1,667
1,758
1,700
1,480
1,530
1,540
1,387
1,364
1,548
1,515
1,392
1,339
1,162
1,037
R968
912
1,232
1,438
1,294
1,671
2,044
2,991
3,254
3,599
5,063
6,190
5,747
5,633
4,293
3,315
2,136
1,843
2,037
1,821
2,828
3,055
3,513
4,124
4,285
4,065
4,071
4,253
4,233
3,980
4,193
4,542
4,880
4,934
5,181
5,510
4,589
5,144
5,688
5,567
5,480
5,946
5,899
4,675
R4,787
4,408
86
297
736
831
1,082
1,294
1,038
824
571
446
359
438
347
358
397
471
547
696
721
765
916
839
843
963
1,005
1,109
1,194
1,260
1,330
1,444
1,451
1,421
1,697
1,717
1,864
1,932
1,980
2,001
2,194
2,266
2,229
2,257
R2,302
2,411
-2
21
9
-14
-20
-28
-27
29
53
155
291
418
506
497
632
802
714
755
642
585
677
678
666
707
706
809
860
943
1,101
1,178
1,116
1,063
1,015
1,166
1,292
1,395
1,456
1,394
1,450
1,254
969
888
R837
636

Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and the Neutral Zone
(between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia).
3 Through 1970, includes half the imports from the Neutral Zone. Beginning in 1971, includes imports
from the Neutral Zone that are reported to U.S. Customs as originating in Saudi Arabia.
4 On this table, "Total OPEC" for all years includes Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and the
Neutral Zone (between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia); beginning in 1961, also includes Qatar; beginning in
1962, also includes Libya; for 19622008, also includes Indonesia; beginning in 1967, also includes United
Arab Emirates; beginning in 1969, also includes Algeria; beginning in 1971, also includes Nigeria; for
2007, on this table Ecuador is included in "Total Non-OPEC" for 2007); for 19751994, also includes
Gabon; and beginning in 2007, also includes Angola. Data for all countries not included in "Total OPEC"
are included in "Total Non-OPEC."
5 Calculated by dividing total net petroleum imports by total U.S. petroleum products supplied
(consumption).
6 Calculated by dividing net petroleum imports from OPEC countries by total net petroleum imports.
7 Calculated by dividing net petroleum imports from OPEC countries by total U.S. petroleum product
Share of
Total Net
Imports 6
Share of
Consumption 7
Percent
-12
-11
-1
1
-1
6
1
7
19
117
173
196
169
370
442
374
388
295
342
346
306
206
179
125
219
340
448
369
299
214
239
356
356
311
467
434
366
375
244
268
219
212
R237
124
34
45
270
365
428
426
475
484
488
560
436
353
256
169
154
178
184
114
152
158
117
212
213
153
180
175
246
170
262
298
305
284
297
268
224
279
321
317
318
336
307
257
R236
171
381
843
1,867
2,030
2,475
3,034
2,638
2,248
2,027
2,375
2,255
2,352
2,071
2,086
2,163
2,469
2,679
2,465
2,611
2,859
3,074
3,078
2,876
2,561
2,867
3,365
3,822
3,906
4,305
4,616
4,884
4,978
5,238
5,390
5,958
6,094
6,409
6,982
6,910
6,090
5,214
4,991
R4,653
4,028
1,613
2,281
3,161
3,701
4,519
6,025
5,892
5,846
7,090
8,565
8,002
7,985
6,365
5,401
4,298
4,312
4,715
4,286
5,439
5,914
6,587
7,202
7,161
6,626
6,938
7,618
8,054
7,886
8,498
9,158
9,764
9,912
10,419
10,900
10,546
11,238
12,097
12,549
12,390
12,036
11,114
9,667
R9,441
8,436
16.5
19.8
21.5
24.3
27.6
34.8
35.4
35.8
40.6
46.5
42.5
43.1
37.3
33.6
28.1
28.3
30.0
27.3
33.4
35.5
38.1
41.6
42.2
39.6
40.7
44.2
45.5
44.5
46.4
49.2
51.6
50.8
52.9
55.5
53.4
56.1
58.4
60.3
59.9
58.2
57.0
51.5
R49.2
44.8
76.4
63.0
40.9
45.1
45.2
49.6
55.2
61.6
71.4
72.3
71.8
70.5
67.5
61.4
49.7
42.7
43.2
42.5
52.0
51.7
53.3
57.3
59.8
61.3
58.7
55.8
52.6
50.5
49.3
49.6
50.0
49.8
49.7
50.5
43.5
45.8
47.0
44.4
44.2
49.4
53.1
48.4
R50.7
52.2
12.6
12.5
8.8
11.0
12.5
17.3
19.5
22.1
29.0
33.6
30.5
30.4
25.2
20.6
14.0
12.1
13.0
11.6
17.4
18.3
20.3
23.8
25.2
24.3
23.9
24.7
23.9
22.5
22.9
24.4
25.8
25.3
26.3
28.0
23.2
25.7
27.4
26.8
26.5
28.8
30.3
24.9
R25.0
23.4
supplied (consumption).
8 Algeria joined OPEC in 1969. For 19601968, Algeria is included in "Total Non-OPEC."
9 Nigeria joined OPEC in 1971. For 19601970, Nigeria is included in "Total Non-OPEC."
Notes: The country of origin for refined petroleum products may not be the country of origin for the
crude oil from which the refined products were produced. For example, refined products imported from
refineries in the Caribbean may have been produced from Middle East crude oil. Net imports equal
imports minus exports. Minus sign indicates exports are greater than imports. Data include any imports
for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. Totals may not equal sum of components
Products" chapter. 1976-1980U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports,
P.A.D. Districts Supply/Demand, Annual, annual reports. 1981-2010EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual,
133
Figure 5.8
Refinery and Blender Net Inputs and Net Production, 1949-2011
Refinery and Blender Net Inputs
Refinery and Blender Net Production of Selected Products
16
16
Crude Oil
12
12
Motor Gasoline
8
Distillate Fuel Oil

4
Jet Fuel
Natural Gas Plant Liquids and Other Liquids1
Residual Fuel Oil

0
0
1950
134
1960
See Table 5.8, footnote 4.
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1950
1960
Source: Table 5.8.
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Table 5.8 Refinery and Blender Net Inputs and Net Production, Selected Years, 1949-2011
Refinery and Blender Net Inputs 1
Year
Crude
Oil 3
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
5,327
5,739
7,480
8,067
9,043
10,870
12,442
13,416
14,602
14,739
14,648
13,481
12,470
11,774
11,685
12,044
12,002
12,716
12,854
13,246
13,401
13,409
13,301
13,411
13,613
13,866
13,973
14,195
14,662
14,889
14,804
15,067
15,128
14,947
15,304
15,475
15,220
15,242
15,156
14,648
14,336
R14,724
14,833
Natural Gas
Plant
Liquids
Other
Liquids 4
234
259
345
455
618
763
710
725
673
639
510
462
524
515
460
500
509
479
466
511
499
467
472
469
491
465
471
450
416
403
372
380
429
429
419
422
441
501
505
485
485
R442
489
28
19
32
61
88
121
72
59
74
92
78
81
488
572
505
581
681
711
667
610
613
713
768
745
917
691
775
843
832
853
927
849
825
941
791
866
1,149
1,238
1,337
2,019
2,082
R2,219
2,237
Refinery and Blender Net Production 2
Total
5,588
6,018
7,857
8,583
9,750
11,754
13,225
14,200
15,349
15,470
15,236
14,025
13,482
12,861
12,650
13,126
13,192
13,906
13,987
14,367
14,513
14,589
14,541
14,626
15,021
15,023
15,220
15,487
15,909
16,144
16,103
16,295
16,382
16,316
16,513
16,762
16,811
16,981
16,999
17,153
16,904
R17,385
17,559
Asphalt
and
Road Oil
155
179
251
286
357
428
408
391
431
482
467
393
340
329
372
386
401
410
434
443
424
449
430
419
451
451
467
459
485
498
505
525
485
492
496
508
512
506
456
410
359
378
364
Distillate
Fuel Oil
Jet
Fuel 5
Liquefied
Petroleum
Gases
Motor
Gasoline 6
934
1,093
1,651
1,823
2,096
2,454
2,653
2,924
3,277
3,167
3,152
2,661
2,613
2,606
2,456
2,680
2,686
2,796
2,729
2,857
2,899
2,925
2,962
2,974
3,132
3,205
3,155
3,316
3,392
3,424
3,399
3,580
3,695
3,592
3,707
3,814
3,954
4,040
4,133
4,294
4,048
R4,223
4,487
(5)
(5)
155
241
523
827
871
918
973
970
1,012
999
968
978
1,022
1,132
1,189
1,293
1,343
1,370
1,403
1,488
1,438
1,399
1,422
1,448
1,416
1,515
1,554
1,526
1,565
1,606
1,530
1,514
1,488
1,547
1,546
1,481
1,448
1,493
1,396
1,418
1,449
64
80
119
212
293
345
311
340
352
355
340
330
315
270
328
363
391
417
449
499
554
499
536
607
592
611
654
662
691
674
684
705
667
671
658
645
573
627
655
630
623
R659
620
2,572
2,735
3,648
4,126
4,507
5,699
6,518
6,838
7,031
7,167
6,837
6,492
6,400
6,336
6,338
6,453
6,419
6,752
6,841
6,956
6,963
6,959
6,975
7,058
7,304
7,181
7,459
7,565
7,743
7,892
7,934
7,951
8,022
8,183
8,194
8,265
8,318
8,364
8,358
8,548
8,786
R9,059
9,035
See "Refinery and Blender Net Inputs" in Glossary.

See "Refinery and Blender Net Production" in Glossary.
4 Unfinished oils (net), other hydrocarbons, and hydrogen. Beginning in 1981, also includes aviation
and motor gasoline blending components (net). Beginning in 1993, also includes oxygenates (net).
5 Through 1951, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in the products from which it was blended: in 1952, 71
percent gasoline, 17 percent kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel oil. Through 1964, kerosene-type jet
"Other Products."
6 Finished motor gasoline.
Through 1963, also includes aviation gasoline and special naphthas.
Beginning in 1993, also includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.
7 Kerosene, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks, waxes, and miscellaneous products. Through 1964,
2
3
Petroleum
Coke
46
47
78
164
236
296
354
356
369
369
376
370
390
410
420
439
455
506
512
544
542
552
568
596
619
622
630
664
689
712
713
727
767
781
798
836
835
848
823
818
799
812
842
Residual
Fuel Oil
Still
Gas
Other
Products 7
1,164
1,165
1,152
908
736
706
1,235
1,377
1,754
1,667
1,687
1,580
1,321
1,070
852
891
882
889
885
926
954
950
934
892
835
826
788
726
708
762
698
696
721
601
660
655
628
635
673
620
598
R585
538
226
229
319
354
395
483
523
541
572
603
598
581
565
554
550
559
584
641
643
670
681
673
651
659
653
657
647
654
661
656
656
659
670
667
702
704
684
709
697
670
664
R672
678
425
492
518
616
827
876
811
993
1,114
1,186
1,296
1,215
1,078
839
801
776
743
818
791
758
755
778
761
796
780
790
778
764
836
886
835
793
729
771
784
838
752
764
752
664
608
647
631
Total
5,587
6,019
7,891
8,729
9,970
12,113
13,685
14,677
15,874
15,966
15,763
14,622
13,990
13,391
13,138
13,679
13,750
14,522
14,626
15,022
15,175
15,272
15,256
15,398
15,787
15,791
15,994
16,324
16,759
17,030
16,989
17,243
17,285
17,273
17,487
17,814
17,800
17,975
17,994
18,146
17,882
R18,452
18,643
Processing
Gain
-2
2
34
146
220
359
460
477
524
496
527
597
508
531
488
553
557
616
639
655
661
683
715
772
766
768
774
837
850
886
886
948
903
957
974
1,051
989
994
996
993
979
R1,068
1,085
also includes kerosene-type jet fuel. Beginning in 1964, also includes aviation gasoline and special
naphthas. Beginning in 2005, also includes naphtha-type jet fuel.
135
Figure 5.9
Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-2011
Number of Operable Refineries
Utilization
400
100
80
Percent
Total Units
300
200
60
40
100
20
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Capacity
20
Capacity
15
Unused Capacity
10
Gross Input to Distillation Units
5
0
1955
Operable refineries capacity on January 1.
136
1965
1975
1985
Source: Table 5.9.
1995
2005
2010
Table 5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, Selected Years, 1949-2011

Operable Refineries Capacity
Operable
Refineries 1
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
On January 1
Number
336
320
296
309
293
276
279
276
282
296
308
319
324
301
258
247
223
216
219
213
204
205
202
199
187
179
175
170
164
163
159
158
155
153
149
149
148
149
149
150
150
148
148
Annual Average 2
Thousand Barrels per Calendar Day

6,231
6,223
8,386
9,843
10,420
12,021
14,961
15,237
16,398
17,048
17,441
17,988
18,621
17,890
16,859
16,137
15,659
15,459
15,566
15,915
15,655
15,572
15,676
15,696
15,121
15,034
15,434
15,333
15,452
15,711
16,261
16,512
16,595
16,785
16,757
16,894
17,125
17,339
17,443
17,594
17,672
17,584
17,736
1 Through 1956, includes only those refineries in operation on January 1; beginning in 1957, includes all
"operable" refineries on January 1. See "Operable Refineries" in Glossary.
2 Average of monthly capacity data.
3 See Note 3, "Gross Input to Distillation Units," at end of section.
4 Through 1980, utilization is calculated by dividing gross input to distillation units by one-half of the sum
of the current years January 1 capacity and the following years January 1 capacity. Beginning in 1981,
utilization is calculated by dividing gross input to distillation units by the annual average capacity.
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
18,603
17,432
16,668
16,035
15,671
15,459
15,642
15,927
15,701
15,623
15,707
15,460
15,143
15,150
15,346
15,239
15,594
15,802
16,282
16,525
16,582
16,744
16,748
16,974
17,196
17,385
17,450
17,607
17,678
R17,575
17,726
Gross Input
to Distillation Units 3
Utilization 4
Percent
5,556
5,980
7,820
8,439
9,557
11,517
12,902
13,884
14,982
15,071
14,955
13,796
12,752
12,172
11,947
12,216
12,165
12,826
13,003
13,447
13,551
13,610
13,508
13,600
13,851
14,032
14,119
14,337
14,838
15,113
15,080
15,299
15,352
15,180
15,508
15,783
15,578
15,602
15,450
15,027
14,659
R15,177
15,283
89.2
92.5
92.2
85.1
91.8
92.6
85.5
87.8
89.6
87.4
84.4
75.4
68.6
69.9
71.7
76.2
77.6
82.9
83.1
R84.4
R86.3
87.1
86.0
87.9
91.5
92.6
92.0
94.1
95.2
95.6
92.6
92.6
92.6
90.7
92.6
93.0
90.6
89.7
88.5
85.3
82.9
R86.4
86.2

Sources: 1949-1977Bureau of Mines, Information Circular, "Petroleum Refineries, Including
Cracking Plants in the United States"; Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products" and
"Natural Gas Liquids" chapters; and Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Refineries, Annual, annual
reports. 1978-1980U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum
Refineries in the United States, annual reports. 1981-2005EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA),
annual reports; and Form EIA-810, "Monthly Refinery Report." 2006-2010EIA, PSA, annual reports;
and Refinery Capacity Report, annual reports. 2011EIA, Refinery Capacity Report (June 2011), Table
1; and Petroleum Supply Monthly (January-December 2011 issues), Table 30.
137
Figure 5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production

Total, 1949-2011
By Product, 2011
2,500
1,000
909
800
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
618
600
400
295
208
200
152
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Ethane
2010
Propane
Pentanes
Plus
Isobutane
Normal
Butane
1,200
900
Ethane
600
Propane
Pentanes Plus
300
Isobutane
Normal Butane
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
Source: Table 5.10.
138
1995
2000
2005
2010
Table 5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, Selected Years, 1949-2011
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
Finished
Petroleum
Products 1
Ethane 2
Isobutane
Normal
Butane 3
Propane 2,3
Total
Pentanes
Plus 4
Total
53
66
68
47
41
25
7
6
5
3
26
23
18
11
12
4
14
4
4
4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8
12
34
51
92
201
337
365
397
406
400
396
397
426
456
505
493
485
499
501
466
477
530
541
556
559
573
627
637
607
675
717
692
700
625
686
649
676
709
701
769
R869
909
11
13
30
45
67
84
90
82
81
75
104
105
117
109
100
99
127
128
141
144
149
151
169
189
192
195
185
192
191
181
187
188
198
201
183
168
168
163
176
173
188
R187
208
61
69
120
161
185
248
237
227
223
210
212
210
224
204
217
203
171
157
157
167
151
149
150
137
142
136
151
150
144
148
155
160
133
131
129
152
134
136
128
134
136
R155
152
74
101
205
291
390
561
552
521
513
491
500
494
519
519
541
527
521
508
503
506
471
474
487
499
513
510
519
525
528
513
529
539
538
549
506
526
499
501
507
512
546
R586
618
155
195
390
549
734
1,095
1,217
1,195
1,214
1,182
1,216
1,205
1,256
1,258
1,314
1,334
1,313
1,277
1,300
1,319
1,237
1,250
1,336
1,365
1,402
1,400
1,428
1,494
1,499
1,450
1,547
1,605
1,562
1,581
1,444
1,532
1,451
1,476
1,520
1,520
1,639
R1,797
1,888
223
238
313
333
434
540
409
403
399
382
342
345
334
282
233
292
282
269
291
302
309
309
324
332
334
326
335
336
318
309
303
306
307
300
275
277
266
263
263
264
271
R277
295
430
499
771
929
1,210
1,660
1,633
1,604
1,618
1,567
1,584
1,573
1,609
1,550
1,559
1,630
1,609
1,551
1,595
1,625
1,546
1,559
1,659
1,697
1,736
1,727
1,762
1,830
1,817
1,759
1,850
1,911
1,868
1,880
1,719
1,809
1,717
1,739
1,783
1,784
1,910
R2,074
2,183
Motor gasoline, aviation gasoline, special naphthas, distillate fuel oil, and miscellaneous products.
Reported production of ethane-propane mixtures has been allocated 70 percent ethane and 30
percent propane.
3 Reported production of butane-propane mixtures has been allocated 60 percent butane and 40
percent propane.
4 Through 1983, "Pentanes Plus" was reported separately as natural gasoline, isopentane, and plant
condensate.
2
Products" chapter. 1969-1975Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement,
Annual, annual reports. 1976-1980U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data
Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports. 1981-2010EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual,
139
Figure 5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type

10
Motor Gasoline
6
Distillate Fuel Oil
4
LPG
2
Jet Fuel
Residual Fuel Oil
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
By Product, 2011
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Motor Gasolines Share of Total Petroleum Products Supplied,

1949-2011
10
50
8.7
40
Percent
3.8
2.2
2
1.8
1.4
0.5
0.4
Residual
Fuel Oil
Petroleum
Coke
0
Motor
Gasoline
1
Distillate
Fuel Oil
LPG
Jet
Fuel
Other

Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, naphtha-type jet fuel, pentanes
plus, petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, still gas (refinery gas), waxes, miscellaneous
products, and crude oil burned as fuel.
30
20
10
0
1950
1960
1970
Source: 5.11.
140
1980
1990
2000
2010
Table 5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type, Selected Years, 1949-2011

Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
Asphalt and
Road Oil
157
180
254
302
368
447
419
411
436
479
476
396
342
342
373
408
425
448
467
468
453
483
444
454
474
484
486
484
505
521
547
525
519
512
503
537
546
521
494
417
360
362
355
Aviation
Gasoline
93
108
192
161
120
55
39
37
38
39
38
35
31
25
26
24
27
32
25
27
26
24
23
22
21
21
21
20
22
19
21
20
19
18
16
17
19
18
17
15
14
15
15
Distillate
Fuel Oil 1
Jet Fuel 2
902
1,082
1,592
1,872
2,126
2,540
2,851
3,133
3,352
3,432
3,311
2,866
2,829
2,671
2,690
2,845
2,868
2,914
2,976
3,122
3,157
3,021
2,921
2,979
3,041
3,162
3,207
3,365
3,435
3,461
3,572
3,722
3,847
3,776
3,927
4,058
4,118
4,169
4,196
3,945
3,631
R3,800
3,849
(2)
(2)
154
371
602
967
1,001
987
1,039
1,057
1,076
1,068
1,007
1,013
1,046
1,175
1,218
1,307
1,385
1,449
1,489
1,522
1,471
1,454
1,469
1,527
1,514
1,578
1,599
1,622
1,673
1,725
1,655
1,614
1,578
1,630
1,679
1,633
1,622
1,539
1,393
R1,432
1,425
Kerosene
281
323
320
271
267
263
159
169
175
175
188
158
127
129
127
115
114
98
95
96
84
43
46
41
50
49
54
62
66
78
73
67
72
43
55
64
70
54
32
14
18
20
12
Propane 3
Total
Lubricants
Motor
Gasoline 4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
776
783
830
821
778
849
754
773
798
751
833
883
831
924
923
990
917
982
1,032
1,006
1,082
1,096
1,136
1,170
1,120
1,246
1,235
1,142
1,248
1,215
1,276
1,229
1,215
1,235
1,154
1,160
R1,160
1,138
187
234
404
621
841
1,224
1,333
1,404
1,422
1,413
1,592
1,469
1,466
1,499
1,509
1,572
1,599
1,512
1,612
1,656
1,668
1,556
1,689
1,755
1,734
1,880
1,899
2,012
2,038
1,952
2,195
2,231
2,044
2,163
2,074
2,132
2,030
2,052
2,085
1,954
2,051
R2,173
2,171
91
106
116
117
129
136
137
152
160
172
180
159
153
140
146
156
145
142
161
155
159
164
146
149
152
159
156
151
160
168
169
166
153
151
140
141
141
137
142
131
118
R131
124
2,410
2,616
3,463
3,969
4,593
5,785
6,675
6,978
7,177
7,412
7,034
6,579
6,588
6,539
6,622
6,693
6,831
7,034
7,206
7,336
7,328
7,235
7,188
7,268
7,476
7,601
7,789
7,891
8,017
8,253
8,431
8,472
8,610
8,848
8,935
9,105
9,159
9,253
9,286
8,989
8,997
R8,993
8,736
Beginning in 2009, includes renewable diesel fuel (including biodiesel) blended into distillate fuel oil.
Through 1951, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in the products from which it was blended: in 1952, 71
percent gasoline, 17 percent kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel oil. Beginning in 1952, includes
naphtha-type jet fuel. Beginning in 1957, also includes kerosene-type jet fuel. Beginning in 2005,
naphtha-type jet fuel is included in "Other."
4 Finished motor gasoline. Through 1963, also includes special naphthas. Beginning in 1993, also
includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.
5 Pentanes plus, petrochemical feedstocks, still gas (refinery gas), waxes, and miscellaneous products.
Beginning in 1964, also includes special naphthas. Beginning in 1981, also includes negative barrels per
day of distillate and residual fuel oil reclassified as unfinished oils, and other products (from both primary
and secondary supply) reclassified as gasoline blending components. Beginning in 1983, also includes
crude oil burned as fuel. Beginning in 2005, also includes naphtha-type jet fuel.
6 Percent change from previous year calculated from data in thousand barrels per year.
2
Petroleum
Coke
40
41
67
149
202
212
247
243
268
256
246
237
252
248
229
247
264
268
299
312
307
339
328
382
366
361
365
379
377
447
477
406
437
463
455
524
515
522
490
464
427
376
367
Residual
Fuel Oil
Other 5
1,359
1,517
1,526
1,529
1,608
2,204
2,462
2,801
3,071
3,023
2,826
2,508
2,088
1,716
1,421
1,369
1,202
1,418
1,264
1,378
1,370
1,229
1,158
1,094
1,080
1,021
852
848
797
887
830
909
811
700
772
865
920
689
723
622
511
R535
480
243
250
366
435
657
866
1,001
1,145
1,294
1,391
1,546
1,581
1,176
973
1,042
1,120
1,032
1,105
1,176
1,286
1,284
1,373
1,299
1,434
1,373
1,454
1,381
1,518
1,605
1,508
1,532
1,458
1,481
1,474
1,579
1,657
1,605
1,640
1,593
1,408
1,251
R1,343
1,300
Total
5,763
6,458
8,455
9,797
11,512
14,697
16,322
17,461
18,431
18,847
18,513
17,056
16,058
15,296
15,231
15,726
15,726
16,281
16,665
17,283
17,325
16,988
16,714
17,033
17,237
17,718
17,725
18,309
18,620
18,917
19,519
19,701
19,649
19,761
20,034
20,731
20,802
20,687
20,680
19,498
18,771
R19,180
18,835
Percentage
Change From
Previous Year 6
12.1
9.0
3.1
4.2
4.0
-2.0
7.3
5.3
2.3
-1.8
-7.6
-6.1
-4.7
-.4
3.5
-.3
3.5
2.4
4.0
(s)
-1.9
-1.6
2.2
.9
2.8
(s)
3.6
1.4
1.6
3.2
1.2
-.5
.6
1.4
3.8
.1
-.6
(s)
-5.5
-4.0
R2.2
-1.8
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. =Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.05 percent and
greater than -0.05 percent.
Notes: For petroleum, product supplied is used as an approximation of petroleum consumption. See
Note 1, "Petroleum Products Supplied and Petroleum Consumption," at end of section. See Note 2,
"Changes Affecting Petroleum Production and Product Supplied Statistics," at end of section. Totals
141
Figure 5.12 Heat Content of Petroleum Products Supplied

Petroleum Products Supplied as Share
of Total Energy Consumption, 1949-2011
Total Petroleum and Motor Gasoline Product Supplied,

1949-2011
50
60
Total Petroleum
40
Percent
Quadrillion Btu
40
20
30
20
Motor Gasoline
10
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1950
By Product, 2011
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
20
20
Motor Gasoline
16.6
15
Quadrillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu
15
10
8.2
5
2.9
3.8
10
Distillate Fuel Oil
Jet Fuel
2.8
1.1
0.9
Residual Fuel Oil
0
Motor
Gasoline
Distillate
Fuel Oil
Jet
Fuel
LPG
Residual
Fuel Oil
Asphalt
and
Other
1950
1960
1970
Road Oil
1

Aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, naphtha-type jet fuel, pentanes plus, petrochemical
feedstocks, petroleum coke, special naphthas, still gas (refinery gas), waxes, miscellaneous
products, and crude burned as fuel.
142
1980
1990
2000
2010
Table 5.12 Heat Content of Petroleum Products Supplied, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Trillion Btu)
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
Asphalt and
Road Oil
380
435
615
734
890
1,082
1,014
998
1,056
1,160
1,153
962
828
829
904
992
1,029
1,086
1,130
1,136
1,096
1,170
1,077
1,102
1,149
1,173
1,178
1,176
1,224
1,263
1,324
1,276
1,257
1,240
1,220
1,304
1,323
1,261
1,197
1,012
873
R878
860
Aviation
Gasoline
172
199
354
298
222
100
71
67
70
71
70
64
56
47
48
44
50
59
46
49
48
45
42
41
38
38
40
37
40
35
39
36
35
34
30
31
35
33
32
28
27
27
27
Distillate
Fuel Oil 1
Jet Fuel
1,918
2,300
3,385
3,992
4,519
5,401
6,061
6,679
7,126
7,296
7,039
6,110
6,014
5,679
5,720
6,065
6,098
6,196
6,328
6,655
6,712
6,422
6,210
6,351
6,466
6,723
6,818
7,175
7,304
7,359
7,595
7,935
8,179
8,028
8,349
8,652
8,755
8,864
8,921
8,411
7,720
R8,080
8,184
(2)
(2)
301
739
1,215
1,973
2,047
2,026
2,126
2,164
2,204
2,190
2,062
2,072
2,141
2,414
2,497
2,682
2,843
2,982
3,059
3,129
3,025
3,001
3,028
3,154
3,132
3,274
3,308
3,357
3,462
3,580
3,426
3,340
3,265
3,383
3,475
3,379
3,358
3,193
2,883
R2,963
2,950
Kerosene
582
668
662
563
553
544
329
351
363
363
389
329
263
266
263
239
236
203
196
200
174
88
96
86
103
101
112
128
136
162
151
140
150
90
113
133
144
111
67
30
36
41
25
Propane
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,086
1,097
1,166
1,150
1,089
1,189
1,059
1,082
1,117
1,051
1,170
1,236
1,163
1,294
1,296
1,387
1,284
1,374
1,449
1,409
1,515
1,534
1,594
1,638
1,568
1,745
1,734
1,598
1,747
1,701
1,791
1,721
1,701
1,729
1,620
1,624
R1,624
1,594
Total
Lubricants
274
343
592
912
1,232
1,689
1,807
1,907
1,908
1,892
2,138
1,976
1,949
1,978
1,990
2,071
2,103
2,010
2,152
2,213
2,243
2,059
2,228
2,328
2,282
2,494
2,512
2,660
2,690
2,575
2,897
2,945
2,697
2,852
2,748
2,824
2,682
2,700
2,733
2,574
2,664
R2,821
2,796
201
236
258
259
286
301
304
338
354
380
397
354
339
309
324
346
322
315
356
343
352
362
324
330
337
352
346
335
354
371
375
369
338
334
309
313
312
303
313
291
262
R291
275
Through 1951, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in the products from which it was blended: in 1952, 71
percent gasoline, 17 percent kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel oil. Beginning in 1952, includes
naphtha-type jet fuel. Beginning in 1957, also includes kerosene-type jet fuel. Beginning in 2005,
naphtha-type jet fuel is included in "Other."
2
Motor
Gasoline 4
4,621
5,015
6,640
7,631
8,806
11,091
12,798
13,415
13,760
14,211
13,487
12,648
12,631
12,538
12,697
12,867
13,098
13,487
13,816
14,105
14,050
13,872
13,781
13,973
14,335
14,511
14,825
15,064
15,254
15,701
16,036
16,155
16,373
16,819
16,981
17,379
17,444
17,622
17,689
17,168
17,135
R17,127
16,639
Petroleum
Coke
Residual
Fuel Oil
Other
87
90
147
328
444
465
542
537
589
562
541
522
553
545
503
545
582
590
657
687
676
745
722
843
804
793
802
837
829
982
1,048
895
961
1,018
1,000
1,156
1,133
1,148
1,077
1,022
938
826
807
3,118
3,482
3,502
3,517
3,691
5,057
5,649
6,445
7,047
6,936
6,485
5,772
4,791
3,939
3,260
3,151
2,759
3,255
2,901
3,170
3,144
2,820
2,657
2,518
2,479
2,342
1,955
1,952
1,828
2,036
1,905
2,091
1,861
1,605
1,772
1,990
2,111
1,581
1,659
1,432
1,173
R1,228
1,102
530
546
798
947
1,390
1,817
2,109
2,413
2,724
2,928
3,217
3,278
2,446
2,030
2,202
2,319
2,152
2,315
2,439
2,682
2,656
2,839
2,685
2,951
2,822
2,988
2,837
3,121
3,298
3,093
3,129
2,979
3,056
3,040
3,264
3,428
3,318
3,416
3,313
2,941
2,611
R2,800
2,712
Total
11,883
13,315
17,255
19,919
23,246
29,521
32,732
35,178
37,124
37,963
37,122
34,205
31,932
30,232
30,052
31,053
30,925
32,198
32,864
34,223
34,209
33,552
32,846
33,525
33,842
34,670
34,556
35,759
36,265
36,934
37,960
38,402
38,333
38,400
39,051
40,593
40,732
40,420
40,358
38,101
36,321
R37,082
36,376
Percentage
Change From
Previous Year
12.1
8.9
3.1
4.2
4.2
-2.2
7.5
5.5
2.3
-2.2
-7.9
-6.6
-5.3
-.6
3.3
-.4
4.1
2.1
4.1
(s)
-1.9
-2.1
2.1
.9
2.4
-.3
3.5
1.4
1.8
2.8
1.2
-.2
.2
1.7
3.9
.3
-.8
-.2
-5.6
-4.7
2.1
-1.9
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. =Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.05 percent and
greater than -0.05 percent.
Notes: For petroleum, product supplied is used as an approximation of petroleum consumption. See
Note 1, "Petroleum Products Supplied and Petroleum Consumption," at end of section. See Note 2,
"Changes Affecting Petroleum Production and Product Supplied Statistics," at end of section. Totals
Sources: Tables 5.11, A1, and A3.
143
Figure 5.13a Petroleum Consumption Estimates by Sector

By Sector, 1949-2011
15
Transportation
10
Industrial
Electric Power
Residential and Commercial

0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
By Sector, 2011
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Sector Shares, 1949 and 2011
15
75
1949
13.2
70
2011
54
50
Percent
10
28
24
25
4.5
10
0.7
0.4
0.1
0
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Transportation
Electric
Power
Includes combined-heat-and-power plants and a small number of electricity-only plants.

Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power plants whose primary business is to sell
electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.
2
144
0
Residential
Commercial
Note: See related Figure 5.13b.

Sources: Tables 5.13a5.13d.
Industrial
Transportation
Electric
Power
Figure 5.13b Petroleum Consumption Estimates by Product by Sector, 1949-2011

Residential and Commercial Sectors, Selected Products
Industrial Sector, Selected Products

2.0
1.5
1.0
Distillate Fuel Oil

0.5
LPG
Residual FuelOil
LPG
1.0
Distillate Fuel Oil

0.5
Petroleum Coke
Kerosene
Asphalt and Road Oil
0.0
0.0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Transportation Sector, Selected Products
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Electric Power Sector
12
2.0
Motor Gasoline
Distillate Fuel Oil
1.5
1.5
1.0
Petroleum
0.5
Jet Fuel
0
0.0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010

Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power plants whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.
2
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Note: See related Figure 5.13a.

Sources: Tables 5.13a5.13d.
145
Table 5.13a Petroleum Consumption Estimates: Residential and Commercial Sectors, Selected Years, 1949-2011
Residential Sector
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Distillate
Fuel Oil
329
390
562
736
805
883
850
932
938
917
765
617
540
494
435
512
514
523
544
558
546
460
438
460
458
451
426
434
411
363
389
424
427
404
425
433
402
335
342
314
283
R274
278
Kerosene
140
168
179
171
161
144
78
89
81
74
64
51
41
46
41
77
77
59
57
69
57
31
35
31
37
31
36
43
45
52
54
46
46
29
34
41
40
32
21
10
13
R14
9
Commercial Sector
Liquefied
Petroleum
Gases
Distillate Fuel Oil

Total
84
104
144
217
275
392
365
379
371
360
243
222
213
206
245
199
224
220
244
243
273
252
270
263
278
274
282
334
325
303
376
395
375
384
389
364
366
318
345
394
391
R379
378
553
662
885
1,123
1,242
1,419
1,293
1,400
1,390
1,351
1,072
890
794
746
721
788
815
801
845
870
876
742
743
754
773
757
743
811
781
718
819
865
849
817
848
839
809
685
708
718
687
R667
665
CHP
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
3
3
2
1
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
(s)
Other
104
123
177
232
251
276
276
308
318
313
274
243
215
207
306
345
297
293
286
281
267
249
241
236
230
233
223
225
206
199
204
228
236
207
225
218
208
188
180
173
194
R192
196
Total
104
123
177
232
251
276
276
308
318
313
274
243
215
207
306
345
297
293
286
281
270
252
243
238
232
236
225
227
209
202
206
230
239
209
226
221
210
189
181
174
194
R193
196
1 Commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and a small number of commercial electricity-only

plants. See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of Section 8.
2 All commercial sector fuel use other than that in "CHP."
4 Included in "Other."
Notes: For total petroleum consumption by all sectors, see petroleum products supplied data in Table
5.11. For petroleum, product supplied is used as an approximation of petroleum consumption. See Note 1,
146
Kerosene
19
23
24
23
26
30
24
21
25
26
38
20
34
15
54
17
16
24
24
13
13
6
6
5
7
9
11
10
12
15
13
14
15
8
9
10
10
7
4
2
2
2
1
Liquefied
Petroleum
Gases
22
28
38
58
74
102
92
97
96
94
68
63
62
58
69
59
68
66
72
71
78
73
77
76
78
77
78
87
86
84
100
107
102
101
112
108
94
88
87
113
99
R100
100
Residual Fuel Oil

Motor
Gasoline 3
Petroleum
Coke
48
52
69
35
40
45
46
50
52
56
54
56
48
46
53
56
50
55
58
57
53
58
44
41
15
13
10
14
22
20
15
23
20
24
32
23
24
26
32
24
28
R29
28
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
CHP
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
2
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
(s)
(s)
Other 2
153
185
209
243
281
311
214
247
256
232
220
245
182
174
91
115
99
126
114
115
97
97
91
80
73
73
61
58
47
35
30
38
28
34
46
51
48
31
32
31
32
R33
31
Total
Total
153
185
209
243
281
311
214
247
256
232
220
245
182
174
91
115
99
126
114
115
99
100
92
82
75
75
62
60
48
37
32
40
30
35
48
53
50
33
33
32
33
R34
32
346
411
519
590
672
764
653
722
748
721
655
626
540
499
573
593
530
566
554
537
514
489
463
443
407
410
385
397
378
358
366
415
406
376
428
416
389
343
337
345
357
R358
357
"Petroleum Products Supplied and Petroleum Consumption," at end of section. Totals may not equal
sum of components due to independent rounding.
1949. See http://www.eia.gov/states/_seds.html for related information.
Sources: CHP and Petroleum Coke: Table 8.7c. All Other Data: 1949-1959Bureau of Mines,
Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports, and U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA) estimates. 1960-1972EIA, "State Energy Data 2010: Consumption" (June 2012),
U.S. Tables CT4 and CT5. 1973 forwardEIA, Monthly Energy Review (April 2012), Table 3.7a.
Table 5.13b Petroleum Consumption Estimates: Industrial Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011
Industrial Sector
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Asphalt
and
Road Oil
157
180
254
302
368
447
419
411
436
479
476
396
342
342
373
408
425
448
467
468
453
483
444
454
474
484
486
484
505
521
547
525
519
512
503
537
546
521
494
417
360
362
355
Distillate Fuel Oil

CHP 1
Other 2
Total
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
5
7
12
10
10
10
6
8
8
16
16
10
9
6
10
9
11
5
4
3
7
R3
2
265
328
466
476
541
577
630
717
809
823
830
621
653
617
537
564
526
546
537
530
531
534
495
509
515
513
526
549
558
554
542
553
602
561
525
561
583
589
591
596
514
R556
566
265
328
466
476
541
577
630
717
809
823
830
621
653
617
537
564
526
546
537
530
536
541
507
519
525
522
532
557
566
570
558
563
611
566
534
570
594
594
595
599
521
R559
568
Kerosene
123
132
116
78
80
89
58
59
69
75
86
87
52
68
32
21
21
16
14
14
14
6
5
5
6
8
7
9
9
11
6
8
11
7
12
14
19
14
6
2
2
R4
2
Liquefied
Petroleum
Gases
80
100
212
333
470
699
844
895
918
921
1,266
1,172
1,166
1,211
1,166
1,283
1,285
1,207
1,279
1,326
1,300
1,215
1,326
1,402
1,363
1,505
1,527
1,580
1,617
1,553
1,709
1,720
1,557
1,668
1,561
1,646
1,549
1,627
1,637
1,419
1,541
R1,673
1,672
Petroleum Coke
Lubricants
36
43
47
48
62
70
68
75
82
88
92
82
79
72
75
80
75
73
83
80
82
84
75
77
78
82
80
78
82
86
87
86
79
78
72
73
72
71
73
67
61
R68
64
Motor
Gasoline 3
CHP 1
Other 2
121
131
173
198
179
150
116
110
102
93
84
82
83
72
59
83
114
108
107
100
104
97
101
101
94
101
105
105
111
105
80
79
155
163
171
195
187
198
161
131
128
R148
143
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
5
25
22
26
22
25
26
27
37
29
31
19
15
21
17
18
14
21
22
16
17
R17
17
40
41
67
149
202
203
246
242
266
250
243
234
250
246
225
244
261
264
294
306
295
300
293
336
308
304
302
317
294
362
395
342
375
362
358
405
390
404
390
377
347
R293
289
1 Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and a small number of industrial electricity-only plants.

See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of Section 8.
2 All industrial sector fuel use other than that in "CHP."
5 Included in "Other."
Residual Fuel Oil

Total
CHP 1
40
41
67
149
202
203
246
242
266
250
243
234
250
246
225
244
261
264
294
306
300
325
315
362
330
329
328
343
331
390
426
361
390
383
375
423
404
425
412
394
363
310
307
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
57
63
55
59
65
69
60
66
56
60
52
48
46
37
38
46
46
33
30
14
13
R6
5
Other 2
534
617
686
689
689
708
658
792
844
748
721
586
471
456
345
386
326
321
253
237
121
116
91
109
129
113
87
80
71
40
38
57
42
46
58
62
77
71
54
73
33
R46
44
Total
534
617
686
689
689
708
658
792
844
748
721
586
471
456
345
386
326
321
253
237
178
179
146
168
194
183
147
146
127
100
90
105
89
83
96
108
123
104
84
86
46
52
49
Other
Petroleum 4
Total
243
250
366
435
657
866
1,001
1,145
1,294
1,391
1,546
1,581
1,176
973
1,042
1,120
1,032
1,105
1,176
1,286
1,284
1,373
1,299
1,434
1,373
1,454
1,381
1,518
1,605
1,508
1,532
1,458
1,481
1,474
1,579
1,657
1,605
1,640
1,593
1,408
1,251
R1,343
1,300
1,598
1,822
2,387
2,708
3,247
3,808
4,038
4,447
4,821
4,867
5,343
4,842
4,273
4,058
3,854
4,191
4,065
4,087
4,210
4,347
4,251
4,304
4,219
4,522
4,438
4,667
4,594
4,819
4,953
4,844
5,035
4,903
4,892
4,934
4,903
5,222
5,100
5,193
5,056
4,523
4,274
R4,519
4,460
Sources: CHP: Table 8.7c. All Other Data: 1949-1959Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys,
Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports, and U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates.
1960-1972EIA, "State Energy Data 2010: Consumption" (June 2012), U.S. Table CT6. 1973
forwardEIA, Monthly Energy Review (April 2012), Table 3.7b.
147
Table 5.13c Petroleum Consumption Estimates: Transportation Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011
Transportation Sector
Jet Fuel
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
Aviation
Gasoline
93
108
192
161
120
55
39
37
38
39
38
35
31
25
26
24
27
32
25
27
26
24
23
22
21
21
21
20
22
19
21
20
19
18
16
17
19
18
17
15
14
15
15
Distillate
Fuel Oil 1
Kerosene Type
Total 2
190
226
372
418
514
738
998
1,073
1,171
1,260
1,366
1,311
1,365
1,312
1,367
1,383
1,491
1,514
1,568
1,701
1,734
1,722
1,694
1,728
1,785
1,896
1,973
2,096
2,198
2,263
2,352
2,422
2,489
2,536
2,665
2,783
2,858
3,017
3,037
2,824
2,600
R2,737
2,779
0
0
0
91
334
718
782
777
814
845
867
845
808
803
839
953
1,005
1,105
1,181
1,236
1,284
1,340
1,296
1,310
1,357
1,480
1,497
1,575
1,598
1,623
1,675
1,725
1,656
1,621
1,578
1,630
1,679
1,633
1,622
1,539
1,393
R1,432
1,425
(2)
(2)
154
371
602
967
992
976
1,022
1,044
1,067
1,062
1,006
1,011
1,046
1,175
1,218
1,307
1,385
1,449
1,489
1,522
1,471
1,454
1,469
1,527
1,514
1,578
1,599
1,622
1,673
1,725
1,655
1,614
1,578
1,630
1,679
1,633
1,622
1,539
1,393
R1,432
1,425
Liquefied
Petroleum Gases
Through 1951, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in the products from which jet fuel was blended: in
1952, 71 percent gasoline, 17 percent kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel oil. Beginning in 1952,
includes naphtha-type jet fuel. Beginning in 1957, also includes kerosene-type jet fuel. Beginning in 2005,
includes kerosene-type jet fuel only.
2
148
1
2
9
13
23
32
31
33
36
38
16
13
24
24
29
30
21
19
15
17
16
16
15
14
14
24
13
11
10
13
10
8
10
10
12
14
20
20
16
29
20
21
21
Lubricants
Motor
Gasoline 3
Residual
Fuel Oil
2,241
2,433
3,221
3,736
4,374
5,589
6,512
6,817
7,022
7,264
6,896
6,441
6,456
6,421
6,510
6,554
6,667
6,871
7,041
7,179
7,171
7,080
7,042
7,125
7,367
7,487
7,674
7,772
7,883
8,128
8,336
8,370
8,435
8,662
8,733
8,887
8,948
9,029
9,093
8,834
8,840
R8,816
8,565
504
524
440
367
336
332
310
358
396
431
535
608
531
444
358
351
342
379
392
399
423
443
447
465
393
385
397
370
310
294
290
386
255
295
249
321
365
395
433
400
353
R382
359
54
64
70
68
67
66
70
77
78
83
87
77
74
68
71
76
71
69
78
75
77
80
71
72
74
77
76
73
78
81
82
81
74
73
68
69
68
67
69
64
57
R64
60
Total
3,084
3,356
4,458
5,135
6,036
7,778
8,951
9,372
9,761
10,160
10,005
9,546
9,487
9,307
9,406
9,592
9,838
10,191
10,505
10,846
10,937
10,888
10,763
10,881
11,124
11,417
11,668
11,921
12,099
12,420
12,765
13,012
12,938
13,208
13,321
13,720
13,957
14,178
14,287
13,704
13,279
R13,466
13,223
annual reports, and U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates. 1960-1972EIA, "State
Energy Data 2010: Consumption" (June 2012), U.S. Table CT7. 1973 forwardEIA, Monthly Energy
Review (April 2012), Table 3.7c.
Table 5.13d Petroleum Consumption Estimates: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011
Electric Power Sector 1
Electricity Only
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
19894
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Distillate
Fuel Oil 2
13
15
15
10
14
66
107
114
134
130
84
79
58
42
45
42
40
39
42
51
70
41
38
33
37
46
44
47
48
61
63
77
76
59
71
49
51
34
40
33
32
R37
28
Petroleum
Coke
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
9
1
1
1
5
4
2
2
2
4
3
3
4
5
6
7
14
13
18
21
16
15
14
23
30
26
20
25
54
66
83
94
82
65
58
50
R61
56
Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Residual
Fuel Oil 3
Total
169
192
191
231
302
853
1,280
1,405
1,575
1,612
1,350
1,069
904
642
627
517
435
592
504
627
663
497
469
371
409
369
237
263
301
448
409
370
430
281
373
376
376
151
167
99
73
62
35
182
207
206
241
316
928
1,388
1,520
1,710
1,747
1,437
1,151
964
686
676
562
478
636
551
683
740
551
520
422
467
431
296
325
373
539
497
466
531
394
510
509
521
267
272
189
154
R159
119
Distillate
Fuel Oil 2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
4
1
2
4
11
7
4
4
3
3
6
4
1
5
3
3
1
2
2
1
1
1
Petroleum
Coke
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
2
15
15
22
22
23
26
25
25
22
26
14
17
17
15
13
12
13
R4
5
primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. Electric utility CHP plants are
included in "Electricity Only."
2 Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4. For 19491979, data are for gas turbine and internal combustion plant use of
petroleum. For 19802000, electric utility data also include small amounts of kerosene and jet fuel.
3 Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6. For 19491979, data are for steam plant use of petroleum. For 19802000,
electric utility data also include a small amount of fuel oil no. 4.
Residual
Fuel Oil 3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6
10
4
8
9
10
9
10
10
8
9
8
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Total
Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8
15
5
12
27
36
38
36
37
37
38
39
33
33
24
26
26
22
21
19
21
R11
11
Distillate
Fuel Oil 2
13
15
15
10
14
66
107
114
134
130
84
79
58
42
45
42
40
39
42
51
72
45
39
34
41
56
51
51
52
64
66
82
80
60
76
52
54
35
42
34
33
R38
29
Petroleum
Coke
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
9
1
1
1
5
4
2
2
2
4
3
3
4
5
6
7
14
13
20
36
32
37
36
46
56
51
45
47
80
79
101
111
97
78
70
63
65
60
Residual
Fuel Oil 3
Total
169
192
191
231
302
853
1,280
1,405
1,575
1,612
1,350
1,069
904
642
627
517
435
592
504
627
669
507
473
379
418
379
247
273
311
456
418
378
437
287
379
382
382
157
173
104
79
R67
41
182
207
206
241
316
928
1,388
1,520
1,710
1,747
1,437
1,151
964
686
676
562
478
636
551
683
748
566
526
434
494
467
334
360
410
576
535
505
564
427
534
535
547
289
293
209
175
170
130
5.11. See Note 1, "Petroleum Products Supplied and Petroleum Consumption," at end of section. See
Tables 8.5a8.5d for the amount of petroleum used to produce electricity and Tables 8.6a8.6c for the
amount of petroleum used to produce useful thermal output. Totals may not equal sum of components
1949. See http://www.eia.gov/electricity/ for related information.
Sources: Tables 8.5b, 8.5c, 8.6b, and 8.7b.
149
Figure 5.14 Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption Estimates by Product by Sector, 1949-2011
Residential and Commercial1 Sectors, Selected Products
Industrial1 Sector, Selected Products

2.5
3.0
LPG
2.0
2.0
Quadrillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu
2.5
Distillate Fuel Oil
1.5
Residual
Fuel Oil
1.0
1.5
1.0
Distillate Fuel Oil

Asphalt and Road
Oil
LPG
0.5
0.5
Kerosene
0.0
0.0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Transportation Sector, Selected Products
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010

5
20
Motor Gasoline
10
Distillate Fuel Oil
Quadrillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu
15
3
2
Petroleum
5
1
Jet Fuel
0
0
1950
1
2
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000

150
2010
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
3
Sources: Tables 5.14a5.14c.
Table 5.14a Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption Estimates: Residential and Commercial Sectors,
Selected Years, 1949-2011 (Trillion Btu)
Residential Sector
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Distillate
Fuel Oil
700
829
1,194
1,568
1,713
1,878
1,807
1,987
1,994
1,951
1,626
1,316
1,147
1,050
924
1,091
1,092
1,111
1,156
1,190
1,160
978
930
980
974
960
905
926
874
772
828
905
908
860
905
924
854
712
726
669
602
R583
592
Kerosene
289
347
371
354
334
298
161
184
167
153
133
107
85
95
85
160
159
121
119
144
117
64
72
65
76
65
74
89
93
108
111
95
95
60
70
85
84
66
44
21
28
R29
18
Commercial Sector
Liquefied
Petroleum
Gases
Total
Distillate
Fuel Oil
117
146
202
305
385
549
512
532
520
504
340
311
299
289
344
280
314
308
342
341
383
352
378
369
390
384
395
469
455
424
526
555
526
537
544
512
513
446
484
553
547
R530
530
1,106
1,322
1,767
2,227
2,432
2,725
2,479
2,703
2,681
2,607
2,099
1,734
1,531
1,434
1,353
1,531
1,565
1,541
1,617
1,675
1,660
1,394
1,381
1,414
1,439
1,408
1,374
1,484
1,422
1,304
1,465
1,554
1,529
1,457
1,519
1,520
1,451
1,224
1,254
1,243
1,176
R1,142
1,139
221
262
377
494
534
587
587
656
676
666
584
518
457
440
651
735
631
623
607
600
574
536
517
507
493
501
479
483
444
429
438
491
508
444
481
470
447
401
384
372
413
R410
417
Notes: Data are estimates. For total heat content of petroleum consumption by all sectors, see data
for heat content of petroleum products supplied in Table 5.12. For petroleum, product supplied is used as
Kerosene
39
47
51
48
54
61
49
44
52
55
78
41
69
30
111
36
33
50
49
26
28
12
12
11
14
19
22
21
25
31
27
30
31
16
19
20
22
15
9
4
4
5
3
Liquefied
Petroleum
Gases
31
39
54
81
103
143
129
136
135
131
95
88
87
81
96
83
95
93
102
99
109
102
108
107
109
107
109
122
120
118
140
150
143
141
157
152
131
123
121
158
139
R140
140
Motor
Gasoline 1
92
100
133
67
77
86
89
97
101
107
104
107
92
88
102
107
96
106
111
110
102
111
85
80
30
25
18
27
43
39
28
45
37
45
60
45
46
49
61
46
53
R55
54
Petroleum
Coke
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
Residual
Fuel Oil
351
424
480
559
645
714
492
567
588
532
505
565
417
399
208
266
228
290
263
264
228
230
212
189
173
172
141
137
111
85
73
92
70
80
111
122
116
75
75
73
76
R77
73
Total
735
872
1,095
1,248
1,413
1,592
1,346
1,500
1,552
1,490
1,367
1,318
1,122
1,037
1,170
1,227
1,083
1,162
1,131
1,099
1,041
991
935
893
819
825
769
790
743
702
707
807
790
726
828
810
762
664
651
653
685
R688
686
Consumption," at end of Section. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent
rounding.
Sources: Tables 5.13a, A1, and A3.
151
Table 5.14b Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption Estimates: Industrial Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Trillion Btu)
Industrial Sector
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Asphalt
and
Road Oil
Distillate
Fuel Oil
380
435
615
734
890
1,082
1,014
998
1,056
1,160
1,153
962
828
829
904
992
1,029
1,086
1,130
1,136
1,096
1,170
1,077
1,102
1,149
1,173
1,178
1,176
1,224
1,263
1,324
1,276
1,257
1,240
1,220
1,304
1,323
1,261
1,197
1,012
873
R878
860
564
698
991
1,016
1,150
1,226
1,339
1,530
1,719
1,750
1,764
1,324
1,389
1,313
1,142
1,203
1,119
1,160
1,141
1,130
1,139
1,150
1,078
1,107
1,117
1,111
1,131
1,187
1,203
1,211
1,187
1,200
1,300
1,204
1,136
1,214
1,264
1,263
1,265
1,277
1,107
R1,188
1,207
Kerosene
254
274
241
161
165
185
119
123
143
156
177
181
108
141
66
43
44
32
28
30
30
12
11
10
13
17
15
18
19
22
13
16
23
14
24
28
39
30
13
4
4
R7
4
Liquefied
Petroleum
Gases
123
156
323
507
712
953
1,123
1,192
1,203
1,203
1,681
1,559
1,530
1,575
1,510
1,666
1,664
1,582
1,687
1,749
1,728
1,582
1,720
1,833
1,763
1,969
1,990
2,054
2,100
2,016
2,217
2,228
2,014
2,160
2,030
2,141
2,009
2,104
2,106
1,823
1,950
R2,121
2,097
Lubricants
80
94
103
107
137
155
149
166
182
195
204
182
175
159
167
178
166
162
183
177
181
186
167
170
173
181
178
173
182
191
193
190
174
172
159
161
160
156
161
150
135
149
141
Beginning in 1964, also includes special naphthas. Beginning in 1983, also includes crude oil burned as
fuel.
Notes: Data are estimates. For total heat content of petroleum consumption by all sectors, see data
for heat content of petroleum products supplied in Table 5.12. For petroleum, product supplied is used as
152
Motor
Gasoline 1
231
251
332
381
342
288
223
211
196
178
162
158
160
138
112
160
218
206
206
193
199
185
193
194
180
192
200
200
212
199
152
150
295
309
324
372
356
376
306
250
244
R281
273
Petroleum Coke
87
90
147
328
444
446
540
535
586
550
533
516
549
541
495
538
575
581
646
675
660
714
693
798
725
723
721
757
727
858
936
796
858
842
825
934
889
934
906
868
799
682
674
Residual
Fuel Oil
Other
Petroleum 2
Total
1,225
1,416
1,573
1,584
1,582
1,624
1,509
1,822
1,937
1,716
1,655
1,349
1,081
1,047
791
889
748
736
582
546
410
411
334
387
446
419
337
335
291
230
207
241
203
190
220
249
281
239
193
199
106
R120
113
530
546
798
947
1,390
1,817
2,109
2,413
2,724
2,928
3,217
3,278
2,446
2,030
2,202
2,319
2,152
2,315
2,439
2,682
2,656
2,839
2,685
2,951
2,822
2,988
2,837
3,121
3,298
3,093
3,129
2,979
3,056
3,040
3,264
3,428
3,318
3,416
3,313
2,941
2,611
R2,800
2,712
3,475
3,960
5,123
5,766
6,813
7,776
8,127
8,990
9,747
9,835
10,548
9,509
8,265
7,772
7,390
7,987
7,714
7,860
8,042
8,317
8,098
8,251
7,958
8,552
8,388
8,773
8,588
9,020
9,256
9,083
9,357
9,076
9,181
9,171
9,202
9,831
9,640
9,780
9,461
8,523
7,829
R8,227
8,081
Consumption," at end of Section. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent
rounding.
Sources: Tables 5.12, 5.13b, A1, and A3.
Table 5.14c Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption Estimates: Transportation and Electric Power Sectors,
Selected Years, 1949-2011 (Trillion Btu)
Jet Fuel
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Aviation
Gasoline
172
199
354
298
222
100
71
67
70
71
70
64
56
47
48
44
50
59
46
49
48
45
42
41
38
38
40
37
40
35
39
36
35
34
30
31
35
33
32
28
27
27
27
Distillate
Fuel Oil 2
Kerosene Type
Total 3
405
480
791
892
1,093
1,569
2,121
2,288
2,489
2,679
2,905
2,795
2,901
2,790
2,905
2,948
3,170
3,218
3,335
3,626
3,687
3,661
3,601
3,684
3,796
4,032
4,195
4,469
4,672
4,812
5,001
5,165
5,292
5,392
5,666
5,932
6,076
6,414
6,457
6,020
5,528
R5,818
5,908
0
0
0
188
691
1,486
1,619
1,613
1,684
1,750
1,795
1,754
1,671
1,661
1,736
1,977
2,079
2,287
2,444
2,565
2,658
2,774
2,681
2,718
2,809
3,063
3,099
3,268
3,307
3,359
3,466
3,580
3,427
3,354
3,266
3,382
3,475
3,379
3,358
3,193
2,883
R2,963
2,950
0
0
301
739
1,215
1,973
2,029
2,002
2,090
2,138
2,186
2,179
2,058
2,069
2,141
2,414
2,497
2,682
2,843
2,982
3,059
3,129
3,025
3,001
3,028
3,154
3,132
3,274
3,308
3,357
3,462
3,580
3,426
3,340
3,265
3,383
3,475
3,379
3,358
3,193
2,883
R2,963
2,950
Liquefied
Petroleum
Gases
2
3
13
19
32
44
43
47
50
54
22
18
34
34
40
43
30
27
22
23
23
23
21
19
20
34
18
16
14
18
14
12
14
14
17
19
28
27
22
40
28
29
29
Lubricants
120
141
155
152
149
147
155
172
172
184
193
172
165
150
157
168
156
153
173
167
171
176
157
161
163
171
168
163
172
180
182
179
164
162
150
152
151
147
152
141
127
R141
133
primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. Through 1988, data are for
electric utilities only; beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities and independent power producers.
2 Beginning in 2009, includes renewable diesel fuel (including biodiesel) blended into distillate fuel oil.
3 Through 1951, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in the products from which jet fuel was blended: in
1952, 71 percent gasoline, 17 percent kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel oil. Beginning in 1952,
includes naphtha-type jet fuel. Beginning in 1957, also includes kerosene-type jet fuel. Beginning in 2005,
includes kerosene-type jet fuel only.
5 Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4. For 19491979, data are for gas turbine and internal combustion plant use of
Motor
Gasoline 4
4,298
4,664
6,175
7,183
8,386
10,716
12,485
13,107
13,464
13,927
13,221
12,383
12,379
12,312
12,482
12,600
12,784
13,174
13,499
13,802
13,749
13,575
13,503
13,699
14,126
14,293
14,607
14,837
14,999
15,463
15,855
15,960
16,041
16,465
16,597
16,962
17,043
17,197
17,321
16,872
16,837
R16,791
16,312
Residual
Fuel Oil
1,156
1,201
1,009
844
770
761
711
824
908
990
1,228
1,398
1,219
1,020
821
807
786
870
900
919
971
1,016
1,026
1,070
901
883
911
851
712
674
665
888
586
677
571
740
837
906
994
920
810
R877
823
Total
Distillate
Fuel Oil 5
6,152
6,690
8,799
10,125
11,866
15,310
17,615
18,508
19,243
20,044
19,825
19,009
18,813
18,422
18,595
19,023
19,472
20,183
20,817
21,568
21,707
21,626
21,374
21,675
22,073
22,605
23,070
23,648
23,918
24,538
25,219
25,820
25,557
26,085
26,297
27,219
27,645
28,105
28,335
27,214
26,240
R26,646
26,182
28
32
32
22
29
141
226
243
283
276
178
169
124
89
96
88
85
83
90
109
152
97
84
74
86
120
108
109
111
136
140
175
171
127
161
111
115
74
89
73
70
80
62
Petroleum
Coke
Residual
Fuel Oil 6
Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
19
2
2
3
12
8
5
4
4
8
8
7
9
10
12
16
30
29
45
79
70
81
80
102
124
112
99
103
175
175
222
243
214
171
154
139
R144
132
387
440
439
530
693
1,958
2,937
3,232
3,614
3,699
3,097
2,459
2,073
1,474
1,440
1,190
998
1,359
1,157
1,442
1,535
1,163
1,085
872
959
869
566
628
715
1,047
959
871
1,003
659
869
879
876
361
397
240
181
R154
94
415
472
471
553
722
2,117
3,166
3,477
3,901
3,987
3,283
2,634
2,202
1,568
1,544
1,286
1,090
1,452
1,257
1,563
1,703
1,289
1,198
991
1,124
1,059
755
817
927
1,306
1,211
1,144
1,277
961
1,205
1,212
1,235
648
657
468
390
378
288
Notes: Data for "Transportation Sector" are estimates. For total heat content of petroleum
consumption by all sectors, see data for heat content of petroleum products supplied in Table 5.12. For the
transportation sector, petroleum product supplied is used as an approximation of petroleum consumption.
See Note 1, "Petroleum Products Supplied and Petroleum Consumption," at end of Section. Totals may
Sources: Tables 5.13c, 5.13d, A1, and A3.
153
Figure 5.15 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales, 1984-2010

Total by Fuel
Distillate Fuel Oil by Selected End Use
3.0
On-Highway Diesel
Distillate Fuel Oil
2.5
Residual Fuel Oil
2.0
1.5
1.0
Residential
0.5
Commercial
Kerosene
0
Railroad
0.0
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Residual Fuel Oil by Major End Use
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Kerosene by Major End Use

80
750
450
Vessel Bunkering
300
Electric Power
150
600
60
Residential
40
20
Commercial
Industrial
Farm
Commercial
0
1985
1990
1995
0
2000
2005
2010
1985
1990
Source: Table 5.15.
154
Industrial
1995
2000
2005
2010
Table 5.15 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales, Selected Years, 1984-2010
Distillate Fuel Oil
Year
1984
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Residential
534
504
475
442
474
475
472
447
450
426
380
411
444
433
416
452
432
401
325
335
301
268
256
Commercial
360
291
260
246
245
241
246
237
234
216
211
218
241
243
215
240
220
210
183
177
167
184
181
Industrial
Oil
Company
166
159
169
151
150
139
148
146
149
151
161
162
152
161
156
156
151
160
161
161
154
143
133
Farm
55
45
49
48
43
46
44
45
48
56
51
43
45
49
50
33
31
31
42
51
64
48
61
Electric
Power 1
208
202
222
206
228
222
213
227
234
231
222
223
225
234
223
209
207
210
213
209
209
173
190
Railroad
42
34
50
39
35
36
43
39
43
41
55
53
66
88
49
75
54
59
43
44
35
35
32
Vessel
Bunkering
192
182
203
188
206
196
205
224
224
214
207
211
214
198
212
239
198
225
232
237
175
135
136
On-Highway
Diesel
115
111
135
133
144
141
143
153
162
168
169
158
147
133
136
145
139
131
124
126
77
83
88
Military
1,093
1,127
1,393
1,336
1,391
1,485
1,594
1,668
1,754
1,867
1,967
2,091
2,155
2,167
2,238
2,420
2,415
2,482
2,552
2,596
2,441
2,228
2,321
46
43
46
53
42
32
40
30
30
28
23
23
20
26
23
27
23
18
21
24
17
15
16
Residual Fuel Oil

Commercial
1984
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
100
89
395
93
77
67
69
60
60
52
47
42
43
42
37
49
51
47
31
31
26
28
24
Industrial
228
218
147
126
138
155
152
129
136
124
117
111
103
114
82
92
100
109
95
77
67
37
34
Oil
Company
81
62
21
20
18
17
16
14
11
10
8
8
10
9
7
5
3
5
4
3
4
2
4
Electric
Power 1
454
359
566
461
388
394
374
213
280
300
420
326
284
368
233
344
306
376
163
173
111
73
67
Vessel
Bunkering
298
299
413
442
427
345
351
384
371
327
367
381
417
353
316
253
305
338
375
413
330
296
274
Off-Highway
Diesel
114
99
118
107
114
137
140
142
146
149
162
162
168
177
154
169
179
193
162
164
148
128
139
Other
Total
46
11
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
2,971
2,809
3,120
2,949
3,075
3,150
3,289
3,357
3,472
3,546
3,608
3,756
3,877
3,908
3,871
4,165
4,050
4,120
4,057
4,123
3,790
3,440
3,552
Kerosene
Military
6
8
7
8
6
5
4
3
4
3
2
2
2
1
(s)
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
Other 2
26
13
2
1
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
(s)
2 Sales to railroads are included in "Other."
3 Value has been revised since publication in the reports cited after "Sources."
=Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.5 thousand barrels per day.
Total
1,194
1,048
31,250
1,150
1,054
983
967
804
862
816
961
869
859
888
676
744
767
877
670
698
538
437
404
Residential
77
77
31
35
31
37
31
36
43
45
52
54
46
46
29
34
41
40
32
21
10
13
14
Commercial
17
16
6
6
5
7
9
11
10
12
15
13
14
15
8
9
10
10
7
4
2
2
2
Industrial
8
10
4
3
3
4
6
6
7
7
8
4
6
9
5
11
13
17
13
6
2
2
3
Farm
Other
Total
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
10
9
1
1
(s)
1
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
115
114
43
46
41
50
49
54
62
66
78
73
67
72
43
55
64
70
54
32
14
R18
20
1984. For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/fueloilkerosene/.

Sources: 1984U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Marketing Annual 1988
(October 1989), Tables A1A3, and unpublished revision. 1985-2004EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene
Sales, annual reports, Tables 13, and unpublished revisions. 2005 forwardEIA, Fuel Oil and
Kerosene Sales 2010 (February 2012).
155
Figure 5.16 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, End of Year

Total Stocks and Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) Stocks, 1949-2011
Million Barrels (Cumulative)
2,000
1,500
SPR Crude Oil
1,000
Non-SPR Crude Oil
500
Petroleum Products
0
1949
1954
1959
1964
1969
1974
1979
1984
1989
1994
1999
2004
2009
By Type, 2011
1,200
1,027
Million Barrels
1,000
800
600
SPR1
400
200
NonSPR
224
150
111
79
42
34
Jet Fuel
Residual
Fuel Oil
85
0
Crude Oil
Motor Gasoline
Distillate
Fuel Oil
Liquefied
Petroleum Gases
1
Crude oil stocks in the SPR include non-U.S. stocks held under foreign or commercial storage agreements. See Figure 5.17 for additional information about the SPR.
2
Includes lease condensate and crude oil stored in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR).
156
Unfinished
Oils
Other Products
3
Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline and blending components, kerosene, lubricants,
naphtha-type jet fuel, pentanes plus, petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum coke, special naphthas, waxes, other hydrocarbons and oxygenates, and miscellaneous products.
Source: Table 5.16.
Table 5.16 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, Selected Years, End of Year 1949-2011
(Million Barrels)
Crude Oil and Lease Condensate
Petroleum Products
Year
SPR 1
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
67
91
108
230
294
379
451
493
512
541
560
580
586
569
575
587
592
592
566
563
571
567
541
550
599
638
676
685
689
697
702
727
727
696
Non-SPR 2,3
Total 3
253
248
266
240
220
276
271
285
340
309
339
358
363
350
344
345
321
331
349
330
341
323
325
318
335
337
303
284
305
324
284
286
312
278
269
286
324
312
286
326
325
R333
331
253
248
266
240
220
276
271
285
348
376
430
466
594
644
723
796
814
843
890
890
921
908
893
893
922
929
895
850
868
895
852
826
862
877
907
961
1,008
1,001
983
1,028
1,052
R1,060
1,027
Distillate
Fuel Oil 4
75
72
111
138
155
195
209
186
250
216
229
205
192
179
140
161
144
155
134
124
106
132
144
141
141
145
130
127
138
156
125
118
145
134
137
126
136
144
134
146
166
164
150
Jet
Fuel 5
Propane 6
Total
(5)
(5)
3
7
19
28
30
32
35
34
39
42
41
37
39
42
40
50
50
44
41
52
49
43
40
47
40
40
44
45
41
45
42
39
39
40
42
39
39
38
43
43
42
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
82
74
81
87
64
65
76
54
48
58
39
63
48
50
32
49
48
39
51
46
43
43
44
65
43
41
66
53
50
55
57
62
52
55
50
49
55
1
2
7
23
30
67
125
116
136
132
111
120
135
94
101
101
74
103
97
97
80
98
92
89
106
99
93
86
89
115
89
83
121
106
94
104
109
113
96
113
102
R108
111
1 "SPR" is the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. Crude oil stocks in the SPR include
non-U.S. stocks held under foreign or commercial storage agreements.
2 All crude oil and lease condensate stocks other than those in "SPR."
3 Beginning in 1981, includes stocks of Alaskan crude oil in transit.
4 Does not include stocks that are held in the Northeast Heating Oil Reserve.
5 Through 1951, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in the products from which it was blended: in 1952, 71
percent gasoline, 17 percent kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel oil. Through 1964, kerosene-type jet
"Other Products."
7 Finished motor gasoline, motor gasoline blending components, and gasohol. Through 1963, also
includes aviation gasoline and special naphthas.
8 Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline blending components, kerosene, lubricants, pentanes plus,
Motor
Gasoline 7
110
116
165
195
175
209
235
231
258
238
237
261
253
235
222
243
223
233
226
228
213
220
219
216
226
215
202
195
210
216
193
196
210
209
207
218
208
212
218
214
223
219
224
Residual
Fuel Oil
60
41
39
45
56
54
74
72
90
90
96
92
78
66
49
53
50
47
47
45
44
49
50
43
44
42
37
46
40
45
36
36
41
31
38
42
37
42
39
36
37
41
34
Unfinished
Oils
66
70
68
62
89
99
106
110
113
109
118
124
111
105
108
94
107
94
93
100
106
99
98
95
88
91
86
88
89
91
86
87
88
76
76
81
86
84
81
83
80
81
79
Other
Products 8
37
34
55
76
92
89
82
78
82
82
82
82
80
70
72
67
67
68
70
70
70
63
72
73
78
84
79
76
81
85
70
77
78
76
71
72
71
85
75
79
73
77
85
Total
Products
Total
Petroleum
350
334
449
545
616
741
862
826
964
901
911
926
890
786
731
760
705
750
718
707
660
712
724
699
725
724
668
658
692
752
641
641
724
671
661
683
689
719
682
709
725
R734
725
603
583
715
785
836
1,018
1,133
1,112
1,312
1,278
1,341
1,392
1,484
1,430
1,454
1,556
1,519
1,593
1,607
1,597
1,581
1,621
1,617
1,592
1,647
1,653
1,563
1,507
1,560
1,647
1,493
1,468
1,586
1,548
1,568
1,645
1,698
1,720
1,665
1,737
1,776
1,794
1,751
petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum coke, waxes, other hydrocarbons and oxygenates, and miscellaneous
products. Through 1964, also includes kerosene-type jet fuel. Beginning in 1964, also includes aviation
gasoline and special naphthas. Beginning in 2005, also includes naphtha-type jet fuel.
9 Included in "Liquefied Petroleum Gases Total."
157
Figure 5.17 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-2011

End-of-Year Stocks in SPR
Crude Oil Imports for SPR
800
100
93
85
75
Million Barrels
Million Barrels
600
400
200
72
60
59
50
43
41
34
27
24
25
16
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
SPR as Share of Domestic Stocks
1980
1985
100
96
75
1990
1 0
1995
2000
7
3
2005
2010
50
20
25
0
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
81 82
86
83
82
77
75 77
73 75
67
63
59 57
52 50
57 57 56 55 56 58
43
17
8
85
68
Days
Total Petroleum
91
62
40
1980
94
88
60
Percent
115
Crude Oil
11
1980
Imported by SPR and imported by others for SPR.

Derived by dividing end-of-year SPR stocks by annual average daily net imports of all
petroleum.
158
125
80
SPR Stocks as Days of Petroleum Net Imports
100
20
19
10
23
19 20
18
1985
1990
1995
Note: SPR=Strategic Petroleum Reserve.

Source: Table 5.17.
2000
2005
2010
Table 5.17 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-2011

(Million Barrels, Except as Noted)
Foreign Crude Oil Receipts
Year
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Imported
by SPR
Imported
by Others 1,2
7.54
58.80
24.43
16.07
93.30
60.19
85.29
72.04
43.12
17.56
26.52
18.76
20.35
9.77
.00
3.59
5.37
4.49
.00
.00
.00
.00
3.04
3.01
3.91
5.77
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
0.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.90
.00
7.98
3.60
1.50
5.07
35.59
22.94
34.24
18.88
3.31
2.70
7.11
20.29
.00
.00
Domestic Crude Oil Receipts
Withdrawals
End-of-Year Stocks
Purchases
Exchanges 2
Sales
Exchanges
Quantity
Percent of
Crude Oil 3
Stocks
50.37
0.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
1.42
2.29
.00
7.64
16.40
8.47
8.41
2.44
1.68
3.20
4.47
.38
.00
0.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
3.91
17.22
.00
.00
.00
.00
25.82
2.33
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
11.03
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
30.59
0.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.90
.00
.00
10.75
633.35
.00
.00
.00
5.44
9.82
1.57
.00
5.40
.00
.40
.00
7.46
66.86
91.19
107.80
230.34
293.83
379.09
450.51
493.32
511.57
540.65
559.52
579.86
585.69
568.51
574.72
587.08
591.67
591.64
565.82
563.43
571.41
567.24
540.68
550.24
599.09
638.39
675.60
684.54
688.61
696.94
701.82
726.62
726.55
695.95
2.1
17.8
21.2
23.1
38.8
45.7
52.4
56.6
60.6
60.7
60.8
62.9
62.9
64.5
63.7
64.4
63.6
63.7
66.1
66.6
64.9
63.8
66.6
65.4
63.8
68.3
70.4
70.3
67.9
68.8
70.9
68.3
69.1
R68.5
67.8
.00
(s)
1.30
28.79
3.79
.42
.05
.17
1.21
2.69
.01
.00
.00
.00
2.60
6.96
.11
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.58
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
1 Imported crude oil received represents volumes of imported crude oil received at SPR storage facilities
for which the costs associated with the importation and delivery of crude oil are the responsibility of the
commercial importer under contract to supply the SPR.
2 The values shown for 1998 and 1999 represent an exchange agreement in which SPR received
approximately 8.5 million barrels of high quality oil in exchange for approximately 11 million barrels of lower
quality crude oil shipped from SPR during 1999 and 2000. Also, beginning in 1999, a portion of the crude
oil in-kind royalties from Federal leases in the Gulf of Mexico was transferred to the U.S. Department of
Energy and exchanged with commercial entities for crude oil to fill the SPR. Crude oil exchange barrels
delivered to SPR could be either domestic or imported as long as the crude oil met the specification
requirements of SPR. All exchange barrels of imported crude oil are included in "Foreign Crude Oil
Receipts, Imported by Others," while exchange barrels of domestic crude oil are included in "Domestic
Crude Oil Receipts, Exchanges."
3 Includes lease condensate stocks.
4 Derived by dividing end-of-year SPR stocks by annual average daily net imports of all petroleum.
Calculated prior to rounding.
Percent of
Total Petroleum
Stocks
Days of
Petroleum
Net Imports 4
0.6
5.2
6.8
7.7
15.5
20.5
26.1
28.9
32.5
32.1
33.6
35.0
36.7
36.1
35.2
36.1
35.6
35.8
37.9
37.5
36.1
34.7
38.0
36.8
34.7
38.7
40.7
41.1
40.3
40.0
41.8
40.4
40.9
40.5
39.7
1
8
11
17
43
68
88
96
115
94
91
85
81
82
86
83
77
73
75
67
62
59
57
52
50
57
57
56
55
56
58
63
75
77
82
The quantity of domestic fuel oil which was in storage prior to injection of foreign crude oil.
Includes 30 million barrels released to increase heating oil stocks in exchange for a like quantity plus a
bonus percentage to be returned in 2001 and 2002, as well as additional barrels to create a Northeast
Home Heating Oil Reserve.
R=Revised. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels.
Note: "SPR" is the Strategic Petroleum Reservepetroleum stocks maintained by the Federal
Government for use during periods of major supply interruption.
Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/.
Sources: Imported by SPR and End-of-Year Stocks, Quantity: 1977-1980U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Report, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports.
1981-2010EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports. 2011EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly
(February 2012). Imported by Others, Domestic Crude Oil Receipts, and Withdrawals: U.S.
Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, unpublished data. All Other Data:
Calculated.
6
159
Figure 5.18 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices

U.S. Average Prices, 1949-2011
120
100
Dollars per Barrel
80
60
40
Real
20
Nominal
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Alaska North Slope, California, and Texas 1977-2011

Nominal Prices
Real Prices
600
100
100
75
50
California
25
Texas
1980
1990
1995
California
50
Texas
25
300
200
Texas
100
California
0
2000
2005
2010
0
1990
1995
1
2
160
1985
ANS
400
ANS
ANS
500
75
Index: 1977=100
Real (2005) Dollars per Barrel
Nominal Dollars per Barrel
125
Real Prices, Indexed 1977=100
1980
1985
2000
2005
2010
Alaska North Slope.

Source: Table 5.18.
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Table 5.18 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Dollars per Barrel)
Alaska North Slope
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
1
Nominal 1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
36.29
5.21
10.57
16.87
23.23
19.92
17.69
17.91
16.98
6.45
10.83
8.43
12.00
15.23
11.57
11.73
10.84
9.77
11.12
15.32
14.84
8.47
12.46
23.62
18.18
19.37
23.78
33.03
47.05
56.86
63.69
90.10
54.41
72.33
98.79
California
Real 2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3,R16.65
R12.88
R24.13
R35.30
R44.44
R35.92
R30.68
R29.94
R27.55
R10.24
R16.71
R12.57
R17.25
R21.08
R15.46
R15.31
R13.85
R12.22
R13.63
R18.42
R17.54
R9.90
R14.35
R26.62
R20.04
R21.01
R25.26
34.13
47.05
R55.08
R59.96
R82.98
R49.59
R65.17
87.15
Texas
Nominal 1
Real 2
Nominal 1
Real 2
Nominal 1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7.92
8.58
12.78
23.87
26.80
24.58
22.61
22.09
22.14
11.90
13.92
10.97
14.06
17.81
13.72
13.55
12.11
12.12
14.00
16.72
15.78
9.55
14.08
24.82
20.11
21.87
26.43
34.47
47.08
57.34
65.07
90.47
56.11
74.51
102.50
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
R20.96
R21.22
R29.18
R49.95
R51.27
R44.32
R39.22
R36.93
R35.93
R18.89
R21.48
R16.36
R20.21
R24.65
R18.34
R17.69
R15.47
R15.16
R17.16
R20.11
R18.65
R11.16
R16.21
R27.97
R22.17
R23.72
R28.08
R35.61
47.08
R55.55
R61.26
R83.32
R51.14
R67.13
90.42
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8.58
9.29
12.65
21.84
35.06
31.77
29.35
28.87
26.80
14.73
17.55
14.71
17.81
22.37
19.04
18.32
16.19
14.98
16.38
20.31
18.66
12.28
17.29
28.60
23.41
23.77
29.13
38.79
52.61
61.31
68.30
96.85
57.40
76.23
91.99
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
R22.71
R22.98
R28.88
R45.70
R67.07
R57.29
R50.91
R48.26
R43.49
R23.38
R27.08
R21.94
R25.60
R30.96
R25.45
R23.92
R20.68
R18.74
R20.07
R24.42
R22.05
R14.35
R19.91
R32.24
R25.80
R25.78
R30.94
40.08
52.61
R59.39
R64.30
R89.20
R52.31
R68.68
81.15
2.54
2.51
2.77
2.88
2.86
3.18
7.67
8.19
8.57
9.00
12.64
21.59
31.77
28.52
26.19
25.88
24.09
12.51
15.40
12.58
15.86
20.03
16.54
15.99
14.25
13.19
14.62
18.46
17.23
10.87
15.56
26.72
21.84
22.51
27.56
36.77
50.28
59.69
66.52
94.04
56.35
74.71
95.73

3 Average for July through December only.
R=Revised. NA=Not available. =Not applicable.
Note: Prices are for the marketed first sales price of domestic crude oil. See Note 4, "Crude Oil
Domestic First Purchase Prices," at end of section.
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#prices for updated monthly and annual
2
U.S. Average
Real 2
R17.52
R17.13
R16.69
R15.47
R14.35
R13.07
R22.83
R23.06
R22.68
R22.26
R28.86
R45.18
R60.78
R51.43
R45.43
R43.27
R39.09
R19.86
R23.76
R18.76
R22.79
R27.72
R22.11
R20.88
R18.20
R16.50
R17.92
R22.20
R20.36
R12.70
R17.92
R30.12
R24.07
R24.42
R29.28
R37.99
50.28
R57.82
R62.62
R86.61
R51.35
R67.31
84.45
data. See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#petroleum for all annual data beginning in 1949.

Products" chapter. 1974-January 1976Federal Energy Administration (FEA), Form FEA-90, "Crude
Petroleum Production Monthly Report." February 1976-1977FEA, Form FEA-P-124, "Domestic Crude
Oil Purchasers Monthly Report." 1978-1984U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum
Marketing Annual, annual reports. 1985 forwardEIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly (April 2012), Table
18.
161
Figure 5.19 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries
Total, 1973-2011
120
150
120
118
118
116
109
Dollars per Barrel
Dollars per Barrel
90
60
106
103
101
100
90
90
60
30
30
0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
By Selected OPEC Country, 1973-2011
United Norway
Kingdom
Nigeria
Saudi
Arabia
Kuwait
Colombia
Mexico
Venezuela
Canada
By Selected Non-OPEC Country, 1973-2011
120
120
100
100
Dollars per Barrel
Dollars per Barrel
Nigeria
80
60
40
Saudi Arabia
Mexico
Canada
0
1975
162
40
20
60
Venezuela
20
United Kingdom
80
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
1973 cost is based on October, November, and December data only.

2010
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995

Source: Table 5.19.
2000
2005
2010
Table 5.19 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-2011
(Dollars 1 per Barrel)
Year
Persian
Gulf 3
Kuwait
Nigeria
Saudi
Arabia
Venezuela
Total
OPEC 4
Canada
Colombia
Mexico
Norway
United
Kingdom
Total
Non-OPEC 4
Total
1973 5
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
5.91
12.21
12.64
13.03
13.85
14.01
20.42
30.59
34.61
34.94
29.37
29.07
25.50
12.92
17.47
13.51
17.37
20.55
17.34
17.58
15.26
15.00
16.78
20.45
17.44
11.18
17.37
26.77
20.73
24.13
27.54
36.53
49.68
58.92
69.83
93.59
62.15
R78.58
108.01
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
11.70
18.14
12.84
16.90
17.01
18.48
16.99
14.23
14.49
16.47
20.32
17.03
11.00
16.77
26.28
19.66
23.04
26.82
35.89
48.36
57.64
66.01
86.35
61.12
R75.91
106.33
9.08
13.16
12.70
13.81
15.29
14.88
22.97
37.15
39.66
36.16
30.85
30.36
28.96
15.29
19.32
15.88
19.19
23.33
21.39
20.78
18.73
17.21
18.25
21.95
20.64
14.14
17.63
30.04
26.55
26.45
31.07
40.95
57.55
68.26
78.01
104.83
68.01
R83.15
116.40
5.37
11.63
12.50
13.06
13.69
13.94
18.95
29.80
34.20
34.99
29.27
29.20
24.72
12.84
16.81
13.37
17.34
21.82
17.22
17.48
15.40
15.11
16.84
20.49
17.52
11.16
17.48
26.58
20.98
24.77
27.50
37.11
50.31
59.19
70.78
94.75
62.14
R79.25
108.74
5.99
11.25
12.36
11.89
13.11
12.84
17.65
25.92
29.91
24.93
22.94
25.19
24.43
11.52
15.76
13.66
16.78
20.31
15.92
15.13
13.39
13.12
14.81
18.59
16.35
10.16
15.58
26.05
19.81
21.93
25.70
33.79
47.87
57.37
66.13
90.76
57.78
72.43
100.14
6.85
12.49
12.70
13.32
14.35
14.34
21.29
33.56
36.60
34.81
29.84
29.06
26.86
13.46
17.64
14.18
17.78
21.23
18.08
17.81
15.68
15.08
16.61
20.14
17.73
11.46
16.94
27.29
21.52
23.83
27.70
36.84
51.36
61.21
71.14
95.49
61.90
R78.27
107.83
5.33
11.48
12.84
13.36
14.13
14.41
20.22
30.11
32.32
27.15
25.63
26.56
25.71
13.43
17.04
13.50
16.81
20.48
17.16
17.04
15.27
14.83
16.65
19.94
17.63
11.62
17.54
26.69
20.72
22.98
26.76
34.51
44.73
53.90
60.38
90.00
57.60
72.80
90.03
W
W
12.85
18.43
14.47
18.10
22.34
19.55
18.46
16.54
15.80
17.45
22.02
19.71
13.26
18.09
29.68
25.88
25.28
30.55
39.03
53.42
62.13
70.91
93.43
58.50
74.25
102.53
W
12.61
12.64
13.82
13.56
20.77
31.77
33.70
28.63
25.78
26.85
25.63
12.17
16.69
12.58
16.35
19.64
15.89
15.60
14.11
14.09
16.19
19.64
17.30
11.04
16.12
26.03
19.37
22.09
25.48
32.25
43.47
53.76
62.31
85.97
57.35
72.86
101.22
12.80
13.74
14.93
14.68
22.55
36.82
38.70
34.70
30.72
30.05
28.32
15.98
19.10
15.43
19.06
21.11
21.44
20.90
18.99
17.09
18.06
21.34
20.26
13.83
19.06
30.13
25.77
26.60
30.51
39.92
56.23
64.39
71.66
104.13
59.80
82.20
118.09
W
14.83
14.53
22.97
35.68
37.29
34.25
30.87
29.45
28.36
14.63
18.78
15.82
18.74
22.65
21.37
20.63
17.92
16.64
17.91
20.88
20.64
13.55
18.26
29.26
25.32
26.35
30.62
39.28
55.28
67.44
72.47
96.95
63.87
80.12
118.35
5.64
11.81
12.70
13.35
14.42
14.38
22.10
33.99
36.14
31.47
28.08
28.14
26.53
13.52
17.66
13.96
17.54
20.98
17.93
17.67
15.78
15.29
16.95
20.47
18.45
12.22
17.51
27.80
22.17
23.97
27.68
35.29
47.31
57.14
63.96
90.59
58.58
R74.67
98.76
6.41
12.32
12.70
13.32
14.36
14.35
21.45
33.67
36.47
33.18
28.93
28.54
26.67
13.49
17.65
14.08
17.68
21.13
18.02
17.75
15.72
15.18
16.78
20.31
18.11
11.84
17.23
27.53
21.82
23.91
27.69
36.07
49.29
59.11
67.97
93.33
60.23
R76.49
102.98
Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and the Neutral Zone (between
4 On this table, "Total OPEC" for all years includes Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela; for 19732008, also includes Indonesia; for
2007, on this table Ecuador is included in "Total Non-OPEC" for 2007); for 19741995, also includes Gabon
(although Gabon was a member of OPEC for only 19751994); and beginning in 2007, also includes
Angola. Data for all countries not included in "Total OPEC" are included in "Total Non-OPEC."
5 Based on October, November, and December data only.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. =No data reported. W=Value withheld to avoid disclosure of individual
2
3
company data.
Notes: Data are for landed costs of crude oil imports only; they do not account for refined petroleum
products imported into the United States. See "Crude Oil Landed Cost" in Glossary. Totals may not
data. See http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/ for related information.
Sources: 1973-September 1977Federal Energy Administration, Form FEA-F701-M-0, "Transfer
Pricing Report." October 1977-December 1978U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form
FEA-F701-M-0, "Transfer Pricing Report." January 1979-September 1982EIA, Form ERA-51,
"Transfer Pricing Report." October 1982-June 1984EIA, Form EP-51, "Monthly Foreign Crude Oil
Transaction Report." July 1984 forwardEIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly (April 2012), Table 22; and
EIA, Form EIA-856, "Monthly Foreign Crude Oil Acquisition Report."
163
Figure 5.20 Value of Crude Oil Imports

Total, 1973-2011
Totals, 2011
360
360
335
300
240
Billion Dollars
Billion Dollars
300
180
120
240
170
180
165
120
73
60
60
0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Total
Non-OPEC
OPEC
Persian Gulf
Nations

80
72.5
70
Billion Dollars
60
50
47.1
40.6
40
32.6
31.7
30
20
14.5
10
7.4
2.3
1.6
Norway
United Kingdom
0
Canada
1
Saudi Arabia
Mexico
164
Nigeria
Venezuela
Colombia
Source: Table 5.20.
Kuwait
Table 5.20 Value of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-2011
(Billion Dollars 1)
Year
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
Persian
Gulf 3
Kuwait
Nigeria
Saudi
Arabia
Venezuela
1.7
4.4
5.2
8.7
12.2
11.3
15.3
16.9
15.1
8.4
4.3
4.8
2.3
3.8
6.0
6.7
11.0
13.5
11.0
10.5
9.1
8.8
9.1
11.1
10.4
8.3
15.0
23.6
20.2
19.5
24.4
32.1
40.0
46.5
53.9
80.1
37.6
R48.6
72.9
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
.0
.1
.5
.4
1.0
.5
(s)
.2
1.8
1.6
1.3
1.8
1.6
1.2
1.5
2.5
1.7
1.8
2.0
3.2
4.0
3.8
4.2
6.5
4.0
5.4
7.4
1.5
3.3
3.5
5.1
6.3
4.9
9.0
11.4
8.8
6.7
3.4
2.3
3.0
2.4
3.7
3.5
5.6
6.7
5.3
5.1
4.9
3.9
4.1
4.8
5.2
3.6
4.0
9.6
8.2
5.7
9.4
16.2
22.6
25.8
30.9
35.4
19.3
R29.8
32.6
0.9
1.9
3.2
5.8
6.9
5.8
9.3
13.6
13.9
6.8
3.4
3.3
1.2
2.9
3.9
4.4
7.1
9.5
10.7
10.2
7.2
7.2
7.7
9.4
8.3
5.7
8.8
14.8
12.3
13.7
17.3
20.3
26.5
30.7
37.4
52.1
22.2
R31.3
47.1
0.8
1.3
1.8
1.0
1.2
.8
1.9
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.4
2.3
2.7
1.8
2.8
2.2
3.0
4.9
3.9
4.6
4.9
5.0
6.2
8.9
8.3
5.1
6.5
11.7
9.3
9.6
11.1
16.0
21.7
23.9
27.7
34.5
20.1
24.1
31.7

Total
OPEC 4
5.2
11.6
14.9
22.2
29.6
27.1
39.7
47.5
39.0
22.0
16.1
16.1
12.9
10.4
15.5
14.0
21.9
27.2
22.3
22.2
20.7
19.7
21.6
25.3
24.4
17.4
26.1
45.4
38.1
35.5
46.3
68.0
90.3
106.9
139.9
189.2
98.4
R130.1
165.1
3 Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and the Neutral Zone (between
4 On this table, "Total OPEC" for all years includes Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela; for 19732008, also includes Indonesia; for
2007, on this table Ecuador is included in "Total Non-OPEC" for 2007); for 19741995, also includes Gabon
(although Gabon was a member of OPEC for only 19751994); and beginning in 2007, also includes
Angola. Data for all countries not included in "Total OPEC" are included in "Total Non-OPEC."
5 Data shown here represent landed value; they differ from data in Table 3.7, which are data from U.S.
2
Canada
Colombia
Mexico
Norway
United
Kingdom
1.9
3.3
2.8
1.8
1.4
1.3
2.0
2.2
1.9
2.1
2.6
3.3
4.4
2.8
3.8
3.4
3.9
4.8
4.7
5.0
5.0
5.3
6.3
7.8
7.7
5.4
7.5
13.2
10.3
12.1
15.1
20.4
26.7
35.5
41.6
64.4
40.8
52.4
72.5
W
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.8
.6
.9
1.1
.9
.7
.9
.8
1.3
1.8
1.9
1.7
3.0
3.5
2.5
2.2
1.8
2.0
3.0
3.2
3.6
6.1
5.4
9.2
14.5
W
.3
.4
.9
1.6
3.3
5.9
5.8
6.7
7.2
6.5
6.7
2.8
3.7
3.1
4.3
4.9
4.4
4.5
4.4
4.8
6.1
8.7
8.6
5.3
7.4
12.5
9.9
12.1
14.6
18.9
24.7
30.9
32.0
37.3
22.9
R30.6
40.6
0.0
.1
.2
.3
.6
.6
1.9
1.6
1.3
.7
1.2
.3
.3
.5
.3
.9
.7
.6
.9
.9
1.2
1.7
2.3
2.1
1.1
1.8
3.3
2.6
3.4
2.0
2.1
2.4
2.3
1.5
1.1
1.3
.8
2.3
0.0
.0
W
.5
.9
1.7
2.3
5.0
5.5
4.1
4.1
2.9
1.7
2.1
1.5
1.1
1.3
.8
1.5
2.0
2.4
2.2
1.6
1.3
.8
1.9
3.1
2.3
3.9
4.0
3.4
4.5
3.2
2.7
2.8
2.4
3.5
1.6
Total
Non-OPEC 4
2.4
4.1
4.1
3.6
5.1
6.2
11.3
17.4
19.5
20.2
19.1
19.7
18.3
10.2
14.7
12.3
15.8
18.2
15.7
17.3
18.3
19.4
22.6
30.5
29.9
20.2
28.8
46.0
36.2
44.3
51.4
65.2
91.9
111.4
109.0
145.0
99.7
R127.2
170.2
Total 5
7.6
15.6
19.0
25.8
34.7
33.3
51.0
64.9
58.5
42.2
35.2
35.8
31.2
20.6
30.1
26.3
37.7
45.5
38.0
39.5
38.9
39.1
44.3
55.8
54.4
37.6
54.9
91.4
74.3
79.8
97.7
133.2
182.2
218.3
248.9
334.2
198.1
R257.2
335.3
Customs that represent crude oil value at the port of loading.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. = No data reported. (s)=Less than $0.05 billion. W=Value withheld to
avoid disclosure of individual company data.
Notes: Crude oil import volumes used to calculate values in this table are for the 50 States and the
District of Columbia. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Sources: Calculated by using prices on Table 5.19 and volume data from the following sources:
1973-1975U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual
reports. 1976-1980U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Statement, Annual,
annual reports. 1981-2010EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports. 2011EIA, Petroleum
Supply Monthly (February 2012).
165
Figure 5.21 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-2011

Summary
Composite Costs
100
100
80
80
Dollars per Barrel
120
Nominal Dollars per Barrel
120
60
40
40
Real
Imported
20
60
20
Domestic
Composite
Nominal
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Domestic Costs
1970
1980
1985
1990
100
100
80
80
Dollars per Barrel
120
60
40
2005
2010
2000
2005
2010
40
Real
20
Nominal
Nominal
0
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010

1970
1975
1980
Source: Table 5.21.
166
2000
60
Real
20
1995
Imported Costs
120
Dollars per Barrel
1975
1985
1990
1995
Table 5.21 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-2011

(Dollars per Barrel)
Domestic
Year
1968E
1969E
1970E
1971E
1972E
1973E
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
1
Nominal
3.21
3.37
3.46
3.68
3.67
4.17
7.18
8.39
8.84
9.55
10.61
14.27
24.23
34.33
31.22
28.87
28.53
26.66
14.82
17.76
14.74
17.87
22.59
19.33
18.63
16.67
15.67
17.33
20.77
19.61
13.18
17.90
29.11
24.33
24.65
29.82
38.97
52.94
62.62
69.65
98.47
59.49
77.96
100.74
Imported
Real
R14.57
R14.58
R14.22
R14.40
R13.77
R14.82
R23.40
R24.98
R24.89
R25.28
R26.24
R32.58
R50.70
R65.68
R56.29
R50.08
R47.70
R43.26
R23.53
R27.40
R21.98
R25.68
R31.26
R25.83
R24.32
R21.29
R19.60
R21.24
R24.98
R23.17
R15.40
R20.61
R32.81
R26.82
R26.74
R31.68
R40.26
52.94
R60.66
R65.57
R90.69
R54.22
R70.24
88.87
Nominal
2.90
2.80
2.96
3.17
3.22
4.08
12.52
13.93
13.48
14.53
14.57
21.67
33.89
37.05
33.55
29.30
28.88
26.99
14.00
18.13
14.56
18.08
21.76
18.70
18.20
16.14
15.51
17.14
20.64
18.53
12.04
17.26
27.70
22.00
23.71
27.71
35.90
48.86
59.02
67.04
92.77
59.17
75.88
102.70

R=Revised. E=Estimate.
Note: Costs are for crude oil to refiners, including transportation and other fees; they do not include
crude oil purchased for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. The cost for each category and for the composite
is derived by dividing the sum of the total purchasing (acquisition) costs of all refiners by the total volume of
all refiners purchases.
Composite
Real
R13.16
R12.11
R12.16
R12.41
R12.08
R14.50
R40.80
R41.47
R37.95
R38.46
R36.03
R49.48
R70.91
R70.88
R60.50
R50.82
R48.28
R43.80
R22.23
R27.97
R21.72
R25.99
R30.11
R24.99
R23.76
R20.62
R19.40
R21.00
R24.82
R21.90
R14.07
R19.88
R31.22
R24.25
R25.72
R29.44
R37.09
48.86
R57.17
R63.11
R85.44
R53.92
R68.37
90.60
Nominal
3.17
3.29
3.40
3.60
3.58
4.15
9.07
10.38
10.89
11.96
12.46
17.72
28.07
35.24
31.87
28.99
28.63
26.75
14.55
17.90
14.67
17.97
22.22
19.06
18.43
16.41
15.59
17.23
20.71
19.04
12.52
17.51
28.26
22.95
24.10
28.53
36.98
50.24
60.24
67.94
94.74
59.29
76.69
101.93
Real 2
R14.39
R14.23
R13.97
R14.09
R13.43
R14.75
R29.55
R30.90
R30.66
R31.65
R30.81
R40.46
R58.73
R67.42
R57.47
R50.28
R47.86
R43.41
R23.10
R27.62
R21.88
R25.83
R30.75
R25.47
R24.06
R20.96
R19.50
R21.11
R24.90
R22.50
R14.63
R20.16
R31.85
R25.30
R26.14
R30.31
38.21
50.24
R58.35
R63.96
R87.25
R54.03
R69.10
89.92
Sources: 1968-1973U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates. The cost of domestic
crude oil was derived by adding estimated transportation costs to the reported average domestic first
purchase value. The cost of imported crude oil was derived by adding an estimated ocean transport cost
based on the published "Average Freight Rate Assessment" to the average "Free Alongside Ship" value
published by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The composite cost was derived by weighting domestic costs
and imported costs on the basis of quantities produced and imported. 1974-January 1976Federal
Energy Administration (FEA), Form FEA-96, "Monthly Cost Allocation Report."
February
1976-1977FEA, Form FEA-P110-M-1, "Refiners Monthly Cost Allocation Report." 1978-1984U.S.
Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Marketing Annual, annual reports.
1985
forwardEIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly (April 2012), Table 1.
167
Figure 5.22 Refiner Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1995-2011
To Resellers
To End Users
3.50
3.50
No. 2
Distillate
No. 2
Distillate
3.00
3.00
2.50
Dolllars per Gallon, Excluding Taxes
Dollars per Gallon, Excluding Taxes
2.50
2.00
Residual
Fuel
Oil
1.50
2.00
Motor Gasoline
1.50
Propane
Motor Gasoline
Residual
Fuel Oil
1.00
1.00
Propane
0.50
0.50
0.00
0.00
1996
168
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
1996
1998
2000
Source: Table 5.22.
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Table 5.22 Refiner Sales Prices and Refiner Margins for Selected Petroleum Products, 1995-2011
(Dollars 1 per Gallon, Excluding Taxes)
Product
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Sales Prices to Resellers: 2

Aviation Gasoline ............................
Motor Gasoline ...............................
Unleaded Regular .........................
Unleaded Midgrade ......................
Unleaded Premium .......................
Kerosene ........................................
Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type ................
No. 1 Distillate ...............................
No. 2 Distillate ...............................
No. 2 Fuel Oil ................................
No. 2 Diesel Fuel ..........................
No. 4 Fuel 3 ....................................
Residual Fuel Oil ............................
Sulfur <= 1% 4 ..............................
Sulfur > 1% 4 ................................
Propane (Consumer Grade) ...........
0.975
.626
.593
.670
.722
.580
.539
.625
.530
.511
.538
.463
.363
.383
.338
.344
1.055
.713
.685
.759
.803
.714
.646
.751
.653
.639
.659
.603
.420
.456
.389
.461
1.065
.700
.673
.749
.792
.653
.613
.723
.602
.590
.606
.551
.387
.415
.366
.416
0.912
.526
.499
.576
.617
.465
.450
.513
.439
.422
.444
.383
.280
.299
.269
.288
1.007
.645
.620
.696
.726
.550
.533
.634
.536
.493
.546
.430
.354
.382
.329
.342
1.330
.963
.942
1.013
1.055
.969
.880
1.019
.896
.886
.898
.778
.566
.627
.512
.595
1.256
.886
.865
.945
.980
.821
.763
.883
.779
.756
.775
.697
.476
.523
.428
.540
1.146
.828
.806
.885
.928
.752
.716
.805
.718
.694
.724
.663
.530
.546
.508
.431
1.288
1.002
.981
1.061
1.113
.955
.871
1.033
.882
.881
.883
.793
.661
.728
.588
.607
1.627
1.288
1.269
1.340
1.408
1.271
1.208
1.289
1.178
1.125
1.187
1.033
.681
.764
.601
.751
2.076
1.670
1.654
1.708
1.789
1.757
1.723
1.801
1.720
1.623
1.737
1.377
.971
1.115
.842
.933
2.490
1.969
1.950
2.016
2.117
2.007
1.961
2.044
1.991
1.834
2.012
1.395
1.136
1.202
1.085
1.031
2.758
2.182
2.161
2.245
2.357
2.249
2.171
2.430
2.190
2.072
2.203
1.551
1.350
1.406
1.314
1.194
3.342
2.586
2.570
2.610
2.746
2.851
3.020
2.712
2.970
2.745
2.994
2.157
1.866
1.918
1.843
1.437
2.480
1.767
1.747
1.784
1.958
1.844
1.719
2.050
1.707
1.657
1.713
1.561
1.342
1.337
1.344
.921
2.874
2.165
2.146
2.185
2.346
2.299
2.185
2.573
2.208
2.147
2.214
W
1.697
1.756
1.679
1.212
3.739
2.867
2.847
2.893
3.049
3.065
3.014
3.223
3.025
2.907
3.034
2.801
2.336
2.389
2.316
1.467
Sales Prices to End Users: 2

Aviation Gasoline ............................
Motor Gasoline ...............................
Unleaded Regular .........................
Unleaded Midgrade ......................
Unleaded Premium .......................
Kerosene ........................................
No. 1 Distillate ...............................
No. 2 Distillate ...............................
No. 2 Fuel Oil ................................
No. 2 Diesel Fuel ..........................
No. 4 Fuel 3 ....................................
Sulfur <= 1% 4 ..............................
Sulfur > 1% 4 ................................
Propane (Consumer Grade) ...........
1.005
.765
.717
.808
.890
.589
.540
.620
.560
.562
.560
.505
.392
.436
.377
.492
1.116
.847
.807
.896
.972
.740
.651
.726
.680
.673
.681
.603
.455
.526
.433
.605
1.128
.839
.798
.895
.973
.745
.613
.689
.642
.636
.642
.565
.423
.488
.403
.552
.975
.673
.630
.728
.805
.501
.452
.551
.492
.482
.494
.428
.305
.354
.287
.405
1.059
.781
.742
.835
.906
.605
.543
.621
.580
.558
.584
.474
.374
.405
.362
.458
1.306
1.106
1.073
1.168
1.242
1.123
.899
.988
.934
.927
.935
.769
.602
.708
.566
.603
1.323
1.032
.997
1.100
1.175
1.045
.775
.902
.840
.829
.842
.679
.531
.642
.492
.506
1.288
.947
.912
1.010
1.088
.990
.721
.828
.759
.737
.762
.657
.569
.640
.544
.419
1.493
1.156
1.123
1.218
1.305
1.224
.872
1.017
.942
.933
.944
.856
.698
.804
.651
.577
1.819
1.435
1.404
1.499
1.596
1.160
1.207
1.262
1.235
1.173
1.243
1.017
.739
.835
.692
.839
2.231
1.829
1.802
1.893
1.992
1.957
1.735
1.832
1.777
1.705
1.786
W
1.048
1.168
.974
1.089
2.682
2.128
2.099
2.213
2.320
2.244
1.998
2.137
2.091
1.982
2.096
W
1.218
1.342
1.173
1.358
2.849
2.345
2.315
2.438
2.552
2.263
2.165
2.286
2.266
2.241
2.267
W
1.374
1.436
1.350
1.489
3.273
2.775
2.748
2.879
2.965
3.283
3.052
2.983
3.143
2.986
3.150
W
1.964
2.144
1.889
1.892
2.442
1.888
1.856
1.997
2.122
2.675
1.704
2.141
1.840
1.962
1.834
W
1.341
1.413
1.306
1.220
3.028
2.301
2.270
2.416
2.536
3.063
2.201
2.705
2.318
2.462
2.314
W
1.713
1.920
1.619
1.481
3.803
3.050
3.021
3.165
3.283
3.616
3.054
3.467
3.119
3.193
3.117
W
2.401
2.736
2.257
1.709
Refiner Margins 5
Motor Gasoline ...............................
No. 2 Distillate ...............................
Composite 6 ....................................
.216
.129
.120
-.048
.181
.220
.153
.160
-.072
.194
.247
.160
.149
-.066
.200
.228
.152
.141
-.018
.195
.228
.116
.119
-.063
.189
.290
.207
.223
-.107
.261
.340
.217
.233
-.070
.297
.254
.142
.144
-.044
.216
.323
.192
.203
-.018
.281
.408
.328
.298
-.199
.367
.474
.527
.524
-.225
.484
.535
.527
.557
-.298
.530
.564
.553
.572
-.268
.553
.330
.764
.714
-.390
.453
.355
.307
.295
-.070
.328
.339
.359
.382
-.129
.344
.440
.587
.598
-.091
.481
Sales for resale (wholesale sales) are those made to purchasers who are other than ultimate
consumers. Sales to end users are those made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulk
customers, such as agriculture, industry, and utilities, as well as residential and commercial customers.
3 Includes No. 4 fuel oil and No. 4 diesel fuel.
4 Sulfur content by weight.
5 In this table, refiner margin is the difference between the composite refiner acquisition price of crude
oil (see Table 5.21) and the price to resellers.
2
6 A volume weighted average of the refiner prices to resellers for aviation gasoline, kerosene-type jet
fuel, kerosene, motor gasoline, distillate fuel nos. 1, 2, and 4, and residual fuel oil.
W=Value withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Marketing Monthly (April 2012), Tables 1, 2,
4, 6, and 16.
169
Figure 5.23 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 2010
Motor Gasoline, Selected Grades
To Resellers
Dollars per Gallon (Excluding Taxes)
3.00
To End Users
2.54
2.50
2.17
2.32
2.15
2.29
2.13
2.27
2.39
2.36
2.20
2.19
2.36
2.35
2.18
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
All Finished
Motor Gasoline
Unleaded
Regular
Unleaded
Regular
Conventional2
Unleaded
Regular
Reformulated
Unleaded
Midgrade
Unleaded
Midgrade
Conventional2
Unleaded
Premium
Distillate Fuel Oil, Residual Fuel Oil, and Propane

To Resellers
Dollars per Gallon (Excluding Taxes)
3.00
To End Users
2.80
2.45
2.50
2.42
2.22
2.22
2.38
2.18
2.18
2.31
1.98
2.00
1.73
1.73
1.50
1.23
1.00
0.50
(- -)
0.00
No. 2
Distillate
1
No. 2 Distillate
Fuel Oil to Residences
No. 2 Diesel
Fuel
Includes oxygenated motor gasoline.
3
> 15 and <= 500 parts per million.
4
> 500 parts per million.
2
170
No. 2 Diesel
Fuel, Low Sulfur3
No. 2 Diesel
Fuel, High Sulfur4
- - = Not applicable.
Note: Data are preliminary.
Source: Table 5.23.
Residual
Fuel Oil
Propane
(Consumer Grade)
Table 5.23 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1994-2010
(Dollars 1 per Gallon, Excluding Taxes)
Product
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Sales Prices to Resellers 2

Motor Gasoline .........................................
Unleaded Regular ...................................
Conventional 3 ......................................
Oxygenated 3 ........................................
Reformulated ........................................
Unleaded Midgrade ................................
Conventional 3 ......................................
Oxygenated 3 ........................................
Reformulated ........................................
Unleaded Premium .................................
Conventional 3 ......................................
Oxygenated 3 ........................................
Reformulated ........................................
No. 2 Distillate ..........................................
No. 2 Diesel Fuel ....................................
Ultra-Low Sulfur (<= 15 ppm 4) .............
Low Sulfur (> 15 and <= 500 ppm 4) ....
High Sulfur (> 500 ppm 4) .....................
Residual Fuel Oil ......................................
Sulfur <= 1% 5 ........................................
Sulfur > 1% 5 ..........................................
Propane (Consumer Grade) .....................
0.602
.571
.565
.627
.632
.641
.633
.689
.722
.696
.686
.757
.769
.529
.538
NA
.542
.519
.322
.350
.298
.336
0.630
.599
.583
.662
.646
.673
.651
.711
.719
.724
.695
.787
.779
.536
.546
NA
.551
.524
.366
.383
.344
.354
0.715
.689
.672
.745
.733
.760
.737
.789
.802
.804
.777
.851
.851
.660
.667
NA
.673
.639
.427
.461
.397
.471
0.703
.677
.658
.754
.725
.751
.723
.791
.801
.794
.764
.856
.845
.611
.616
NA
.619
.602
.396
.424
.375
.426
0.530
.504
.484
.575
.551
.579
.550
.599
.632
.618
.587
.674
.671
.450
.454
NA
.457
.437
.284
.305
.271
.297
0.645
.621
.596
.690
.676
.694
.658
.695
.758
.724
.688
.779
.787
.538
.552
NA
.557
.519
.355
.382
.333
.354
0.966
.946
.918
1.016
1.006
1.014
.977
1.021
1.080
1.055
1.013
1.119
1.117
.901
.904
NA
.909
.875
.579
.638
.523
.603
0.888
.868
.838
.947
.930
.945
.901
.965
1.022
.980
.933
1.020
1.054
.785
.791
NA
.794
.771
.496
.542
.438
.556
0.832
.813
.794
.858
.856
.886
.852
.885
.952
.929
.897
.952
.986
.728
.735
NA
.738
.712
.526
.548
.502
.440
1.001
.982
.950
1.031
1.058
1.056
1.015
1.043
1.150
1.105
1.055
1.131
1.189
.891
.891
NA
.895
.870
.675
.732
.621
.615
1.288
1.271
1.241
1.289
1.339
1.338
1.304
1.305
1.410
1.400
1.351
1.390
1.467
1.178
1.191
NA
1.197
1.146
.682
.740
.638
.761
1.675
1.659
1.639
1.667
1.708
1.719
1.697
1.682
1.790
1.792
1.756
1.761
1.844
1.727
1.754
NA
1.761
1.704
1.006
1.107
.899
.939
1.973
1.956
1.930
1.951
2.022
2.024
1.992
1.999
2.127
2.122
2.083
2.049
2.181
1.999
2.029
NA
2.045
1.915
1.141
1.205
1.087
1.041
Sales Prices to End Users 2

Motor Gasoline .........................................
Unleaded Regular ...................................
Conventional 3 ......................................
Oxygenated 3 ........................................
Reformulated ........................................
Unleaded Midgrade ................................
Conventional 3 ......................................
Oxygenated 3 ........................................
Reformulated ........................................
Unleaded Premium .................................
Conventional 3 ......................................
Oxygenated 3 ........................................
Reformulated ........................................
No. 2 Distillate ..........................................
No. 2 Distillate to Residences 6 ..............
No. 2 Diesel Fuel ....................................
Ultra-Low Sulfur (<= 15 ppm 4) .............
Low Sulfur (> 15 and <= 500 ppm 4) ....
High Sulfur (> 500 ppm 4) .....................
Residual Fuel Oil ......................................
Sulfur <= 1% 5 ........................................
Sulfur > 1% 5 ..........................................
Propane (Consumer Grade) .....................
.729
.690
.685
.737
.743
.770
.766
.821
.851
.852
.846
.908
.937
.675
.884
.628
NA
.642
.598
.358
.403
.327
.776
.761
.721
.714
.773
.741
.802
.793
.838
.829
.883
.871
.938
.914
.673
.867
.636
NA
.645
.614
.397
.433
.376
.766
.843
.809
.801
.861
.833
.885
.874
.929
.916
.962
.950
1.019
.991
.793
.989
.757
NA
.767
.732
.464
.529
.430
.886
.831
.797
.785
.887
.822
.880
.865
.964
.915
.955
.939
1.054
.988
.753
.984
.714
NA
.719
.698
.429
.472
.407
.878
.660
.623
.610
.694
.651
.711
.695
.763
.748
.786
.769
.845
.822
.599
.852
.562
NA
.565
.555
.311
.356
.292
.774
.762
.728
.708
.782
.777
.812
.787
.853
.869
.880
.856
.940
.931
.678
.876
.654
NA
.663
.620
.378
.406
.366
.781
1.091
1.063
1.044
1.118
1.109
1.146
1.122
1.185
1.197
1.218
1.192
1.279
1.267
1.044
1.311
1.006
NA
1.014
.981
.609
.683
.576
1.048
1.022
.993
.968
1.059
1.051
1.086
1.052
1.120
1.156
1.154
1.119
1.218
1.217
.948
1.250
.912
NA
.917
.892
.533
.620
.498
1.094
.943
.915
.901
.964
.949
1.002
.985
1.031
1.042
1.081
1.063
1.128
1.116
.874
1.129
.837
NA
.841
.822
.561
.612
.540
.958
1.135
1.108
1.082
1.142
1.183
1.195
1.166
1.193
1.277
1.282
1.245
1.307
1.355
1.058
1.355
1.008
NA
1.014
.986
.696
.785
.651
1.150
1.423
1.399
1.373
1.414
1.478
1.482
1.453
1.459
1.569
1.580
1.538
1.568
1.660
1.339
1.548
1.316
NA
1.325
1.281
.725
.794
.687
1.307
1.828
1.807
1.789
1.768
1.861
1.877
1.855
1.824
1.945
1.988
1.958
1.915
2.043
1.895
2.052
1.886
NA
1.899
1.833
1.041
1.148
.985
1.530
2.121
2.098
2.073
2.076
2.168
2.183
2.151
2.138
2.273
2.303
2.263
2.236
2.373
2.176
2.365
2.165
NA
2.183
2.084
1.212
1.322
1.175
1.727
Sales for resale (wholesale sales) are those made to purchasers who are other than ultimate
consumers. Sales to end users are those made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulk
customers, such as agriculture, industry, and utilities, as well as residential and commercial customers.
3 Beginning in 2007, oxygenated motor gasoline is included with conventional motor gasoline.
4 Parts per million.
5 Sulfur content by weight.
6 See Note 5, "Historical Residential Heating Oil Prices," at end of section for historical data.
2
2007
2008
2009
2010
2.186
2.165
2.587
2.570
1.773
1.753
2.169
2.151
32.145
32.564
31.732
32.133
(3)
2.215
2.252
32.235
(3)
2.311
2.362
32.330
(3)
2.407
2.208
2.230
2.258
2.211
1.959
1.342
1.377
1.314
1.206
(3)
2.583
2.636
32.611
(3)
2.730
2.749
32.743
(3)
2.757
2.975
3.013
3.022
2.983
2.887
1.851
1.898
1.821
1.455
(3)
1.799
1.803
31.777
(3)
1.903
1.959
31.932
(3)
1.994
1.727
1.730
1.742
1.648
1.724
1.341
1.349
1.337
.955
(3)
2.187
2.196
32.176
(3)
2.275
2.350
32.327
(3)
2.376
2.216
2.219
2.222
2.180
2.177
1.727
1.812
1.694
1.226
2.338
2.313
32.297
(3)
2.357
2.412
32.389
(3)
2.476
2.529
32.497
(3)
2.584
2.365
2.592
2.348
2.386
2.317
2.187
1.376
1.445
1.354
1.888
2.772
2.750
32.731
(3)
2.807
2.846
32.816
(3)
2.936
2.961
32.935
(3)
3.004
3.222
3.219
3.230
3.233
3.232
3.187
1.944
2.098
1.896
2.245
1.893
1.867
31.842
(3)
1.944
1.969
31.934
(3)
2.077
2.124
32.082
(3)
2.196
1.964
2.386
1.918
1.922
1.913
1.865
1.340
1.422
1.312
1.777
2.316
2.290
32.267
(3)
2.358
2.390
32.357
(3)
2.494
2.542
32.504
(3)
2.607
2.449
2.798
2.415
2.423
2.381
2.308
1.729
1.953
1.662
1.976
NA=Not available.
Note: Data for this table are not available for 2011.
Sources: 1994-2009U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Marketing Annual,
annual reports. 2010EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly (April 2011); EIA, Form EIA-782A,
"Refiners/Gas Plant Operators Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report"; and EIA, Form EIA-782B,
"Resellers/Retailers Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report."
171
Figure 5.24 Retail Motor Gasoline and On-Highway Diesel Fuel Prices
Motor Gasoline, All Grades, 1978-2011
Regular Motor Gasoline by Area Type and On-Highway Diesel Fuel, 2011
4.50
4.00
Nominal Dollars per Gallon
3.840
Dollars per Gallon
3.00
2.00
Real1
1.00
Nominal
3.616
3.476
3.521
3.00
1.50
0.00
Conventional
Gasoline Areas
0.00
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Reformulated
Gasoline Areas4
All Areas
On-Highway
Diesel Fuel
Regular Motor Gasoline
Motor Gasoline by Grade, 1949-2011
Motor Gasoline Price and Consumption, 1978-2011, Indexed to 1978

2.5
2.0
Real Price5
3.00
Unleaded
Premium
Index: 1978=1.0
Nominal Dollars per Gallon
4.00
2.00
1.00
Unleaded
Regular
1.5
Consumption
1.0
0.5
Leaded Regular
0.00
0.0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1
2
3
Any area that does not require the sale of reformulated gasoline.
172
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
4
Reformulated Gasoline Areas are ozone nonattainment areas designated by the Environmental Protection Agency that require the use of reformulated gasoline.
5
All grades, in chained (2005) dollars.
Table 5.24 Retail Motor Gasoline and On-Highway Diesel Fuel Prices, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Dollars per Gallon)
Motor Gasoline by Grade
Leaded Regular
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
1
Nominal 5
0.268
.268
.291
.311
.312
.357
.567
.590
.622
R.627
.857
1.191
1.311
1.222
R1.158
1.129
1.115
.857
.897
R.900
R.997
1.149
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Real 6
R1.848
R1.829
R1.753
R1.671
R1.565
R1.467
R1.688
R1.661
R1.646
R1.551
R1.957
R2.492
R2.508
R2.203
2.009
R1.887
R1.809
R1.361
R1.384
1.342
R1.433
R1.590
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Unleaded Regular
Regular Motor Gasoline by Area Type
Unleaded Premium
Nominal 5
Real 6
Nominal 5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
.614
.656
.670
.903
1.245
1.378
1.296
1.241
1.212
1.202
.927
.948
.946
R1.022
1.164
1.140
1.127
1.108
1.112
1.147
1.231
1.234
1.059
1.165
1.510
1.461
1.358
1.591
1.880
2.295
2.589
2.801
3.266
2.350
2.788
3.527
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
R1.729
R1.736
R1.657
R2.062
R2.605
R2.636
R2.337
R2.153
R2.026
R1.950
R1.472
R1.463
R1.411
1.469
R1.611
R1.524
R1.471
R1.415
R1.391
R1.406
R1.480
R1.458
R1.237
R1.342
R1.702
R1.610
R1.473
R1.690
R1.942
2.295
R2.508
R2.637
R3.008
R2.142
R2.512
3.111
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
71.470
1.415
1.383
1.366
1.340
1.085
1.093
1.107
1.197
1.349
1.321
1.316
1.302
1.305
1.336
1.413
1.416
1.250
1.357
1.693
1.657
1.556
1.777
2.068
2.491
2.805
3.033
3.519
2.607
3.047
3.792
Real 6
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,R2.812
R2.551
R2.399
R2.284
R2.174
R1.722
R1.686
R1.651
R1.720
R1.867
R1.765
R1.718
R1.663
R1.632
R1.637
R1.699
R1.673
R1.461
R1.563
R1.908
R1.826
R1.688
1.888
2.137
2.491
2.717
R2.855
R3.241
R2.376
R2.745
3.345
Any area that does not require the sale of reformulated gasoline.
For 19932000, data collected for oxygenated areas are included in "Conventional Gasoline Areas."
"Reformulated Gasoline Areas" are ozone nonattainment areas designated by the Environmental
Protection Agency that require the use of reformulated gasoline.
4 For 19952000, data collected for combined oxygenated and reformulated areas are included in
"Reformulated Gasoline Areas."
7 The 1981 average price is based on September through December data only.
2
3
All Grades
Conventional
Gasoline Areas 1,2
Reformulated
Gasoline Areas 3,4
All Areas
On-Highway
Diesel Fuel
Nominal 5
Nominal 5
Nominal 5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.098
1.087
1.067
1.075
1.111
1.199
1.199
1.030
1.136
1.484
1.420
1.345
1.561
1.852
2.270
2.572
2.796
3.246
2.353
2.782
3.521
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.109
1.235
1.198
1.044
1.121
1.491
1.401
1.319
1.509
1.810
2.402
2.705
2.885
3.803
2.467
2.992
3.840
Nominal 5
Real 6
Nominal 5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
.652
.882
1.221
1.353
1.281
1.225
1.198
1.196
.931
.957
R.964
1.060
1.217
1.196
1.190
1.173
1.174
1.205
1.288
1.291
1.115
1.221
1.563
1.531
1.441
1.638
1.923
2.338
2.635
2.849
3.317
2.401
2.836
3.577
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
R1.612
R2.014
R2.555
R2.588
R2.310
R2.125
R2.003
R1.941
R1.478
R1.476
1.438
R1.523
R1.684
R1.598
R1.554
R1.498
R1.469
R1.477
R1.549
R1.525
R1.303
R1.406
R1.762
R1.687
R1.563
R1.740
1.987
2.338
R2.553
R2.682
R3.055
R2.188
R2.555
3.155
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.098
1.087
21.067
21.072
21.103
21.192
21.189
21.017
21.116
21.462
1.384
1.313
1.516
1.812
2.240
2.533
2.767
3.213
2.315
2.742
3.476
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
41.163
41.242
41.252
41.078
41.195
41.543
1.498
1.408
1.655
1.937
2.335
2.654
2.857
3.314
2.433
2.864
3.616
Note: See "Motor Gasoline Grades," "Motor Gasoline, Conventional," "Motor Gasoline, Oxygenated,"
and "Motor Gasoline, Reformulated" in Glossary.
data. See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#petroleum for all annual data beginning in 1949.
Sources: Motor Gasoline by Grade: 1949-1973Platts Oil Price Handbook and Oilmanac, 1974,
51st Edition. 1974 forwardU.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), annual averages of monthly
data from the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. City Average Gasoline Prices.
Regular Motor Gasoline by Area Type: EIA, weighted annual averages of data from "Weekly U.S. Retail
Gasoline Prices, Regular Grade." On-Highway Diesel Fuel: EIA, weighted annual averages of data from
"Weekly Retail On-Highway Diesel Prices."
173
gasoline adjustment method to gasoline product supplied data for 1992 increased
the reported quantity 108 thousand barrels per day at the U.S. level from 7,268
thousand barrels per day to 7,376 thousand barrels per day.
Petroleum
Note 1. Petroleum Products Supplied and Petroleum Consumption. Petroleum
product supplied (see Table 5.11) is used as an approximation of petroleum
consumption. Petroleum products supplied is calculated as field production plus
renewable fuels and oxygenates production plus processing gain plus net imports
minus stock change plus adjustments. Total products supplied include natural
gas plant liquids, unfinished oils, aviation gasoline blending components, and
finished petroleum products. Crude oil burned on leases and at pipeline stations
was reported as product supplied for either distillate fuel oil or residual fuel oil
until January 1983. From January 1983 through December 2010, crude oil product supplied was reported based on quantities reported on Form EIA-813
Monthly Crude Oil Report. Beginning with data for January 2010, reporting
crude oil used directly on Form EIA-813 was discontinued, and crude oil product
supplied was assumed equal to zero. The sector allocation of product supplied in
Tables 5.13a-5.13d for products used in more than one sector is derived from
sales to ultimate consumers by refiners, marketers, distributors, and dealers (see
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) report Fuel Oil and Kerosene
Sales) and from EIA electric power sector petroleum consumption data (see
Tables 8.7b and 8.7c).
Note 2. Changes Affecting Petroleum Production and Product Supplied Statistics. Beginning in January 1981, several U.S. Energy Information Administration
survey forms and calculation methodologies were changed to reflect new developments in refinery and blending plant practices and to improve data integrity. Those
changes affect production and product supplied statistics for motor gasoline, distillate
fuel oil, and residual fuel oil, and stocks of motor gasoline. On the basis of those
changes, motor gasoline production during the last half of 1980 would have averaged
289 thousand barrels per day higher than that which was published on the old basis.
Distillate and residual fuel oil production and product supplied for all of 1980 would
have averaged, respectively, 105 thousand and 54 thousand barrels per day higher than
the numbers that were published. A new adjustment was introduced for calculating
finished motor gasoline product supplied beginning with data for January 1993. The
new adjustment transferred product supplied for motor gasoline blending components and fuel ethanol to supply of finished motor gasoline. Applying the new
174
Note 3. Gross Input to Distillation Units. The methods of deriving Gross Input
to Distillation Units (GIDU) in this report are as follows: for 1949-1966, GIDU is
estimated by summing annual crude oil runs to stills, net unfinished oil reruns at
refineries, and shipments of natural gasoline and plant condensate from natural gas
processing plants to refineries; for 1967-1973, GIDU is estimated by summing
annual crude oil runs to stills, net unfinished oil reruns, and refinery input of natural
gasoline and plant condensate; for 1974-1980, GIDU is published annual data; and
for 1981 forward, GIDU is the sum of reported monthly data.
Note 4. Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices. Crude oil domestic first
purchase prices were derived as follows: for 1949-1973, weighted average
domestic first purchase values as reported by State agencies and calculated by
the Bureau of Mines; for 1974 and 1975, weighted averages of a sample survey
of major first purchasers purchases; for 1976 forward, weighted averages of all
first purchasers purchases.
Note 5. Historical Residential Heating Oil Prices. Residential heating oil prices
for 1956 through 1987 were formerly published in the Annual Energy Review.
Those data, in cents per gallon, are: 195615.2; 195716.0; 195815.1;
195915.3; 196015.0; 196115.6; 196215.6; 196316.0; 196416.1;
196516.0; 196616.4; 196716.9; 196817.4; 196917.8; 197018.5;
197119.6; 197219.7; 197322.8; 197436.0; 197537.7; 197640.6;
197746.0; 197849.0; 197970.4; 198097.4; 1981119.4; 1982116.0;
1983107.8; 1984109.1; 1985105.3; 198683.6; and 198780.3. The
sources of these data are: 1956-1974Bureau of Labor Statistics, Retail Prices and
Indexes of Fuels and Utilities for Residential Usage, monthly; January
1975September 1977Federal Energy Administration, Form FEA-P112-M-1,
No. 2 Heating Oil Supply/Price Monitoring Report; October 1977December
1977U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-9, No. 2 Heating Oil Supply/Price Monitoring Report; 1978 forwardEIA, Petroleum Marketing Annual, Table 15.
6. Natural Gas
Figure 6.0
Natural Gas Flow, 2011

(Trillion Cubic Feet)
Includes natural gas gross withdrawals from coalbed wells and shale gas wells.
Quantities lost and imbalances in data due to differences among data sources.
3
Lease and plant fuel, and other industrial.
2
Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines (primarily in compressors), and as fuel in
the delivery of natural gas to consumers; plus a small quantity used as vehicle fuel.
177
Figure 6.1
Natural Gas Overview
Overview, 1949-2011
Overview, 2011
30
30
Consumption
20
Production
15
10
25
Trillion Cubic Feet
Trillion Cubic Feet
25
24.4
23.0
20
15
10
Net Imports
3.5
1.5
-5
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Production
2010
Imports
Exports
Consumption
Storage Additions and Withdrawals, 1949-2011

4
Additions to Storage
Trillion Cubic Feet
Withdrawals from Storage

2
0
1950
1
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
Dry gas.
Underground storage. For 1980-2010, also includes liquefied natural gas in above-ground
tanks.
1980
1985
1990
Source: Table 6.1.
178
1995
2000
2005
2010
Table 6.1 Natural Gas Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2011

(Billion Cubic Feet)
Storage 1 Activity
Trade
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
1
Dry Gas
Production
5,195
6,022
9,029
12,228
15,286
21,014
19,236
19,098
19,163
19,122
19,663
19,403
19,181
17,820
16,094
17,466
16,454
16,059
16,621
17,103
17,311
17,810
17,698
17,840
18,095
18,821
18,599
18,854
18,902
19,024
18,832
19,182
19,616
18,928
19,099
18,591
18,051
18,504
19,266
20,159
R20,624
R21,332
E23,000
Supplemental
Gaseous Fuels 2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
155
176
145
132
110
126
113
101
101
107
123
113
118
119
111
110
109
103
102
98
90
86
68
68
60
64
66
63
61
65
R65
P61
Imports
Exports
Net Imports 3
Withdrawals
Additions
Net Withdrawals 4
Balancing Item 5
0
0
11
156
456
821
953
964
1,011
966
1,253
985
904
933
918
843
950
750
993
1,294
1,382
1,532
1,773
2,138
2,350
2,624
2,841
2,937
2,994
3,152
3,586
3,782
3,977
4,015
3,944
4,259
4,341
4,186
4,608
3,984
3,751
R3,741
P3,453
20
26
31
11
26
70
73
65
56
53
56
49
59
52
55
55
55
61
54
74
107
86
129
216
140
162
154
153
157
159
163
244
373
516
680
854
729
724
822
963
1,072
R1,137
P1,507
-20
-26
-20
144
430
751
880
899
955
913
1,198
936
845
882
864
788
894
689
939
1,220
1,275
1,447
1,644
1,921
2,210
2,462
2,687
2,784
2,837
2,993
3,422
3,538
3,604
3,499
3,264
3,404
3,612
3,462
3,785
3,021
2,679
R2,604
P1,946
106
175
437
713
960
1,459
1,760
1,921
1,750
2,158
2,047
1,972
1,930
2,164
2,270
2,098
2,397
1,837
1,905
2,270
2,854
1,986
2,752
2,772
2,799
2,579
3,025
2,981
2,894
2,432
2,808
3,550
2,344
3,180
3,161
3,088
3,107
2,527
3,375
3,420
3,007
R3,311
P3,175
172
230
505
844
1,078
1,857
2,104
1,756
2,307
2,278
2,295
1,949
2,228
2,472
1,822
2,295
2,163
1,984
1,911
2,211
2,528
2,499
2,672
2,599
2,835
2,865
2,610
2,979
2,870
2,961
2,636
2,721
3,510
2,713
3,358
3,202
3,055
2,963
3,183
3,385
3,362
R3,324
P3,523
-66
-54
-68
-132
-118
-398
-344
165
-557
-120
-248
23
-297
-308
447
-197
235
-147
-6
59
326
-513
80
173
-36
-286
415
2
24
-530
172
829
-1,166
467
-197
-114
52
-436
192
34
-355
R-13
P-348
-139
-175
-247
-274
-319
-228
-235
-216
-41
-287
-372
-640
-500
-537
-703
-217
-428
-493
-444
-453
101
307
27
176
401
139
396
860
871
657
-119
R-306
99
R65
44
R461
R236
R103
R-203
R2
R-103
R-213
P-290
Underground storage. For 19802010, also includes liquefied natural gas in above-ground tanks.
See Note 1, "Supplemental Gaseous Fuels," at end of section.
3 Net imports equal imports minus exports. Minus sign indicates exports are greater than imports.
4 Net withdrawals equal withdrawals minus additions. Minus sign indicates additions are greater than
withdrawals.
5 Quantities lost and imbalances in data due to differences among data sources. Since 1980, excludes
intransit shipments that cross the U.S.-Canada border (i.e., natural gas delivered to its destination via the
other country).
6 See Note 2, "Natural Gas Consumption," at end of section.
7 For 19891992, a small amount of consumption at independent power producers may be counted in
both "Other Industrial" and "Electric Power Sector" on Table 6.5. See Note 3, "Natural Gas Consumption,
19891992," at end of section.
2
Consumption 6
4,971
5,767
8,694
11,967
15,280
21,139
19,538
19,946
19,521
19,627
20,241
19,877
19,404
18,001
16,835
17,951
17,281
16,221
17,211
18,030
719,119
719,174
719,562
720,228
20,790
21,247
22,207
22,609
22,737
22,246
22,405
23,333
22,239
R23,027
22,277
R22,403
R22,014
R21,699
R23,104
R23,277
R22,910
R23,775
P24,369
Notes: Beginning with 1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 F. For
prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 F. Totals may not equal sum of components due
to independent rounding.
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#naturalgas for updated monthly and
annual data. See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#naturalgas for all annual data beginning in
1949. See http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/ for related information.
Sources: Dry Gas Production: Table 6.2. Supplemental Gaseous Fuels: 1980-2006U.S.
Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual (NGA), annual reports. 2007 forwardEIA,
Natural Gas Monthly (NGM) (March 2012), Table 1.
Trade:
Table 6.3.
Storage Activity:
1949-2010EIA, NGA, annual reports. 2011EIA, NGM (March 2012), Table 8. Balancing Item:
Calculated as consumption minus dry gas production, supplemental gaseous fuels, net imports, and net
withdrawals. Consumption: Table 6.5.
179
Figure 6.2
Natural Gas Production
Gross Withdrawals and Dry Gas Production, 1949-2011
Production Flow, 2011

(Trillion Cubic Feet)
30
Gross Withdrawals
25
Dry Gas Production
Trillion Cubic Feet
20
15
Gross Withdrawals by Well Type, 2011

30
10
Trillion Cubic Feet
22.4
20
10
6.2
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
1
Volume reduction resulting from the removal of natural gas plant liquids, which are transferred to petroleum supply.
180
Natural Gas Wells
2010
2
Crude Oil Wells
Includes natural gas gross withdrawals from coalbed wells and shale gas wells.
Source: Table 6.2.
Table 6.2 Natural Gas Production, Selected Years, 1949-2011

Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Natural Gas Wells

4,986
5,603
7,842
10,853
13,524
18,595
17,380
17,191
17,416
17,394
18,034
17,573
17,337
15,809
14,153
15,513
14,535
14,154
14,807
15,467
15,709
16,054
16,018
16,165
16,691
17,351
17,282
17,737
17,844
17,729
17,590
17,726
18,129
17,795
17,882
17,885
17,472
17,996
17,065
15,618
R14,885
2,R20,841
E22,378
Crude Oil Wells
Coalbed Wells
Shale Gas Wells
2,561
2,876
3,878
4,234
4,440
5,192
3,723
3,753
3,681
3,915
3,849
4,297
4,251
4,463
4,506
4,754
5,071
4,977
5,333
5,532
5,366
5,469
5,732
5,967
6,035
6,230
6,462
6,376
6,369
6,380
6,233
6,448
6,371
6,146
6,237
6,084
5,985
5,539
5,818
5,747
R5,812
R5,995
E6,199
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,780
1,986
1,977
(2)
(2)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,284
3,384
(2)
(2)
Total
Repressuring
Nonhydrocarbon
Gases Removed
Vented
and Flared
1,273
1,397
1,541
1,754
1,604
1,376
861
859
935
1,181
1,245
1,365
1,312
1,388
1,458
1,630
1,915
1,838
2,208
2,478
2,475
2,489
2,772
2,973
3,103
3,231
3,565
3,511
3,492
3,427
3,293
3,380
3,371
3,455
3,548
3,702
3,700
3,265
3,663
3,639
3,522
R3,432
E3,410
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
199
222
208
222
224
326
337
376
460
362
289
276
280
414
412
388
518
599
617
615
505
463
502
499
654
711
731
661
719
722
R837
E831
854
801
774
563
319
489
134
132
137
153
167
125
98
93
95
108
95
98
124
143
142
150
170
168
227
228
284
272
256
103
110
91
97
99
98
96
119
129
143
167
165
R166
E165
7,547
8,480
11,720
15,088
17,963
23,786
21,104
20,944
21,097
21,309
21,883
21,870
21,587
20,272
18,659
20,267
19,607
19,131
20,140
20,999
21,074
21,523
21,750
22,132
22,726
23,581
23,744
24,114
24,213
24,108
23,823
24,174
24,501
23,941
24,119
23,970
23,457
23,535
24,664
25,636
R26,057
R26,836
P28,576
1 Volume reduction resulting from the removal of natural gas plant liquids, which are transferred to
petroleum supply (see Tables 5.1b and 5.10).
2 Beginning in 2010, natural gas gross withdrawals from coalbed wells and shale gas wells are included
in "Natural Gas Wells."
Notes: Beginning with 1965 data, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 F.
For prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 F. Totals may not equal sum of components
Marketed
Production
5,420
6,282
9,405
12,771
16,040
21,921
20,109
19,952
20,025
19,974
20,471
20,180
19,956
18,582
16,884
18,304
17,270
16,859
17,433
17,918
18,095
18,594
18,532
18,712
18,982
19,710
19,506
19,812
19,866
19,961
19,805
20,198
20,570
19,885
19,974
19,517
18,927
19,410
20,196
21,112
R21,648
R22,402
E24,170
Extraction
Loss 1
224
260
377
543
753
906
872
854
863
852
808
777
775
762
790
838
816
800
812
816
785
784
835
872
886
889
908
958
964
938
973
1,016
954
957
876
927
876
906
930
953
1,024
R1,070
P1,169
Dry Gas
Production
5,195
6,022
9,029
12,228
15,286
21,014
19,236
19,098
19,163
19,122
19,663
19,403
19,181
17,820
16,094
17,466
16,454
16,059
16,621
17,103
17,311
17,810
17,698
17,840
18,095
18,821
18,599
18,854
18,902
19,024
18,832
19,182
19,616
18,928
19,099
18,591
18,051
18,504
19,266
20,159
R20,624
R21,332
E23,000

Sources:
Natural Gas Wells, Crude Oil Wells, Coalbed Wells, and Shale Gas Wells:
1949-1966Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Natural Gas" chapter. 1967-2010U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual (NGA), annual reports. 2011EIA estimates
based on previous years data. Total Gross Withdrawals, Marketed Production, Extraction Loss, and
Dry Gas Production: 1949-2006EIA, NGA, annual reports. 2007 forwardEIA, Natural Gas
Monthly (March 2012), Table 1. All Other Data: 1949-2010EIA, NGA, annual reports. 2011EIA
estimates based on previous years data.
181
Figure 6.3
Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports
Trade Overview, 1949-2011

5
Total Imports
Trillion Cubic Feet
Imports from Canada1
2
Total Exports
1
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
Trade, 2011
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Net Imports as Share of Consumption, 1958-2011

20
4
15
3.10
3
Percent
Trillion Cubic Feet
Imports by Selected Country of Origin
10
Exports by Selected
Country of Destination
5
0.94
0.50
0.13
0.22
0.02
0
Canada
Trinidad
and
Tobago
Other
Canada
Mexico
Japan
By pipeline, except for very small amounts of liquefied natural gas in 1973, 1977, and 1981.
By pipeline.
3
As liquefied natural gas.
2
182
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
4
By pipeline from Mexico, and as liquefied natural gas from Egypt, Nigeria, Norway, Qatar, Peru,
and Yemen.
5
By pipeline, except for very small amounts of liquefied natural gas.
Source: Table 6.3.
Table 6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Billion Cubic Feet, Except as Noted)
Imports by Country of Origin
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
Algeria 2
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
10
11
84
253
86
37
55
131
36
24
0
0
17
42
84
64
43
82
51
18
35
66
69
76
47
65
27
53
120
97
17
77
0
0
0
0
Canada 3
0
0
11
109
405
779
948
954
997
881
1,001
797
762
783
712
755
926
749
993
1,276
1,339
1,448
1,710
2,094
2,267
2,566
2,816
2,883
2,899
3,052
3,368
3,544
3,729
3,785
3,437
3,607
3,700
3,590
3,783
3,589
3,271
R3,280
3,102
Egypt 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
73
120
115
55
160
73
35
Mexico 3
0
0
(s)
47
52
41
0
0
2
0
0
102
105
95
75
52
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
7
7
14
17
15
55
12
10
2
0
0
9
13
54
43
28
30
3
Nigeria 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
38
8
50
12
8
57
95
12
13
42
2
Qatar 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
46
23
35
14
12
3
0
18
3
13
46
91
Trinidad
and Tobago 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
51
99
98
151
378
462
439
389
448
267
236
190
129
Other 2,4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
12
17
17
21
14
8
11
46
11
0
18
15
29
81
92
Net imports equal imports minus exports.

As liquefied natural gas.
By pipeline, except for very small amounts of liquefied natural gas imported from Canada in 1973,
1977, and 1981, and exported to Mexico beginning in 1998.
4 Australia in 19972001 and 2004; Brunei in 2002; Equatorial Guinea in 2007; Indonesia in 1986 and
2000; Malaysia in 1999 and 20022005; Norway in 2008 forward; Oman in 20002005; Peru in 2010 and
2011; United Arab Emirates in 19962000; Yemen in 2010 and 2011; and Other (unassigned) in 2004.
5 Brazil in 2010 and 2011; Chile in 2011; China in 2011; India in 2010 and 2011; Russia in 2007; South
Korea in 2009 forward; Spain in 2010 and 2011; and United Kingdom in 2010 and 2011.
6 Not meaningful because there were net exports during this year.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion cubic feet.
2
3
Net Imports 1
Exports by Country of Destination
Total
Canada 3
0
0
11
156
456
821
953
964
1,011
966
1,253
985
904
933
918
843
950
750
993
1,294
1,382
1,532
1,773
2,138
2,350
2,624
2,841
2,937
2,994
3,152
3,586
3,782
3,977
4,015
3,944
4,259
4,341
4,186
4,608
3,984
3,751
R3,741
3,453
(s)
3
11
6
18
11
10
8
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
9
3
20
38
17
15
68
45
53
28
52
56
40
39
73
167
189
271
395
358
341
482
559
701
R739
937
Japan 2
0
0
0
0
0
44
53
50
52
48
51
45
56
50
53
53
53
50
49
52
51
53
54
53
56
63
65
68
62
66
64
66
66
63
66
62
65
61
47
39
31
33
18
Mexico 3
20
23
20
6
8
15
9
7
4
4
4
4
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
17
16
60
96
40
47
61
34
38
53
61
106
141
263
343
397
305
322
292
365
338
333
500
Other 2,5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
3
32
52
Total
Total
20
26
31
11
26
70
73
65
56
53
56
49
59
52
55
55
55
61
54
74
107
86
129
216
140
162
154
153
157
159
163
244
373
516
680
854
729
724
822
963
1,072
R1,137
1,507
-20
-26
-20
144
430
751
880
899
955
913
1,198
936
845
882
864
788
894
689
939
1,220
1,275
1,447
1,644
1,921
2,210
2,462
2,687
2,784
2,837
2,993
3,422
3,538
3,604
3,499
3,264
3,404
3,612
3,462
3,785
3,021
2,679
R2,604
1,946
Percent of U.S.
Consumption
(6)
(6)
(6)
1.2
2.8
3.6
4.5
4.5
4.9
4.7
5.9
4.7
4.4
4.9
5.1
4.4
5.2
4.2
5.5
6.8
6.7
7.5
8.4
9.5
10.6
11.6
12.1
12.3
12.5
13.5
15.3
15.2
16.2
15.2
14.7
15.2
16.4
16.0
16.4
13.0
11.7
R11.0
8.0
Sources: Percent of U.S. Consumption: Calculated by dividing natural gas net imports by total natural
gas consumptionsee Table 6.1. All Other Data: 1949-1954U.S. Energy Information Administration
(EIA) estimates based on Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Natural Gas" chapter. 1955-1971EIA,
Federal Power Commission, by telephone. 1972-1987EIA, Form FPC-14, "Annual Report for
Importers and Exporters of Natural Gas."
1988-2009EIA, Natural Gas Annual, annual reports.
2010 and 2011EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (March 2012), Tables 4 and 5.
183
Figure 6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Natural Gas Well Productivity, 1960-2011
Gross Withdrawals by Location
Number of Producing Wells
35
600
500
25
400
Thousands
Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative)
30
20
Offshore
15
200
Onshore
10
100
5
0
1960
300
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
0
1960
2010
Gross Withdrawals by State and Federal Gulf of Mexico
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Natural Gas Well Average Productivity

500
15
10
Texas
Louisiana
5
Federal
GOM
Oklahoma
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
400
300
200
100
0
1960
2010
Through 1996, includes gross withdrawals in Federal offshore areas of the Gulf of Mexico;
beginning in 1997, these are included in Federal Gulf of Mexico.
184
Thousand Cubic Feet per Day per Well
Trillion Cubic Feet
Other States
1965
1970
1975
Gulf of Mexico.
Source: Table 6.4.
1980
1985
Table 6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Natural Gas Well Productivity, Selected Years, 1960-2011
Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals From Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Coalbed, and Shale Gas Wells
Texas 1
Louisiana 1
Year
1960
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Oklahoma
Other
States 1
Federal
Gulf of
Mexico 2
Total
Onshore
Federal
Billion Cubic Feet

6,965
7,741
7,935
8,292
8,566
8,915
9,399
9,519
9,550
9,290
8,859
7,989
7,666
7,496
6,988
7,594
7,656
7,452
6,976
6,429
6,712
6,577
6,656
6,688
6,919
6,881
6,907
6,846
6,708
6,817
6,912
6,873
7,028
15,730
5,799
5,575
5,723
5,752
5,661
5,791
5,734
6,007
6,326
6,961
7,801
7,654
R7,594
P7,931
3,313
4,764
5,365
6,087
6,778
7,561
8,076
8,319
8,160
8,491
7,920
7,242
7,143
7,351
7,639
7,359
7,008
6,830
6,217
5,379
5,888
5,218
4,965
5,205
5,248
5,143
5,303
5,100
4,977
5,047
5,226
5,163
5,351
11,538
1,579
1,599
1,485
1,525
1,382
1,378
1,377
1,310
1,378
1,383
1,388
1,559
R2,218
P3,060
1,133
1,414
1,502
1,621
1,607
1,742
1,811
1,809
1,928
1,890
1,757
1,721
1,842
1,888
1,892
1,958
2,019
2,019
1,985
1,780
2,046
1,993
1,972
2,073
2,167
2,237
2,258
2,154
2,017
2,050
1,935
1,812
1,735
1,704
1,669
1,594
1,613
1,615
1,582
1,558
1,656
1,639
1,689
1,784
1,887
R1,902
1,827
P1,899
3,677
4,044
4,232
4,252
4,375
4,462
4,501
4,442
4,378
4,396
4,314
4,152
4,293
4,362
4,790
4,973
5,187
5,287
5,094
5,071
5,620
5,818
5,538
6,174
6,665
6,813
7,054
7,651
8,429
8,812
9,508
9,896
9,999
19,999
9,950
10,002
10,386
10,542
10,769
10,944
11,202
11,350
11,227
11,723
12,231
12,499
R12,938
P13,855
Natural Gas Well Productivity
Offshore
State
Total
Total
Gross WithProducing
drawals From
Wells 4
Natural Gas Wells 3
Billion Cubic Feet

(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
5,242
5,110
5,053
4,968
5,066
4,548
4,447
4,001
3,151
2,914
2,813
2,330
2,444
2,259
P1,830
15,088
17,963
19,034
20,252
21,325
22,679
23,786
24,088
24,016
24,067
22,850
21,104
20,944
21,097
21,309
21,883
21,870
21,587
20,272
18,659
20,267
19,607
19,131
20,140
20,999
21,074
21,523
21,750
22,132
22,726
23,581
23,744
24,114
24,213
24,108
23,823
24,174
24,501
23,941
24,119
23,970
23,457
23,535
24,664
25,636
R26,057
R26,836
P28,576
14,815
17,318
18,026
19,065
19,801
20,725
21,368
21,311
20,978
20,856
19,335
17,555
17,348
17,165
R16,197
R16,280
R16,220
R15,894
R14,806
R13,924
R15,046
R14,975
R14,542
R15,062
R15,818
R15,843
R16,013
R16,442
R16,808
R17,352
R17,880
R18,312
R18,270
R18,306
R18,308
R18,133
R18,474
R18,685
R18,629
R18,903
R19,233
R19,567
R19,951
R21,187
R22,608
R22,985
R23,960
E26,152
1 Through 1996, includes gross withdrawals in Federal offshore areas of the Gulf of Mexico; beginning
in 1997, these are included in "Federal Gulf of Mexico."
2 Gross withdrawals from Federal offshore areas of the Gulf of Mexico. Through 1996, these gross
withdrawals are included in "Texas," "Louisiana," and "Other States."
3 Beginning in 2007, includes natural gas gross withdrawals from coalbed wells, and beginning in 2008,
from shale gas wells.
4 As of December 31.
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#naturalgas for all data beginning in
1960. For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/.
Sources: Total (Gross Withdrawals): 1960-2006U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA),
273
646
1,007
1,187
1,524
1,954
2,419
2,777
3,039
3,212
3,515
3,549
3,596
3,932
4,356
4,822
4,902
4,991
4,773
4,182
4,707
4,186
4,186
4,672
4,747
4,771
5,047
4,850
4,772
4,766
4,996
4,942
5,246
5,316
5,185
5,131
5,044
5,137
4,615
4,505
4,055
3,205
2,955
2,859
2,375
2,485
2,300
E1,868
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
756
781
748
703
693
553
513
446
403
406
434
460
463
459
552
607
704
490
597
591
615
559
656
679
697
710
681
685
630
618
654
587
576
E556
Billion Cubic Feet

273
646
1,007
1,187
1,524
1,954
2,419
2,777
3,039
3,212
3,515
3,549
3,596
3,932
R5,111
R5,603
R5,650
R5,693
R5,466
R4,735
R5,220
R4,632
R4,589
R5,078
R5,181
R5,231
R5,509
R5,308
R5,324
R5,373
R5,701
R5,432
R5,844
R5,906
R5,801
R5,689
R5,699
R5,816
R5,312
R5,216
R4,736
R3,890
R3,584
R3,477
R3,029
R3,072
R2,876
E2,424
15,088
17,963
19,034
20,252
21,325
22,679
23,786
24,088
24,016
24,067
22,850
21,104
20,944
21,097
21,309
21,883
21,870
21,587
20,272
18,659
20,267
19,607
19,131
20,140
20,999
21,074
21,523
21,750
22,132
22,726
23,581
23,744
24,114
24,213
24,108
23,823
24,174
24,501
23,941
24,119
23,970
23,457
23,535
24,664
25,636
R26,057
R26,836
P28,576
10,853
13,524
13,894
15,345
16,540
17,489
18,595
18,925
19,043
19,372
18,669
17,380
17,191
17,416
17,394
18,034
17,573
17,337
15,809
14,153
15,513
14,535
14,154
14,807
15,467
15,709
16,054
16,018
16,165
16,691
17,351
17,282
17,737
17,844
17,729
17,590
17,726
18,129
17,795
17,882
17,885
17,472
17,996
3,R18,845
R19,889
R20,245
R20,841
E22,378
Average
Productivity
Thousands
Thousand Cubic Feet

Per Day Per Well
91
112
112
112
114
114
117
119
121
124
126
130
138
148
157
170
182
199
211
222
234
243
242
249
257
262
R270
R277
R276
282
292
299
302
311
317
302
342
373
388
393
406
426
441
453
477
493
R488
E504
326.7
331.8
338.4
374.3
395.1
418.6
433.6
434.8
429.4
427.4
404.9
365.3
341.5
323.1
302.7
290.8
263.8
238.9
205.5
174.7
181.2
163.6
160.6
162.8
164.3
164.0
R163.0
R158.4
R160.0
162.1
162.9
158.6
160.6
157.2
153.3
159.4
141.7
133.1
125.7
124.6
120.3
112.4
111.9
R114.0
R114.0
R112.5
R117.1
E121.5
Natural Gas Annual (NGA), annual reports. 2007 forwardEIA, Natural Gas Monthly (March 2012),
Table 1. Total (Offshore): 1960-1981U.S. Geological Survey. 1982-1985U.S. Minerals
Management Service, Mineral RevenuesThe 1989 Report on Receipts from Federal and Indian Leases,
and predecessor annual reports. 1986-2010EIA, NGA, annual reports 2011Calculated as total
gross withdrawals minus onshore withdrawals.
State (Offshore) and Federal (Offshore):
1960-2010EIA, NGA, annual reports. 2011EIA estimates based on Bureau of Safety and
Environmental Enforcement and State reports and websites. Average Productivity: Calculated as gross
withdrawals from natural gas wells divided by the number of producing wells, and then divided by the
number of days in the year. All Other Data: 1960-1966Bureau of Mines, Natural Gas Production and
Consumption. 1967-2010EIA, NGA, annual reports and unpublished revisions. 2011EIA
estimates based on previous years data.
185
Figure 6.5
Natural Gas Consumption by Sector
12
Trillion Cubic Feet
10
Industrial1, 2
Electric Power3
Residential
4
Commercial1
2
Transportation4
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
By Sector, 2011
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
10
75
1950
8.2
7.6
50
6
4.7
4
3.2
33
25
21
31
19
13
11
0.7
2
0
Residential
Commercial
Industrial1, 2 Transportation 4
186
0
Electric
Power3

Lease and plant fuel, and other industrial.
3
2
2011
59
Percent
Trillion Cubic Feet
2010
Residential
Commercial
Industrial1, 2
Transportation
Electric
Power3
Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines (primarily in compressors), and as fuel in
the delivery of natural gas to consumers; plus a small quantity used as vehicle fuel.
Source: Table 6.5.
Table 6.5 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011

Commercial Sector
Industrial Sector
Other Industrial
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Residential
Sector
CHP 2
Other 3
Total
Lease and
Plant Fuel
CHP 4
993
1,198
2,124
3,103
3,903
4,837
4,924
5,051
4,821
4,903
4,965
4,752
4,546
4,633
4,381
4,555
4,433
4,314
4,315
4,630
4,781
4,391
4,556
4,690
4,956
4,848
4,850
5,241
4,984
4,520
4,726
4,996
4,771
4,889
5,079
4,869
4,827
4,368
4,722
4,892
R4,779
R4,787
4,735
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
30
46
52
62
65
72
78
82
87
87
84
85
79
74
58
72
68
68
70
66
76
R86
81
348
388
629
1,020
1,444
2,399
2,508
2,668
2,501
2,601
2,786
2,611
2,520
2,606
2,433
2,524
2,432
2,318
2,430
2,670
2,688
2,576
2,676
2,740
2,796
2,823
2,953
3,076
3,128
2,912
2,961
3,098
2,944
3,070
3,121
3,057
2,931
2,764
2,943
3,086
3,043
R3,016
3,080
348
388
629
1,020
1,444
2,399
2,508
2,668
2,501
2,601
2,786
2,611
2,520
2,606
2,433
2,524
2,432
2,318
2,430
2,670
2,718
2,623
2,729
2,803
2,862
2,895
3,031
3,158
3,215
2,999
3,045
3,182
3,023
3,144
3,179
3,129
2,999
2,832
3,013
3,153
3,119
R3,102
3,161
835
928
1,131
1,237
1,156
1,399
1,396
1,634
1,659
1,648
1,499
1,026
928
1,109
978
1,077
966
923
1,149
1,096
1,070
1,236
1,129
1,171
1,172
1,124
1,220
1,250
1,203
1,173
1,079
1,151
1,119
1,113
1,122
1,098
1,112
1,142
1,226
1,220
1,275
R1,282
1,383
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
914
1,055
1,061
1,107
1,124
1,176
1,258
1,289
1,282
1,355
1,401
1,386
1,310
1,240
1,144
1,191
1,084
1,115
1,050
955
990
R1,029
1,024
Non-CHP 5
2,245
2,498
3,411
4,535
5,955
7,851
6,968
6,964
6,815
6,757
6,899
7,172
7,128
5,831
5,643
6,154
5,901
5,579
5,953
6,383
115,903
115,963
116,170
116,420
6,576
6,613
6,906
7,146
7,229
6,965
6,678
6,757
6,035
R6,287
6,007
R6,066
R5,518
R5,412
R5,604
R5,715
R5,178
R5,488
5,746
Total
Total
Pipelines
and Distribution 7
2,245
2,498
3,411
4,535
5,955
7,851
6,968
6,964
6,815
6,757
6,899
7,172
7,128
5,831
5,643
6,154
5,901
5,579
5,953
6,383
116,816
117,018
117,231
117,527
7,700
7,790
8,164
8,435
8,511
8,320
8,079
8,142
7,344
R7,527
7,150
R7,256
R6,601
R6,527
R6,655
R6,670
6,167
R6,517
6,769
3,081
3,426
4,542
5,771
7,112
9,249
8,365
8,598
8,474
8,405
8,398
8,198
8,055
6,941
6,621
7,231
6,867
6,502
7,103
7,479
7,886
8,255
8,360
8,698
8,872
8,913
9,384
9,685
9,714
9,493
9,158
9,293
8,463
R8,640
8,273
R8,354
R7,713
R7,669
R7,881
R7,890
R7,443
R7,800
8,153
NA
126
245
347
501
722
583
548
533
530
601
635
642
596
490
529
504
485
519
614
629
660
601
588
624
685
700
711
751
635
645
642
625
667
591
566
584
584
621
648
R670
R669
686
Electric utility CHP plants are included in "Electricity Only."
plants.
3 All commercial sector fuel use other than that in "Commercial CHP."
5 All industrial sector fuel use other than that in "Lease and Plant Fuel" and "Industrial CHP."
6 Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily in compressors.
7 Natural gas used as fuel in the delivery of natural gas to consumers.
8 Vehicle fuel data do not reflect revised data shown in Table 10.5. See Note 4, "Natural Gas Vehicle
Fuel," at end of section.
9 Included in "Commercial Other."
10 Included in "Industrial Non-CHP."
11 For 19891992, a small amount of consumption at independent power producers may be counted in
both "Other Industrial" and "Electric Power Sector." See Note 3, "Natural Gas Consumption, 19891992,"
at end of section.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion cubic feet.
Notes: Data are for natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels. See Note 1,
Vehicle
Fuel 8
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
2
3
3
5
6
8
9
12
13
15
15
18
21
23
24
25
26
R27
R31
33
Total
NA
126
245
347
501
722
583
548
533
530
601
635
642
596
490
529
504
485
519
614
629
660
602
590
627
689
705
718
760
645
657
655
640
682
610
587
607
608
646
674
R697
R700
718
Electricity
Only
550
629
1,153
1,725
2,321
3,932
3,158
3,081
3,191
3,188
3,491
3,682
3,640
3,226
2,911
3,111
3,044
2,602
2,844
2,636
112,791
112,794
112,822
112,829
2,755
3,065
3,288
2,824
3,039
3,544
3,729
4,093
4,164
4,258
3,780
4,142
4,592
5,091
5,612
5,520
5,751
R6,239
6,440
CHP
Total
Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
11315
11451
11494
11619
718
838
949
983
1,026
1,044
1,090
1,114
1,178
1,413
1,355
1,322
1,277
1,131
1,230
1,148
1,122
R1,148
1,162
550
629
1,153
1,725
2,321
3,932
3,158
3,081
3,191
3,188
3,491
3,682
3,640
3,226
2,911
3,111
3,044
2,602
2,844
2,636
113,105
113,245
113,316
113,448
3,473
3,903
4,237
3,807
4,065
4,588
4,820
5,206
5,342
5,672
5,135
5,464
5,869
6,222
6,841
6,668
6,873
R7,387
7,602
4,971
5,767
8,694
11,967
15,280
21,139
19,538
19,946
19,521
19,627
20,241
19,877
19,404
18,001
16,835
17,951
17,281
16,221
17,211
18,030
1119,119
1119,174
1119,562
1120,228
20,790
21,247
22,207
22,609
22,737
22,246
22,405
23,333
22,239
R23,027
22,277
R22,403
R22,014
R21,699
R23,104
R23,277
R22,910
R23,775
24,369
"Supplemental Gaseous Fuels," at end of section. See Tables 8.5a8.5d for the amount of natural gas
used to produce electricity and Tables 8.6a8.6c for the amount of natural gas used to produce useful
thermal output. See Note 2, "Natural Gas Consumption," at end of section. Beginning with 1965, all
volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 F. For prior years, the pressure base was
14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 F. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Sources: Residential, Commercial Total, Lease and Plant Fuel, Other Industrial Total, and
Pipelines and Distribution: 1949-2006U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas
Annual (NGA), annual reports and unpublished revisions. 2007 forwardEIA, Natural Gas Monthly
(NGM) (March 2012), Table 2. Commercial CHP and Industrial CHP: Table 8.7c. Vehicle Fuel: 1990
and 1991EIA, NGA 2000 (November 2001), Table 95. 1992-1998EIA, "Alternatives to Traditional
Transportation Fuels 1999" (October 1999), Table 10, and "Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels
2003" (February 2004), Table 10. Data for compressed natural gas and liquefied natural gas in
gasoline-equivalent gallons were converted to cubic feet by multiplying by the motor gasoline conversion
factor (see Table A3) and dividing by the natural gas end-use sectors conversion factor (see Table A4).
1999-2006EIA, NGA, annual reports. 2007 forwardEIA, NGM (March 2012), Table 2. Electric
Power Sector: Tables 8.5b, 8.5c, 8.6b, and 8.7b. All Other Data: Calculated.
187
Figure 6.6
Natural Gas Underground Storage, End of Year
Total (Base Gas and Working Gas) Underground Storage,

1954-2011
Underground Storage Capacity, 1975-2011
8
Trillion Cubic Feet
10
Trillion Cubic Feet
10
0
1975
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Base Gas and Working Gas in Underground Storage, 1954-2011

5
Base Gas1
Trillion Cubic Feet
4
Working Gas1
3
0
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
Working-gas and base-gas data were not collected in 1959, 1960, and 1961.
188
1980
1985
1990
Source: Table 6.6.
1995
2000
2005
2010
Table 6.6 Natural Gas Underground Storage, Selected Years, End of Year 1954-2011
Natural Gas in Underground Storage
Year
1954
1955
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
2
3
Salt Caverns
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
44
60
64
67
67
69
70
77
75
76
72
78
77
80
86
116
135
142
Base Gas 1
Working Gas
Total
Other Than
Salt Caverns 2
Total
Salt Caverns
Other Than
Salt Caverns 2
Total
Salt Caverns
Other Than
Salt Caverns 2
Total
Natural Gas
Underground
Storage
Capacity 3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,317
4,290
4,277
4,283
4,259
4,314
4,282
4,224
4,265
4,227
4,129
4,122
4,134
4,154
4,146
4,161
R4,166
4,163
817
863
NA
NA
1,571
1,738
1,781
1,848
1,958
2,058
2,128
2,181
2,326
2,485
2,751
2,864
2,912
3,162
3,323
3,391
3,473
3,553
3,642
3,752
3,808
3,847
3,830
3,842
3,819
3,792
3,800
3,812
3,868
3,954
4,044
4,327
4,360
4,349
4,341
4,350
4,326
4,383
4,352
4,301
4,340
4,303
4,201
4,200
4,211
4,234
4,232
4,277
R4,301
4,305
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
70
72
85
83
104
100
72
115
102
125
98
123
144
123
154
186
R220
308
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,536
2,082
2,087
2,092
2,626
2,423
1,647
2,789
2,273
2,438
2,598
2,513
2,926
2,756
2,686
2,944
R2,891
3,154
465
505
NA
NA
933
1,007
1,159
1,242
1,267
1,318
1,366
1,421
1,678
1,840
1,729
2,034
2,050
2,212
1,926
2,475
2,547
2,753
2,655
2,817
3,071
2,595
2,876
2,607
2,749
2,756
2,850
2,513
3,068
2,824
2,597
2,322
2,606
2,153
2,173
2,175
2,730
2,523
1,719
2,904
2,375
2,563
2,696
2,635
3,070
2,879
2,840
3,130
R3,111
3,462
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
113
131
149
150
171
169
142
191
177
201
170
201
222
203
240
302
R355
451
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6,853
6,371
6,364
6,375
6,884
6,738
5,929
7,013
6,539
6,665
6,727
6,635
7,059
6,910
6,832
7,105
R7,057
7,317
1,281
1,368
2,184
2,344
2,504
2,745
2,940
3,090
3,225
3,376
3,495
3,602
4,004
4,325
4,480
4,898
4,962
5,374
5,250
5,866
6,020
6,306
6,297
6,569
6,879
6,442
6,706
6,448
6,567
6,548
6,650
6,325
6,936
6,778
6,641
6,649
6,966
6,503
6,513
6,525
7,056
6,906
6,071
7,204
6,715
6,866
6,897
6,835
7,281
7,113
7,073
7,407
7,412
7,767
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6,280
6,544
6,678
6,890
6,929
7,434
7,805
7,915
7,985
8,043
8,087
8,145
8,124
8,124
8,120
7,794
7,993
7,932
7,989
8,043
7,953
7,980
8,332
8,179
8,229
8,241
8,415
8,207
8,206
8,255
8,268
8,330
8,402
8,499
8,656
R8,764
8,776
Includes native gas.

Depleted fields, aquifers, and other types of storage not using salt formations.
Includes both active and inactive fields.
Notes: Beginning with 1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60 F. For
prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60 F. Totals may not equal sum of components due

Sources: 1954-1974American Gas Association, Gas Facts. 1975-1978Federal Energy
Administration, Form FEA-G318-M-O, "Underground Gas Storage Report," and Federal Power
Commission, Form FPC-8, "Underground Gas Storage Report." 1979-1984U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA), Form EIA-191, "Underground Gas Storage Report," and Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission, Form FERC-8, "Underground Gas Storage Report."
1985-2009EIA, Natural Gas
Monthly (NGM), monthly reports, and Natural Gas Annual, annual reports. 2010 and 2011EIA, NGM
(March 2012), Tables 8, 10, and 11, and Form EIA-191M, "Monthly Underground Gas Storage Report."
189
Figure 6.7
Natural Gas Wellhead, Citygate, and Imports Prices
Wellhead, Citygate, and Imports, 2011
Wellhead, Citygate, and Imports, 1949-2011

12
5.62
Nominal Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet
4.23
4
3.95
6
Imports
Citygate
3
Wellhead
0
Wellhead
Citygate
Imports
1950
Wellhead, 1949-2011
1960
1970
Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet
4
Real
2
2000
2010
Real
Nominal
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010

1975
1980
1985
Source: Table 6.7.
190
1990
12
Nominal
1980
Imports, 1972-2011
10
Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Table 6.7 Natural Gas Wellhead, Citygate, and Imports Prices, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet)
Wellhead 1
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
1
Citygate 2
Nominal 3
Real 4
Nominal 3
Real 4
Nominal 3
Real 4
0.06
.07
.10
.14
.16
.17
.44
.58
.79
.91
1.18
1.59
1.98
2.46
2.59
2.66
2.51
1.94
1.67
1.69
1.69
1.71
1.64
1.74
2.04
1.85
1.55
2.17
2.32
1.96
2.19
3.68
4.00
2.95
4.88
5.46
7.33
6.39
6.25
7.97
3.67
R4.48
E3.95
0.41
.48
.60
.75
.80
.70
1.31
1.63
2.09
2.25
R2.69
3.33
3.79
4.44
R4.49
4.45
R4.07
3.08
2.58
2.52
2.43
2.37
2.19
2.27
2.61
R2.31
1.90
2.61
2.74
2.29
2.52
4.15
4.41
3.20
R5.18
5.64
7.33
6.19
5.88
7.34
3.34
R4.04
E3.48
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3.95
3.75
3.22
2.87
2.92
3.01
3.03
2.90
3.01
3.21
3.07
2.78
3.27
3.66
3.07
3.10
4.62
5.72
4.12
5.85
6.65
8.67
8.61
8.16
9.18
R6.48
R6.18
P5.62
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
R6.60
R6.08
R5.11
4.43
4.36
4.33
R4.19
3.88
3.93
4.10
3.84
3.41
R3.93
R4.32
3.59
3.57
5.21
R6.30
4.47
R6.21
6.87
8.67
8.34
7.68
8.45
R5.91
5.57
P4.96
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.21
1.72
1.98
2.13
2.49
4.28
4.88
5.03
4.78
4.08
3.21
2.43
1.95
1.84
1.82
1.94
1.83
1.85
2.03
1.87
1.49
1.97
2.17
1.97
2.24
3.95
4.43
3.15
5.17
5.81
8.12
6.88
6.87
8.70
4.19
4.52
P4.23
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
R3.60
R4.84
5.24
5.27
5.69
8.96
9.34
R9.07
R8.29
R6.82
5.21
3.86
3.01
R2.74
2.62
R2.68
2.45
2.42
R2.59
2.34
1.83
2.37
R2.56
2.30
2.58
R4.45
R4.88
3.42
5.49
6.00
8.12
6.66
R6.47
8.01
3.82
R4.07
P3.73
See "Natural Gas Wellhead Price" in Glossary.

See "Citygate" in Glossary.
data. See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#naturalgas for all annual data beginning in 1949.
2
Imports
See http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/ for related information.

Sources: Wellhead and Citygate: 1949-2006U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural
Gas Annual (NGA), annual reports. 2007 forwardEIA, Natural Gas Monthly (NGM) (March 2012),
Table 3. Imports: 1972 and 1973Federal Power Commission (FPC), Pipeline Imports and Exports of
Natural GasImports and Exports of LNG. 1974-1976FPC, United States Imports and Exports of
Natural Gas, annual reports. 1977-2009EIA, NGA, annual reports. 2010 and 2011EIA, NGM
(March 2012), Tables 3 and 4.
191
Figure 6.8
Natural Gas Prices by Sector

Real6 Prices, Indexed, 1980-2011
Nominal Prices, 2011

12
2.00
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Electric Power
10.80
8.86
1.50
Index: 1980=1.00
6
5.02
4.87
1.00
0.50
0
Residential
Commercial
Industrial 4
0.00
1980
Electric
Power5
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Real (2005) 6 Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet
Real6 Prices, 1967-2011

14
12
10
Residential
Commercial
6
Vehicle Fuel
Industrial
Electric Power
2
0
1970
1975

Based on 95.7 percent of volume delivered.
3
4
2
192
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Based on 101.2 percent of volume delivered. For an explanation of values over 100 percent,
see Table 6.8, footnote 8.
6
In chained (2005) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in
Table D1. See Chained Dollars in Glossary.
Source: Table 6.8.
Table 6.8 Natural Gas Prices by Sector, Selected Years, 1967-2011

(Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet, Except as Noted)
Commercial Sector 1
Residential Sector
Prices
Year
1967
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Nominal 5
1.04
1.09
1.71
1.98
2.35
2.56
2.98
3.68
4.29
5.17
6.06
6.12
6.12
5.83
5.54
5.47
5.64
5.80
5.82
5.89
6.16
6.41
6.06
6.34
6.94
6.82
6.69
7.76
9.63
7.89
9.63
10.75
12.70
13.73
13.08
13.89
12.14
R11.39
10.80
Real 6
R4.92
4.48
5.09
R5.57
R6.22
R6.33
R6.80
R7.70
8.21
R9.32
R10.51
R10.23
R9.93
9.26
8.55
R8.16
8.11
8.03
7.78
R7.69
7.87
R8.02
7.43
R7.62
R8.20
R7.97
R7.70
8.75
R10.61
R8.56
10.23
11.11
12.70
13.30
12.31
12.79
R11.06
R10.26
9.53
Percentage
of
Sector 7
Nominal 5
Prices
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
99.9
99.2
99.2
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.0
99.0
98.8
97.7
95.2
92.6
92.4
97.9
97.5
97.7
R98.1
98.1
98.0
97.5
97.4
R97.4
95.7
0.74
.77
1.35
1.64
2.04
2.23
2.73
3.39
4.00
4.82
5.59
5.55
5.50
5.08
4.77
4.63
4.74
4.83
4.81
4.88
5.22
5.44
5.05
5.40
5.80
5.48
5.33
6.59
8.43
6.63
8.40
9.43
11.34
12.00
11.34
12.23
10.06
R9.47
8.86
Real 6
3.50
R3.16
4.02
4.62
5.40
5.52
R6.23
R7.09
R7.65
R8.69
9.70
R9.28
R8.92
R8.06
R7.36
6.91
R6.81
R6.68
6.43
R6.37
6.67
6.81
6.19
R6.49
R6.85
R6.40
6.14
7.43
R9.29
R7.19
R8.92
9.74
11.34
11.62
R10.68
11.26
R9.17
R8.53
7.82
Industrial Sector 2
Prices
Percentage
of
Sector 7
Nominal 5
Real 6
Percentage
of
Sector 7
Nominal 5
Real 6
Nominal 5
Real 6
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
93.1
90.7
89.1
86.6
85.1
83.2
83.9
79.3
76.7
77.6
70.8
67.0
66.1
63.9
66.0
77.4
78.2
78.0
82.1
80.8
80.4
79.9
77.8
R77.5
62.3
0.34
.37
.96
1.24
1.50
1.70
1.99
2.56
3.14
3.87
4.18
4.22
3.95
3.23
2.94
2.95
2.96
2.93
2.69
2.84
3.07
3.05
2.71
3.42
3.59
3.14
3.12
4.45
5.24
4.02
5.89
6.53
8.56
7.87
7.68
9.65
5.33
R5.49
5.02
1.61
1.52
2.86
3.49
3.97
R4.20
R4.54
5.36
6.01
6.98
R7.25
R7.05
6.41
5.13
4.54
4.40
R4.25
R4.05
3.60
3.71
3.92
3.82
3.32
R4.11
R4.24
3.67
R3.59
5.02
5.78
4.36
6.26
6.75
8.56
7.62
7.23
R8.89
4.86
R4.95
4.43
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
85.1
80.7
74.7
68.8
59.8
47.4
42.6
36.9
35.2
32.7
30.3
29.7
25.5
24.5
19.4
18.1
16.1
18.8
19.8
20.8
22.7
22.1
R23.6
R24.0
23.4
22.2
20.5
18.8
R18.0
16.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4.17
3.39
3.96
4.05
4.27
4.11
3.98
4.34
4.44
4.59
4.34
5.54
6.60
5.10
6.19
7.16
9.14
8.72
8.50
11.75
8.13
R6.25
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
R5.99
R4.69
R5.29
5.29
R5.45
R5.14
4.88
5.22
5.25
R5.36
5.00
R6.24
R7.27
R5.53
R6.57
7.40
9.14
8.45
R8.01
10.82
7.41
R5.63
NA
0.28
.29
.77
1.06
1.32
1.48
1.81
2.27
2.89
3.48
3.58
3.70
3.55
2.43
2.32
2.33
2.43
2.38
2.18
2.36
2.61
2.28
2.02
2.69
2.78
2.40
2.62
4.38
4.61
33.68
5.57
6.11
8.47
7.11
7.31
9.26
4.93
R5.27
4.87
R1.32

plants.
electric utilities only; beginning in 2002, data are for electric utilities and independent power producers. See
Note 5, "Coverage of Electric Power Sector Natural Gas Prices," at end of section.
4 Much of the natural gas delivered for vehicle fuel represents deliveries to fueling stations that are used
primarily or exclusively by fleet vehicles. Thus, the prices are often those associated with the cost of gas in
the operation of fleet vehicles.
7 The percentage of the sectors consumption in Table 6.5 for which price data are available.
8 Percentages exceed 100 percent when reported natural gas receipts are greater than reported natural
gas consumptionthis can occur when combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants report fuel receipts related
to non-electric generating activities.
Notes: Prices are for natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels. The average
for each end-use sector is calculated by dividing the total value of the natural gas consumed by each sector
Vehicle Fuel Prices
Prices
1.19
2.29
R2.98
R3.49
3.66
R4.13
4.75
5.53
R6.27
6.21
6.19
R5.76
3.86
3.58
3.48
R3.49
R3.29
R2.91
3.08
R3.33
2.85
2.48
R3.23
R3.28
R2.80
3.02
4.94
R5.08
33.99
5.92
6.31
8.47
6.89
6.88
8.53
R4.49
4.75
4.30
Percentage
of
Sector 7,8
NA
NA
96.1
96.2
97.1
98.0
96.1
96.9
97.6
92.6
93.9
94.4
94.0
91.7
91.6
89.6
79.6
76.8
79.3
76.5
74.1
73.4
71.4
68.4
68.0
63.7
58.3
50.5
40.2
383.9
91.2
89.8
91.3
93.4
92.2
101.1
101.1
R100.8
101.2
by the total quantity consumed. Prices are intended to include all taxes. See Note 2, "Classification of
Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of Section 8.
data. See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#naturalgas for all annual data beginning in 1967.
See http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/ for related information.
Sources: Residential Percentage of Sector: 1989-2006U.S. Energy Information Administration
(EIA), Form EIA-176, "Annual Report of Natural and Supplemental Gas Supply and Disposition."
2007 forwardEIA, Natural Gas Monthly (NGM) (March 2012), Table 3. Vehicle Fuel: EIA, Natural Gas
Annual (NGA), annual reports. Electric Power Percentage of Sector: 1973-2001Calculated by EIA
as the quantity of natural gas receipts by electric utilities reported on Form FERC-423, "Monthly Report of
Cost and Quantity of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants" (and predecessor forms), divided by the quantity of
natural gas consumed by the electric power sector (for 1973-1988, see Table 8.5b; for 1989-2001, see
Table 8.7b). 2002-2007Calculated by EIA as the quantity of natural gas receipts by electric utilities and
independent power producers reported on Forms FERC-423, "Monthly Report of Cost and Quantity of
Fuels for Electric Utility Plants," and EIA-423, "Monthly Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Plants Report,"
divided by the quantity of natural gas consumed by the electric power sector (see Table 8.7b). 2008
forwardCalculated by EIA as the quantity of natural gas receipts by electric utilities and independent
power producers reported on Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report," divided by the quantity of
natural gas consumed by the electric power sector (see Table 8.7b). All Other Data: 1967-2006EIA,
NGA, annual reports. 2007 forwardEIA, NGM (March 2012), Table 3.
193
Natural Gas
Note 1. Supplemental Gaseous Fuels. Supplemental gaseous fuels are any
substances that, introduced into or commingled with natural gas, increase the
volume available for disposition. Such substances include, but are not limited to,
propane-air, refinery gas, coke oven gas, still gas, manufactured gas, biomass gas,
or air or inert gases added for British thermal unit (Btu) stabilization.
Annual data beginning with 1980 are from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual. Unknown quantities of supplemental gaseous fuels
are included in consumption data for 1979 and earlier years.
Although the total amount of supplemental gaseous fuels consumed is known for
1980 forward, the amount consumed by each energy-use sector is estimated by EIA.
These estimates are used to create natural gas (without supplemental gaseous fuels)
data for Tables 1.3, 2.1b, 2.1c, 2.1d, and 2.1f (note: to avoid double-counting in
these tables, supplemental gaseous fuels are accounted for in their primary energy
category: Coal, Petroleum, or Biomass). It is assumed that supplemental gaseous fuels are commingled with natural gas consumed by the residential, commercial,
other industrial, and electric power sectors, but are not commingled with natural gas
used for lease and plant fuel, pipelines and distribution, or vehicle fuel. The estimated
consumption of supplemental gaseous fuels by each sector (residential, commercial,
other industrial, and electric power) is calculated as that sectors natural gas consumption (see Table 6.5) divided by the sum of natural gas consumption by the residential,
commercial, other industrial, and electric power sectors (see Table 6.5), and then multiplied by total supplemental gaseous fuels consumption (see Table 6.1). For estimated sectoral consumption of supplemental gaseous fuels in Btu, the residential,
commercial, and other industrial values in cubic feet are multiplied by the End-Use
Sectors conversion factors (see Table A4), and the electric power values in cubic feet
are multiplied by the Electric Power Sector conversion factors (see Table A4).
Total supplemental gaseous fuels consumption in Btu is calculated as the sum of
the Btu values for the sectors.
Note 2. Natural Gas Consumption. Natural gas consumption statistics are
compiled from surveys of natural gas production, transmission, and distribution
companies and from surveys of electric power generation. Consumption by sector
from these surveys is compiled on a national and individual State basis and then
balanced with national and individual State supply data. Included in the data are the
following: Residential SectorConsumption by private households for space
heating, cooking, and other household uses; Commercial SectorConsumption by
nonmanufacturing establishments; government agencies; and, through 1995, those
engaged in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. The commercial sector includes
194
generators that produce electricity and/or useful thermal output primarily to support
the activities of the above-mentioned commercialestablishments; Industrial
SectorConsumption by establishments engaged primarily in processing unfinished materials into another form of product (including mining; petroleum refining;
manufacturing; and, beginning in 1996, agriculture, forestry, and fishing), and natural gas industry use for lease and plant fuel. The industrial sector includes generators that produce electricity and/or useful thermal output primarily to support the
above-mentioned industrial activities; Transportation SectorNatural gas transmission (pipeline) fuel, and natural gas delivered for use as vehicle fuel; and
Electric Power Sector (electric utilities and independent power
producers)Consumption for electricity generation and useful thermal output at
electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS
(North American Industry Classification System) 22 category whose primary
business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.
Note 3. Natural Gas Consumption, 1989-1992. Prior to 1993, deliveries to nonutility generators were not separately collected from natural gas companies on Form
EIA-176, Annual Report of Natural and Supplemental Gas Supply and
Disposition. As a result, for 1989-1992, those volumes are probably included in
both the industrial and electric power sectors and double-counted in total consumption. In 1993, 0.28 trillion cubic feet was reported as delivered to nonutility
generators.
Note 4. Natural Gas Vehicle Fuel. In Table 6.5, for 1992 forward, natural gas
vehicle fuel data do not reflect revised data shown in Table 10.5. These revisions,
in million cubic feet, are: 19922,112; 19932,860; 19943,222; 19954,619;
19966,111; 19978,393; 19989,416; 199910,398; 200011,461; 200113,788;
200215,872; 200317,484; 200421,487; 200522,578; 200623,317; 200724,256;
200825,659; 200926,936; and 2010 28,297.
Note 5. Coverage of Electric Power Sector Natural Gas Prices. For 1973-1982,
data for electric power sector natural gas prices include all electric utility plants at
which the generator nameplate capacity of all steam-electric units combined
totaled 25 megawatts or greater. For 1974-1982, peaking units are also included
and counted toward the 25-megawatt-or-greater total. For 1983-1990, data
include all electric utility plants at which the generator nameplate capacity of all
steam-electric units combined totaled 50 megawatts or greater. For 1991-2001,
data include all electric utility plants at which the generator nameplate capacity
of all steam-electric units and combined-cycle units together totaled 50 megawatts or greater. For 2002 forward, data include electric utility and independent
power producer plants at which the total facility fossil-fueled nameplate generating capacity is 50 or more megawatts, regardless of unit type.
7. Coal
Figure 7.0
Coal Flow, 2011

(Million Short Tons)
Notes: Production categories are estimated; all data are preliminary. Values are derived
from source data prior to rounding for publication. Totals may not equal sum of components
197
Figure 7.1 Coal Overview

Overview, 1949-2011
1,500
Million Short Tons
Production
1,000
Consumption
500
Net Exports
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
Overview, 2011
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Production as Share of Consumption by Major Source, 1949-2011

125
1,500
Coal
100
1,003
1,000
Percent
Million Short Tons
1,094
Natural Gas
75
50
500
Petroleum and Other Liquids
25
107
13
0
Production
Imports
0
Exports
Consumption
Dry natural gas production as share of natural gas consumption.

Petroleum and other liquids production as share of petroleum and other liquids estimated
consumption.
1950
1960
Sources: Tables 5.1a, 6.1, and 7.1.
198
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Table 7.1 Coal Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2011

Trade
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Production 1
480.6
560.4
490.8
434.3
527.0
612.7
654.6
684.9
697.2
670.2
781.1
829.7
823.8
838.1
782.1
895.9
883.6
890.3
918.8
950.3
980.7
1,029.1
996.0
997.5
945.4
1,033.5
1,033.0
1,063.9
1,089.9
1,117.5
1,100.4
1,073.6
11,127.7
1,094.3
1,071.8
1,112.1
1,131.5
1,162.7
1,146.6
1,171.8
1,074.9
R1,084.4
1,094.3
Waste Coal
Supplied 2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.4
3.3
4.0
6.3
8.1
8.2
8.6
8.8
8.1
8.7
8.7
9.1
10.1
9.1
10.0
11.3
13.4
14.4
14.1
14.1
13.7
R13.7
12.5
Imports
Exports
0.3
.4
.3
.3
.2
(s)
.9
1.2
1.6
3.0
2.1
1.2
1.0
.7
1.3
1.3
2.0
2.2
1.7
2.1
2.9
2.7
3.4
3.8
8.2
8.9
9.5
8.1
7.5
8.7
9.1
12.5
19.8
16.9
25.0
27.3
30.5
36.2
36.3
34.2
22.6
19.4
13.1
32.8
29.4
54.4
38.0
51.0
71.7
66.3
60.0
54.3
40.7
66.0
91.7
112.5
106.3
77.8
81.5
92.7
85.5
79.6
95.0
100.8
105.8
109.0
102.5
74.5
71.4
88.5
90.5
83.5
78.0
58.5
58.5
48.7
39.6
43.0
48.0
49.9
49.6
59.2
81.5
59.1
81.7
107.3
1 Beginning in 2001, includes a small amount of refuse recovery (coal recaptured from a refuse mine,
and cleaned to reduce the concentration of noncombustible materials).
2 Waste coal (including fine coal, coal obtained from a refuse bank or slurry dam, anthracite culm,
bituminous gob, and lignite waste) consumed by the electric power and industrial sectors. Beginning in
1989, waste coal supplied is counted as a supply-side item to balance the same amount of waste coal
included in "Consumption."
3 Net imports equal imports minus exports. Minus sign indicates exports are greater than imports.
4 Through 1972, excludes coal stocks at producers and distributors. For 1980-2007, excludes coal
stocks in the residential and commercial sectors.
5 A negative value indicates a decrease in stocks and a positive value indicates an increase.
6 The difference between calculated coal supply and disposition, due to coal quantities lost or to data
reporting problems.
7 In 1949, stock change is included in "Losses and Unaccounted for."
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons.
Net Imports 3
-32.5
-29.0
-54.1
-37.7
-50.8
-71.7
-65.4
-58.8
-52.7
-37.8
-64.0
-90.5
-111.5
-105.5
-76.5
-80.2
-90.7
-83.3
-77.9
-92.9
-98.0
-103.1
-105.6
-98.7
-66.3
-62.5
-79.1
-82.4
-76.1
-69.3
-49.4
-46.0
-28.9
-22.7
-18.0
-20.7
-19.5
-13.4
-22.8
-47.3
-36.5
-62.4
-94.2
Stock Change 4,5

(7)
Losses and
Unaccounted for 6
7-35.1
R27.8
R9.5
R-4.0
R-6.3
R-3.2
R1.7
R1.9
R2.2
R11.1
R6.6
32.2
8.5
22.6
-4.9
36.2
25.6
-19.0
22.6
-29.5
28.7
-27.9
4.0
6.5
-24.9
-13.7
26.5
-.9
-3.0
-51.9
23.6
-.3
-17.5
-11.3
24.2
24.0
-48.3
41.6
10.2
-26.7
-11.5
-9.7
42.6
5.8
12.4
39.7
R-11.2
-7.3
-5.5
13.8
-3.4
12.1
.4
10.8
-1.4
3.1
-1.6
-4.3
2.8
-1.2
-2.5
-1.3
2.9
-1.7
-3.9
.5
-4.9
4.3
.6
1.4
3.7
-4.4
-2.9
.9
7.1
4.0
-4.4
6.9
9.1
8.8
4.1
5.7
15.0
R-4.4
17.0
Consumption
483.2
494.1
447.0
398.1
472.0
523.2
562.6
603.8
625.3
625.2
680.5
702.7
732.6
706.9
736.7
791.3
818.0
804.2
836.9
883.6
895.0
904.5
899.2
907.7
944.1
951.3
962.1
1,006.3
1,029.5
1,037.1
1,038.6
1,084.1
1,060.1
1,066.4
1,094.9
1,107.3
1,126.0
1,112.3
1,128.0
1,120.5
997.5
R1,051.3
1,003.1
Notes: See Note 1, "Coal Consumption," at end of section. Totals may not equal sum of
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#coal for updated monthly and annual
data. See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#coal for all annual data beginning in 1949. See
http://www.eia.gov/coal/ for related information.
Sources: Production: Table 7.2. Waste Coal Supplied: 1989-1997U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA), Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report." 1998-2000EIA, Form
EIA-860B, "Annual Electric Generator ReportNonutility." 2001-2004EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power
Plant Report," and Form EIA-3, "Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality ReportManufacturing Plants.
2005 forwardEIA, Quarterly Coal Report (QCR) October-December 2011 (April 2012), Table ES-1.
Imports: 1949-2000U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Monthly Report IM 145."
2001 forwardTable 7.4. Exports: Table 7.5. Stock Change: Table 7.6. Losses and Unaccounted
for: Calculated as the sum of production, imports, and waste coal supplied, minus exports, stock change,
and consumption. Consumption: Table 7.3.
199
Figure 7.2 Coal Production, 1949-2011

Total
By Rank
1,500
800
Bituminous Coal
1,200
Million Short Tons
Million Short Tons
600
900
600
400
Subbituminous Coal
200
300
Lignite
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Anthracite
2010
1950
By Mining Method
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
By Location
900
800
Surface
Million Short Tons
Million Short Tons
East of the Mississippi

600
600
Underground
300
400
West of the Mississippi
200
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Subbituminous coal and lignite are included in bituminous coal prior to 1969.
200
2010
1950
1960
1970
Source: Table 7.2.
1980
1990
2000
2010
Table 7.2 Coal Production, Selected Years, 1949-2011

Rank
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
1
Bituminous
Coal 1
437.9
516.3
464.6
415.5
512.1
578.5
577.5
588.4
581.0
534.0
612.3
628.8
608.0
620.2
568.6
649.5
613.9
620.1
636.6
638.1
659.8
693.2
650.7
651.8
576.7
640.3
613.8
630.7
653.8
640.6
601.7
574.3
1611.3
572.1
541.5
561.5
571.2
561.6
542.8
555.3
504.1
R489.5
E500.5
Subbituminous
Coal
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
16.4
51.1
64.8
82.1
96.8
121.5
147.7
159.7
160.9
151.0
179.2
192.7
189.6
200.2
223.5
231.2
244.3
255.3
252.2
274.9
300.5
328.0
340.3
345.1
385.9
406.7
409.2
434.4
438.4
442.6
465.4
474.7
515.3
523.7
539.1
496.4
R514.8
E510.5
Mining Method
Lignite
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
8.0
19.8
25.5
28.2
34.4
42.5
47.2
50.7
52.4
58.3
63.1
72.4
76.4
78.4
85.1
86.4
88.1
86.5
90.1
89.5
88.1
86.5
88.1
86.3
85.8
87.2
85.6
80.0
82.5
86.4
83.5
83.9
84.2
78.6
75.7
72.5
R78.2
E81.0
Anthracite 1
Underground
Surface 1
East of the
Mississippi 1
West of the
Mississippi 1
Total 1
358.9
421.0
358.0
292.6
338.0
340.5
293.5
295.5
266.6
242.8
320.9
337.5
316.5
339.2
300.4
352.1
350.8
360.4
372.9
382.2
393.8
424.5
407.2
407.2
351.1
399.1
396.2
409.8
420.7
417.7
391.8
373.7
380.6
357.4
352.8
367.6
368.6
359.0
351.8
357.1
332.1
R337.2
E345.5
121.7
139.4
132.9
141.7
189.0
272.1
361.2
389.4
430.6
427.4
460.2
492.2
507.3
499.0
481.7
543.9
532.8
529.9
545.9
568.1
586.9
604.5
588.8
590.3
594.4
634.4
636.7
654.0
669.3
699.8
708.6
700.0
1747.1
736.9
719.0
744.5
762.9
803.7
794.8
814.7
742.9
R747.2
E748.8
444.2
524.4
464.2
413.0
499.5
567.8
543.7
548.8
533.3
487.2
559.7
578.7
553.9
564.3
507.4
587.6
558.7
564.4
581.9
579.6
599.0
630.2
591.3
588.6
516.2
566.3
544.2
563.7
579.4
570.6
529.6
507.5
1528.8
492.9
469.2
484.8
493.8
490.8
478.2
493.3
449.6
R446.2
E455.8
36.4
36.0
26.6
21.3
27.4
44.9
110.9
136.1
163.9
183.0
221.4
251.0
269.9
273.9
274.7
308.3
324.9
325.9
336.8
370.7
381.7
398.9
404.7
409.0
429.2
467.2
488.7
500.2
510.6
547.0
570.8
566.1
1598.9
601.4
602.5
627.3
637.7
672.0
668.5
678.5
625.3
R638.2
E638.5
480.6
560.4
490.8
434.3
527.0
612.7
654.6
684.9
697.2
670.2
781.1
829.7
823.8
838.1
782.1
895.9
883.6
890.3
918.8
950.3
980.7
1,029.1
996.0
997.5
945.4
1,033.5
1,033.0
1,063.9
1,089.9
1,117.5
1,100.4
1,073.6
11,127.7
1,094.3
1,071.8
1,112.1
1,131.5
1,162.7
1,146.6
1,171.8
1,074.9
R1,084.4
P1,094.3
42.7
44.1
26.2
18.8
14.9
9.7
6.2
6.2
5.9
5.0
4.8
6.1
5.4
4.6
4.1
4.2
4.7
4.3
3.6
3.6
3.3
3.5
3.4
3.5
4.3
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.7
5.3
4.8
4.6
11.9
1.4
1.3
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.9
R1.8
E2.3
Beginning in 2001, includes a small amount of refuse recovery.

Included in "Bituminous Coal."
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate.
Web Pages: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#coal.
For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/coal/.
Sources: 1949-1975Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "CoalBituminous and Lignite" and
"CoalPennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. 1976U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy
Data Reports, CoalBituminous and Lignite in 1976 and CoalPennsylvania Anthracite 1976. 1977
2
Location
and 1978EIA, Energy Data Reports, Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and Mine
Operations1977; 1978, CoalPennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978, and Coal Production, annual reports.
1979 and 1980EIA, Energy Data Reports, Weekly Coal Report and Coal Production, annual reports.
1981-1988EIA, Weekly Coal Production and Coal Production, annual reports. 1989-2000EIA,
Coal Industry Annual, annual reports. 2001-2010EIA, Annual Coal Report, annual reports.
2011EIA, Quarterly Coal Report October-December 2011 (April 2012), Table 1; EIA, Form EIA-7A,
"Coal Production Report"; and U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration, Form
7000-2, "Quarterly Mine Employment and Coal Production Report."
201
Figure 7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector

1,200
Electric Power
Million Short Tons
900
600
300
Industrial
Residential, Commercial, and Transportation
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
By Sector, 2011
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2010
1,200
100
1949
929
Percent
600
93
2011
80
900
Million Short Tons
2005
60
44
40
300
20
0
(s)
Residential
2
Commercial
Industrial
Electric Power
17
15
13
11
72
(s)
(s)
Residential
Commercial
()
Industrial
Transportation
Electric
Power
1
Includes combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants and a small number of electricity-only
plants.
2
For 1978 forward, small amounts of transportation sector use are included in Industrial.
202
3
sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.
(s)=Less than 0.5.
Source: Table 7.3.
Table 7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011

Commercial Sector 1
Industrial Sector
Other Industrial
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
Residential
Sector 1
52.4
51.6
35.6
24.2
14.6
9.0
2.8
2.6
2.5
2.2
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.1
.9
.8
.7
.7
.5
.6
.5
.5
.5
.6
.5
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4
.3
.3
CHP
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.0
1.8
R1.7
1.6
Other
64.1
63.0
32.9
16.8
11.0
7.1
6.6
6.3
6.4
7.3
6.7
5.1
6.1
6.8
7.1
7.4
6.1
5.9
5.3
5.6
3.7
4.2
3.8
3.9
3.7
3.8
3.6
3.6
4.0
2.9
2.8
2.1
2.4
2.5
1.9
2.7
2.4
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
.8
Total
64.1
63.0
32.9
16.8
11.0
7.1
6.6
6.3
6.4
7.3
6.7
5.1
6.1
6.8
7.1
7.4
6.1
5.9
5.3
5.6
4.9
5.4
5.0
5.0
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.3
5.8
4.3
4.3
3.7
3.9
3.9
3.7
4.6
4.3
2.9
3.2
3.2
2.9
2.7
2.5
Coke Plants
91.4
104.0
107.7
81.4
95.3
96.5
83.6
84.7
77.7
71.4
77.4
66.7
61.0
40.9
37.0
44.0
41.1
35.9
37.0
41.9
40.5
38.9
33.9
32.4
31.3
31.7
33.0
31.7
30.2
28.2
28.1
28.9
26.1
23.7
24.2
23.7
23.4
23.0
22.7
22.1
15.3
21.1
21.4
CHP
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
24.9
27.8
27.0
28.2
28.9
29.7
29.4
29.4
29.9
28.6
27.8
28.0
25.8
26.2
24.8
26.6
25.9
25.3
22.5
21.9
19.8
R24.6
24.7
Non-CHP 6
121.2
120.6
110.1
96.0
105.6
90.2
63.6
61.8
61.5
63.1
67.7
60.3
67.4
64.1
66.0
73.7
75.4
75.6
75.2
76.3
51.3
48.5
48.4
45.8
46.0
45.5
43.7
42.3
41.7
38.9
37.0
37.2
39.5
34.5
36.4
35.6
34.5
34.2
34.1
32.5
25.5
R27.4
25.6
See Note 2, "Residential and Commercial Coal Consumption Estimates," at end of section.
Electric utility CHP plants are included in "Electricity Only."
plants, such as those at hospitals and universities.
4 All commercial sector fuel use other than that in "Commercial CHP."
6 All industrial sector fuel use other than that in "Coke Plants" and "Industrial CHP."
7 Included in "Commercial Other."
8 Included in "Industrial Non-CHP."
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons.
Notes: See Tables 8.5a8.5d for the amount of coal used to produce electricity and Tables 8.6a8.6c
Total
121.2
120.6
110.1
96.0
105.6
90.2
63.6
61.8
61.5
63.1
67.7
60.3
67.4
64.1
66.0
73.7
75.4
75.6
75.2
76.3
76.1
76.3
75.4
74.0
74.9
75.2
73.1
71.7
71.5
67.4
64.7
65.2
65.3
60.7
61.3
62.2
60.3
59.5
56.6
54.4
45.3
R52.1
50.3
Total
212.6
224.6
217.8
177.4
200.8
186.6
147.2
146.5
139.2
134.5
145.1
127.0
128.4
105.0
103.0
117.8
116.4
111.5
112.1
118.1
116.6
115.2
109.3
106.4
106.2
106.9
106.1
103.4
101.7
95.6
92.8
94.1
91.3
84.4
85.5
85.9
83.8
82.4
79.3
76.5
60.6
R73.2
71.7
Transportation
Sector
Electricity
Only
70.2
63.0
17.0
3.0
.7
.3
(s)
(s)
(s)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
84.0
91.9
143.8
176.7
244.8
320.2
406.0
448.4
477.1
481.2
527.1
569.3
596.8
593.7
625.2
664.4
693.8
685.1
717.9
758.4
767.4
774.2
773.2
781.2
816.6
821.2
832.9
878.8
904.2
920.4
924.7
967.1
946.1
960.1
983.5
994.8
1,015.6
1,004.8
1,022.8
1,017.8
913.6
R954.5
909.6
CHP
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4.8
8.4
10.7
13.9
15.1
17.1
17.3
18.1
17.1
16.3
16.2
18.7
18.4
17.4
21.6
21.5
21.8
21.9
22.3
22.8
20.1
R20.5
18.9
Total
Total
84.0
91.9
143.8
176.7
244.8
320.2
406.0
448.4
477.1
481.2
527.1
569.3
596.8
593.7
625.2
664.4
693.8
685.1
717.9
758.4
772.2
782.6
783.9
795.1
831.6
838.4
850.2
896.9
921.4
936.6
940.9
985.8
964.4
977.5
1,005.1
1,016.3
1,037.5
1,026.6
1,045.1
1,040.6
933.6
R975.1
928.6
483.2
494.1
447.0
398.1
472.0
523.2
562.6
603.8
625.3
625.2
680.5
702.7
732.6
706.9
736.7
791.3
818.0
804.2
836.9
883.6
895.0
904.5
899.2
907.7
944.1
951.3
962.1
1,006.3
1,029.5
1,037.1
1,038.6
1,084.1
1,060.1
1,066.4
1,094.9
1,107.3
1,126.0
1,112.3
1,128.0
1,120.5
997.5
R1,051.3
1,003.1
for the amount of coal used to produce useful thermal output. See Note 1, "Coal Consumption," at end of
section. See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of Section 8.
Sources: Commercial CHP and Industrial CHP: Table 8.7c. Electric Power Sector: Tables 8.5b,
8.5c, 8.6b, and 8.7b. All Other Data: 1949-1975Bureau of Mines (BOM), Minerals Yearbook,
"CoalBituminous and Lignite" and "CoalPennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. 1976U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, CoalBituminous and Lignite in 1976 and
CoalPennsylvania Anthracite 1976. 1977 and 1978EIA, Energy Data Reports, CoalPennsylvania
Anthracite 1977; 1978, and Weekly Coal Report. 1979 and 1980EIA, Energy Data Report, Weekly
Coal Report. 1981-2004EIA, Quarterly Coal Report (QCR) October-December, quarterly reports.
2005 forwardEIA, QCR October-December 2011 (April 2012), Table 32.
203
Figure 7.4 Coal Imports by Country of Origin

Total, 2000-2011
By Country, 2011
40
Million Short Tons
30
Indonesia
Canada
13%
10%
Other 2%
20
Venezuela 6%
Colombia 73%
Canada
9%
Indonesia
7%
10
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Total
13.1 million short tons

30
Colombia
Million Short Tons
25
20
15
10
Canada
Venezuela
Indonesia
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
204
2005
2006
2007
Source: Table 7.4.
2008
2009
2010
2011
Table 7.4 Coal Imports by Country of Origin, 2000-2011

Europe
New
Year Australia Zealand
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
0.2
.3
.8
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.4
.1
0.0
(s)
.0
.1
.0
(s)
.0
.1
.0
.0
(s)
.0
Canada
1.9
2.6
2.1
2.1
2.9
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.3
1.8
1.7
Mexico
(s)
(s)
(s)
.0
(s)
(s)
.0
.0
.0
(s)
.0
(s)
Colombia Venezuela
7.6
11.2
9.2
15.5
16.7
21.2
25.3
26.9
26.3
17.8
14.6
9.5
China
India
(s)
.1
.1
.1
.1
(s)
(s)
.1
(s)
(s)
.1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
.0
.0
(s)
.0
(s)
(s)
(s)
2.0
3.3
3.3
4.6
4.4
3.7
4.2
3.4
2.3
1.3
.6
.8
P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons.

Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/coal/.
Indonesia
0.7
.9
1.0
2.1
2.2
2.5
3.1
3.7
3.4
2.1
1.9
.9
Norway
0.0
(s)
.0
.0
.0
.0
(s)
(s)
.0
.0
.0
.0
Poland
0.0
.5
.1
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
(s)
Russia
(s)
.2
.1
.1
.3
.4
.9
.1
(s)
.0
.0
(s)
United
Ukraine Kingdom
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
(s)
.0
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
.1
(s)
.1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
.0
(s)
(s)
.0
Other
Total
South
Africa
Other
Total
0.0
(s)
(s)
(s)
.1
.1
.2
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
.8
.2
.1
.6
.6
1.1
.2
(s)
(s)
(s)
.1
0.0
.4
.1
.1
(s)
.1
.1
.0
(s)
.0
.0
(s)
(s)
.1
(s)
.1
(s)
.1
(s)
.1
(s)
(s)
(s)
.1
12.5
19.8
16.9
25.0
27.3
30.5
36.2
36.3
34.2
22.6
19.4
13.1
Sources: 2000U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Monthly Report IM 145."
2001 forwardU.S. Energy Information Administration, Quarterly Coal Report October-December,
quarterly reports.
205
Figure 7.5 Coal Exports by Country of Destination

Total and Europe, 1960-2011
125
12
10.8
10
100
8.7
Million Short Tons
Million Short Tons
Total
75
50
25
8
6.9
6.9
6.8
5.6
4.8
2
Europe
0
1960
0
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Netherlands
2010
Brazil
United
Kingdom
Japan
Canada
Italy
Germany

30
Million Short Tons
Canada
20
10
Brazil
Netherlands
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Source: Table 7.5.
206
Japan
2000
2005
2010
Table 7.5 Coal Exports by Country of Destination, Selected Years, 1960-2011

Europe
Year
1960
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
Canada
12.8
16.3
16.5
15.8
17.1
17.3
19.1
18.0
18.7
16.7
14.2
17.3
16.9
17.7
15.7
19.5
17.5
18.2
18.6
17.2
20.4
16.4
14.5
16.2
19.2
16.8
15.5
11.2
15.1
8.9
9.2
9.4
12.0
15.0
20.7
19.8
18.8
17.6
16.7
20.8
17.8
19.5
19.9
18.4
23.0
10.6
11.4
6.8
Brazil
1.1
1.2
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.8
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.3
2.0
2.2
2.3
1.5
2.8
3.3
2.7
3.1
3.6
4.7
5.9
5.7
5.8
5.3
5.7
5.8
7.1
6.4
5.2
5.5
6.4
6.5
7.5
6.5
4.4
4.5
4.6
3.5
3.5
4.4
4.2
4.5
6.5
6.4
7.4
7.9
8.7
Belgium 1
1.1
2.2
1.8
1.4
1.1
.9
1.9
.8
1.1
1.2
1.1
.6
2.2
1.5
1.1
3.2
4.6
4.3
4.8
2.5
3.9
4.4
4.4
4.6
6.5
7.1
8.5
7.5
7.2
5.2
4.9
4.5
4.6
4.3
3.2
2.1
2.9
2.8
2.4
1.8
1.7
2.1
2.2
2.1
3.1
2.7
2.3
3.1
Denmark
0.1
(s)
(s)
(s)
.1
.2
1.7
3.9
2.8
1.7
.6
2.2
2.1
.9
2.8
3.2
3.2
4.7
3.8
.3
.5
2.1
1.3
.4
.3
.1
.3
.1
.1
.4
.1
.4
.3
.1
.2
France
0.8
2.1
1.6
2.1
1.5
2.3
3.6
3.2
1.7
2.0
2.7
3.6
3.5
2.1
1.7
3.9
7.8
9.7
9.0
4.2
3.8
4.5
5.4
2.9
4.3
6.5
6.9
9.5
8.1
4.0
2.9
3.7
3.9
3.4
3.2
2.5
3.0
2.2
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.3
1.6
2.4
3.5
3.4
3.2
4.0
Germany 2
4.6
4.7
4.9
4.7
3.8
3.5
5.0
2.9
2.4
1.6
1.5
2.0
1.0
.9
.6
2.6
2.5
4.3
2.3
1.5
.9
1.1
.8
.5
.7
.7
1.1
1.7
1.0
.5
.3
2.0
1.1
.9
1.2
.6
1.0
.9
1.0
.5
.6
.7
1.7
2.3
2.5
2.5
2.7
4.8
Italy
Netherlands
4.9
9.0
7.8
5.9
4.3
3.7
4.3
2.7
3.7
3.3
3.9
4.5
4.2
4.1
3.2
5.0
7.1
10.5
11.3
8.1
7.6
10.3
10.4
9.5
11.1
11.2
11.9
11.3
9.3
6.9
7.5
9.1
9.2
7.0
5.3
4.0
3.7
5.4
3.1
2.8
2.1
2.5
3.3
3.5
3.2
2.3
3.3
5.6
2.8
3.4
3.2
2.2
1.5
1.6
2.1
1.6
2.3
1.8
2.6
2.1
3.5
2.0
1.1
2.0
4.7
6.8
5.9
4.2
5.5
6.3
5.6
4.1
5.1
6.1
8.4
9.6
9.1
5.6
4.9
7.3
7.1
4.8
4.5
3.4
2.6
2.1
1.7
2.0
2.5
2.6
2.1
4.6
7.0
5.9
7.3
10.8
Through 1999, includes Luxembourg.

Through 1990, data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. Beginning in 1991, data for
Germany are for the unified Germany, i.e., the former East Germany and West Germany.
3 See source publications for data for countries included in "Other."
P=Preliminary. NA=Not Available. =No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons.
2
Spain
0.3
1.4
1.2
1.0
1.5
1.8
3.2
2.6
2.1
2.2
2.0
2.7
2.5
1.6
.8
1.4
3.4
6.4
5.6
3.3
2.3
3.5
2.6
2.5
2.5
3.3
3.8
4.7
4.5
4.1
4.1
4.7
4.1
4.1
3.2
2.5
2.7
1.6
1.9
1.8
1.5
1.9
1.6
1.5
2.4
1.7
1.9
1.8
Turkey
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
2.2
2.4
.8
2.0
1.7
2.1
2.2
2.0
1.6
1.3
2.0
2.2
2.1
1.6
.8
1.8
.9
.6
1.1
1.3
1.9
1.2
1.4
1.9
1.4
2.5
2.9
United
Kingdom
(s)
(s)
(s)
1.7
2.4
.9
1.4
1.9
.8
.6
.4
1.4
4.1
2.3
2.0
1.2
2.9
2.7
2.9
2.6
3.7
4.5
5.2
6.2
5.6
4.1
3.4
4.7
6.2
7.2
5.9
3.2
3.3
2.5
1.9
1.5
2.0
1.8
2.6
3.4
5.8
4.6
4.4
6.9
Other 3
Total
Japan
Other 3
Total
2.4
2.3
2.5
2.1
1.9
1.3
1.8
1.1
1.1
1.3
.9
1.6
2.1
2.1
2.2
4.4
6.0
8.2
6.0
4.7
3.9
8.1
5.9
5.8
6.4
7.2
7.4
8.2
6.6
5.3
6.0
8.7
7.7
7.1
5.3
3.5
3.9
2.4
1.8
2.1
2.3
4.1
4.2
5.8
10.6
5.3
10.5
13.9
17.1
25.1
23.1
19.4
15.5
15.2
21.8
16.6
16.9
14.4
16.1
19.0
19.9
15.0
11.0
23.9
41.9
57.0
51.3
33.1
32.8
45.1
42.6
34.2
45.1
51.6
58.4
65.5
57.3
37.6
35.8
48.6
47.2
41.3
33.8
22.5
25.0
20.8
15.6
15.1
15.2
18.8
20.8
27.1
40.3
30.1
38.2
53.9
5.6
7.5
7.8
12.2
15.8
21.4
27.6
19.7
18.0
19.2
27.3
25.4
18.8
15.9
10.1
15.7
23.1
25.9
25.8
17.9
16.3
15.4
11.4
11.1
14.1
13.8
13.3
12.3
12.3
11.9
10.2
11.8
10.5
8.0
7.7
5.0
4.4
2.1
1.3
(s)
4.4
2.1
.3
(s)
1.7
.9
3.2
6.9
1.3
.9
1.0
1.0
.9
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.6
1.8
2.6
2.1
3.5
2.5
4.1
6.0
8.7
7.5
6.1
7.2
9.9
11.4
12.3
11.3
12.9
12.7
13.0
11.4
11.0
10.7
12.4
14.2
11.8
9.4
6.7
5.8
3.6
2.6
3.6
6.2
5.4
4.1
7.1
10.1
10.1
21.0
30.9
38.0
51.0
50.1
50.1
51.2
56.9
71.7
57.3
56.7
53.6
60.7
66.3
60.0
54.3
40.7
66.0
91.7
112.5
106.3
77.8
81.5
92.7
85.5
79.6
95.0
100.8
105.8
109.0
102.5
74.5
71.4
88.5
90.5
83.5
78.0
58.5
58.5
48.7
39.6
43.0
48.0
49.9
49.6
59.2
81.5
59.1
81.7
107.3
Web Page: For all data beginning in 1960, see http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#coal.

Sources: 1960-1988U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Exports by
Schedule B Commodities, EM 522. 1989-2000U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Coal
Industry Annual, annual reports. 2001 forwardEIA, Quarterly Coal Report October-December,
quarterly reports; and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Monthly Report EM 545."
207
Figure 7.6 Coal Stocks, End of Year

Total and Electric Power Stocks, 1949-2011
Electric Power, Producer/Distributor, and Industrial Stocks, 2011

200
250
175
175
Total
200
Million Short Tons
Million Short Tons
150
150
100
125
100
75
50
42
50
25
9
0
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Electric
Power Sector
2010
Producers
and Distributors
Industrial
Sector
Electric Power, Producer/Distributor, and Industrial Stocks, 1949-2011

200
Million Short Tons
150
100
Producers and Distributors
50
Industrial Sector
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1
sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.
208
1980
1985
1990
Source: Table 7.6.
1995
2000
2005
2010
Table 7.6 Coal Stocks by Sector, Selected Years, End of Year 1949-2011
Consumers
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Producers
and
Distributors
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
12.1
14.2
14.2
20.7
20.8
24.4
24.1
36.8
33.9
34.1
33.1
32.1
28.3
30.4
29.0
33.4
33.0
34.0
25.3
33.2
34.4
28.6
34.0
36.5
39.5
31.9
35.9
43.3
38.3
41.2
35.0
36.5
34.0
34.7
47.7
R49.8
E41.9
Residential
and Commercial
Sectors
1.4
2.5
1.0
.7
.4
.3
.2
.2
.2
.4
.3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
.5
.5
.6
P.6
Industrial Sector
Coke Plants
10.0
16.8
13.4
11.1
10.6
9.0
8.8
9.9
12.8
8.3
10.2
9.1
6.5
4.6
4.3
6.2
3.4
3.0
3.9
3.1
2.9
3.3
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.5
1.5
1.4
.9
1.3
2.6
2.9
1.9
2.3
2.0
1.9
P2.6
Other
16.1
26.2
15.9
11.6
13.1
11.8
8.5
7.1
11.1
9.0
11.8
12.0
9.9
9.5
8.7
11.3
10.4
10.4
10.8
8.8
7.4
8.7
7.1
7.0
6.7
6.6
5.7
5.7
5.6
5.5
5.6
4.6
6.0
5.8
4.7
4.8
5.6
6.5
5.6
6.0
5.1
R6.3
P6.0
1 Through 1977, data are for stocks held by the manufacturing and transportation sectors. Beginning in
1978, data are for stocks held at manufacturing plants only.
3 Included in "Industrial Sector Other."
Total
26.0
43.0
29.3
22.8
23.8
20.8
17.3
17.0
23.9
17.3
21.9
21.0
16.4
14.1
13.1
17.5
13.9
13.4
14.7
11.9
10.2
12.0
9.8
9.6
9.1
9.2
8.3
8.4
7.6
7.6
7.5
6.1
7.5
7.2
5.6
6.2
8.2
9.4
7.6
8.3
7.1
R8.3
P8.6
Transportation
Sector
Electric
Power
Sector 2
Total
Total
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
22.1
31.8
41.4
51.7
54.5
71.9
110.7
117.4
133.2
128.2
159.7
183.0
168.9
181.1
155.6
179.7
156.4
161.8
170.8
146.5
135.9
156.2
157.9
154.1
111.3
126.9
126.3
114.6
98.8
120.5
141.6
102.3
138.5
141.7
121.6
106.7
101.1
141.0
151.2
161.6
189.5
R174.9
P175.1
49.5
77.3
71.7
75.2
78.6
93.0
128.3
134.7
157.3
145.9
182.0
204.0
185.3
195.3
168.7
197.2
170.2
175.2
185.5
158.4
146.1
168.2
167.7
163.7
120.5
136.1
134.6
123.0
106.4
128.1
149.1
108.4
146.0
148.9
127.2
112.9
109.3
150.4
158.8
170.4
197.1
R183.7
P184.3
49.5
77.3
71.7
75.2
78.6
93.0
140.4
148.9
171.5
166.6
202.8
228.4
209.4
232.0
202.6
231.3
203.4
207.3
213.8
188.8
175.1
201.6
200.7
197.7
145.7
169.4
169.1
151.6
140.4
164.6
188.6
140.3
181.9
192.1
165.5
154.0
144.3
186.9
192.8
205.1
244.8
R233.6
P226.2
Sources: Electric Power Sector: Table 8.8. All Other Data: 1949-1975Bureau of Mines,
Minerals Yearbook, "CoalBituminous and Lignite" and "CoalPennsylvania Anthracite" chapters.
1976U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, CoalBituminous and
Lignite in 1976 and CoalPennsylvania Anthracite 1976. 1977 and 1978EIA, Energy Data Reports,
CoalPennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978, and Weekly Coal Report. 1979EIA, Energy Data Report,
Weekly Coal Report. 1980-2004EIA, Quarterly Coal Report (QCR) October-December, quarterly
reports. 2005 forwardEIA, QCR October-December 2011 (April 2012), Table 37.
209
Figure 7.7 Coal Mining Productivity

Total, 1949-2011
By Mining Method, 2011
By Location, 2011
20
Short Tons per Employee Hour
12
8.86
2.76
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
15
10
5
2.68
0
2010
By Mining Method,1 1949-2011
15.98
Underground
Surface
East of the
Mississippi
West of the
Mississippi
By Region and Mining Method, 2011
12
24
Surface
6
Underground
3
19.34
18
12
5.54
6
2.52
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
For 1979 forward, includes all coal; prior to 1979, excludes anthracite.
Note: Beginning in 2001, surface mining includes a small amount of refuse recovery.
210
3.03
Underground
Surface
Source: Table 7.7.
Underground
Surface
Table 7.7 Coal Mining Productivity, Selected Years, 1949-2011

(Short Tons per Employee Hour 1)
Mining Method
Location
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Underground
Surface 2
Underground
Surface 2
Total 2
Underground
Surface 2
Total 2
Total 2
30.68
31.92
3.72
31.96
31.04
32.65
31.33
32.91
31.75
34.10
31.72
34.53
31.19
33.26
31.14
33.25
31.09
33.16
31.04
33.03
1.13
1.20
1.29
1.37
1.61
1.72
1.78
2.00
2.20
2.38
2.46
2.54
2.69
2.93
2.95
3.19
3.39
3.57
3.83
3.90
3.99
4.15
4.02
3.98
4.04
3.96
3.62
3.37
3.34
3.15
2.99
R2.89
2.76
3.08
3.21
3.42
3.36
3.81
4.03
4.24
4.60
4.98
5.32
5.61
5.94
6.38
6.59
7.23
7.67
8.48
9.05
9.46
9.58
10.39
11.01
210.58
10.36
10.75
10.55
10.03
10.18
10.24
9.81
9.22
R9.46
8.86
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.69
1.75
1.96
2.16
2.32
2.39
2.46
2.59
2.82
2.81
3.02
3.19
3.36
3.63
3.69
3.74
3.89
3.71
3.67
3.68
3.59
3.28
3.06
3.03
2.87
2.74
R2.66
2.52
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2.56
2.52
2.75
2.97
2.99
3.13
3.32
3.49
3.61
3.74
3.85
4.03
4.25
4.49
4.31
4.48
4.82
24.53
4.22
4.18
3.95
3.75
3.74
3.74
3.58
3.33
3.24
3.03
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.98
2.00
2.21
2.42
2.54
2.63
2.73
2.86
3.07
3.11
3.28
3.45
3.63
3.89
3.89
3.97
4.18
23.98
3.86
3.85
3.72
3.44
3.29
3.27
3.12
2.94
R2.84
2.68
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2.49
2.45
2.80
3.39
3.55
3.92
4.01
4.53
4.85
5.18
5.93
6.32
7.03
6.82
6.76
7.45
7.66
8.39
7.80
8.33
8.22
7.48
6.62
6.52
6.07
5.51
R5.54
5.54
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8.15
8.61
9.02
9.86
10.73
11.86
12.26
12.36
12.49
13.94
15.19
16.23
17.89
18.63
18.82
19.57
20.04
220.63
20.67
21.42
22.04
21.98
22.26
22.35
21.85
19.85
R20.25
19.34
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7.07
7.40
7.90
8.73
9.38
10.21
10.41
10.79
11.03
12.14
13.22
14.18
15.66
16.04
16.27
17.18
17.62
218.32
18.06
18.67
19.00
18.50
18.33
18.23
17.77
16.15
16.60
15.98
0.72
.76
1.14
1.52
2.09
2.30
1.81
1.78
1.80
1.77
1.81
1.93
2.10
2.11
2.50
2.64
2.74
3.01
3.30
3.55
3.70
3.83
4.09
4.36
4.70
4.98
5.38
5.69
6.04
6.20
6.61
6.99
26.82
6.80
6.95
6.80
6.36
6.26
6.27
5.96
5.61
R5.55
5.22
1 Data through 1973 for bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite, and data through 1978 for
anthracite, were originally reported in short tons per employee daythese data were converted to short
tons per employee hour by assuming an eight-hour day. Through 1997, other data were calculated by
dividing total production by total labor hours worked by all mine employees except office workers; beginning
in 1998, the calculation also includes office workers.
2 Beginning in 2001, includes a small amount of refuse recovery.
3 Through 1978, data for anthracite are not available by mining method, but are included in "Total."
Sources: 1949-1975Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "CoalBituminous and Lignite" and

"CoalPennsylvania Anthracite" chapters. 1976U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy
Data Reports, CoalBituminous and Lignite in 1976 and CoalPennsylvania Anthracite 1976. 1977
and 1978EIA, Energy Data Reports, Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and Mine
Operations1977; 1978 and CoalPennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978. 1979EIA, Energy Data
Report, Coal Production1979. 1980-1988EIA, Coal Production, annual reports. 1989-2000EIA,
Coal Industry Annual, annual reports. 2001-2010EIA, Annual Coal Report, annual reports.
2011EIA, Form EIA-7A, "Coal Production Report," and U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and
Health Administration, Form 7000-2, "Quarterly Mine Employment and Coal Production Report."
211
Figure 7.8 Coke Overview

Production and Consumption, 1949-2011
80
Million Short Tons
60
40
Consumption
20
Production
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
Overview, 2011
1975
1980
1990
2000
2005
2010
15.8
15.4
6
Million Short Tons
15
10
Imports
2
1.4
1.0
Imports
Exports
Exports
0
Production
Consumption
1950
1960
Source: Table 7.8.
212
1995
Trade
20
Million Short Tons
1985
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Table 7.8 Coke Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2011

Trade
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
Production
Imports
Exports
Net Imports 1
Stock Change 2
Consumption 3
63.6
72.7
75.3
57.2
66.9
66.5
57.2
58.3
53.5
49.0
52.9
46.1
42.8
28.1
25.8
30.4
28.4
24.9
26.3
28.9
28.0
27.6
24.0
23.4
23.2
22.7
23.7
23.1
22.1
20.0
20.0
20.8
18.9
16.8
17.2
16.9
16.7
16.4
16.2
15.6
11.1
15.0
15.4
0.3
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
1.8
1.3
1.8
5.7
4.0
.7
.5
.1
(s)
.6
.6
.3
.9
2.7
2.3
.8
1.2
2.1
2.2
3.3
3.8
2.5
3.1
3.8
3.2
3.8
2.5
3.2
2.8
6.9
3.5
4.1
2.5
3.6
.3
1.2
1.4
0.5
.4
.5
.4
.8
2.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
.7
1.4
2.1
1.2
1.0
.7
1.0
1.1
1.0
.6
1.1
1.1
.6
.8
.7
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.1
.9
1.1
1.3
.8
.7
1.3
1.7
1.6
1.4
2.0
1.3
1.5
1.0
-0.3
(s)
-.4
-.2
-.7
-2.3
.5
(s)
.6
5.0
2.5
-1.4
-.6
-.9
-.6
-.5
-.5
-.7
.3
1.6
1.2
.2
.4
1.4
1.1
2.4
2.5
.9
1.9
2.7
2.3
2.6
1.2
2.5
2.0
5.6
1.8
2.5
1.0
1.6
-1.0
-.2
.4
0.2
-.7
-1.2
.1
.7
1.0
4.1
1.5
(s)
-2.9
1.7
3.4
-1.9
1.5
-4.7
.2
-1.2
-.5
-1.0
.5
.3
(s)
.2
-.2
-.4
-.5
.4
(s)
(s)
-.4
-.1
.2
-.1
-.4
-.2
(s)
.3
.1
-.1
.3
-.1
-.1
(s)
63.2
73.4
76.1
56.9
65.4
63.2
53.7
56.8
54.1
56.9
53.8
41.3
44.0
25.8
29.9
29.7
29.1
24.7
27.7
30.0
28.9
27.8
24.2
25.0
24.7
25.6
25.8
24.0
24.0
23.1
22.4
23.2
20.2
19.6
19.4
22.5
18.2
18.8
17.3
17.0
10.3
14.8
15.8
Net imports equal imports minus exports. Minus sign indicates exports are greater than imports.
Producer and distributor stocks at end of year. A negative value indicates a decrease in stocks; a
positive value indicates an increase.
3 "Consumption" is calculated as the sum of production and imports minus exports and stock change.
P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons.
2

Sources: 1949-1975Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, "Coke and Coal Chemicals" chapter.
1976-1980U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Report, Coke and Coal
Chemicals, annual reports. 1981-2004EIA, Quarterly Coal Report (QCR) October-December, quarterly
reports. 2005 forwardEIA, QCR October-December 2011 (April 2012), Table ES-2.
213
Figure 7.9 Coal Prices

Total, 1949-2011
Real (2005) Dollars per Short Ton
80
60
40
20
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
By Type, 1949-2011
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
By Type, 2011
80
120
70.99
Nominal Dollars per Short Ton
Real (2005) Dollars per Short Ton
70
90
60
Anthracite
Bituminous
Coal
30
Lignite
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
40
36.91
30
19.38
20
15.80
0
2010
214
50
10
Subbituminous Coal
57.64
60
Anthracite
Bituminous
Coal

Source: Table 7.9.
Lignite
Subbituminous
Coal
Total
Table 7.9 Coal Prices, Selected Years, 1949-2011

(Dollars per Short Ton)
Bituminous Coal
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011E
Nominal
Real
Lignite 1
Subbituminous Coal
3
44.90
4,R33.80
44.86
4,R33.16
44.51
4,R27.17
44.71
4,R25.31
44.45
4,R22.32
46.30
4,R25.89
419.79
4,R58.91
420.11
4,R56.62
420.59
4,R54.50
422.64
4,R55.99
27.31
29.17
31.51
32.15
31.11
30.63
30.78
28.84
28.19
27.66
27.40
27.43
27.49
26.78
26.15
25.68
25.56
25.17
24.64
24.87
23.92
24.15
25.36
26.57
26.73
30.56
36.80
39.32
40.80
51.39
55.44
R60.88
57.64
R62.35
R61.04
R60.28
R57.97
R53.96
R51.21
R49.94
R45.78
R43.49
R41.26
R39.38
R37.96
R36.74
R34.96
R33.40
R32.12
R31.32
R30.27
R29.12
R29.06
R27.54
R27.22
R27.95
R28.82
R28.40
R31.57
36.80
R38.09
R38.41
R47.33
R50.52
R54.85
50.85
Nominal
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
9.55
11.08
12.18
13.37
13.03
12.41
12.57
12.26
11.32
10.45
10.16
9.70
9.68
9.68
9.33
8.37
8.10
7.87
7.42
6.96
6.87
7.12
6.67
7.34
7.73
8.12
8.68
9.95
10.69
12.31
13.35
R14.11
15.80
Real
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
R21.80
R23.18
R23.30
R24.11
R22.60
R20.75
R20.40
R19.46
R17.46
R15.59
R14.60
R13.42
R12.94
R12.64
R11.92
R10.47
9.93
R9.46
R8.77
R8.13
R7.91
R8.02
R7.35
R7.96
8.21
8.39
8.68
9.64
10.06
R11.34
R12.17
R12.71
13.94
Nominal
2.37
2.41
2.38
2.29
2.13
1.86
3.17
3.74
4.03
5.68
6.48
7.60
8.85
9.79
9.91
10.45
10.68
10.64
10.85
10.06
9.91
10.13
10.89
10.81
11.11
10.77
10.83
10.92
10.91
11.08
11.04
11.41
11.52
11.07
11.20
12.27
13.49
14.00
14.89
16.50
17.26
R18.76
19.38
1 Because of withholding to protect company confidentiality, lignite prices exclude Texas for 19551977
and Montana for 19741978. As a result, lignite prices for 19741977 are for North Dakota only.
4 Through 1978, subbituminous coal is included in "Bituminous Coal."
R=Revised. E=Estimate.
Note: Prices are free-on-board (F.O.B.) rail/barge prices, which are the F.O.B. prices of coal at the point
of first sale, excluding freight or shipping and insurance costs. For 19492000, prices are for open market
and captive coal sales; for 20012007, prices are for open market coal sales; for 2008 forward, prices are
for open market and captive coal sales. See "Captive Coal," "Free on Board (F.O.B.)," and "Open Market
Coal" in Glossary.
Anthracite
Real
R16.35
R16.44
R14.34
R12.30
R10.68
R7.64
9.44
R10.53
R10.67
R14.05
R14.80
R15.90
R16.93
R17.65
R17.19
R17.47
R17.33
R16.89
R16.74
R15.00
R14.24
R14.02
R14.55
R14.11
R14.19
R13.47
R13.27
R13.13
R12.89
R12.95
R12.71
R12.86
R12.70
R12.01
11.90
12.68
13.49
13.56
R14.02
R15.20
R15.73
R16.90
17.10
Nominal
8.90
9.34
8.00
8.01
8.51
11.03
32.26
33.92
34.86
35.25
41.06
42.51
44.28
49.85
52.29
48.22
45.80
44.12
43.65
44.16
42.93
39.40
36.34
34.24
32.94
36.07
39.78
36.78
35.12
42.91
35.13
40.90
47.67
47.78
49.87
39.77
41.00
43.61
52.24
60.76
57.10
R59.51
70.99
Total
Real
R61.38
R63.73
R48.19
R43.04
R42.69
R45.32
R96.04
R95.50
R92.26
R87.18
R93.75
R88.95
R84.71
R89.89
R90.70
R80.61
R74.32
R70.04
R67.34
R65.87
R61.70
R54.52
R48.57
R44.70
R42.07
R45.12
R48.75
R44.23
R41.50
R50.14
R40.45
R46.10
R52.54
R51.82
R52.98
R41.09
41.00
R42.25
R49.18
R55.96
R52.04
R53.62
62.62
Nominal
5.24
5.19
4.69
4.83
4.55
6.34
19.35
19.56
19.95
21.86
23.75
24.65
26.40
27.25
25.98
25.61
25.20
23.79
23.07
22.07
21.82
21.76
21.49
21.03
19.85
19.41
18.83
18.50
18.14
17.67
16.63
16.78
17.38
17.98
17.85
19.93
23.59
25.16
26.20
31.25
33.24
R35.61
36.91
Real 3
R36.14
R35.41
R28.25
R25.95
R22.82
R26.05
R57.60
R55.07
R52.80
R54.06
R54.23
R51.58
R50.51
R49.14
R45.06
R42.81
R40.89
R37.77
R35.59
R32.92
R31.36
R30.11
R28.72
R27.46
R25.35
R24.28
R23.07
R22.25
R21.43
R20.65
R19.15
R18.91
R19.16
R19.50
R18.96
R20.59
23.59
24.37
R24.66
R28.78
R30.29
R32.08
32.56

Sources: 1949-1975Bureau of Mines (BOM), Minerals Yearbook. 1976U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA), Energy Data Report, CoalBituminous and Lignite in 1976, and BOM, Minerals
Yearbook. 1977 and 1978EIA, Energy Data Reports, Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and
Mine Operations, and CoalPennsylvania Anthracite. 1979EIA, Coal Production, and Energy Data
Report, CoalPennsylvania Anthracite.
1980-1992EIA, Coal Production, annual reports.

1993-2000EIA, Coal Industry Annual, annual reports and unpublished revisions. 2001-2010EIA,
Annual Coal Report, annual reports. 2011EIA, Form EIA-7A, "Coal Production Report," and U.S.
Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration, Form 7000-2, "Quarterly Mine Employment
and Coal Production Report."
215
Coal
Note 1. Coal Consumption. Data in this report on the consumption of bituminous
coal, sub-bituminous coal, lignite, anthracite, and waste coal are developed primarily
from consumption data reported in surveys. Included are data reported by all electric
power companies and coke plant companies. Data on coal consumption by all industrial and manufacturing establishments are based on consumption data obtained quarterly from coal users. Beginning in 2008, data on coal consumption by the residential
and commercial sectors are based on data received on Form EIA-3, "Quarterly Coal
Consumption and Quality ReportManufacturing and Transformation/Processing
Coal Plants and Commercial and Institutional Users. Prior to 2008, data on coal
consumption by the residential and commercial sectors are based on distribution data
obtained annually from coal distributors. Included in each sectors data are the
following: Residential and Commercial Sectorscommercial and institutional
establishments including military bases, universities, and various State facilities;
Industrial Sectorconsumption at manufacturing plants, coking plants, and coal
preparation plants; Electric Power Sector (electric utilities and independent power
producers)consumption for electric generation and useful thermal output at
electricity-only and CHP plants within the North American Industry Classification
System (NAICS) 22 category, whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. There are no data for the Transportation Sector.
216
Note 2. Residential and Commercial Coal Consumption Estimates. Through

2007, coal consumption by the residential and commercial sectors was reported to
the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) for the two sectors combined;
EIA estimates the amount consumed by the sectors individually. To create the
estimates, it is first assumed that an occupied coal-heated housing unit consumes
fuel at the same Btu rate as an oil-heated housing unit. Then, for the years in
which data are available on the number of occupied housing units by heating
source (1950, 1960, 1970, 19731981, and subsequent odd-numbered years; see
Table 2.7), residential consumption of coal is estimated by the following steps: a
ratio is created of the number of occupied housing units heated by coal to the
number of housing units heated by oil; that ratio is then multiplied by the Btu
quantity of oil consumed by the residential sector to derive an estimate of the Btu
quantity of coal consumed by the residential sector; and, finally, the amount estimated as the residential sector consumption is subtracted from the residential and
commercial sectors combined consumption to derive the commercial sectors
estimated consumption. The 1950 share is applied to 1949, and the other missing
years shares are interpolated.
Beginning in 2008, coal consumption is reported to EIA for commercial and institutional users. However, EIA continues to allocate a small portion of that consumption to the residential sector using the above methodology.
8. Electricity
Figure 8.0
Electricity Flow, 2011

(Quadrillion Btu)
1
Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from
fossil fuels.
2
Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies,
and non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derived
fuels).
3
Data collection frame differences and nonsampling error. Derived for the diagram by
subtracting the T & D Losses estimate from T & D Losses and Unaccounted for derived from
Table 8.1.
4
Electric energy used in the operation of power plants.
5
Transmission and distribution losses (electricity losses that occur between the point of
generation and delivery to the customer) are estimated as 7 percent of gross generation.
6
Use of electricity that is 1) self-generated, 2) produced by either the same entity that
consumes the power or an affiliate, and 3) used in direct support of a service or industrial
process located within the same facility or group of facilities that house the generating equipment. Direct use is exclusive of station use.
Notes: Data are preliminary. See Note, Electrical System Energy Losses, at the
end of Section 2. Net generation of electricity includes pumped storage facility production
minus energy used for pumping. Values are derived from source data prior to rounding for
Sources:
Tables 8.1, 8.4a, 8.9, A6 (column 7), and U.S. Energy Information
Administration, Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report."
219
Figure 8.1
Electricity Overview
Overview, 2011
Electricity Trade, 1949-2011
4,500
60
3,955
3,726
Imports
3,000
Billion Kilowatthours
50
1,500
0
Electric
Power
Commercial
Net Generation
142
52
15
Industrial
Imports
Exports
Trade
Retail
Sales
40
30
Exports
20
130
10
Direct
Use
0
1950
End Use
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Net-Generation-to-End-Use Flow, 2011

(Billion Kilowatthours)
Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power plants within the NAICS 22 category whose

2
Electricity retail sales to ultimate customers reported by electric utilities and other energy
service providers.
3
See Table 8.1, footnote 8.
220
Transmission and distribution losses (electricity losses that occur between the point of
generation and delivery to the customer). See Note, Electrical System Energy Losses, at
the end of Section 2.
5
Data collection frame differences and nonsampling error.
Table 8.1 Electricity Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2011

Net Generation
Trade
Imports 1
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
1
Electric Power
Sector 2
291
329
547
756
1,055
1,532
1,918
2,038
2,124
2,206
2,247
2,286
2,295
2,241
2,310
2,416
2,470
2,487
2,572
2,704
22,848
2,901
2,936
2,934
3,044
3,089
3,194
3,284
3,329
3,457
3,530
3,638
3,580
3,698
3,721
3,808
3,902
3,908
4,005
3,974
3,810
R3,972
P3,955
Commercial
Sector 3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4
6
6
6
7
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
R9
P8
Industrial
Sector 4
Total
5
5
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4115
131
133
143
146
151
151
151
154
154
156
157
149
153
155
154
145
148
143
137
132
R144
P142
296
334
550
759
1,058
1,535
1,921
2,041
2,127
2,209
2,251
2,290
2,298
2,244
2,313
2,419
2,473
2,490
2,575
2,707
2,967
3,038
3,074
3,084
3,197
3,248
3,353
3,444
3,492
3,620
3,695
3,802
3,737
3,858
3,883
3,971
4,055
4,065
4,157
4,119
3,950
R4,125
P4,106
From Canada
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
16
20
26
29
45
41
42
43
40
43
49
38
37
29
33
42
42
50
56
51
44
P51
Total
2
2
5
5
4
6
11
11
20
21
23
25
36
33
39
42
46
41
52
39
26
18
22
28
31
47
43
43
43
40
43
49
39
37
30
34
44
43
51
57
52
45
P52
Electricity transmitted across U.S. borders. Net imports equal imports minus exports.
Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whose
3 Commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercial electricity-only plants.
4 Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only plants. Through 1988, data
are for industrial hydroelectric power only.
5 Transmission and distribution losses (electricity losses that occur between the point of generation and
delivery to the customer). See Note, "Electrical System Energy Losses," at end of Section 2.
6 Data collection frame differences and nonsampling error.
7 Electricity retail sales to ultimate customers by electric utilities and, beginning in 1996, other energy
service providers.
2
End Use
Exports 1
To Canada
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
16
2
2
3
1
2
2
7
12
13
13
16
15
24
22
19
23
20
24
18
R18
P14
Net Imports 1
Total
Total
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
4
4
5
2
3
1
2
4
3
4
3
3
5
5
6
7
15
16
2
3
4
2
4
3
9
14
14
15
16
16
24
23
19
24
20
24
18
19
P15
2
2
4
5
(s)
2
6
9
17
20
20
21
33
29
35
40
41
36
46
32
11
2
20
25
28
45
39
40
34
26
29
34
22
21
6
11
25
18
31
33
34
26
P37
T & D Losses 5
and
Unaccounted
for 6
Retail
Sales 7
Direct
Use 8
Total
43
44
58
76
104
145
180
194
197
211
200
216
184
187
198
173
190
158
164
161
222
203
207
212
224
211
229
231
224
221
240
244
202
248
228
266
269
266
298
287
261
R265
P287
255
291
497
688
954
1,392
1,747
1,855
1,948
2,018
2,071
2,094
2,147
2,086
2,151
2,286
2,324
2,369
2,457
2,578
2,647
2,713
2,762
2,763
2,861
2,935
3,013
3,101
3,146
3,264
3,312
3,421
3,394
3,465
3,494
3,547
3,661
3,670
3,765
3,733
3,597
R3,754
P3,726
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
109
125
124
134
139
146
151
153
156
161
172
171
163
166
168
168
150
147
126
132
127
R132
E130
255
291
497
688
954
1,392
1,747
1,855
1,948
2,018
2,071
2,094
2,147
2,086
2,151
2,286
2,324
2,369
2,457
2,578
2,756
2,837
2,886
2,897
3,001
3,081
3,164
3,254
3,302
3,425
3,484
3,592
3,557
3,632
3,662
3,716
3,811
3,817
3,890
3,865
3,724
R3,886
P3,856
8 Use of electricity that is 1) self-generated, 2) produced by either the same entity that consumes the
power or an affiliate, and 3) used in direct support of a service or industrial process located within the same
facility or group of facilities that house the generating equipment. Direct use is exclusive of station use.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion kilowatthours.
Notes: See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into
Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent
rounding.
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#electricity for updated monthly and
annual data. See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#electricity for all annual data beginning in
Sources: See end of section.
221
Figure 8.2a Electricity Net Generation, Total (All Sectors)

By Source Category, 2011
By Source, 2011
Other1
2.8
6%
Electric Power
Trillion Kilowatthours
4
Natural
Gas
25%
42%
Coal
8%
0.8
0.5
Hydroelectric
Power2
19%
Commercial and Industrial

0
1989
0
1992
1995
1998
2001 2004
2007
2010
Fossil
Fuels
Nuclear
Electric Power
Nuclear
Electric Power
Renewable
Energy
By Source, 1949-2011
2.5
Coal
2.0
1.5
Natural Gas
1.0
0.5
Hydroelectric Power
Other
0.0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1
Wind, petroleum, wood, waste, geothermal, other gases, solar thermal and photovoltaic,
batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies,
fuels).
222
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Conventional hydroelectric power and pumped storage.

Sources: Tables 8.2a, 8.2b, and 8.2d.
2010
Figure 8.2b Electricity Net Generation by Sector

By Sector, 2011
Electric Power Sector by Plant Type, 1989-2011
5
4.0
Electricity-Only Plants
4
1
0.1
Electric Power
Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants
(s)
0
Industrial
0
1989
Commercial
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
Industrial and Commercial Sectors, 2011

90
82
Industrial
Commercial
60
30
26
18
8
(ss)
0
Natural Gas
Wood
Coal
(ss)
Other Gases
(ss)
Petroleum
1
fossil fuels.
2
fuels).
(ss)
Conventional
Hydroelectric
Power
Waste
(ss)
(ss)
Solar/PV
(ss)
(ss)
Wind
Other
(s) = Less than 0.05 trillion kilowatthours.

(ss) = Less than 0.5 billion kilowatthours.
Sources: Tables 8.2b-8.2d.
223
Table 8.2a Electricity Net Generation: Total (All Sectors), Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Sum of Tables 8.2b and 8.2d; Billion Kilowatthours)
Fossil Fuels
Year
Coal 1
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
198911
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
135.5
154.5
301.4
403.1
570.9
704.4
852.8
944.4
985.2
975.7
1,075.0
1,161.6
1,203.2
1,192.0
1,259.4
1,341.7
1,402.1
1,385.8
1,463.8
1,540.7
1,583.8
1,594.0
1,590.6
1,621.2
1,690.1
1,690.7
1,709.4
1,795.2
1,845.0
1,873.5
1,881.1
1,966.3
1,904.0
1,933.1
1,973.7
1,978.3
2,012.9
1,990.5
2,016.5
1,985.8
1,755.9
R1,847.3
1,734.3
Petroleum 2
28.5
33.7
37.1
48.0
64.8
184.2
289.1
320.0
358.2
365.1
303.5
246.0
206.4
146.8
144.5
119.8
100.2
136.6
118.5
148.9
164.4
126.5
119.8
100.2
112.8
105.9
74.6
81.4
92.6
128.8
118.1
111.2
124.9
94.6
119.4
121.1
122.2
64.2
65.7
46.2
38.9
R37.1
28.2
Renewable Energy
Natural
Gas 3
Other
Gases 4
Total
37.0
44.6
95.3
158.0
221.6
372.9
299.8
294.6
305.5
305.4
329.5
346.2
345.8
305.3
274.1
297.4
291.9
248.5
272.6
252.8
352.6
372.8
381.6
404.1
414.9
460.2
496.1
455.1
479.4
531.3
556.4
601.0
639.1
691.0
649.9
710.1
761.0
816.4
896.6
883.0
921.0
R987.7
1,016.6
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7.9
10.4
11.3
13.3
13.0
13.3
13.9
14.4
13.4
13.5
14.1
14.0
9.0
11.5
15.6
15.3
13.5
14.2
13.5
11.7
10.6
R11.3
11.3
201.0
232.8
433.8
609.0
857.3
1,261.5
1,441.7
1,559.0
1,648.9
1,646.2
1,708.0
1,753.8
1,755.4
1,644.1
1,678.0
1,758.9
1,794.3
1,770.9
1,854.9
1,942.4
2,108.6
2,103.6
2,103.3
2,138.7
2,230.7
2,270.1
2,293.9
2,346.0
2,430.3
2,547.1
2,569.7
2,692.5
2,677.0
2,730.2
2,758.6
2,824.8
2,909.5
2,885.3
2,992.2
2,926.7
2,726.5
R2,883.4
2,790.3
Nuclear
Electric
Power
0.0
.0
.0
.5
3.7
21.8
172.5
191.1
250.9
276.4
255.2
251.1
272.7
282.8
293.7
327.6
383.7
414.0
455.3
527.0
529.4
576.9
612.6
618.8
610.3
640.4
673.4
674.7
628.6
673.7
728.3
753.9
768.8
780.1
763.7
788.5
782.0
787.2
806.4
806.2
798.9
807.0
790.2
Hydroelectric
Pumped
Storage 5
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
-3.5
-4.5
-4.2
-4.0
-3.4
-2.7
-3.1
-4.0
-4.5
-6.1
-5.5
-8.8
-8.7
-8.5
-8.5
-6.6
-6.6
-6.9
-6.3
-4.6
R-5.5
-5.9
Conventional
Hydroelectric
Power 6
94.8
100.9
116.2
149.4
197.0
251.0
303.2
286.9
223.6
283.5
283.1
279.2
263.8
312.4
335.3
324.3
284.3
294.0
252.9
226.1
272.0
292.9
289.0
253.1
280.5
260.1
310.8
347.2
356.5
323.3
319.5
275.6
217.0
264.3
275.8
268.4
270.3
289.2
247.5
254.8
273.4
R260.2
325.1
Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.
Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil.
4 Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.
5 Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping.
6 Through 1989, hydroelectric pumped storage is included in "Conventional Hydroelectric Power."
8 Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, and
other biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic
sources, and tire-derived fuels).
9 Solar thermal and photovoltaic (PV) energy.
10 Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,
beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derived
2
3
224
Biomass
Wood 7
Waste 8
Geothermal
0.4
.4
.3
.1
.3
.1
(s)
.1
.3
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.5
.7
.5
.8
.9
27.2
32.5
33.7
36.5
37.6
37.9
36.5
36.8
36.9
36.3
37.0
37.6
35.2
38.7
37.5
38.1
38.9
38.8
39.0
37.3
36.1
R37.2
36.9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.4
.6
.7
.7
.7
9.2
13.3
15.7
17.8
18.3
19.1
20.4
20.9
21.7
22.4
22.6
23.1
14.5
15.0
15.8
15.4
15.4
16.1
16.5
17.7
18.4
R18.9
19.8
NA
NA
NA
(s)
.2
.5
3.2
3.6
3.6
3.0
3.9
5.1
5.7
4.8
6.1
7.7
9.3
10.3
10.8
10.3
14.6
15.4
16.0
16.1
16.8
15.5
13.4
14.3
14.7
14.8
14.8
14.1
13.7
14.5
14.4
14.8
14.7
14.6
14.6
14.8
15.0
R15.2
16.7
Solar/PV 9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
.3
.4
.5
.4
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.6
.5
.6
.6
.5
.6
.9
.9
R1.2
1.8
Wind
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
2.1
2.8
3.0
2.9
3.0
3.4
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.0
4.5
5.6
6.7
10.4
11.2
14.1
17.8
26.6
34.4
55.4
73.9
R94.7
119.7
Total
95.2
101.3
116.5
149.6
197.4
251.8
306.6
290.8
227.7
286.8
287.5
284.7
269.9
317.5
341.7
332.9
295.0
305.5
265.1
238.1
325.3
357.2
357.8
326.9
356.7
336.7
384.8
423.0
433.6
400.4
399.0
356.5
287.7
343.4
355.3
351.5
357.7
385.8
352.7
380.9
417.7
R427.4
520.1
Other 10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3.8
3.6
4.7
3.7
3.5
3.7
4.1
3.6
3.6
3.6
4.0
4.8
11.9
13.5
14.0
14.2
12.8
13.0
12.2
11.8
11.9
R12.9
11.1
Total
296.1
334.1
550.3
759.2
1,058.4
1,535.1
1,920.8
2,040.9
2,127.4
2,209.4
2,250.7
2,289.6
2,298.0
2,244.4
2,313.4
2,419.5
2,473.0
2,490.5
2,575.3
2,707.4
2,967.1
3,037.8
3,073.8
3,083.9
3,197.2
3,247.5
3,353.5
3,444.2
3,492.2
3,620.3
3,694.8
3,802.1
3,736.6
3,858.5
3,883.2
3,970.6
4,055.4
4,064.7
4,156.7
4,119.4
3,950.3
R4,125.1
4,105.7
fuels).
11 Through 1988, all data except hydroelectric are for electric utilities only; hydroelectric data through
1988 include industrial plants as well as electric utilities. Beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities,
independent power producers, commercial plants, and industrial plants.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion killowatthours.
Notes: See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," at end of section. Totals may not equal sum
of components due to independent rounding.
Sources: 1949-1988Table 8.2b for electric power sector, and Table 8.1 for industrial sector. 1989
forwardTables 8.2b and 8.2d.
Table 8.2b Electricity Net Generation: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Subset of Table 8.2a; Billion Kilowatthours)
Fossil Fuels
Year
Coal 1
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
198911
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
135.5
154.5
301.4
403.1
570.9
704.4
852.8
944.4
985.2
975.7
1,075.0
1,161.6
1,203.2
1,192.0
1,259.4
1,341.7
1,402.1
1,385.8
1,463.8
1,540.7
1,562.4
1,572.1
1,568.8
1,597.7
1,665.5
1,666.3
1,686.1
1,772.0
1,820.8
1,850.2
1,858.6
1,943.1
1,882.8
1,910.6
1,952.7
1,957.2
1,992.1
1,969.7
1,998.4
1,968.8
1,741.1
R1,827.7
1,714.9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Petroleum 2
28.5
33.7
37.1
48.0
64.8
184.2
289.1
320.0
358.2
365.1
303.5
246.0
206.4
146.8
144.5
119.8
100.2
136.6
118.5
148.9
159.0
118.9
112.8
92.2
105.4
98.7
68.1
74.8
86.5
122.2
111.5
105.2
119.1
89.7
113.7
114.7
116.5
59.7
61.3
42.9
35.8
R34.7
26.2
Renewable Energy
Natural
Gas 3
Other
Gases 4
37.0
44.6
95.3
158.0
221.6
372.9
299.8
294.6
305.5
305.4
329.5
346.2
345.8
305.3
274.1
297.4
291.9
248.5
272.6
252.8
297.3
309.5
317.8
334.3
342.2
385.7
419.2
378.8
399.6
449.3
473.0
518.0
554.9
607.7
567.3
627.2
683.8
734.4
814.8
802.4
841.0
R901.4
930.6
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
.5
.6
.7
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.9
1.3
1.5
2.3
1.6
2.0
.6
2.0
2.6
3.6
3.8
4.3
4.0
3.2
3.1
R3.0
3.1
Nuclear
Electric
Power
Total
201.0
232.8
433.8
609.0
857.3
1,261.5
1,441.7
1,559.0
1,648.9
1,646.2
1,708.0
1,753.8
1,755.4
1,644.1
1,678.0
1,758.9
1,794.3
1,770.9
1,854.9
1,942.4
2,019.1
2,001.1
2,000.1
2,025.4
2,114.1
2,151.7
2,175.3
2,226.9
2,308.4
2,424.0
2,444.8
2,568.3
2,557.5
2,610.0
2,636.4
2,702.6
2,796.1
2,768.1
2,878.5
2,817.3
2,621.0
R2,766.8
2,674.8
0.0
.0
.0
.5
3.7
21.8
172.5
191.1
250.9
276.4
255.2
251.1
272.7
282.8
293.7
327.6
383.7
414.0
455.3
527.0
529.4
576.9
612.6
618.8
610.3
640.4
673.4
674.7
628.6
673.7
728.3
753.9
768.8
780.1
763.7
788.5
782.0
787.2
806.4
806.2
798.9
807.0
790.2
Hydroelectric
Pumped
Storage 5
Conventional
Hydroelectric
Power 6
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
-3.5
-4.5
-4.2
-4.0
-3.4
-2.7
-3.1
-4.0
-4.5
-6.1
-5.5
-8.8
-8.7
-8.5
-8.5
-6.6
-6.6
-6.9
-6.3
-4.6
R-5.5
-5.9
Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.
Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping.
Through 1989, hydroelectric pumped storage is included in "Conventional Hydroelectric Power."
Wood and wood-derived fuels.
Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, and
other biomass.
Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from
non-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).
fuels).
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion kilowatthours.
89.7
95.9
113.0
145.8
193.9
247.7
300.0
283.7
220.5
280.4
279.8
276.0
260.7
309.2
332.1
321.2
281.1
290.8
249.7
222.9
269.2
289.8
286.0
250.0
277.5
254.0
305.4
341.2
350.6
317.9
314.7
271.3
213.7
260.5
271.5
265.1
267.0
286.3
245.8
253.1
271.5
R258.5
323.1
Biomass
Wood 7
Waste 8
Geothermal
0.4
.4
.3
.1
.3
.1
(s)
.1
.3
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.5
.7
.5
.8
.9
5.6
7.0
7.7
8.5
9.2
9.2
7.6
8.4
8.7
8.6
9.0
8.9
8.3
9.0
9.5
9.7
10.6
10.3
10.7
10.6
10.7
R11.4
10.5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.4
.6
.7
.7
.7
7.7
11.5
13.9
15.9
16.2
17.0
18.0
17.8
18.5
19.2
19.5
20.3
12.9
13.1
13.8
13.1
13.0
13.9
14.3
15.4
16.0
R16.4
17.2
NA
NA
NA
(s)
.2
.5
3.2
3.6
3.6
3.0
3.9
5.1
5.7
4.8
6.1
7.7
9.3
10.3
10.8
10.3
14.6
15.4
16.0
16.1
16.8
15.5
13.4
14.3
14.7
14.8
14.8
14.1
13.7
14.5
14.4
14.8
14.7
14.6
14.6
14.8
15.0
R15.2
16.7
Solar/PV 9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
.3
.4
.5
.4
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.6
.5
.6
.6
.5
.6
.9
.9
R1.2
1.8
Wind
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
2.1
2.8
3.0
2.9
3.0
3.4
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.0
4.5
5.6
6.7
10.4
11.2
14.1
17.8
26.6
34.4
55.4
73.9
94.6
119.7
Total
90.1
96.3
113.3
146.0
194.3
248.6
303.5
287.6
224.5
283.7
284.2
281.5
266.7
314.4
338.6
329.8
291.9
302.3
262.0
234.9
299.5
326.9
327.0
293.9
323.2
299.7
348.0
385.4
396.3
364.0
362.9
320.7
256.0
308.0
321.0
317.4
323.7
352.2
320.5
350.2
388.0
R397.3
489.0
Other 10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
.3
(s)
.4
.5
.4
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
6.5
9.1
8.6
8.3
6.9
7.1
6.8
7.0
6.6
R6.8
6.9
Total
291.1
329.1
547.0
755.5
1,055.3
1,531.9
1,917.6
2,037.7
2,124.3
2,206.3
2,247.4
2,286.4
2,294.8
2,241.2
2,310.3
2,416.3
2,469.8
2,487.3
2,572.1
2,704.3
2,848.2
2,901.3
2,935.6
2,934.4
3,043.9
3,088.7
3,194.2
3,284.1
3,329.4
3,457.4
3,530.0
3,637.5
3,580.1
3,698.5
3,721.2
3,808.4
3,902.2
3,908.1
4,005.3
3,974.3
3,809.8
R3,972.4
3,955.1
Notes: The electric power sector comprises electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP)
plants within the NAICS 22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to
the public. See Table 8.2d for commercial and industrial CHP and electricity-only data. See Note 1,
"Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at
end of section. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Sources: 1949-September 1977Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant
Report." October 1977-1981Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power
Plant Report." 1982-1988U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-759, "Monthly
Power Plant Report." 1989-1997EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form
EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report." 1998-2000EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power
Plant Report," and Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric Generator ReportNonutility." 2001-2003EIA,
Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report." 2004-2007EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and Form
EIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report." 2008 forwardEIA, Form EIA-923, "Power Plant
Operations Report."
225
Table 8.2c Electricity Net Generation: Electric Power Sector by Plant Type, Selected Years, 1989-2011
(Breakout of Table 8.2b; Billion Kilowatthours)
Fossil Fuels
Year
Coal 1
Petroleum 2
Natural
Gas 3
Renewable Energy
Other
Gases 4
Total
Nuclear
Electric
Power
Hydroelectric
Pumped
Storage 5
Conventional
Hydroelectric
Power 6
Biomass
Wood 7
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1,554.0
1,560.2
1,658.0
1,742.8
1,793.2
1,823.0
1,832.1
1,910.6
1,851.8
1,881.2
1,915.8
1,921.1
1,955.5
1,933.7
1,962.0
1,932.0
1,711.9
R1,797.5
1,687.9
158.3
117.6
62.0
68.5
80.3
115.7
104.8
98.0
113.2
83.3
108.5
109.4
111.2
55.2
56.9
39.3
31.9
R32.4
24.1
266.9
264.7
317.4
272.8
291.1
335.9
356.6
399.4
427.0
456.8
421.2
491.2
553.2
618.0
686.3
683.3
722.7
R779.4
809.2
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
.1
(s)
.2
(s)
.2
.3
.4
(s)
(s)
.1
(s)
.1
.1
(s)
1,979.3
1,942.4
2,037.4
2,084.1
2,164.6
2,274.6
2,293.6
2,408.2
2,392.0
2,421.5
2,445.7
2,522.0
2,619.9
2,607.0
2,705.3
2,654.6
2,466.6
R2,609.3
2,521.2
529.4
576.9
673.4
674.7
628.6
673.7
728.3
753.9
768.8
780.1
763.7
788.5
782.0
787.2
806.4
806.2
798.9
807.0
790.2
(6)
-3.5
-2.7
-3.1
-4.0
-4.5
-6.1
-5.5
-8.8
-8.7
-8.5
-8.5
-6.6
-6.6
-6.9
-6.3
-4.6
R-5.5
-5.9
269.2
289.8
305.4
341.2
350.6
317.9
314.7
271.3
213.7
260.5
271.5
265.1
267.0
286.2
245.8
253.1
271.5
R258.5
323.1
Waste 8
Geothermal
6.9
10.4
16.3
16.1
16.4
17.0
17.1
17.6
11.3
11.2
11.9
11.8
11.7
12.5
12.9
14.0
14.3
R14.7
15.5
14.6
15.4
13.4
14.3
14.7
14.8
14.8
14.1
13.7
14.5
14.4
14.8
14.7
14.6
14.6
14.8
15.0
R15.2
16.7
0.3
.4
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.6
.5
.6
.6
.5
.6
.9
.9
R1.2
1.8
2.1
2.8
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.0
4.5
5.6
6.7
10.4
11.2
14.1
17.8
26.6
34.4
55.4
73.9
94.6
119.7
Solar/PV 9
Wind
Total
Other 10
Total
11
4.2
5.6
5.9
6.5
6.5
6.6
7.3
7.3
6.6
7.3
7.4
8.1
8.5
8.3
8.7
8.6
8.5
R9.3
8.5
297.3
324.3
344.7
381.8
392.0
359.8
358.8
316.4
252.6
304.3
317.0
314.5
320.3
348.7
317.1
346.8
384.0
R393.6
485.3
5.9
7.6
7.6
7.6
6.2
6.3
6.0
6.2
5.8
6.0
6.1
2,805.9
2,840.0
3,052.8
3,137.6
3,181.3
3,303.6
3,374.6
3,472.9
3,410.5
3,504.8
3,525.5
3,624.1
3,721.8
3,742.7
3,828.0
3,807.4
3,650.7
R3,810.3
3,796.9
2.2
2.6
3.4
3.6
4.3
4.2
4.1
4.3
3.4
3.7
4.0
2.9
3.4
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.9
R3.8
3.7
0.3
(s)
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.6
1.4
1.1
.7
.7
.8
.7
.8
.8
R.8
.9
42.3
61.3
141.5
146.6
148.1
153.8
155.4
164.6
169.5
193.7
195.7
184.3
180.4
165.4
177.4
166.9
159.1
R162.0
158.1
Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants 12
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
8.4
11.9
28.1
29.2
27.6
27.2
26.6
32.5
31.0
29.4
36.9
36.1
36.5
36.0
36.4
36.9
29.2
R30.3
26.9
0.7
1.3
6.1
6.3
6.2
6.6
6.7
7.2
6.0
6.5
5.2
5.3
5.3
4.5
4.4
3.6
3.9
R2.3
2.1
30.4
44.8
101.7
105.9
108.5
113.4
116.4
118.6
128.0
150.9
146.1
136.0
130.7
116.4
128.4
119.0
118.3
R122.0
121.4
0.5
.6
1.9
1.3
1.5
2.3
1.6
1.8
.6
1.7
2.4
3.2
3.8
4.2
3.9
3.2
3.0
R2.9
3.1
39.9
58.7
137.9
142.7
143.7
149.4
151.2
160.2
165.5
188.5
190.6
180.6
176.2
161.1
173.2
162.7
154.4
R157.5
153.6
fuels).
11 Electricity-only plants within the NAICS 22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity to the
public. Data also include a small number of electric utility combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants.
2
226
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
R
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.9
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.7
2.1
1.6
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.3
R2.1
2.0
0.9
1.1
1.7
1.7
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.7
1.7
2.0
1.9
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.6
1.7
12 Combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whose primary business is to
sell electricity and heat to the public. Data do not include electric utility CHP plantsthese are included
under "Electricity-Only Plants."
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. =No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion kilowatthours.
Notes: See Table 8.2d for commercial and industrial CHP and electricity-only data. See Note 1,
end of section. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#electricity for all data beginning in 1989.
For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/electricity/.
Sources: 1989-1997U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power
Plant Report," and Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report." 1998-2000EIA, Form
EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric Generator
ReportNonutility." 2001-2003EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report." 2004-2007EIA, Form
EIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report." 2008
forwardEIA, Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report."
Table 8.2d Electricity Net Generation: Commercial and Industrial Sectors, Selected Years, 1989-2011
(Subset of Table 8.2a; Billion Kilowatthours)
Fossil Fuels
Year
Coal
Petroleum
Natural
Gas 3
Renewable Energy
Other
Gases 4
Total
Nuclear
Electric
Power
Hydroelectric
Pumped
Storage 5
Conventional
Hydroelectric
Power
Biomass
Wood 6
Waste 7
Geothemal
0.5
.8
1.5
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.0
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.7
.8
.6
.8
.7
.8
.7
.6
.6
.8
.7
R.9
.9
Solar/PV 8
Other 9
Wind
Total
Total
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
0.7
1.1
1.7
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.1
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.9
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
.5
.6
.6
.8
.8
.8
.8
.7
.8
.8
.9
4.3
5.8
8.2
9.0
8.7
8.7
8.6
7.9
7.4
7.4
7.5
8.3
8.5
8.4
8.3
7.9
8.2
R8.6
8.4
(s)
(s)
(s)
25.2
29.3
35.1
35.2
34.8
33.9
33.5
33.6
30.6
34.3
32.9
32.4
32.2
31.9
30.5
29.1
27.9
R28.2
29.1
3.5
3.6
3.9
3.4
3.5
3.4
3.9
4.7
4.9
3.8
4.8
5.1
5.1
5.1
4.7
4.1
4.5
R5.2
3.3
114.7
130.7
151.0
151.0
154.1
154.1
156.3
156.7
149.2
152.6
154.5
153.9
144.7
148.3
143.1
137.1
132.3
R144.1
142.3
Commercial Sector 10
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
0.7
.8
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.0
0.6
.6
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.5
.4
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
2.2
3.3
5.2
5.2
4.7
4.9
4.6
4.3
4.4
4.3
3.9
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.2
R4.7
4.5
0.1
.1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
R(s)
(s)
3.6
4.8
6.5
6.7
6.2
6.3
6.0
5.8
5.9
5.7
5.5
5.8
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.6
5.5
R6.0
5.6
0.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
(s)
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
0.1
.1
.1
.1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
Industrial Sector 11
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
20.7
21.1
22.4
22.2
23.2
22.3
21.5
22.1
20.1
21.5
19.8
19.8
19.5
19.5
16.7
15.7
13.7
18.4
18.4
4.8
7.0
6.0
6.3
5.6
6.2
6.1
5.6
5.3
4.4
5.3
6.0
5.4
4.2
4.2
3.2
3.0
R2.3
1.8
53.2
60.0
71.7
71.0
75.1
77.1
78.8
78.8
79.8
79.0
78.7
79.0
72.9
77.7
77.6
76.4
75.7
R81.6
81.5
7.3
9.6
11.9
13.0
11.8
11.2
12.5
11.9
8.5
9.5
13.0
11.7
9.7
9.9
9.4
8.5
7.6
R8.3
8.1
85.9
97.8
112.1
112.5
115.8
116.8
118.9
118.4
113.6
114.4
116.8
116.4
107.4
111.3
107.9
103.9
100.0
R110.6
109.9
fuels).
2
2.7
3.0
5.3
5.9
5.7
5.3
4.8
4.1
3.1
3.8
4.2
3.2
3.2
2.9
1.6
1.7
1.9
R1.7
1.8
21.6
25.4
28.9
28.4
28.2
27.7
28.1
28.7
26.9
29.6
28.0
28.4
28.3
28.4
28.3
26.6
25.3
R25.7
26.4
11
Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only plants.

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. =No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion kilowatthours.
Notes: See Tables 8.2b and 8.2c for electric power sector electricity-only and CHP data. See Note
1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors,"
at end of section. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Sources: 1989-1997U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility
Power Producer Report."
1998-2000EIA, Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric Generator

EIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."
2008 forwardEIA, Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report."
227
Figure 8.3 Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants

Total (All Sectors), 1989-2011
Total (All Sectors) by Source, 2011
2.5
600
543
400
Trillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu
2.0
1.5
1.0
296
300
200
0.5
0.0
1989
103
100
37
36
Waste
Petroleum
16
0
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
Wood
Natural
Gas
Coal
Other
Gases
Other
By Sector, 2011
2.0
1.8
Industrial
1.0
Quadrillion Btu
1.5
Quadrillion Btu
522
500
1.2
1.2
0.6
0.5
0.3
Electric Power
Commercial
0.0
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
1
fossil fuels.
228
0.1
0.0
Industrial
Electric Power
Commercial
2
fuels).
Sources: Tables 8.3a8.3c.
Table 8.3a Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants: Total (All Sectors), 1989-2011
(Sum of Tables 8.3b and 8.3c; Trillion Btu)
Fossil Fuels
Renewable Energy
Biomass
Year
Coal 1
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
323
363
352
367
373
388
386
392
389
382
386
384
354
337
333
352
342
333
327
315
282
R300
296
Petroleum 2
96
127
112
117
129
133
121
133
137
136
125
108
90
73
85
97
92
78
76
48
53
R41
36
Natural Gas 3
462
538
547
592
604
646
686
711
713
782
811
812
741
709
610
654
624
603
554
509
513
R524
522
Other Gases 4
93
141
148
160
142
144
145
150
150
167
179
184
133
118
110
126
138
126
116
111
100
R91
103
Total
Wood 5
973
1,168
1,159
1,236
1,248
1,309
1,338
1,385
1,389
1,466
1,501
1,488
1,318
1,236
1,139
1,230
1,197
1,140
1,074
983
947
R958
956
546
651
623
658
668
722
721
701
731
700
690
707
557
546
597
637
628
653
616
572
509
R542
543
other biomass.
2
Waste 6
30
36
37
40
45
45
47
55
55
57
55
56
28
26
35
30
36
37
35
38
38
R40
37
Total
577
687
660
698
713
767
768
756
785
757
744
764
585
572
632
667
665
690
651
610
547
R581
580
Other 7
39
40
44
42
41
42
44
43
53
46
48
50
55
48
55
45
41
49
47
24
33
R29
16
Total
1,589
1,896
1,863
1,976
2,002
2,119
2,151
2,184
2,227
2,269
2,294
2,302
1,958
1,856
1,826
1,943
1,903
1,879
1,772
1,617
1,527
R1,568
1,553
fuels).
Notes: Data do not include electric utility combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants. See Note 1,
"Coverage of Electricity Statistics," at end of section. See "Useful Thermal Output" in Glossary. Totals
Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/electricity/.
Sources: Tables 8.3b and 8.3c.
229
Table 8.3b Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants: Electric Power Sector, 1989-2011
(Subset of Table 8.3a; Trillion Btu)
Fossil Fuels
Renewable Energy
Biomass
Year
Coal 1
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
13
21
21
28
30
37
40
43
39
43
52
53
52
40
38
39
40
38
38
37
38
R38
37
Petroleum 2
8
9
6
6
8
9
13
12
12
6
7
7
6
4
7
8
8
7
7
7
7
6
6
Natural Gas 3
67
80
82
102
107
119
118
121
132
142
146
158
164
214
200
239
239
207
213
204
191
R187
197
Other Gases 4
2
4
4
5
3
5
4
4
8
5
4
5
5
6
9
18
37
23
20
22
20
R20
22
Total
90
114
113
140
147
170
176
180
191
196
208
223
226
264
255
305
323
275
279
270
256
R251
262
other biomass.
fuels).
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.
2
230
Wood 5
19
18
17
17
16
15
15
16
16
10
10
6
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
9
9
R10
9
Waste 6
5
6
9
8
8
10
12
16
14
16
20
19
4
5
11
9
8
7
8
8
8
8
7
Total
Other 7
Total
24
25
26
25
24
24
27
33
30
26
30
26
13
13
20
17
18
17
19
17
18
R18
16
1
(s)
1
2
1
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
3
5
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
114
138
140
167
173
195
203
213
221
222
238
249
243
281
278
326
346
297
302
292
278
R273
283
Notes: Data are for combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whose
primary business is to sell electricity and heat to the public. Data do not include electric utility CHP plants.
See Table 8.3c for commercial and industrial CHP data. See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity
Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section. See
"Useful Thermal Output" in Glossary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent
rounding.

Operations Report."
Table 8.3c Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants: Commercial and Industrial Sectors,
Selected Years, 1989-2011 (Subset of Table 8.3a; Trillion Btu)
Fossil Fuels
Renewable Energy
Biomass
Year
Coal 1
Petroleum 2
Natural Gas 3
Other Gases 4
Total
Wood 5
14
15
17
20
22
20
20
21
18
18
23
22
23
22
23
23
20
R19
17
4
5
3
3
4
5
3
4
4
3
3
4
4
2
2
2
1
1
1
10
16
29
33
40
39
37
39
35
36
17
22
20
19
20
20
26
R30
28
(s)
(s)
R
(s)
(s)
R
R
(s)
R (s)
(s)
27
36
48
55
66
64
61
64
58
57
42
49
47
44
44
45
47
R50
46
Total
Other 7
Total
Commercial Sector
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Waste 6
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
10
10
15
17
19
18
17
17
8
6
8
8
8
9
6
9
8
R8
8
10
11
15
18
20
18
17
18
8
7
8
9
9
9
7
9
8
8
8
(s)
6
5
6
6
6
6
4
6
6
5
6
38
46
63
73
86
82
78
82
72
69
57
64
61
59
55
60
61
R63
60
15
20
20
21
22
24
18
20
16
15
16
13
20
21
21
21
21
R24
23
542
652
726
705
735
713
697
720
564
552
604
641
638
663
625
584
521
R556
557
38
40
44
43
53
46
48
50
46
39
46
35
32
39
38
13
22
R18
5
1,437
1,711
1,884
1,897
1,920
1,965
1,978
1,971
1,644
1,505
1,491
1,553
1,496
1,523
1,414
1,265
1,188
R1,231
1,209
Industrial Sector 9
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
297
327
329
329
328
318
313
309
284
278
272
290
280
272
266
255
223
R243
241
84
113
105
118
121
124
115
98
80
66
75
85
81
69
67
39
45
R34
29
385
443
540
557
541
601
629
615
542
458
393
393
364
377
322
285
296
R308
297
90
137
140
146
142
162
175
179
128
112
101
108
102
103
96
89
80
R72
81
856
1,019
1,114
1,150
1,132
1,206
1,233
1,201
1,034
914
842
876
827
821
751
668
644
R657
648
other biomass.
fuels).
8 Commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants.
9 Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants.
2
3
527
632
706
684
713
689
679
700
548
537
588
628
618
642
605
563
500
R531
533
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. =No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.
Notes: See Table 8.3b for electric power sector CHP data. See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity
Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section. See
"Useful Thermal Output" in Glossary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent
rounding.

Operations Report."
231
Figure 8.4
Consumption for Electricity Generation
By Major Category, 1949-2011
By Major Fuel, 2011
40
20
18.0
Fossil Fuels
15
Quadrillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu
30
20
10
10
8.3
8.1
3.2
1.2
Renewable Energy
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.6
Wood
Petroleum
Waste
Other
0
Coal
Nuclear Natural
Electric
Gas
Power
HydroElectric
Power
Wind
24
45
Coal
12
6
Renewable
Energy
Quadrillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu
18
30
15
Natural Gas
Commercial
Petroleum
0
1950
1
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010

Geothermal, other gases, electricity net imports, solar thermal and photovoltaic energy,
batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies,
2
232
Industrial
0
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
fuels).
3
Combined-heat-and-power plants and a small number of electricity-only plants.
Sources: Tables 8.4a-8.4c.
Table 8.4a Consumption for Electricity Generation by Energy Source: Total (All Sectors), Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Sum of Tables 8.4b and 8.4c; Trillion Btu)
Fossil Fuels
Year
Coal 1
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1,995
2,199
3,458
4,228
5,821
7,227
8,786
9,720
10,262
10,238
11,260
12,123
12,583
12,582
13,213
14,019
14,542
14,444
15,173
15,850
1116,359
16,477
16,460
16,686
17,424
17,485
17,687
18,650
19,128
19,417
19,467
20,411
19,789
19,997
20,367
20,376
20,802
20,527
20,842
20,549
18,241
R19,196
18,044
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Petroleum 2
Natural
Gas 3
415
472
471
553
722
2,117
3,166
3,477
3,901
3,987
3,283
2,634
2,202
1,568
1,544
1,286
1,090
1,452
1,257
1,563
111,756
1,366
1,276
1,076
1,203
1,135
813
888
985
1,378
1,285
1,212
1,347
1,014
1,266
1,248
1,269
668
683
485
403
R386
291
569
651
1,194
1,785
2,395
4,054
3,240
3,152
3,284
3,297
3,613
3,810
3,768
3,342
2,998
3,220
3,160
2,691
2,935
2,709
113,582
3,791
3,861
3,999
4,027
4,476
4,840
4,400
4,658
5,205
5,441
5,818
6,001
6,250
5,736
5,827
6,212
6,644
7,288
7,087
7,302
R7,853
8,051
Renewable Energy
Other
Gases 4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
90
112
125
141
136
136
133
159
119
125
126
126
97
131
156
135
110
115
115
97
84
R90
91
Total
2,979
3,322
5,123
6,565
8,938
13,399
15,191
16,349
17,446
17,522
18,156
18,567
18,553
17,491
17,754
18,526
18,792
18,586
19,365
20,123
1121,788
21,746
21,723
21,903
22,790
23,233
23,473
24,097
24,890
26,124
26,320
27,567
27,235
27,392
27,525
27,586
28,393
27,954
28,927
28,218
26,029
R27,525
26,477
Nuclear
Electric
Power 5
Conventional
Hydroelectric
Power 5
Wood 6
Biomass
Waste 7
Geothermal 5
0
0
0
6
43
239
1,900
2,111
2,702
3,024
2,776
2,739
3,008
3,131
3,203
3,553
4,076
4,380
4,754
5,587
115,602
6,104
6,422
6,479
6,410
6,694
7,075
7,087
6,597
7,068
7,610
7,862
8,029
8,145
7,959
8,222
8,161
8,215
8,455
8,427
8,356
R8,434
8,259
1,425
1,415
1,360
1,608
2,059
2,634
3,155
2,976
2,333
2,937
2,931
2,900
2,758
3,266
3,527
3,386
2,970
3,071
2,635
2,334
122,837
3,046
3,016
2,617
2,892
2,683
3,205
3,590
3,640
3,297
3,268
2,811
2,242
2,689
2,825
2,690
2,703
2,869
2,446
2,511
2,669
R2,539
3,171
6
5
3
2
3
1
(s)
1
3
2
3
3
3
2
2
5
8
5
8
10
11345
442
425
481
485
498
480
513
484
475
490
496
486
605
519
344
355
350
353
339
320
R350
333
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
4
7
7
7
8
11151
211
247
283
288
301
316
324
339
332
332
330
228
257
249
230
230
241
245
267
272
R281
287
NA
NA
NA
(s)
2
6
34
38
37
31
40
53
59
51
64
81
97
108
112
106
11152
161
167
167
173
160
138
148
150
151
152
144
142
147
148
148
147
145
145
146
146
R148
163
Values are converted from kilowattthours to Btu using the approximate heat rates in Table A6.
other biomass.
fuels).
10 Net imports equal imports minus exports. See Note 3, "Electricity Imports and Exports," at end of
section.
11 Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only. Beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities,
Solar/PV 5,8
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
113
4
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
5
6
6
5
6
9
9
R12
18
Wind 5
Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1122
29
31
30
31
36
33
33
34
31
46
57
70
105
115
142
178
264
341
546
721
R923
1,168
1,431
1,421
1,363
1,610
2,064
2,643
3,190
3,017
2,376
2,971
2,976
2,957
2,821
3,320
3,595
3,476
3,082
3,191
2,762
2,458
113,510
3,893
3,889
3,582
3,874
3,683
4,177
4,613
4,653
4,290
4,292
3,843
3,173
3,809
3,860
3,560
3,619
3,873
3,536
3,817
4,137
R4,253
5,140
Other 9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
39
36
59
40
34
40
42
37
36
36
41
46
160
191
193
183
173
162
168
172
170
R184
162
Electricity
Net
Imports 10
5
6
14
15
(s)
7
21
29
59
67
69
71
113
100
121
135
140
122
158
108
37
8
67
87
95
153
134
137
116
88
99
115
75
72
22
39
85
63
107
112
116
R89
127
Total
4,415
4,749
6,500
8,197
11,045
16,287
20,303
21,506
22,583
23,585
23,977
24,335
24,495
24,042
24,673
25,690
26,090
26,280
27,040
28,276
30,976
31,788
32,160
32,091
33,203
33,803
34,901
35,971
36,293
37,607
38,362
39,433
38,672
39,610
39,559
39,591
40,430
40,268
41,193
40,747
38,808
R40,485
40,166

12 Through 1988, data are for electric utilities and industrial plants. Beginning in 1989, data are for
electric utilities, independent power producers, commercial plants, and industrial plants.
Notes: Data are for energy consumed to produce electricity. Data also include energy consumed to
produce useful thermal output at a small number of electric utility combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants.
This table no longer shows energy consumption by hydroelectric pumped storage plants. The change
was made because most of the electricity used to pump water into elevated storage reservoirs is generated
by plants other than pumped-storage plants; thus, the associated energy is already accounted for in other
data columns in this table. See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," at end of section. Totals
Sources: 1949-1988Table 8.4b for electric power sector, and Tables 8.1 and A6 for industrial
sector. 1989 forwardTables 8.4b and 8.4c.
233
Table 8.4b Consumption for Electricity Generation by Energy Source: Electric Power Sector,
Fossil Fuels
Year
Coal 1
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1,995
2,199
3,458
4,228
5,821
7,227
8,786
9,720
10,262
10,238
11,260
12,123
12,583
12,582
13,213
14,019
14,542
14,444
15,173
15,850
1116,121
16,235
16,223
16,431
17,159
17,215
17,416
18,375
18,855
19,162
19,214
20,153
19,549
19,733
20,137
20,217
20,649
20,377
20,723
20,431
18,135
R19,043
17,897
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Petroleum 2
415
472
471
553
722
2,117
3,166
3,477
3,901
3,987
3,283
2,634
2,202
1,568
1,544
1,286
1,090
1,452
1,257
1,563
111,697
1,281
1,199
990
1,122
1,056
743
810
917
1,306
1,211
1,145
1,280
955
1,199
1,202
1,227
635
651
463
382
R371
278
Natural
Gas 3
569
651
1,194
1,785
2,395
4,054
3,240
3,152
3,284
3,297
3,613
3,810
3,768
3,342
2,998
3,220
3,160
2,691
2,935
2,709
113,107
3,233
3,296
3,407
3,426
3,851
4,179
3,730
3,981
4,520
4,742
5,120
5,290
5,522
5,009
5,209
5,643
6,055
6,681
6,516
6,731
R7,242
7,433
Renewable Energy
Other
Gases 4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7
6
6
12
12
12
18
16
14
23
14
19
9
25
30
27
24
28
27
23
21
20
20
Total
2,979
3,322
5,123
6,565
8,938
13,399
15,191
16,349
17,446
17,522
18,156
18,567
18,553
17,491
17,754
18,526
18,792
18,586
19,365
20,123
1120,932
20,755
20,725
20,840
21,719
22,134
22,356
22,930
23,768
25,011
25,181
26,438
26,128
26,235
26,374
26,655
27,543
27,095
28,083
27,434
25,270
R26,675
25,629
Nuclear
Electric
Power 5
0
0
0
6
43
239
1,900
2,111
2,702
3,024
2,776
2,739
3,008
3,131
3,203
3,553
4,076
4,380
4,754
5,587
115,602
6,104
6,422
6,479
6,410
6,694
7,075
7,087
6,597
7,068
7,610
7,862
8,029
8,145
7,959
8,222
8,161
8,215
8,455
8,427
8,356
R8,434
8,259
Conventional
Hydroelectric
Power 5
1,349
1,346
1,322
1,569
2,026
2,600
3,122
2,943
2,301
2,905
2,897
2,867
2,725
3,233
3,494
3,353
2,937
3,038
2,602
2,302
112,808
3,014
2,985
2,586
2,861
2,620
3,149
3,528
3,581
3,241
3,218
2,768
2,209
2,650
2,781
2,656
2,670
2,839
2,430
2,494
2,650
R2,521
3,153
Biomass
Wood 6
Waste 7
Geothermal 5
6
5
3
2
3
1
(s)
1
3
2
3
3
3
2
2
5
8
5
8
10
1175
106
104
120
129
134
106
117
117
125
125
126
116
141
156
150
166
163
165
159
160
R177
160
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
4
7
7
7
8
11126
180
217
252
255
269
282
280
292
287
290
294
205
224
216
206
205
216
221
242
244
R249
256
NA
NA
NA
(s)
2
6
34
38
37
31
40
53
59
51
64
81
97
108
112
106
11152
161
167
167
173
160
138
148
150
151
152
144
142
147
148
148
147
145
145
146
146
R148
163
Values are converted from kilowattthours to Btu using the approximate heat rates in Table A6.
other biomass.
fuels).
10 Net imports equal imports minus exports. See Note 3, "Electricity Imports and Exports," at end of
section.
Notes: Data are for energy consumed to produce electricity. Data also include energy consumed to
234
Solar/PV 5,8
Wind 5
Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1122
29
31
30
31
36
33
33
34
31
46
57
70
105
115
142
178
264
341
546
721
R923
1,168
1,355
1,351
1,325
1,571
2,031
2,609
3,158
2,983
2,343
2,940
2,942
2,925
2,788
3,286
3,562
3,443
3,049
3,158
2,729
2,425
113,187
3,493
3,509
3,158
3,454
3,224
3,713
4,112
4,179
3,840
3,836
3,394
2,747
3,273
3,421
3,308
3,372
3,632
3,307
3,596
3,931
R4,031
4,917
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
113
4
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
5
6
6
5
6
9
9
R12
18
Other 9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
(s)
4
3
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
109
137
136
131
116
117
117
122
115
R116
117
Electricity
Net
Imports 10
5
6
14
15
(s)
7
21
29
59
67
69
71
113
100
121
135
140
122
158
108
37
8
67
87
95
153
134
137
116
88
99
115
75
72
22
39
85
63
107
112
116
R89
127
Total
4,339
4,679
6,461
8,158
11,012
16,253
20,270
21,473
22,551
23,553
23,943
24,302
24,462
24,009
24,639
25,657
26,057
26,247
27,007
28,244
29,761
30,361
30,727
30,568
31,681
32,207
33,281
34,268
34,660
36,008
36,728
37,811
37,089
37,861
37,912
38,355
39,276
39,122
40,068
39,691
37,788
R39,345
39,049
The electric power sector comprises electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within
the NAICS 22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.
See Table 8.4c for commercial and industrial CHP and electricity-only data. This table no longer
shows energy consumption by hydroelectric pumped storage plants. The change was made because most
of the electricity used to pump water into elevated storage reservoirs is generated by plants other than
pumped-storage plants; thus, the associated energy is already accounted for in other data columns in this
table. See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into
Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent
rounding.
Sources: Electricity Net Imports: Tables 8.1 and A6. All Other Data: 1949-1988Tables 8.2b,
8.5b, A1, A4, A5, and A6. 1989-1997U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-759,
"Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report."
1998-2000EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric
Generator ReportNonutility."
2001-2003EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report."

2004-2007EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power
Plant Report." 2008 forwardEIA, Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report."
Table 8.4c Consumption for Electricity Generation by Energy Source: Commercial and Industrial Sectors,
Fossil Fuels
Year
Coal
Petroleum
Natural
Gas 3
Renewable Energy
Other
Gases 4
Total
Nuclear
Electric
Power
Conventional
Hydroelectric
Power 5
Biomass
Wood
Waste
Geothermal
Solar/PV
5,8
Wind
Total
Other
Electricity
Net
Imports
Total
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
9
9
12
14
14
11
12
12
13
9
13
8
8
8
8
8
7
7
6
7
6
4
4
5
5
6
5
6
4
5
5
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
18
28
44
44
40
42
40
38
37
31
39
34
35
35
35
34
35
R40
39
1
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
R(s)
(s)
36
45
60
62
59
57
57
55
56
44
58
46
46
45
44
43
43
R48
45
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(s)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
9
15
21
31
34
32
33
26
15
18
19
19
20
21
19
20
23
R24
24
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
12
18
23
33
35
34
35
28
16
19
21
21
21
22
20
21
24
R25
25
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
7
11
11
11
10
10
10
11
13
R14
14
47
63
83
95
94
91
92
82
79
73
89
78
78
77
75
75
80
R87
84
(s)
(s)
(s)
311
382
440
468
439
417
422
421
410
518
419
231
226
219
208
200
182
R197
199
37
36
40
35
36
35
39
45
44
43
46
41
46
35
41
39
42
R55
31
1,168
1,364
1,537
1,607
1,538
1,508
1,542
1,540
1,504
1,675
1,558
1,158
1,076
1,068
1,050
980
940
R1,053
1,033
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
229
233
259
261
260
245
242
245
227
255
217
151
145
143
111
109
99
R146
141
52
79
66
74
63
67
68
61
62
55
61
42
39
31
30
21
20
R14
12
456
530
617
626
637
643
660
660
674
697
687
585
534
554
572
537
535
R570
580
83
104
114
143
105
102
112
107
88
106
127
108
85
87
88
73
62
R70
71
820
946
1,057
1,104
1,064
1,056
1,081
1,074
1,051
1,113
1,093
885
804
814
800
740
716
R801
803
28
31
55
61
58
55
49
42
33
39
43
33
32
29
16
17
18
16
18
5 Values are converted from kilowattthours to Btu using the approximate heat rates in Table A6.
other biomass.
fuels).
2
267
335
373
394
367
349
364
369
370
464
362
194
189
187
188
179
160
R172
173
15
16
13
13
14
13
8
10
7
15
13
5
5
3
4
5
4
R8
8
11

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. =Not applicable. =No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.
Notes: Data are for energy consumed to produce electricity. See Table 8.4b for electric power
sector electricity-only and CHP data. See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2,
"Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section. Totals may not equal sum of

235
Figure 8.5a Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation (All Sectors), 1989-2011
Coal
Natural Gas
1.2
10
8
Trillion Cubic Feet
Billion Short Tons
0.9
0.6
0.3
2
0
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
0
1989
2010
Petroleum
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
Wood and Waste

0.8
300
250
200
150
Total Petroleum
100
Quadrillion Btu
Million Barrels
0.6
0.4
Wood
Waste
0.2
50
Residual Fuel Oil
0
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
0.0
1989
1992
1995
Source: Table 8.5a.
236
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
Figure 8.5b Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation by Sector, 2011
Coal
Natural Gas
8
1,200
CHP
925
CHP
Trillion Cubic Feet
Million Short Tons
1,000
7.3
800
600
Electricity-Only
Plants
400
Electricity-Only
Plants
2
200
0.6
0
Electric Power
(s)
0
Industrial
Commercial
Petroleum
(ss)
0.0
0
Electric Power
Industrial
Commercial
Wood and Waste

500
60
47
416
400
CHP
CHP
Trillion Btu
Million Barrels
40
Electricity-Only
Plants
300
200
Electricity-Only
Plants
181
20
100
2
0
Electric Power
1
Industrial
Combined-heat-and-power plants.
Combined-heat-and-power and electricity-only plants.
(sss)
0
Commercial
24
0
Electric Power
Industrial
Commercial
(s)=Less than 0.5 million short tons.

(ss)=Less than 0.05 trillion cubic feet.
(sss)=Less than 0.5 million barrels.
Sources: Tables 8.5b-8.5d.
237
Table 8.5a Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation: Total (All Sectors), Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Sum of Tables 8.5b and 8.5d)
Petroleum
Coal
Year
Thousand
Short Tons
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
198911
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
83,963
91,871
143,759
176,685
244,788
320,182
405,962
448,371
477,126
481,235
527,051
569,274
596,797
593,666
625,211
664,399
693,841
685,056
717,894
758,372
781,672
792,457
793,666
805,140
842,153
848,796
860,594
907,209
931,949
946,295
949,802
994,933
972,691
987,583
1,014,058
1,020,523
1,041,448
1,030,556
1,046,795
1,042,335
934,683
R979,684
932,911
Distillate Fuel Oil
Residual Fuel Oil
Other Liquids
Thousand Barrels
4,767
5,423
5,412
3,824
4,928
24,123
38,907
41,843
48,837
47,520
30,691
29,051
21,313
15,337
16,512
15,190
14,635
14,326
15,367
18,769
27,733
18,143
16,564
14,493
16,845
22,365
19,615
20,252
20,309
25,062
25,951
31,675
31,150
23,286
29,672
20,163
20,651
13,174
15,683
12,832
12,658
R14,050
10,775
61,534
69,998
69,862
84,371
110,274
311,381
467,221
514,077
574,869
588,319
492,606
391,163
329,798
234,434
228,984
189,289
158,779
216,156
184,011
229,327
249,614
190,652
177,780
144,467
159,059
145,225
95,507
106,055
118,741
172,728
158,187
143,381
165,312
109,235
142,518
142,088
141,518
58,473
63,833
38,191
28,576
R23,997
14,246
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
303
437
380
759
715
929
680
1,712
237
549
974
1,450
855
1,894
2,947
2,856
2,968
2,174
2,917
2,822
2,328
R2,056
1,707
Biomass
4
Petroleum Coke
238
Total
Natural Gas
Thousand
Short Tons
Thousand
Barrels
Million
Cubic Feet
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
636
70
68
98
398
268
179
139
149
261
252
231
313
348
409
667
1,914
1,789
2,504
3,169
3,020
3,355
3,322
4,086
4,860
4,552
3,744
3,871
6,836
6,303
7,677
8,330
7,363
6,036
5,417
4,821
R4,994
4,561
66,301
75,421
75,274
88,195
115,203
338,686
506,479
556,261
624,193
637,830
524,636
421,110
351,806
250,517
246,804
205,736
174,571
232,046
201,116
250,141
280,986
218,800
203,669
172,241
192,462
183,618
132,578
144,626
159,715
222,640
207,871
195,228
216,672
168,597
206,653
203,494
206,785
110,634
112,615
80,932
67,668
R65,071
49,533
550,121
628,919
1,153,280
1,724,762
2,321,101
3,931,860
3,157,669
3,080,868
3,191,200
3,188,363
3,490,523
3,681,595
3,640,154
3,225,518
2,910,767
3,111,342
3,044,083
2,602,370
2,844,051
2,635,613
3,485,429
3,691,563
3,764,778
3,899,718
3,928,653
4,367,148
4,737,871
4,312,458
4,564,770
5,081,384
5,321,984
5,691,481
5,832,305
6,126,062
5,616,135
5,674,580
6,036,370
6,461,615
7,089,342
6,895,843
7,121,069
R7,680,185
7,880,481
Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4. For 19491979, data are for gas turbine and internal combustion plant use of
4 Jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum liquids, and waste oil.
5 Petroleum coke is converted from short tons to barrels by multiplying by 5.
other biomass.
2
Other Gases
Trillion
Btu
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
90
112
125
141
136
136
133
159
119
125
126
126
97
131
156
135
110
115
115
97
84
R90
91
Wood
Waste 9
Trillion
Btu
Trillion Btu
6
5
3
2
3
1
(s)
1
3
2
3
3
3
2
2
5
8
5
8
10
345
442
425
481
485
498
480
513
484
475
490
496
486
605
519
344
355
350
353
339
320
R350
333
Other 10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
4
7
7
7
8
151
211
247
283
288
301
316
324
339
332
332
330
228
257
249
230
230
241
245
267
272
R281
287
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
39
36
59
40
34
40
42
37
36
36
41
46
160
191
193
183
173
162
168
172
170
R184
162
fuels).
Notes: Data are for fuels consumed to produce electricity. Data also include fuels consumed to
See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," at end of section. Totals may not equal sum of
Sources: Tables 8.5b and 8.5d.
Table 8.5b Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation: Electric Power Sector,
Selected Years, 1949-2011 (Subset of Table 8.5a)
Petroleum
Coal 1
Year
Thousand
Short Tons
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
198911
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
83,963
91,871
143,759
176,685
244,788
320,182
405,962
448,371
477,126
481,235
527,051
569,274
596,797
593,666
625,211
664,399
693,841
685,056
717,894
758,372
771,551
781,301
782,653
793,390
829,851
836,113
847,854
894,400
919,009
934,126
937,888
982,713
961,523
975,251
1,003,036
1,012,459
1,033,567
1,022,802
1,041,346
1,036,891
929,692
R971,245
924,523
1
2
Distillate Fuel Oil 2
Residual Fuel Oil 3
Other Liquids 4
Thousand Barrels
4,767
5,423
5,412
3,824
4,928
24,123
38,907
41,843
48,837
47,520
30,691
29,051
21,313
15,337
16,512
15,190
14,635
14,326
15,367
18,769
26,036
16,394
14,255
12,469
14,559
20,241
18,066
18,472
18,646
23,166
23,875
29,722
29,056
21,810
27,441
18,793
19,450
12,578
15,135
12,318
11,848
R13,677
10,513
61,534
69,998
69,862
84,371
110,274
311,381
467,221
514,077
574,869
588,319
492,606
391,163
329,798
234,434
228,984
189,289
158,779
216,156
184,011
229,327
242,708
183,285
171,629
137,681
151,407
137,198
88,895
98,795
112,423
165,875
151,921
138,047
159,150
104,577
137,361
138,831
138,337
56,347
62,072
37,222
27,768
R23,560
13,914
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
9
25
58
118
213
667
441
567
130
411
514
403
374
1,243
1,937
2,511
2,591
1,783
2,496
2,608
2,110
R1,848
1,564
Biomass
Petroleum Coke 5
Total 5
Natural Gas 6
Other Gases 7
Thousand
Short Tons
Thousand
Barrels
Million
Cubic Feet
Trillion
Btu
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
636
70
68
98
398
268
179
139
149
261
252
231
313
348
409
517
1,008
974
1,490
2,571
2,256
2,452
2,467
3,201
3,999
3,607
3,155
3,308
5,705
5,719
7,135
7,877
6,905
5,523
5,000
4,485
R4,679
4,281
66,301
75,421
75,274
88,195
115,203
338,686
506,479
556,261
624,193
637,830
524,636
421,110
351,806
250,517
246,804
205,736
174,571
232,046
201,116
250,141
271,340
204,745
190,810
157,719
179,034
169,387
119,663
130,168
147,202
209,447
194,345
183,946
205,119
156,154
195,336
195,809
199,760
105,235
107,316
77,149
64,151
R62,477
47,398
550,121
628,919
1,153,280
1,724,762
2,321,101
3,931,860
3,157,669
3,080,868
3,191,200
3,188,363
3,490,523
3,681,595
3,640,154
3,225,518
2,910,767
3,111,342
3,044,083
2,602,370
2,844,051
2,635,613
3,023,513
3,147,289
3,216,056
3,324,963
3,344,239
3,758,484
4,093,773
3,659,810
3,903,195
4,415,813
4,643,775
5,014,071
5,142,493
5,408,279
4,909,248
5,075,339
5,484,780
5,891,222
6,501,612
6,342,331
6,566,991
R7,085,416
7,278,562
Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4. For 19491979, data are for gas turbine and internal combustion plant use of
other biomass.
fuels).
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7
6
6
12
12
12
18
16
14
23
14
19
9
25
30
27
24
28
27
23
21
20
20
Wood 8
Waste 9
Trillion
Btu
Trillion Btu
6
5
3
2
3
1
(s)
1
3
2
3
3
3
2
2
5
8
5
8
10
75
106
104
120
129
134
106
117
117
125
125
126
116
141
156
150
166
163
165
159
160
R177
160
Other 10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
4
7
7
7
8
126
180
217
252
255
269
282
280
292
287
290
294
205
224
216
206
205
216
221
242
244
R249
256
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
(s)
4
3
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
109
137
136
131
116
117
117
122
115
R116
117
The electric power sector comprises electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within
the NAICS 22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.
See Table 8.5d for commercial and industrial CHP and electricity-only data. See Note 1, "Coverage of
Electricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of
section. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Operations Report."
239
Table 8.5c Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation: Electric Power Sector by Plant Type,
Selected Years, 1989-2011 (Breakout of Table 8.5b)
Petroleum
Coal 1
Year
Thousand
Short Tons
Residual Fuel Oil 3
Other Liquids 4
Thousand Barrels
Biomass
Petroleum Coke 5
Total 5
Natural Gas 6
Other Gases 7
Thousand
Short Tons
Thousand
Barrels
Million
Cubic Feet
Trillion
Btu
Wood 8
Waste 9
Other 10
Trillion
Btu
Trillion Btu
Electricity-Only Plants 11
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
767,378
774,213
832,928
878,825
904,245
920,353
924,692
967,080
946,068
960,077
983,538
994,774
1,015,640
1,004,769
1,022,840
1,017,806
913,566
R954,514
909,645
25,574
14,956
16,169
17,361
17,702
22,293
22,877
28,001
27,695
21,521
25,951
17,944
18,689
12,375
14,626
11,950
11,509
R13,337
10,374
241,960
181,231
86,584
96,386
109,989
163,541
149,193
135,419
157,090
102,622
136,050
137,736
137,082
55,192
60,929
36,059
26,569
R22,470
12,817
3
17
133
50
30
295
380
94
26
444
936
1,441
1,676
991
1,709
2,478
1,911
R1,777
1,546
517
1,008
1,082
1,010
1,687
2,202
1,891
1,457
1,827
3,925
4,794
6,096
6,876
5,988
4,711
4,254
3,642
R4,464
4,059
270,125
201,246
108,297
118,848
136,156
197,137
181,905
170,799
193,945
144,212
186,904
187,601
191,827
98,497
100,818
71,760
58,197
R59,902
45,032
2,790,567
2,794,110
3,287,571
2,823,724
3,039,227
3,543,931
3,729,175
4,092,729
4,163,930
4,258,467
3,780,314
4,141,535
4,592,271
5,091,049
5,611,600
5,520,491
5,750,589
R6,239,466
6,439,729
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
1
1
2
(s)
6
6
5
(s)
(s)
2
2
2
R1
1
59
87
84
94
91
95
105
105
96
118
127
134
143
141
142
136
133
R153
137
111
162
262
258
266
263
264
267
179
193
185
190
189
198
203
223
222
R228
235
98
117
120
122
108
107
107
112
105
R105
107
232,946
353,179
806,202
836,086
863,968
871,881
914,600
921,341
978,563
1,149,812
1,128,935
933,804
892,509
800,173
890,012
821,839
816,402
R845,950
838,833
7
6
18
15
14
21
14
17
9
20
23
22
24
27
25
22
19
R19
19
16
18
22
24
26
30
20
21
20
23
29
16
22
22
23
23
27
R24
23
16
18
20
22
26
24
26
28
26
30
31
16
17
18
18
18
22
R21
21
2
(s)
2
2
1
2
1
1
11
20
16
9
9
10
9
10
11
R10
10
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
2
4,173
7,088
14,926
15,575
14,764
13,773
13,197
15,634
15,455
15,174
19,498
17,685
17,927
18,033
18,506
19,085
16,126
R16,731
14,878
462
1,438
1,898
1,111
944
872
998
1,721
1,360
289
1,491
850
760
203
509
368
340
R340
139
747
2,054
2,311
2,410
2,434
2,334
2,728
2,627
2,059
1,955
1,311
1,095
1,254
1,155
1,144
1,162
1,199
1,090
1,097
6
7
307
517
100
117
134
310
347
800
1,002
1,070
915
792
787
130
199
R71
18
1,370
1,456
1,514
1,797
1,716
1,698
1,482
1,780
926
1,039
1,001
918
812
746
843
R215
223
Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4. Through 2000, electric utility data also include small amounts of kerosene
and jet fuel.
3 Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6. Through 2000, electric utility data also include a small amount of fuel oil no. 4.
other biomass.
fuels).
240
1,215
3,499
11,366
11,320
11,046
12,310
12,440
13,147
11,175
11,942
8,431
8,209
7,933
6,738
6,498
5,389
5,953
R2,575
2,366
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. =No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5.
See Table 8.5d for commercial and industrial CHP and electricity-only data. See Note 1, "Coverage of
Electricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of
section. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Table 8.5d Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation: Commercial and Industrial Sectors,
Selected Years, 1989-2011 (Subset of Table 8.5a)
Petroleum
Coal
Year
Distillate Fuel Oil
Thousand
Short Tons
Residual Fuel Oil
Other Liquids
Biomass
4
Petroleum Coke
Total
Thousand
Short Tons
Thousand Barrels
Thousand
Barrels
Natural Gas
Other Gases
Wood
Waste 9
Other 10
Million
Cubic Feet
Trillion
Btu
Trillion
Btu
17,987
27,544
42,700
42,380
38,975
40,693
39,045
37,029
36,248
32,545
38,480
32,839
33,785
34,623
34,087
33,403
34,279
R39,462
37,773
1
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
R (s)
(s)
2
2
1
1
1
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
9
15
21
31
34
32
33
26
15
18
19
19
20
21
19
20
23
R24
24
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
7
11
11
11
10
10
10
11
13
R14
14
443,928
516,729
601,397
610,268
622,599
624,878
639,165
640,381
653,565
685,239
668,407
566,401
517,805
535,770
553,643
520,109
519,799
R555,307
564,146
83
104
114
143
105
102
112
107
88
106
127
108
85
87
88
73
62
R70
71
267
335
373
394
367
349
364
369
370
464
362
194
189
187
188
179
160
R172
173
15
16
13
13
14
13
8
10
7
15
13
5
5
3
4
5
4
R8
8
37
36
40
35
36
35
39
45
44
43
46
41
46
35
41
39
42
R55
31
Trillion Btu
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
414
417
569
656
630
440
481
514
532
477
582
377
377
347
361
369
317
R314
297
882
580
493
422
583
436
506
505
520
524
553
545
377
211
156
131
145
R143
94
282
372
152
218
200
359
421
310
469
292
326
214
201
116
94
29
39
R21
15
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
2
10
3
1
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
9,707
10,740
12,171
12,153
12,311
11,728
11,432
11,706
10,636
11,855
10,440
7,687
7,504
7,408
5,089
5,075
4,674
R8,125
8,091
815
1,169
1,056
1,359
1,079
1,461
1,571
1,448
1,574
952
1,678
825
824
385
392
383
664
R231
168
6,624
6,995
6,460
7,042
6,118
6,494
5,845
5,024
5,693
4,366
4,831
3,043
2,980
2,010
1,666
941
769
R416
318
294
412
239
1,145
107
137
460
1,046
479
640
1,006
344
377
391
421
214
218
R208
144
150
905
902
853
884
860
944
588
557
1,130
582
541
452
456
512
416
335
R313
279
1,165
953
649
645
790
802
931
823
1,023
834
894
766
585
333
258
166
190
R172
112
Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4.
Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6.
other biomass.
fuels).
2
3
8,482
13,103
12,265
13,813
11,723
12,392
12,595
10,459
10,530
11,608
10,424
6,919
6,440
5,066
5,041
3,617
3,328
R2,422
2,023
12

Notes: Data are for fuels consumed to produce electricity. See Tables 8.5b and 8.5c for electric
power sector electricity-only and CHP data. See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2,
"Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section. Totals may not equal sum of

241
Figure 8.6
Estimated Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Useful Thermal Output

at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants by Sector, 1989-2011
Coal
Natural Gas
20
800
Industrial
600
Billion Cubic Feet
Million Short Tons
15
10
Industrial
400
Electric Power
200
Electric Power
Commercial
0
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
Commercial
0
1989
2010
Petroleum
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
Wood and Waste
30
1,200
Industrial
25
Industrial
900
Trillion Btu
Million Barrels
20
15
600
10
300
5
Commercial
Electric Power
Electric Power and Commercial
0
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
0
1989
1992
1995
242
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
Table 8.6a Estimated Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Useful Thermal Output
at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants: Total (All Sectors), 1989-2011 (Sum of Tables 8.6b and 8.6c)
Petroleum
Coal 1
Year
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
Thousand
Short Tons
16,510
19,081
18,458
19,372
19,750
20,609
20,418
20,806
21,005
20,320
20,373
20,466
18,944
17,561
17,720
24,275
23,833
23,227
22,810
22,168
20,507
R21,727
22,014
Residual Fuel Oil 3
Other Liquids 4
Thousand Barrels
1,410
2,050
3,027
2,358
2,449
2,811
2,082
2,192
2,584
4,944
4,665
2,897
2,574
1,462
2,153
3,357
3,795
1,481
1,359
1,305
2,142
R1,197
599
16,357
18,428
15,293
16,474
17,933
18,822
16,661
18,552
15,882
16,539
14,133
13,292
11,826
9,402
10,341
15,390
15,397
11,373
10,783
5,285
5,097
R2,947
2,432
353
895
835
935
857
609
642
756
289
681
838
1,455
563
1,363
1,629
1,908
1,302
1,222
1,320
943
890
R722
495
Biomass
Petroleum Coke 5
Total 5
Natural Gas 6
Other Gases 7
Thousand
Short Tons
Thousand
Barrels
Million
Cubic Feet
Trillion
Btu
247
918
777
862
1,031
1,137
1,235
1,275
2,009
1,336
1,437
924
661
517
763
1,043
783
1,259
1,262
897
1,007
R1,059
1,105
19,357
25,965
23,039
24,077
26,394
27,929
25,562
27,873
28,802
28,845
26,822
22,266
18,268
14,811
17,939
25,870
24,408
20,371
19,775
12,016
13,161
R10,161
9,054
3 Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6.
other biomass.
2
563,307
654,749
663,963
717,860
733,584
784,015
834,382
865,774
868,569
949,106
982,958
985,263
898,286
860,019
721,267
1,052,100
984,340
942,817
872,579
793,537
816,787
R821,775
826,548
116
176
185
200
178
180
181
187
188
209
224
230
166
147
138
218
238
226
214
203
176
172
190
Wood 8
Waste 9
Trillion
Btu
Trillion Btu
683
813
779
822
836
903
902
876
913
875
862
884
696
682
746
1,016
997
1,049
982
924
816
R876
881
Other 10
38
46
46
51
56
57
59
69
68
72
68
71
35
32
44
51
59
60
59
61
61
R66
62
49
50
55
52
51
53
55
54
67
58
60
63
69
60
69
70
64
75
71
39
58
R52
27
fuels).
Notes: Estimates are for fuels consumed to produce useful thermal output; they exclude fuels
consumed to produce electricity. Estimates do not include electric utility combined-heat-and-power
(CHP) plants. See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," at end of section. See "Useful Thermal
Output" in Glossary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
243
Table 8.6b Estimated Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Useful Thermal Output
at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants: Electric Power Sector, 1989-2011 (Subset of Table 8.6a)
Petroleum
Coal 1
Year
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
Thousand
Short Tons
639
1,266
1,221
1,704
1,794
2,241
2,376
2,520
2,355
2,493
3,033
3,107
2,910
2,255
2,080
3,809
3,918
3,834
3,795
3,689
3,935
R3,808
4,035
Residual Fuel Oil 3
Other Liquids 4
Thousand Barrels
120
173
104
154
290
371
486
308
343
134
183
294
219
66
190
314
225
69
192
230
187
R113
73
1,471
1,630
995
1,045
1,074
1,024
1,127
1,155
1,246
653
572
467
355
197
919
985
1,072
998
1,014
1,019
1,015
944
963
1
2
1
10
27
104
58
86
23
19
30
51
3
23
88
202
95
87
98
62
100
R29
4
Biomass
Petroleum Coke 5
Total 5
Natural Gas 6
Other Gases 7
Thousand
Short Tons
Thousand
Barrels
Million
Cubic Feet
Trillion
Btu
1,591
1,805
1,101
1,229
1,591
1,791
2,784
2,424
2,466
1,322
1,423
1,412
1,171
841
1,596
2,688
2,424
2,129
2,114
1,907
1,930
R1,578
1,605
81,670
97,330
99,868
122,908
128,743
144,062
142,753
147,091
161,608
172,471
175,757
192,253
199,808
263,619
225,967
388,424
384,365
330,878
339,796
326,048
305,542
R301,769
323,364
4
40
58
222
175
171
103
128
120
119
111
80
237
206
195
162
119
126
R98
113
3 Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6.
other biomass.
fuels).
2
244
3
5
5
6
4
6
5
5
10
6
4
7
6
7
12
31
60
37
34
38
34
R33
36
Wood 8
Waste 9
Trillion
Btu
Trillion Btu
24
23
21
21
21
18
19
20
20
12
13
8
10
10
11
15
19
19
21
18
20
R18
16
Other 10
6
8
11
10
10
12
15
21
17
20
25
24
5
6
14
17
15
14
16
16
17
R15
13
1
(s)
1
2
2
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
4
6
4
7
7
8
8
8
8
R8
9

consumed to produce electricity. Estimates are for combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the
NAICS 22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity and heat to the public. Estimates do not
include electric utility CHP plants. See Table 8.6c for commercial and industrial CHP data. See Note
1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors,"
at end of section. See "Useful Thermal Output" in Glossary. Totals may not equal sum of components

Operations Report."
Table 8.6c Estimated Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power
Plants: Commercial and Industrial Sectors, Selected Years, 1989-2011 (Subset of Table 8.6a)
Petroleum
Coal
Year
Distillate Fuel Oil
Thousand
Short Tons
Residual Fuel Oil
Other Liquids
Biomass
4
Petroleum Coke
Total
Thousand
Short Tons
Thousand Barrels
Thousand
Barrels
Natural Gas
Other Gases
Wood
Waste 9
Other 10
Million
Cubic Feet
Trillion
Btu
Trillion
Btu
12,049
18,913
34,964
40,075
47,941
46,527
44,991
47,844
42,407
41,430
19,973
39,233
34,172
33,112
35,987
32,813
41,275
R46,324
43,661
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
R(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
13
13
19
22
24
22
21
21
10
8
10
15
14
16
12
14
13
12
12
(s)
(s)
7
6
8
11
10
10
7
10
9
8
9
469,588
538,506
656,665
678,608
659,021
730,108
762,210
745,165
656,071
554,970
475,327
624,443
565,803
578,828
496,796
434,676
469,970
R473,683
459,524
113
171
175
182
178
202
219
223
160
139
126
187
179
190
180
165
142
R139
154
659
790
882
855
892
862
849
875
685
672
735
1,000
977
1,029
959
905
796
R857
864
19
25
25
26
27
29
23
25
20
18
21
19
30
30
31
31
31
R38
36
48
50
55
53
67
58
60
63
58
48
57
53
48
57
57
22
41
R36
9
Trillion Btu
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
711
773
850
1,005
1,108
1,002
1,009
1,034
916
929
1,234
1,540
1,544
1,539
1,566
1,652
1,481
R1,406
1,336
202
389
319
260
470
418
254
403
505
248
119
570
417
155
101
287
120
R90
53
601
715
261
328
309
573
412
366
304
108
381
613
587
404
340
173
173
R122
88
(s)
(s)
(s)
28
12
20
(s)
3
3
3
3
3
4
6
9
8
8
9
11
9
8
11
6
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
15,160
17,041
17,192
17,281
17,542
16,824
16,330
16,325
15,119
14,377
14,406
18,926
18,371
17,854
17,449
16,827
15,091
R16,513
16,643
1,088
1,488
1,277
1,624
1,772
4,391
4,228
2,200
1,850
1,149
1,844
2,473
3,153
1,258
1,066
788
1,835
R993
473
14,285
16,084
15,272
17,069
14,328
15,313
13,148
12,459
11,167
9,097
9,041
13,791
13,738
9,971
9,429
4,093
3,909
R1,882
1,381
352
893
584
670
267
662
808
1,402
560
1,312
1,529
1,686
1,207
1,136
1,222
882
790
R692
491
247
918
1,010
1,097
1,835
1,230
1,307
800
542
399
675
798
568
1,055
1,090
769
873
R950
987
803
1,104
596
601
794
1,006
682
792
809
416
555
1,243
1,045
601
494
504
331
R265
169
other biomass.
fuels).
11 Commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants.
2
3
16,963
23,056
22,182
24,848
25,541
26,518
24,718
20,062
16,287
13,555
15,788
21,939
20,940
17,640
17,166
9,605
10,900
R8,318
7,279
12
Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants.

consumed to produce electricity. See Table 8.6b for electric power sector CHP data. See Note 1,
end of section. See "Useful Thermal Output" in Glossary. Totals may not equal sum of components

Operations Report."
245
Figure 8.7
Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output,
1989-2011
Coal
Natural Gas
10
1.2
Total
Total
Electricity Generation
Trillion Cubic Feet
Billion Short Tons
0.9
0.6
0.3
2
Useful Thermal Output
0.0
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
0
1989
2010
Petroleum
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
Wood and Waste

2.0
350
300
Total
1.5
Total
Quadrillion Btu
Million Barrels
250
200
150
100

1.0
0.5
50
0
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
0.0
1989
1992
1995
Sources: Tables 8.5a, 8.6a, and 8.7a.
246
2010
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
Table 8.7a Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output:
Total (All Sectors), 1989-2011 (Sum of Tables 8.7b and 8.7c)
Petroleum
Coal 1
Year
Thousand
Short Tons
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
798,181
811,538
812,124
824,512
861,904
869,405
881,012
928,015
952,955
966,615
970,175
1,015,398
991,635
1,005,144
1,031,778
1,044,798
1,065,281
1,053,783
1,069,606
1,064,503
955,190
R1,001,411
954,925
Residual Fuel Oil 3
Other Liquids 4
Thousand Barrels
29,143
20,194
19,590
16,852
19,293
25,177
21,697
22,444
22,893
30,006
30,616
34,572
33,724
24,748
31,825
23,520
24,446
14,655
17,042
14,137
14,800
R15,247
11,374
265,970
209,081
193,073
160,941
176,992
164,047
112,168
124,607
134,623
189,267
172,319
156,673
177,137
118,637
152,859
157,478
156,915
69,846
74,616
43,477
33,672
R26,944
16,678
656
1,332
1,215
1,695
1,571
1,539
1,322
2,468
526
1,230
1,812
2,904
1,418
3,257
4,576
4,764
4,270
3,396
4,237
3,765
3,218
R2,777
2,203
Biomass
Petroleum Coke 5
Total 5
Natural Gas 6
Other Gases 7
Thousand
Short Tons
Thousand
Barrels
Million
Cubic Feet
Trillion
Btu
915
2,832
2,566
3,366
4,200
4,157
4,590
4,596
6,095
6,196
5,989
4,669
4,532
7,353
7,067
8,721
9,113
8,622
7,299
6,314
5,828
R6,053
5,666
300,342
244,765
226,708
196,318
218,855
211,547
158,140
172,499
188,517
251,486
234,694
217,494
234,940
183,408
224,593
229,364
231,193
131,005
132,389
92,948
80,830
R75,231
58,586
4,048,736
4,346,311
4,428,742
4,617,578
4,662,236
5,151,163
5,572,253
5,178,232
5,433,338
6,030,490
6,304,942
6,676,744
6,730,591
6,986,081
6,337,402
6,726,679
7,020,709
7,404,432
7,961,922
7,689,380
7,937,856
R8,501,960
8,707,029
and jet fuel.
other biomass.
2
206
288
311
341
314
316
313
346
307
334
350
356
263
278
294
353
348
341
329
300
259
R262
281
Wood 8
Waste 9
Trillion
Btu
Trillion Btu
1,028
1,256
1,204
1,303
1,321
1,401
1,382
1,389
1,397
1,349
1,352
1,380
1,182
1,287
1,266
1,360
1,353
1,399
1,336
1,263
1,137
R1,226
1,214
Other 10
189
257
292
333
344
357
374
392
407
404
400
401
263
289
293
282
289
300
304
328
333
R346
349
88
86
114
92
85
92
97
91
103
95
101
109
229
252
262
254
237
237
239
212
228
R237
189

fuels).
Notes: See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," at end of section. See "Useful Thermal
Output" in Glossary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
annual data. See http://www.eia.gov/electricity/ for related information.
247
Table 8.7b Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output:
Electric Power Sector, 1989-2011 (Subset of Table 8.7a)
Petroleum
Coal 1
Year
Thousand
Short Tons
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
772,190
782,567
783,874
795,094
831,645
838,354
850,230
896,921
921,364
936,619
940,922
985,821
964,433
977,507
1,005,116
1,016,268
1,037,485
1,026,636
1,045,141
1,040,580
933,627
R975,052
928,558
Residual Fuel Oil 3
Other Liquids 4
Thousand Barrels
26,156
16,567
14,359
12,623
14,849
20,612
18,553
18,780
18,989
23,300
24,058
30,016
29,274
21,876
27,632
19,107
19,675
12,646
15,327
12,547
12,035
R13,790
10,586
244,179
184,915
172,625
138,726
152,481
138,222
90,023
99,951
113,669
166,528
152,493
138,513
159,504
104,773
138,279
139,816
139,409
57,345
63,086
38,241
28,782
R24,503
14,876
10
26
59
128
239
771
499
653
152
431
544
454
377
1,267
2,026
2,713
2,685
1,870
2,594
2,670
2,210
R1,877
1,568
Biomass
Petroleum Coke 5
Total 5
Natural Gas 6
Other Gases 7
Thousand
Short Tons
Thousand
Barrels
Million
Cubic Feet
Trillion
Btu
517
1,008
974
1,494
2,611
2,315
2,674
2,642
3,372
4,102
3,735
3,275
3,427
5,816
5,799
7,372
8,083
7,101
5,685
5,119
4,611
R4,777
4,394
272,931
206,550
191,911
158,948
180,625
171,178
122,447
132,593
149,668
210,769
195,769
185,358
206,291
156,995
196,932
198,498
202,184
107,365
109,431
79,056
66,081
R64,055
49,003
3,105,183
3,244,619
3,315,925
3,447,871
3,472,982
3,902,546
4,236,526
3,806,901
4,064,803
4,588,284
4,819,531
5,206,324
5,342,301
5,671,897
5,135,215
5,463,763
5,869,145
6,222,100
6,841,408
6,668,379
6,872,533
R7,387,184
7,601,926
and jet fuel.
other biomass.
fuels).
2
248
9
11
11
18
16
19
24
20
24
29
19
25
15
33
41
58
84
65
61
61
55
52
56
Wood 8
Waste 9
Trillion
Btu
Trillion Btu
100
129
126
140
150
152
125
138
137
137
138
134
126
150
167
165
185
182
186
177
180
R196
175
Other 10
132
188
229
262
265
282
296
300
309
308
315
318
211
230
230
223
221
231
237
258
261
R264
269
3
(s)
4
5
5
3
2
2
1
2
1
1
113
143
140
138
123
125
124
131
124
124
126
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.5.

the public. See Table 8.7c for commercial and industrial CHP and electricity-only data. See Note 1,
annual data. See http://www.eia.gov/electricity/ for related information.
Table 8.7c Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output:
Commercial and Industrial Sectors, Selected Years, 1989-2011 (Subset of Table 8.7a)
Petroleum
Coal
Year
Distillate Fuel Oil
Thousand
Short Tons
Residual Fuel Oil
Other Liquids
Biomass
4
Petroleum Coke
Total
Thousand
Short Tons
Thousand Barrels
Thousand
Barrels
Natural Gas
Million
Cubic Feet
Other Gases
Trillion
Btu
Wood
Waste 9
Other 10
Trillion
Btu
Trillion Btu
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1,125
1,191
1,419
1,660
1,738
1,443
1,490
1,547
1,448
1,405
1,816
1,917
1,922
1,886
1,927
2,021
1,798
R1,720
1,633
1,085
969
812
682
1,053
854
759
908
1,026
771
671
1,115
794
366
257
418
266
R233
147
883
1,087
413
545
509
932
834
676
773
400
708
827
789
520
434
202
212
R143
103
(s)
(s)
(s)
3
2
38
16
21
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
8
11
9
9
10
12
10
9
12
6
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
24,867
27,781
29,363
29,434
29,853
28,553
27,763
28,031
25,755
26,232
24,846
26,613
25,875
25,262
22,537
21,902
19,766
R24,638
24,733
1,903
2,657
2,333
2,983
2,851
5,852
5,799
3,648
3,424
2,101
3,522
3,298
3,977
1,643
1,458
1,171
2,499
R1,224
641
20,909
23,079
21,732
24,111
20,445
21,807
18,993
17,483
16,860
13,463
13,872
16,835
16,718
11,981
11,096
5,034
4,678
R2,298
1,699
646
1,305
823
1,815
374
800
1,268
2,448
1,039
1,953
2,535
2,030
1,583
1,526
1,643
1,095
1,008
R900
635
397
1,824
1,912
1,950
2,719
2,090
2,251
1,388
1,099
1,529
1,257
1,339
1,020
1,511
1,602
1,184
1,209
R1,264
1,265
1,967
2,056
1,245
1,246
1,584
1,807
1,613
1,615
1,832
1,250
1,449
2,009
1,630
935
752
671
521
R437
282
30,037
46,458
77,664
82,455
86,915
87,220
84,037
84,874
78,655
73,975
58,453
72,072
67,957
67,735
70,074
66,216
75,555
R85,786
81,433
1
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
22
28
40
53
58
54
54
47
25
26
29
34
34
36
31
34
36
R36
36
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
15
17
18
21
20
21
17
21
22
R22
23
195
275
290
325
283
305
331
331
248
245
253
295
264
277
268
239
204
R210
224
926
1,125
1,255
1,249
1,259
1,211
1,213
1,244
1,054
1,136
1,097
1,193
1,166
1,216
1,148
1,084
955
R1,029
1,037
35
41
38
39
41
42
31
35
27
34
34
24
34
33
36
35
35
R47
44
85
86
95
89
102
93
99
108
101
92
103
94
94
92
98
60
82
R91
40
other biomass.
fuels).
2
3
25,444
36,159
34,448
38,661
37,265
38,910
37,312
30,520
26,817
25,163
26,212
28,857
27,380
22,706
22,207
13,222
14,228
R10,740
9,302
913,516
1,055,235
1,258,063
1,288,876
1,281,620
1,354,986
1,401,374
1,385,546
1,309,636
1,240,209
1,143,734
1,190,844
1,083,607
1,114,597
1,050,439
954,785
989,769
R1,028,990
1,023,670
12

Notes: See Table 8.7b for electric power sector electricity-only and CHP data. See Note 1,

249
Figure 8.8
Stocks of Coal and Petroleum: Electric Power Sector, End of Year
Coal, 1949-2011
Coal and Petroleum, 1973-2011
200
4
Coal
3
Quadrillion Btu
Million Short Tons
150
100
50
1
Petroleum
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Petroleum, 1949-2011
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Petroleum Products, 2011
150
20
17
15
100
Million Barrels
Million Barrels
15
50
10
0
1960

3
Jet fuel and kerosene.
2
250
Other
Liquids3
Petroleum
Coke4
0
1950
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Distillate
Fuel Oil1
Residual
Fuel Oil2
4
Petroleum coke, which is reported in short tons, is converted at a rate of 5 barrels per short
ton.
Sources: Tables 8.8, A3, and A5.
Table 8.8 Stocks of Coal and Petroleum: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, End of Year 1949-2011
Petroleum
Coal 1
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
19997
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
Thousand Short Tons

22,054
31,842
41,391
51,735
54,525
71,908
110,724
117,436
133,219
128,225
159,714
183,010
168,893
181,132
155,598
179,727
156,376
161,806
170,797
146,507
135,860
156,166
157,876
154,130
111,341
126,897
126,304
114,623
98,826
120,501
141,604
102,296
138,496
141,714
121,567
106,669
101,137
140,964
151,221
161,589
189,467
R174,917
175,100
Residual Fuel Oil 3
Other Liquids 4
Thousand Barrels
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
16,432
14,703
19,281
16,386
20,301
30,023
26,094
23,369
18,801
19,116
16,386
16,269
15,759
15,099
13,824
16,471
16,357
15,714
15,674
16,644
15,392
15,216
15,456
16,343
17,995
15,127
20,486
17,413
19,153
19,275
18,778
18,013
18,395
17,761
17,886
R16,758
17,101
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
108,825
106,993
124,750
102,402
111,121
105,351
102,042
95,515
70,573
68,503
57,304
56,841
55,069
54,187
47,446
67,030
58,636
56,135
46,770
46,344
35,102
32,473
33,336
37,451
34,256
24,748
34,594
25,723
25,820
26,596
27,624
28,823
24,136
21,088
19,068
R16,629
15,469
Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite.

2 Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4. For 19731979, data are for gas turbine and internal combustion plant stocks
of petroleum. For 19802000, electric utility data also include small amounts of kerosene and jet fuel.
3 Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6. For 19731979, data are for steam plant stocks of petroleum. For 19802000,
4 Jet fuel and kerosene. Through 2003, data also include a small amount of waste oil.
6 Distillate fuel oil and residual fuel oil; beginning in 1970, also includes petroleum coke; and beginning
in 2002, also includes other liquids.
the public. See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants
Petroleum Coke 5
Total 5,6
Thousand Short Tons
Thousand Barrels
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
800
779
879
1,012
1,380
1,902
1,955
2,257
R2,319
2,690
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
239
31
32
44
198
183
52
42
41
55
50
49
40
51
86
105
94
70
67
89
69
65
91
469
559
372
211
390
1,711
1,484
937
530
674
554
739
1,394
R1,019
470
8,604
10,201
13,671
19,572
25,647
39,151
125,413
121,857
144,252
119,778
132,338
135,635
128,345
119,090
89,652
87,870
73,933
73,313
71,084
69,714
61,795
83,970
75,343
72,183
62,890
63,333
50,821
48,146
51,138
56,591
54,109
40,932
57,031
52,490
53,170
51,434
50,062
51,583
47,203
44,498
46,181
R40,800
37,608
Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section. Totals may not equal sum of components due to
Operations Report."
251
Figure 8.9
Electricity End Use
Overview, 1989-2011
Retail Sales by Sector, 2011
1.5
1.42
1.32
Retail Sales
3
Total End Use
0.98
1.0
0.5
1
Direct Use
0
1989
0.01
0.0
1991 1993
1995
1997
1999
2001 2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Transportation
Retail Sales by Sector, 1949-2011

1.5
Residential
Commercial
1.0
Industrial
0.5
Transportation
0.0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1
Electricity retail sales to ultimate customers reported by electric utilities and, beginning in
2
Use of electricity that is 1) self-generated, 2) produced by either the same entity that
consumes the power or an affiliate, and 3) used in direct support of a service or industrial
252
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
process located within the same facility or group of facilities that house the generating equipment. Direct use is exclusive of station use.
Source: Table 8.9.
Table 8.9 Electricity End Use, Selected Years, 1949-2011

Retail Sales 1
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Residential
67
72
128
201
291
466
588
606
645
674
683
717
722
730
751
780
794
819
850
893
906
924
955
936
995
1,008
1,043
1,083
1,076
1,130
1,145
1,192
1,202
1,265
1,276
1,292
1,359
1,352
1,392
1,380
1,364
R1,446
P1,424
Commercial 2
Industrial 3
E59
E66
E103
E159
E231
E352
E468
E492
E514
E531
123
146
260
324
429
571
688
754
786
809
842
815
826
745
776
838
837
831
858
896
926
946
947
973
977
1,008
1,013
1,034
1,038
1,051
1,058
1,064
997
990
1,012
1,018
1,019
1,011
1,028
1,009
917
R971
P976
543
559
596
609
620
664
689
715
744
784
811
838
855
850
885
913
953
980
1,027
1,078
1,104
1,159
1,191
1,205
1,199
1,230
1,275
1,300
1,336
1,336
1,307
R1,330
P1,319
Discontinued Retail Sales Series

Transportation 4
Total Retail Sales 5
Direct Use 6
Total End Use7
Commercial (Old) 8
255
291
497
688
954
1,392
1,747
1,855
1,948
2,018
2,071
2,094
2,147
2,086
2,151
2,286
2,324
2,369
2,457
2,578
2,647
2,713
2,762
2,763
2,861
2,935
3,013
3,101
3,146
3,264
3,312
3,421
3,394
3,465
3,494
3,547
3,661
3,670
3,765
3,733
3,597
R3,754
P3,726
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
109
125
124
134
139
146
151
153
156
161
172
171
163
166
168
168
150
147
126
132
127
R132
E130
255
291
497
688
954
1,392
1,747
1,855
1,948
2,018
2,071
2,094
2,147
2,086
2,151
2,286
2,324
2,369
2,457
2,578
2,756
2,837
2,886
2,897
3,001
3,081
3,164
3,254
3,302
3,425
3,484
3,592
3,557
3,632
3,662
3,716
3,811
3,817
3,890
3,865
3,724
R3,886
P3,856
45
51
79
131
200
307
403
425
447
461
473
488
514
526
544
583
606
631
660
699
726
751
766
761
795
820
863
887
929
979
1,002
1,055
1,083
1,104
E6
E7
E6
E3
E3
E3
E3
E3
E3
E3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
7
8
8
8
8
P8
2 Commercial sector, including public street and highway lighting, interdepartmental sales, and other
sales to public authorities.
3 Industrial sector. Through 2002, excludes agriculture and irrigation; beginning in 2003, includes
agriculture and irrigation.
4 Transportation sector, including sales to railroads and railways.
5 The sum of "Residential," "Commercial," "Industrial," and "Transportation."
6 Use of electricity that is 1) self-generated, 2) produced by either the same entity that consumes the
power or an affiliate, and 3) used in direct support of a service or industrial process located within the same
facility or group of facilities that house the generating equipment. Direct use is exclusive of station use.
7 The sum of "Total Retail Sales" and "Direct Use."
8 "Commercial (Old)" is a discontinued seriesdata are for the commercial sector, excluding public
street and highway lighting, interdepartmental sales, and other sales to public authorities.
9 "Other (Old)" is a discontinued seriesdata are for public street and highway lighting,
interdepartmental sales, other sales to public authorities, agriculture and irrigation, and transportation
including railroads and railways.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. =Not applicable.
Other (Old) 9
20
22
29
32
34
48
68
70
71
73
73
74
85
86
80
85
87
89
88
90
90
92
94
93
95
98
95
98
103
104
107
109
113
106

Sources: Residential and Industrial: 1949-September 1977Federal Power Commission, Form
FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of Electric Operating Revenue and Income." October 1977-February
1980Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of Electric
Operating Revenue and Income." March 1980-1982FERC, Form FPC-5, "Electric Utility Company
Monthly Statement." 1983U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-826, "Electric Utility
Company Monthly Statement." 1984-1996EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report." 1997
forwardEIA, Electric Power Monthly (EPM) (February 2012), Table 5.1.
Commercial:
1949-2002Estimated by EIA as the sum of "Commercial (Old)" and the non-transportation portion of
"Other (Old)." See estimation methodology at http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/sep_use/notes/use_elec.pdf.
2003 forwardEIA, EPM (February 2012), Table 5.1. Transportation: 1949-2002Estimated by EIA
as
the
transportation
portion
of
"Other
(Old)."
See
estimation
methodology
at
http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/sep_use/notes/use_elec.pdf. 2003 forwardEIA, EPM (February 2012),
Table 5.1. Direct Use: 1989-1997EIA, Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report."
1998EIA, Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric Generator ReportNonutility." 1999-2010EIA, Electric
Power Annual 2010 (November 2011), Table 7.2. 2011Estimate based on the 2010 value adjusted by
the percentage change in commercial and industrial net generation on Table 8.1. Commercial (Old) and
Other (Old): 1949-2002See sources for "Residential" and "Industrial."
253
Figure 8.10 Average Retail Prices of Electricity

Total, 1960-2011
By Sector, 2011
14
12
Nominal
12
Nominal
10
Cents per Kilowatthour
Cents per Kilowatthour
10.41
Real
10.58
10.32
10
9.33
9.10
8
6.89
6.08
6
4
0
1960
Real
11.80
2
0
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Transportation
By Sector, Real1 Prices, 1960-2011
By Sector, Nominal Prices, 1960-2011

12
15
10
Commercial
Transportation
8
Other
Industrial
4
0
1960
1
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Commercial
Residential
10
Other
5
0
1960
2010
2
See Nominal Price in Glossary.
254
Real (2005) Cents per Kilowatthour
Nominal Cents per Kilowatthour
Residential
Transportation
Industrial
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Public street and highway lighting, interdepartmental sales, other sales to public authorities,
agriculture and irrigation, and transportation including railroads and railways.
Note: Taxes are included.
Source: Table 8.10.
Table 8.10 Average Retail Prices of Electricity, Selected Years, 1960-2011

(Cents per Kilowatthour, Including Taxes)
Commercial 1
Residential
Year
1960
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Nominal 5
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
3.1
3.5
3.7
4.1
4.3
4.6
5.4
6.2
6.9
7.2
7.15
7.39
7.42
7.45
7.48
7.65
7.83
8.04
8.21
8.32
8.38
8.40
8.36
8.43
8.26
8.16
8.24
8.58
8.44
8.72
8.95
9.45
10.40
10.65
11.26
11.51
R11.54
11.80
Real 6
Nominal 5
14.0
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.0
3.5
3.7
4.1
4.4
4.7
5.5
6.3
6.9
7.0
7.13
7.27
7.20
7.08
7.04
7.20
7.34
7.53
7.66
7.74
7.73
7.69
7.64
7.59
7.41
7.26
7.43
7.92
7.89
8.03
8.17
8.67
9.46
9.65
10.36
10.17
R10.19
10.32
R12.0
11.2
10.9
R10.4
9.5
R9.0
9.0
9.0
8.9
10.1
10.4
10.4
10.9
10.6
10.5
11.3
11.9
R12.4
12.5
R11.95
R11.99
R11.78
R11.49
R11.16
11.00
10.84
10.75
R10.72
R10.63
R10.48
R10.29
R10.05
R9.96
R9.65
9.40
R9.29
9.46
R9.15
R9.26
9.25
9.45
10.07
R10.03
10.37
R10.49
R10.40
10.41
Industrial 2
Real 6
12.9
11.0
R10.2
R9.9
9.5
9.1
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.5
9.8
10.4
10.4
10.9
10.9
10.7
11.5
12.1
R12.4
R12.1
R11.92
R11.80
R11.43
R10.92
R10.50
R10.35
R10.16
R10.06
R10.00
9.89
R9.67
R9.42
R9.19
R8.97
R8.66
R8.36
R8.37
R8.73
R8.56
8.53
8.44
8.67
9.16
9.08
9.54
R9.27
R9.18
9.10
Transportation 3
Other 4
Nominal 5
Real 6
Nominal 5
Real 6
Nominal 5
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.7
2.1
2.2
2.5
2.8
3.1
3.7
4.3
5.0
5.0
4.83
4.97
4.93
4.77
4.70
4.72
4.74
4.83
4.83
4.85
4.77
4.66
4.60
4.53
4.48
4.43
4.64
5.05
4.88
5.11
5.25
5.73
6.16
6.39
6.83
6.81
R6.77
6.89
5.9
5.0
4.9
4.7
4.5
4.3
4.1
4.3
4.5
4.6
5.5
6.3
6.2
6.6
6.9
7.1
R7.7
8.2
9.0
8.7
R8.07
R8.06
7.83
R7.36
R7.01
R6.78
R6.56
6.46
6.31
R6.19
5.97
R5.71
R5.53
R5.35
R5.23
R5.10
5.23
5.57
R5.29
5.43
R5.42
5.73
5.97
R6.02
6.29
6.21
R6.10
6.08
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7.54
7.18
8.57
9.54
9.70
10.74
10.65
R10.57
10.58
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8.01
7.42
8.57
9.24
9.13
9.89
R9.71
R9.52
9.33
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.8
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.6
4.0
4.8
5.3
5.9
6.4
5.90
6.09
6.11
6.21
6.20
6.25
6.40
6.51
6.74
6.88
6.84
6.88
6.91
6.91
6.63
6.35
6.56
7.20
6.75
1 Commercial sector.
For 19602002, prices exclude public street and highway lighting,
interdepartmental sales, and other sales to public authorities.
2 Industrial sector. For 19602002, prices exclude agriculture and irrigation.
3 Transportation sector, including railroads and railways.
4 Public street and highway lighting, interdepartmental sales, other sales to public authorities, agriculture
and irrigation, and transportation including railroads and railways.
5 See "Nominal Price" in Glossary.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. =Not applicable.
Notes: Beginning in 2003, the category "Other" has been replaced by "Transportation," and the
categories "Commercial" and "Industrial" have been redefined. Data represent revenue from electricity
retail sales divided by electricity retail sales. Prices include State and local taxes, energy or demand
charges, customer service charges, environmental surcharges, franchise fees, fuel adjustments, and other
miscellaneous charges applied to end-use customers during normal billing operations. Prices do not include
deferred charges, credits, or other adjustments, such as fuel or revenue from purchased power, from
Total
Real 6
10.2
9.0
8.8
8.5
8.2
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.5
7.5
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.3
8.9
9.1
R10.0
R10.1
R10.6
11.1
R9.86
R9.88
R9.70
R9.58
R9.25
R8.98
8.86
R8.70
R8.80
R8.79
8.56
R8.43
R8.31
8.17
7.75
R7.31
R7.39
7.94
R7.32
Nominal 5
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.5
2.9
3.1
3.4
3.7
4.0
4.7
5.5
6.1
6.3
6.25
6.44
6.44
6.37
6.35
6.45
6.57
6.75
6.82
6.93
6.91
6.89
6.86
6.85
6.74
6.64
6.81
7.29
7.20
7.44
7.61
8.14
8.90
9.13
9.74
9.82
R9.83
9.99
Real 6
9.7
8.5
8.3
R8.0
7.3
6.9
7.0
R7.0
7.1
7.1
8.2
8.6
8.7
9.0
9.2
9.1
9.8
10.5
11.0
10.9
R10.45
R10.45
R10.22
R9.83
R9.47
R9.27
R9.09
R9.02
R8.90
R8.85
R8.64
R8.44
R8.25
R8.09
7.88
7.65
7.68
8.04
R7.81
R7.90
7.86
8.14
8.62
8.59
8.97
R8.95
R8.86
8.81
previous reporting periods. Through 1979, data are for Classes A and B privately owned electric utilities
only. (Class A utilities are those with operating revenues of $2.5 million or more; Class B utilities are those
with between $1 million and $2.5 million.) For 19801982, data are for selected Class A utilities whose
electric operating revenues were $100 million or more during the previous year. For 1983, data are for a
selected sample of electric utilities. Beginning in 1984, data are for a census of electric utilities. Beginning
in 1996, data also include energy service providers selling to retail customers.
data. See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#electricity for all annual data beginning in 1960.
See http://www.eia.gov/electricity/ for related information.
Sources: 1960-September 1977Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of
Electric Operating Revenues and Income." October 1977-February 1980Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission (FERC), Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of Electric Operating Revenues and Income."
March 1980-1982FERC, Form FERC-5, "Electric Utility Company Monthly Statement."

1983U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-826, "Electric Utility Company Monthly
Statement." 1984-1996EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report." 1997 forwardEIA,
Electric Power Monthly (February 2012), Table 5.3.
255
Figure 8.11a Electric Net Summer Capacity, Total (All Sectors)

Total, 1949-2011
By Major Category, 2011
1,200
900
791
Total
1,000
Million Kilowatts
Million Kilowatts
800
600
Fossil Fuels
400
600
300
140
200
101
Renewable Energy
22
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
0
Fossil
Fuels
2010
Renewable
Energy
Nuclear
Electric Power
Hydroelectric
Pumped Storage
By Source, 2011
500
413
400
Million Kilowatts
319
300
200
101
100
101
56
45
7
Wood
Waste
Geothermal
Solar/PV
Other
0
Natural Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Electric
Power
Hydroelectric
Power
Petroleum
Conventional and pumped storage.

Blast furnace gas, propane gas, other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil
fuels, batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, and miscellaneous
technologies.
Wind
Source: Table 8.11a.
256
Figure 8.11b Electric Net Summer Capacity by Sector

Total (All Sectors) and Sectors, 1989-2011
Electric Power Sector by Plant Type, 1989-2011

1,250
1,200
Total (All Sectors)
1,000
Million Kilowatts
Million Kilowatts
900
600
750
500
300
250
Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants
Commercial and Industrial

0
1990
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Commercial Sector, 2011

1.2
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Industrial Sector, 2011

16
1.1
14.7
0.4
0.4
Million Kilowatts
Million Kilowatts
12
0.8
0.4
8
5.0
4.0
4
0.1
2.0
(s)
0.0
0.7
0.5
0.3
Petroleum
Waste
Hydroelectric
Power
0
Natural
Coal
Petroleum
Waste
Other
Natural
Gas
Gas
1
Conventional hydroelectric power, solar/PV, wood, wind, blast furnace gas, propane gas,
and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels, batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, and miscellaneous technologies.
2
fossil fuels
Wood
Coal
Other
Gases
0.8
Other

Solar/PV, wind, batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, and miscellaneous technologies.
(s)=Less than 0.05 million kilowatts.
Sources: Tables 8.11a-8.11d.
4
257
Table 8.11a Electric Net Summer Capacity: Total (All Sectors), Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Sum of Tables 8.11b and 8.11d; Million Kilowatts)
Fossil Fuels
Year
Coal 1
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
198912
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
303.1
307.4
307.4
309.4
310.1
311.4
311.4
313.4
313.6
315.8
315.5
315.1
314.2
315.4
313.0
313.0
313.4
313.0
312.7
313.3
314.3
R316.8
319.2
Petroleum 2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
79.1
77.9
74.2
73.1
71.1
71.7
66.6
72.5
72.5
66.3
60.1
61.8
66.2
59.7
60.7
59.1
58.5
58.1
56.1
57.4
56.8
R55.6
55.6
Renewable Energy
Natural
Gas 3
Other
Gases 4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
135.7
140.8
147.6
152.2
158.6
164.8
174.5
174.1
176.5
180.3
195.1
219.6
252.8
312.5
355.4
371.0
383.1
388.3
392.9
397.5
401.3
R407.0
413.1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.5
1.6
2.1
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.9
2.3
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.3
2.3
2.0
1.9
R2.7
2.7
Total
Nuclear
Electric
Power
Hydroelectric
Pumped
Storage
44.9
50.0
86.8
130.8
182.9
265.4
375.1
394.8
410.4
420.8
432.1
444.1
458.9
469.6
472.8
478.6
485.0
488.3
488.8
490.6
519.4
527.8
531.4
536.7
541.8
550.0
554.2
561.7
564.1
563.9
572.6
598.9
634.9
689.5
731.2
745.4
757.1
761.6
764.0
770.2
774.3
R782.2
790.7
0.0
.0
.0
.4
.8
7.0
37.3
43.8
46.3
50.8
49.7
51.8
56.0
60.0
63.0
69.7
79.4
85.2
93.6
94.7
98.2
99.6
99.6
99.0
99.0
99.1
99.5
100.8
99.7
97.1
97.4
97.9
98.2
98.7
99.2
99.6
100.0
100.3
100.3
100.8
101.0
R101.2
101.4
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
18.1
19.5
18.4
21.2
21.1
21.2
21.4
21.1
19.3
19.5
19.6
19.5
19.7
20.4
20.5
20.8
21.3
21.5
21.9
21.9
22.2
R22.2
22.3
Conventional
Hydroelectric
Power 5
18.5
19.2
27.4
35.8
51.0
63.8
78.4
78.0
78.6
79.9
82.9
81.7
82.4
83.0
83.9
85.3
88.9
89.3
89.7
90.3
74.1
73.9
76.0
74.8
77.4
78.0
78.6
76.4
79.4
79.2
79.4
79.4
78.9
79.4
78.7
77.6
77.5
77.8
77.9
77.9
78.5
R78.8
78.9
other biomass. For all years, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic
9 Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, and miscellaneous technologies.
10 Included in "Wood."
2
258
Biomass
Wood 6
(s)
(s)
(s)
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
5.2
5.5
6.1
6.2
6.5
6.7
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.8
6.8
6.1
5.9
5.8
5.9
6.2
6.2
6.4
6.7
6.9
6.9
7.0
7.1
Waste 7
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
.2
.2
.2
.2
2.1
2.5
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.6
3.6
3.7
3.7
3.9
3.7
3.8
3.8
3.5
3.6
3.7
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.4
Geothermal
Solar/PV 8
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
.1
.5
.5
.5
.5
.7
.9
.9
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.7
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.9
2.9
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.2
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
11
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
( 11 )
( 11 )
( 11 )
( 11 )
( 11 )
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.5
.5
.6
.9
1.5
Wind
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1.5
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.7
2.3
2.4
3.9
4.4
6.0
6.5
8.7
11.3
16.5
24.7
34.3
R39.1
45.2
Total
18.5
19.2
27.4
35.9
51.1
63.9
79.0
78.6
79.2
80.5
83.6
82.7
83.4
84.1
85.3
86.9
90.8
91.2
91.7
92.4
85.7
86.8
89.9
89.1
92.1
93.1
93.9
91.7
94.8
94.6
95.3
94.9
95.0
96.1
96.8
96.4
98.7
101.9
108.0
116.4
127.1
R132.6
139.6
Other 9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.8
.8
1.0
.5
.5
.7
.7
.7
.9
.9
.8
.9
.9
R.9
.9
Total
63.4
69.2
114.2
167.1
234.8
336.4
491.3
517.2
535.9
552.1
565.5
578.6
598.3
613.7
621.1
635.1
655.2
664.8
674.1
677.7
721.8
734.1
739.9
746.5
754.6
764.0
769.5
775.9
778.6
775.9
785.9
811.7
848.3
905.3
948.4
962.9
978.0
986.2
994.9
1,010.2
1,025.4
R1,039.1
1,054.8
Included in "Wind."
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million kilowatts.
Notes: Data are at end of year. For plants that use multiple sources of energy, capacity is assigned
to the energy source reported as the predominant one. See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," at
end of section. See "Generator Net Summer Capacity" in Glossary. Totals may not equal sum of
Sources: Tables 8.11b and 8.11d.
Table 8.11b Electric Net Summer Capacity: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Subset of Table 8.11a; Million Kilowatts)
Fossil Fuels
Year
Coal 1
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
198912
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
298.0
302.3
302.5
304.3
305.0
306.1
306.0
308.1
308.5
310.9
310.7
310.2
309.8
311.0
308.5
308.8
309.0
309.2
309.1
309.6
310.5
R312.4
314.8
Petroleum 2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
78.1
76.8
73.0
71.8
69.9
70.5
65.4
71.3
71.0
65.0
58.6
60.7
64.7
58.6
59.6
58.0
57.4
56.8
54.8
56.4
55.7
R54.6
54.6
Renewable Energy
Natural
Gas 3
Other
Gases 4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
125.4
129.9
137.1
141.0
146.9
152.5
161.9
161.4
163.4
167.1
181.1
204.7
236.8
296.6
339.1
355.2
367.5
372.0
377.1
381.8
385.5
R391.4
397.3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
.4
.4
.7
.7
.7
.7
.3
.1
.2
.1
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.3
.4
.5
.2
.2
R.7
.7
Total
Nuclear
Electric
Power
44.9
50.0
86.8
130.8
182.9
265.4
375.1
394.8
410.4
420.8
432.1
444.1
458.9
469.6
472.8
478.6
485.0
488.3
488.8
490.6
501.9
509.3
513.3
517.9
522.5
529.8
533.7
540.9
543.1
543.0
550.7
575.9
611.6
666.5
707.6
722.4
734.3
738.4
741.5
748.1
751.9
R759.1
767.4
0.0
.0
.0
.4
.8
7.0
37.3
43.8
46.3
50.8
49.7
51.8
56.0
60.0
63.0
69.7
79.4
85.2
93.6
94.7
98.2
99.6
99.6
99.0
99.0
99.1
99.5
100.8
99.7
97.1
97.4
97.9
98.2
98.7
99.2
99.6
100.0
100.3
100.3
100.8
101.0
R101.2
101.4
Hydroelectric
Pumped
Storage
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
18.1
19.5
18.4
21.2
21.1
21.2
21.4
21.1
19.3
19.5
19.6
19.5
19.7
20.4
20.5
20.8
21.3
21.5
21.9
21.9
22.2
R22.2
22.3
Conventional
Hydroelectric
Power 5
18.5
19.2
27.4
35.8
51.0
63.8
78.4
78.0
78.6
79.9
82.9
81.7
82.4
83.0
83.9
85.3
88.9
89.3
89.7
90.3
73.6
73.3
75.4
74.2
76.8
76.9
77.4
75.3
78.3
78.0
78.3
78.2
77.9
78.3
77.9
77.0
76.9
77.1
77.5
77.6
78.2
R78.5
78.6
10 Included in "Wood."
11 Included in "Wind."
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. =No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.05 million
2
3
Biomass
Wood 6
Waste 7
Geothermal
(s)
(s)
(s)
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.9
R2.1
2.1
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
( 10 )
.2
.2
.2
.2
1.7
2.1
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.0
2.9
2.9
3.0
3.0
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.5
3.6
3.7
R3.7
3.8
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
.1
.5
.5
.5
.5
.7
.9
.9
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.7
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.9
2.9
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.2
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
Solar/PV 8
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
( 11 )
( 11 )
( 11 )
( 11 )
( 11 )
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.5
.5
.6
.9
1.5
Wind
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1.5
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.7
2.3
2.4
3.9
4.4
6.0
6.5
8.7
11.3
16.5
24.7
34.3
R39.1
45.2
Total
18.5
19.2
27.4
35.9
51.1
63.9
79.0
78.6
79.2
80.5
83.6
82.7
83.4
84.1
85.3
86.9
90.8
91.2
91.7
92.4
80.7
81.4
84.0
83.1
85.9
86.4
87.3
84.9
87.8
87.8
88.6
88.8
89.2
90.2
91.3
90.6
92.9
95.9
102.0
110.5
121.1
R126.6
133.5
Other 9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
.2
.2
.2
(s)
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
R.1
.1
Total
63.4
69.2
114.2
167.1
234.8
336.4
491.3
517.2
535.9
552.1
565.5
578.6
598.3
613.7
621.1
635.1
655.2
664.8
674.1
677.7
698.8
709.9
715.3
721.2
728.6
736.5
741.8
747.7
750.1
747.6
756.5
782.1
818.8
875.8
918.6
933.4
948.6
956.2
965.7
981.3
996.2
1,009.2
1,024.8
kilowatts.
to the energy source reported as the predominant one. The electric power sector comprises
electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whose primary
business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. See Table 8.11d for commercial and
industrial CHP and electricity-only data. See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2,
"Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section. See "Generator Net Summer
Capacity" in Glossary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Sources: 1949-1984U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates. 1985-1988EIA,
Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report." 1989-1997EIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric
Generator Report," and Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report." 1998-2000EIA,
Form EIA-860A, "Annual Electric Generator ReportUtility," and Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric
Generator ReportNonutility." 2001 forwardEIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report."
259
Table 8.11c Electric Net Summer Capacity: Electric Power Sector by Plant Type, Selected Years, 1989-2011
(Breakout of Table 8.11b; Million Kilowatts)
Fossil Fuels
Year
Coal
Petroleum
Natural
Gas 3
Renewable Energy
Other
Gases 4
Total
Nuclear
Electric
Power
Hydroelectric
Pumped
Storage
Conventional
Hydroelectric
Power
Biomass
Wood 5
Waste 6
Geothermal
Solar/PV 7
Other 8
Wind
Total
Total
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.7
2.3
2.4
3.9
4.4
6.0
6.5
8.7
11.3
16.5
24.7
34.3
R39.1
45.2
80.3
80.9
86.6
84.2
87.1
87.0
87.8
88.1
88.7
89.7
90.6
90.0
92.3
95.3
101.3
109.8
120.3
R125.8
132.6
(s)
.2
.2
.2
(s)
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
R.1
.1
690.7
698.6
719.1
723.0
725.0
721.4
730.0
754.5
791.1
840.3
876.3
893.7
909.8
918.4
928.5
944.0
959.5
R973.0
988.5
0.4
.5
.6
.6
.7
.7
.7
.7
.5
.6
.7
.6
.6
.6
.7
.7
.7
.8
.9
(s)
8.1
11.2
22.7
24.6
25.1
26.2
26.5
27.7
27.6
35.5
42.3
39.7
38.7
37.8
37.3
37.3
36.7
R36.3
36.3
Electricity-Only Plants 9
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
296.5
299.9
301.3
303.1
303.6
305.9
305.5
305.2
305.2
305.8
303.0
303.2
303.4
303.4
303.2
303.7
304.5
R306.9
309.4
78.0
76.6
64.7
70.6
70.2
64.2
57.5
59.8
63.8
57.5
58.6
57.3
56.9
55.8
53.9
55.5
54.8
R53.8
53.8
119.3
121.8
145.3
143.1
144.7
147.5
161.7
184.0
215.5
268.1
304.2
322.6
335.8
341.9
347.6
352.3
356.6
R362.4
368.3
0.4
.4
.3
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
(s)
.1
.1
(s)
R.5
.5
494.2
498.6
511.5
516.9
518.7
517.5
525.0
549.0
584.5
631.5
665.9
683.2
696.2
701.2
704.9
711.5
716.0
R723.7
732.0
98.2
99.6
99.5
100.8
99.7
97.1
97.4
97.9
98.2
98.7
99.2
99.6
100.0
100.3
100.3
100.8
101.0
R101.2
101.4
18.1
19.5
21.4
21.1
19.3
19.5
19.6
19.5
19.7
20.4
20.5
20.8
21.3
21.5
21.9
21.9
22.2
R22.2
22.3
73.6
73.3
77.4
75.3
78.3
78.0
78.3
78.2
77.9
78.3
77.9
77.0
76.9
77.1
77.5
77.6
78.2
R78.5
78.6
0.9
1.0
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.9
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.8
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.6
2.6
2.7
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.3
2.6
2.7
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.2
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
0.2
.2
.2
.3
.4
.4
.4
.5
.4
.4
.5
.4
.4
.4
.4
.5
.5
.5
.5
0.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.5
.5
.6
.9
1.5
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
1.5
2.4
4.8
5.0
4.9
5.0
5.2
5.0
4.6
5.2
5.5
5.6
5.6
5.8
5.9
5.9
5.9
R5.5
5.5
0.2
.2
.8
.7
.8
.8
1.1
.9
1.0
1.1
1.1
.7
.5
1.0
.9
.9
.9
R.8
.8
6.1
8.1
16.6
18.4
18.7
19.6
19.4
20.7
21.2
28.5
34.9
32.6
31.7
30.0
29.5
29.6
28.9
R29.0
29.0
(s)
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
7.7
10.7
22.1
24.0
24.4
25.5
25.7
26.9
27.1
34.9
41.7
39.2
38.1
37.2
36.6
36.6
35.9
R35.4
35.4
2
3
260
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
0.2
.2
.4
.3
.3
.4
.4
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
R.4
.4

R=Revised. P=Preliminary. =No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.05 million kilowatts.
to the energy source reported as the predominant one. See Table 8.11d for commercial and industrial
CHP and electricity-only data. See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification
of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section. See "Generator Net Summer Capacity" in
Glossary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Sources: 1989-1997U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric
Generator Report," and Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report." 1998-2000EIA,
Form EIA-860A, "Annual Electric Generator ReportUtility," and Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric
Generator ReportNonutility." 2001 forwardEIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report."
Table 8.11d Electric Net Summer Capacity: Commercial and Industrial Sectors, Selected Years, 1989-2011
(Subset of Table 8.11a; Million Kilowatts)
Fossil Fuels
Year
Coal 1
Petroleum 2
Natural
Gas 3
Renewable Energy
Other
Gases 4
Total
Nuclear
Electric
Power
Hydroelectric
Pumped
Storage
Conventional
Hydroelectric
Power
Biomass
Wood 5
Commercial Sector
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
0.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
0.2
.2
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.3
R.4
.4
0.6
.7
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.9
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1.0
1.2
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
2.5
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
Waste 6
Geothermal
0.2
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.5
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.5
.5
.1
0.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
R.2
.5
Solar/PV 7
Other 8
Wind
Total
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
0.2
.2
.3
.5
.5
.5
.5
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.2
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1.2
1.4
2.1
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.9
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
R (s)
(s)
4.8
5.1
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.3
6.2
5.7
5.4
5.5
5.2
5.4
5.4
5.6
5.5
5.4
5.5
5.5
5.9
0.5
.5
.5
.5
.6
.6
.8
.5
.4
.6
.6
.7
.8
.8
.7
.9
.8
.8
.7
21.8
22.9
25.5
25.9
26.2
26.0
27.1
27.3
26.6
27.3
27.7
27.4
27.2
27.8
26.8
26.6
26.8
R27.4
28.0
Total
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
4.8
4.8
5.0
5.0
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.6
4.2
4.0
4.1
3.8
4.0
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.4
4.0
4.0
0.7
.9
1.0
.9
1.1
1.0
1.1
.8
1.1
.7
.7
.8
.8
1.0
.9
.7
.7
.7
.7
9.7
10.3
11.3
11.5
11.9
12.0
12.9
13.7
14.1
14.7
15.3
14.8
14.5
15.3
14.7
14.6
14.7
R14.4
14.7
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.7
2.0
1.3
1.8
1.7
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.7
R2.0
2.0
16.5
17.3
18.7
19.0
19.2
19.1
20.1
21.2
20.7
21.2
21.9
21.3
21.0
21.4
20.6
20.3
20.5
R21.1
21.3
10 Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only plants.
2
0.5
.6
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
.8
.6
.7
.7
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
4.1
4.3
4.9
5.1
5.1
5.0
5.0
4.4
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.5
4.5
4.7
5.0
5.0
5.0
R4.9
5.0
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. =No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.05 million kilowatts.
to the energy source reported as the predominant one. See Tables 8.11b and 8.11c for electric power
sector electricity-only and CHP data. See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2,
"Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section. See "Generator Net Summer
Capacity" in Glossary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

ReportNonutility." 2001 forwardEIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report."
261
Figure 8.12a Electric Noncoincident Peak Load and Capacity Margin: Summer Peak Period
U.S. Summer Peak Load, All Interconnections, 1986-2011
Summer Capacity Margin, 1996-2011

25
900
20
Percent
Gigawatts
600
15
10
300
5
0
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
0
1996
2010
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
U.S. Summer Peak Load by NERC Regional Assessment Area, 2011

200
165
149
150
Gigawatts
131
98
100
64
60
50
53
46
0
FRCC
NPCC
MAPP

See Noncoincident Peak Load in Glossary.
3
See North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) in Glossary.
2
262
MISO
PJM
SERC
SPP
Notes: Values for 2011 are forecast.

September.
Source: Table 8.12a.
TRE
WECC
The summer peak period is June through
Figure 8.12b Electric Noncoincident Peak Load and Capacity Margin: Winter Peak Period
Winter Capacity Margin, 1996-2011
700
35
600
30
500
25
400
20
Percent
Gigawatts
U.S. Winter Peak Load, All Interconnections, 1986-2011
300
15
200
10
100
0
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
0
1996
2010
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
U.S. Winter Peak Load by NERC Regional Assessment Area, 2011

200
154
150
Gigawatts
131
107
100
79
50
48
52
47
41
0
FRCC
NPCC
MAPP

See Noncoincident Peak Load in Glossary.
3
See North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) in Glossary.
2
MISO
PJM
SERC
SPP
TRE
WECC
Notes: Values for 2011 are forecast. The winter peak period is October through May.
Source: Table 8.12b.
263
Table 8.12a Electric Noncoincident Peak Load and Capacity Margin: Summer Peak Period, 1986-2011
(Megawatts, Except as Noted)
Noncoincident Peak Load 1 by North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) 2 Regional Assessment Area
Eastern Interconnection
Balance of Eastern Region 3
Year
FRCC 5
NPCC 6
ECAR 7,8
MAAC 8,9
MAIN 8,10
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011F
35,375
38,730
37,493
37,194
39,062
40,696
40,475
42,383
46,396
45,751
46,676
44,836
46,550
R45,722
46,091
39,026
42,651
45,245
45,031
44,116
46,594
43,658
46,706
47,581
47,705
45,094
49,269
49,566
52,855
50,057
55,949
56,012
55,018
52,549
58,960
63,241
58,314
58,543
55,944
R60,554
60,262
69,606
72,561
79,149
75,442
79,258
81,224
78,550
80,930
87,165
92,619
90,798
93,492
93,784
99,239
92,033
100,235
102,996
98,487
95,300
37,564
40,526
43,110
41,614
42,613
45,937
43,658
46,494
46,019
48,577
44,302
49,464
48,445
51,645
49,477
54,015
55,569
53,566
52,049
35,943
37,446
41,139
39,460
40,740
41,598
38,819
41,956
42,562
45,782
46,402
45,887
47,509
51,535
52,552
56,344
56,396
56,988
53,439
All
Interconnections
MAPP 11
MISO 12
MRO 13
PJM 14
RFC 8,15
SERC 16
SPP 17
Subtotal
TRE 18
WECC 19
Total 20
Capacity
Margin 21
(percent)
4,598
4,810
108,346
98,068
21,029
23,162
24,899
24,336
24,994
25,498
22,638
24,396
27,000
29,192
28,253
29,787
30,722
31,903
28,605
28,321
29,119
28,831
29,351
39,918
42,194
41,684
39,677
37,963
R
136,465
148,941
190,200
191,920
181,700
169,155
161,241
R
105,570
109,798
115,168
117,729
121,943
124,716
128,236
135,704
132,584
146,569
145,650
137,382
143,226
149,685
156,088
149,293
158,767
153,110
157,615
190,705
199,052
209,109
199,779
191,032
R164,058
164,510
47,123
47,723
49,356
49,439
52,541
51,885
51,324
57,106
56,035
59,595
60,072
36,479
37,724
38,609
40,199
40,273
39,688
40,367
40,106
41,727
42,882
43,167
43,476
41,465
R53,077
53,084
316,835
331,216
352,821
348,020
362,089
370,858
363,225
386,586
391,365
422,334
415,477
392,491
401,410
422,616
418,954
428,481
442,535
431,349
427,860
462,550
476,048
475,660
452,087
431,701
466,543
469,412
39,335
39,339
40,843
40,402
42,737
41,870
42,619
44,255
44,162
46,618
47,480
50,541
54,666
55,529
57,606
55,201
56,248
59,996
58,531
60,210
62,339
62,188
62,174
63,518
R65,776
63,770
81,787
82,967
90,551
90,657
97,389
92,096
99,205
97,809
102,212
103,592
108,739
110,001
115,921
113,629
114,602
109,119
119,074
122,537
123,136
130,760
142,096
139,389
134,829
128,245
R129,352
130,962
476,983
496,173
529,460
524,110
546,331
551,418
548,707
575,356
585,320
620,249
616,790
637,677
660,293
682,122
678,413
687,812
714,565
709,375
704,459
758,876
789,475
782,227
752,470
725,958
R767,948
770,497
NA
NA
NA
NA
21.6
20.9
20.5
19.9
18.7
18.9
17.5
16.2
14.3
14.6
15.7
14.5
16.4
18.6
20.9
15.4
12.9
16.1
18.2
22.2
R19.1
22.2
1 Noncoincident peak load is the sum of two or more peak loads on individual systems that do not occur
at the same time interval. Peak load represents one hour of a day during the associated peak period. See
"Noncoincident Peak Load" in Glossary.
2 See "North American Electric Reliablility Corporation (NERC)" in Glossary. Data include the U.S.
portion of NERC only.
3 Historically, the MRO, RFC, SERC, and SPP regional boundaries were altered as utilities changed
reliability organizations. The historical data series for these regions have not been adjusted. Instead, the
"Balance of Eastern Region" category was introduced to provide a consistent trend of the Eastern
Interconnection.
4 Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT).
5 Florida Reliability Coordinating Council (FRCC).
6 Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC).
7 East Central Area Reliability Coordination Agreement (ECAR).
8 ECAR, MAAC, and MAIN dissolved at the end of 2005. Many of the former utility members joined
RFC, which came into existence on January 1, 2006. RFC submitted a consolidated filing covering the
historical NERC regions of ECAR, MAAC, and MAIN.
9 Mid-Atlantic Area Council (MAAC).
10 Mid-America Interconnected Network (MAIN).
11 Mid-Continent Area Power Pool (MAPP).
264
ERCOT 4
Western
Interconnection
12
Midwest Independent Transmission System Operator (MISO).

Midwest Reliability Organization (MRO).
14 PJM Interconnection (PJM).
15 ReliabilityFirst Corporation (RFC).
16 SERC Reliability Corporation (SERC).
17 Southwest Power Pool (SPP).
18 Texas Reliability Entity (TRE).
19 Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC).
21 Capacity margin is the amount of unused available capability of an electric power system at peak load
as a percentage of capacity resources. Data are for the United States excluding Alaska and Hawaii.
R=Revised. F=Forecast. NA=Not available. =Not applicable.
Notes: The summer peak period is June through September. Totals may not equal sum of
Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Annual 2010 (November 2011),
Tables 4.1.A., 4.1.B., 4.3.A., and 4.3.B.; and EIA, Form EIA-411, "Coordinated Bulk Power Supply and
Demand Program Report," and predecessor forms.
13
Table 8.12b Electric Noncoincident Peak Load and Capacity Margin: Winter Peak Period, 1986-2011
(Megawatts, Except as Noted)
Noncoincident Peak Load 1 by North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) 2 Regional Assessment Area
Eastern Interconnection
Balance of Eastern Region 3
Year
FRCC 5
NPCC 6
ECAR 7,8
MAAC 8,9
MAIN 8,10
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011F
33,076
39,975
40,178
38,606
40,922
45,635
36,841
44,839
42,657
42,526
41,701
45,275
53,022
R46,135
47,613
37,976
41,902
42,951
42,588
40,545
41,866
41,125
42,063
42,547
42,755
41,208
41,338
44,199
45,227
43,852
42,670
46,009
48,079
48,176
46,828
46,697
46,795
46,043
44,864
R45,712
46,788
64,561
68,118
67,771
73,080
67,097
71,181
72,885
81,846
75,638
83,465
84,534
75,670
84,401
86,239
84,546
85,485
87,300
86,332
91,800
32,807
35,775
36,363
38,161
36,551
37,983
37,915
41,406
40,653
40,790
40,468
37,217
36,532
40,220
43,256
39,458
46,551
45,625
45,905
28,036
30,606
30,631
33,770
32,461
33,420
31,289
34,966
33,999
35,734
37,162
34,973
37,410
39,081
41,943
40,529
42,412
41,719
42,929
ERCOT 4
Western
Interconnection
All
Interconnections
MAPP 11
MISO 12
MRO 13
PJM 14
RFC 8,15
SERC 16
SPP 17
Subtotal
TRE 18
WECC 19
Total 20
Capacity
Margin 21
(percent)
5,069
5,118
86,728
79,052
18,850
19,335
20,162
21,360
21,113
21,432
21,866
21,955
23,033
23,429
24,251
25,390
26,080
25,200
24,536
21,815
23,645
24,134
24,526
33,748
34,677
33,191
36,029
35,351
R
115,535
130,711
151,600
149,631
141,900
142,395
143,827
R
101,849
105,476
108,649
121,995
117,448
119,575
121,250
133,635
132,661
142,032
143,060
122,649
127,416
128,563
139,146
135,182
141,882
137,972
144,337
164,638
175,163
179,888
179,596
193,135
R152,030
154,150
33,877
34,472
35,649
42,268
38,949
38,759
39,912
41,644
42,505
44,624
49,095
27,437
27,847
27,963
30,576
29,614
30,187
28,450
29,490
31,260
30,792
31,322
32,809
32,863
R41,226
41,138
279,980
293,782
299,225
330,634
313,619
322,350
325,117
355,452
348,489
370,074
378,570
323,336
339,686
347,266
364,003
352,083
371,977
364,232
378,987
381,246
390,263
386,301
390,829
405,176
400,589
410,168
28,730
31,399
34,621
38,388
35,815
35,448
35,055
35,407
36,180
36,965
38,868
37,966
41,876
39,164
44,641
44,015
45,414
42,702
44,010
48,141
50,402
50,408
47,806
56,191
R57,315
51,642
76,171
81,182
82,937
84,768
94,252
86,097
91,686
88,811
91,037
94,890
95,435
94,158
101,822
99,080
97,324
96,622
95,951
102,020
102,689
107,493
111,093
112,700
113,605
109,565
R101,668
106,717
422,857
448,265
459,734
496,378
484,231
485,761
492,983
521,733
518,253
544,684
554,081
529,874
567,558
570,915
588,426
576,312
604,986
593,874
618,701
626,365
640,981
637,905
643,557
668,818
R651,418
662,928
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
27.7
26.0
25.7
26.7
29.5
28.9
29.4
33.5
31.6
30.2
30.9
30.4
31.0
28.5
R33.7
33.1
1 Noncoincident peak load is the sum of two or more peak loads on individual systems that do not occur
at the same time interval. Peak load represents one hour of a day during the associated peak period. See
"Noncoincident Peak Load" in Glossary.
2 See "North American Electric Reliablility Corporation (NERC)" in Glossary. Data include the U.S.
portion of NERC only.
3 Historically, the MRO, RFC, SERC, and SPP regional boundaries were altered as utilities changed
reliability organizations. The historical data series for these regions have not been adjusted. Instead, the
"Balance of Eastern Region" category was introduced to provide a consistent trend of the Eastern
Interconnection.
4 Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT).
5 Florida Reliability Coordinating Council (FRCC).
6 Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC).
7 East Central Area Reliability Coordination Agreement (ECAR).
8 ECAR, MAAC, and MAIN dissolved at the end of 2005. Many of the former utility members joined
RFC, which came into existence on January 1, 2006. RFC submitted a consolidated filing covering the
historical NERC regions of ECAR, MAAC, and MAIN.
9 Mid-Atlantic Area Council (MAAC).
10 Mid-America Interconnected Network (MAIN).
11 Mid-Continent Area Power Pool (MAPP).
12
Midwest Independent Transmission System Operator (MISO).

Midwest Reliability Organization (MRO).
14 PJM Interconnection (PJM).
15 ReliabilityFirst Corporation (RFC).
16 SERC Reliability Corporation (SERC).
17 Southwest Power Pool (SPP).
18 Texas Reliability Entity (TRE).
19 Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC).
21 Capacity margin is the amount of unused available capability of an electric power system at peak load
as a percentage of capacity resources. Data are for the United States excluding Alaska and Hawaii.
R=Revised. F=Forecast. NA=Not available. =Not applicable.
Notes: The winter peak period is October through May of the following year. In this table, data years
correspond to the beginning of the winter peak period; for example, data year 2011 represents October
2011May 2012. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Annual 2010 (November 2011),
Tables 4.1.A., 4.1.B., 4.4.A., and 4.4.B.; and EIA, Form EIA-411, "Coordinated Bulk Power Supply and
Demand Program Report," and predecessor forms.
13
265
Figure 8.13 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs

Actual Peakload Reductions Total, 1989-2010
Actual Peakload Reductions, 2010
35
30 30
30
25
25
25
Gigawatts
30
33
27
27 26
23
32 32
25
23
Energy Efficiency
20,808 MW
(63%)
26
23 23 24
20
17
16
15
12
14
Load
Management
12,475 MW
(37%)
10
5
0
Total: 33,283 Megawatts (MW)

1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
Energy Savings, 1989-2010
Electric Utility Costs, 1989-2010
100
5
88
3.6
62
57
60
52
45
40
60
56
49 51
54 54 54
64
Billion Dollars
69
55
50
36
3.2
3
2.7 2.7
2.5
2.4
2.3
1.9
1.9
1.8
25
20 15
1.6
1.4 1.4
1.6 1.6 1.6
20
2.1
1.6
1.3
1.2
1 0.9
0
1989
1991 1993
1995
1997
1999
2001 2003
2005
2007
2009
1
Program costs consist of all costs associated with providing the various Demand-Side
Management (DSM) programs or measures. The costs of DSM programs fall into these major
categories: customer rebates/incentives, administration/marketing/training, performance incentives, research and evaluation, and other (most likely indirect) costs.
266
4.2
77 78
80
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Source: Table 8.13.
2007
2009
Table 8.13 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs, 1989-2010

Actual Peakload Reductions 1
Energy Efficiency 2
Total
Megawatts
Year
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Load Management 3
NA
NA
NA
7,890
10,368
11,662
13,212
14,243
13,327
13,591
13,452
12,873
13,027
13,420
13,581
14,272
15,351
15,959
17,710
19,707
19,766
20,808
NA
NA
NA
9,314
12,701
13,340
16,347
15,650
11,958
13,640
13,003
10,027
11,928
9,516
9,323
9,260
10,359
11,281
12,543
12,028
11,916
12,475
1 The actual reduction in peak load reflects the change in demand for electricity that results from a utility
demand-side management (DSM) program that is in effect at the time that the utility experiences its actual
peak load as opposed to the potential installed peakload reduction capacity. Differences between actual
and potential peak reduction result from changes in weather, economic activity, and other variable
conditions.
2 "Energy Efficiency" refers to programs that are aimed at reducing the energy used by specific end-use
devices and systems, typically without affecting the services provided. These programs reduce overall
electricity consumption, often without explicit consideration for the timing of program-induced savings.
Such savings are generally achieved by substituting technically more advanced equipment to produce the
same level of end-use services (e.g., lighting, heating, motor drive) with less electricity. Examples include
high-efficiency appliances, efficient lighting programs, high-efficiency heating, ventilating, and air
conditioning systems or control modifications, efficient building design, advanced electric motor drives, and
heat recovery systems.
3 "Load Management" includes programs such as "Direct Load Control," "Interruptible Load Control,"
and, "Other Types" of DSM programs. "Direct Load Control" refers to program activities that can interrupt
consumer load at the time of annual peak load by direct control of the utility system operator by interrupting
power supply to individual appliances or equipment on consumer premises. This type of control usually
involves residential consumers. "Interruptible Load Control" refers to program activities that, in accordance
with contractual arrangements, can interrupt consumer load at times of seasonal peak load by direct control
of the utility system operator or by action of the consumer at the direct request of the system operator. It
Energy Savings
Electric Utility Costs 4
Million Kilowatthours
Thousand Dollars 5
12,463
13,704
15,619
17,204
23,069
25,001
29,561
29,893
25,284
27,231
26,455
22,901
24,955
22,936
22,904
23,532
25,710
27,240
30,253
31,735
31,682
33,283
14,672
20,458
24,848
35,563
45,294
52,483
57,421
61,842
56,406
49,167
50,563
53,701
53,936
54,075
50,265
54,710
59,897
63,817
68,992
76,674
77,907
87,839
872,935
1,177,457
1,803,773
2,348,094
2,743,533
2,715,657
2,421,284
1,902,197
1,636,020
1,420,920
1,423,644
1,564,901
1,630,286
1,625,537
1,297,210
1,557,466
1,921,352
2,051,394
2,523,117
3,175,410
3,593,750
4,220,064
usually involves commercial and industrial consumers. In some instances, the load reduction may be
affected by direct action of the system operator (remote tripping) after notice to the consumer in accordance
with contractual provisions. "Other Types" are programs that limit or shift peak loads from on-peak to
off-peak time periods, such as space heating and water heating storage systems.
4 Program costs consist of all costs associated with providing the various DSM programs or measures.
The costs of DSM programs fall into these major categories: customer rebates/incentives,
administration/marketing/training, performance, incentives, research and evaluation, and other (most likely
indirect) costs.
NA=Not available.
Note: This table reports on the results of DSM programs operated by electric utilities. The decrease
since 1998 in peakload reductions from DSM programs can be attributed in part to utilities cutting back or
terminating these programs due to industry deregulation. Some State governments have created new
programs to promote DSM. Examples include the "Energy $mart Loan Fund" administered by the New
York Energy Research and Development Authority and the "Efficiency Vermont" program of the Vermont
Public Service Board. Data on energy savings attributable to these non-utility programs are not collected
by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).
Sources: 1989-1998EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report." 1999 forwardEIA,
Electric Power Annual 2010 (November 2011), Tables 9.1, 9.6, and 9.7.
267
Electricity
Note 1. Coverage of Electricity Statistics. Through 1984, data for electric utilities also include institutions (such as universities) and military facilities that
generated electricity primarily for their own use; beginning in 1985, data for electric utilities exclude institutions and military facilities. Data for independent
power producers, commercial plants, and industrial plants include plants with a
generator nameplate capacity of 1 megawatt or greater; they exclude plants with a
generator nameplate capacity less than 1 megawatt. Also excluded from the electricity statistics in Section 8 are data for residential and commercial selfgeneration from solar energy, except for the small amount sold to the grid and
included in data for the electric power sector.
Note 2. Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors. The U.S.
Energy Information Administration (EIA) classifies power plants (both electricityonly and combined-heat-and-power plants) into energy-use sectors based on the North
American Industry Classification System (NAICS), which replaced the Standard
Industrial Classification (SIC) system in 1997. Plants with a NAICS code of 22 are
assigned to the Electric Power Sector. Those with NAICS codes beginning with 11
(agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting); 21 (mining, including oil and gas extraction); 23 (construction); 31-33 (manufacturing); 2212 (natural gas distribution); and
22131 (water supply and irrigation systems) are assigned to the Industrial Sector.
Those with all other codes are assigned to the Commercial Sector. Form EIA860, Annual Electric Generator Report, asks respondents to indicate the
primary purpose of the facility by assigning a NAICS code from the list at:
http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/forms/eia860.doc.
Note 3. Electricity Imports and Exports. Through the Annual Energy Review
(AER) 2001, EIA estimated the proportions of traded electricity from fossil fuels
and hydropower (and applied the fossil-fuel steam-electric-plant heat rate to
convert from kilowatthours to Btu) and from geothermal (and applied the heat rate
for geothermal energy plants). Beginning with the AER 2002, because of inadequate data, EIA is applying an overall rate of 3,412 Btu per kilowatthour to all
traded electricity. In addition, electricity net imports derived from hydroelectric
power and geothermal energy are no longer included in renewable energy
268
consumption data. They continue to be included in total U.S. energy consumption

as components of electricity net imports, with energy sources unspecified (see
Tables 1.3 and 2.1f). This change between AER 2001 and AER 2002 resulted in a
0.0-to-0.5 quadrillion Btu drop in total renewable energy consumption from 1949
forward.
Table 8.1 Sources: Net Generation, Electric Power Sector: Table 8.2b. Net
Generation, Commercial Sector: Table 8.2d. Net Generation, Industrial
Sector: 1949-September 1977Federal Power Commission (FPC), Form FPC-4,
"Monthly Power Plant Report," for plants with generating capacity exceeding 10
megawatts, and FPC, Form FPC-12C, "Industrial Electric Generating Capacity," for
all other plants. October 1977-1978Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
(FERC), Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant Report," for plants with generating
capacity exceeding 10 megawatts, and FERC, Form FPC-12C, "Industrial Electric
Generating Capacity," for all other plants. 1979FERC, Form FPC-4, "Monthly
Power Plant Report," for plants with generating capacity exceeding 10 megawatts,
and EIA estimates for all other plants. 1980-1988Estimated by U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA) as the average generation over the 6-year
period of 1974-1979. 1989 forwardTable 8.2d. Net Generation, Total:
Table 8.2a. Imports and Exports: 1949-September 1977Unpublished FPC
data. October 1977-1980Unpublished Economic Regulatory Administration
(ERA) data. 1981U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy
Emergency Operations, "Report on Electric Energy Exchanges with Canada and
Mexico for Calendar Year 1981," April 1982 (revised June 1982). 1982 and
1983DOE, ERA, Electricity Exchanges Across International Borders. 19841986DOE, ERA, Electricity Transactions Across International Borders.
1987 and 1988DOE, ERA, Form ERA-781R, "Annual Report of International
Electrical Export/Import Data." 1989DOE, Fossil Energy, Form FE-781R,
"Annual Report of International Electrical Export/Import Data." 1990
forwardNational Energy Board of Canada, and DOE, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Form OE-781R, Monthly Electricity Imports and
Exports Report, and predecessor form. For 2001 forward, data from the California
Independent System Operator are used in combination with the Form OE-781
values to estimate electricity trade with Mexico. T & D Losses and Unaccounted
for: Calculated as the sum of total net generation and imports minus total end use
and exports. End Use: Table 8.9.
9. Nuclear Energy
Figure 9.1
Nuclear Generating Units
Operable Units,1 1957-2011
Nuclear Net Summer Capacity Change, 1950-2011
90
8
Million Kilowatts
12
Number of Units
120
60
30
-4
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
0
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Status of All Nuclear Generating Units, 2011
Permanent Shutdowns by Year, 1955-2011

4
104
Operable
Units
Number
Permanent
Shutdowns
28
0
1955
Total Units Ordered: 259
1
Units holding full-power operating licenses, or equivalent permission to operate, at the end
of the year.
270
1960
1965
1970
Note: Data are at end of year.

Sources: Tables 9.1 and 8.11a.
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Table 9.1 Nuclear Generating Units, 1955-2011

Original Licensing Regulations (10 CFR Part 50) 1
Current Licensing Regulations (10 CFR Part 52) 1
Construction
Permits
Issued 2,3
Low-Power
Operating Licenses
Issued 3,4
Full-Power
Operating Licenses
Issued 3,5
Early Site
Permits
Issued 3
Combined
License Applications
Received 6
Combined
Licenses
Issued 3
Permanent
Shutdowns
Operable Units 7
1
3
1
0
3
7
0
1
1
3
1
5
14
23
7
10
4
8
14
23
9
9
15
13
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
7
3
2
0
1
3
0
4
4
5
6
12
14
3
7
4
3
0
5
3
6
3
7
7
7
6
1
3
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
6
2
3
0
2
3
0
4
3
2
6
15
15
2
7
4
4
0
2
4
4
3
6
9
5
8
2
4
2
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
R1
1
0
1
2
R1
0
R1
0
R2
0
2
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
R1
0
R3
R0
1
2
0
R0
0
R3
2
R1
0
0
1
1
2
3
3
9
11
13
13
14
15
13
17
20
22
27
42
55
57
63
67
70
69
71
75
78
81
87
96
101
107
109
111
112
111
109
110
109
109
109
107
104
1999-2006
104
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
0
5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
104
104
104
104
104
Total
177
132
132
R18
28
Year
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1 Data in columns 13 are based on the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulation 10 CFR
Part 50. Data in columns 46 are based on the NRC regulation 10 CFR Part 52. See Note 1, "Pending
Actions on Nuclear Generating Units," at end of section.
2 Issuance by regulatory authority of a permit, or equivalent permission, to begin construction. Under
current licensing regulations, the construction permit is no longer issued separately from the operating
license.
3 Numbers reflect permits or licenses issued in a given year, not extant permits or licenses.
4 Issuance by regulatory authority of license, or equivalent permission, to conduct testing but not to
operate at full power.
5 Issuance by regulatory authority of full-power operating license, or equivalent permission (note that
some units receive full-power licenses the same year they receive low-power licenses). Units initially
R12
undergo low-power testing prior to commercial operation.

6 Number of applications received for combined construction and operating licenses, including one that
was subsequently withdrawn. Does not represent the total number of reactor units included in the
applications. See Note 1, "Pending Actions on Nuclear Generating Units," at end of Section.
7 Total of nuclear generating units holding full-power licenses, or equivalent permission to operate, at
the end of the year (the number of operable units equals the cumulative number of units holding full-power
licenses minus the cumulative number of permanent shutdowns).
=Not applicable.
Note: See Note 2, "Coverage of Nuclear Energy Statistics," at end of section.
Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/nuclear/.
271
Figure 9.2
Nuclear Power Plant Operations
Total Electricity and Nuclear Electricity Net Generation, 1957-2011
Nuclear Share of Total Electricity Net Generation, 1957-2011

25
20
15
Percent
Total
4
10
Nuclear
0
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
1960
2010
Net Summer Capacity of Operable Units, 1957-2011
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Capacity Factor, 1973-2011
120
100
80
Percent
Million Kilowatts
90
60
60
40
30
20
0
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1975
1980
1985
272
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Table 9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations, 1957-2011

Year
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
Nuclear Electricity Net Generation
Nuclear Share of Total Electricity Net Generation
Net Summer Capacity of Operable Units 1
Capacity Factor 2
Percent
Million Kilowatts
Percent
(s)
.2
.2
.5
1.7
2.3
3.2
3.3
3.7
5.5
7.7
12.5
13.9
21.8
38.1
54.1
83.5
114.0
172.5
191.1
250.9
276.4
255.2
251.1
272.7
282.8
293.7
327.6
383.7
414.0
455.3
527.0
529.4
576.9
612.6
618.8
610.3
640.4
673.4
674.7
628.6
673.7
728.3
753.9
768.8
780.1
763.7
788.5
782.0
787.2
806.4
806.2
798.9
807.0
790.2
(s)
(s)
(s)
.1
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.5
.6
.9
1.0
1.4
2.4
3.1
4.5
6.1
9.0
9.4
11.8
12.5
11.3
11.0
11.9
12.6
12.7
13.5
15.5
16.6
17.7
19.5
17.8
19.0
19.9
20.1
19.1
19.7
20.1
19.6
18.0
18.6
19.7
19.8
20.6
20.2
19.7
19.9
19.3
19.4
19.4
19.6
20.2
19.6
19.2
0.1
.1
.1
.4
.4
.7
.8
.8
.8
1.7
2.7
2.7
4.4
7.0
9.0
14.5
22.7
31.9
37.3
43.8
46.3
50.8
49.7
51.8
56.0
60.0
63.0
69.7
79.4
85.2
93.6
94.7
98.2
99.6
99.6
99.0
99.0
99.1
99.5
100.8
99.7
97.1
97.4
97.9
98.2
98.7
99.2
99.6
100.0
100.3
100.3
100.8
101.0
R101.2
101.4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
53.5
47.8
55.9
54.7
63.3
64.5
58.4
56.3
58.2
56.6
54.4
56.3
58.0
56.9
57.4
63.5
62.2
66.0
70.2
70.9
70.5
73.8
77.4
76.2
71.1
78.2
85.3
88.1
89.4
90.3
87.9
90.1
89.3
89.6
91.8
91.1
90.3
R91.1
89.1
At end of year. See "Generator Net Summer Capacity" in Glossary.

2 See "Generator Capacity Factor" in Glossary.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05.
Note: See Note 2, "Coverage of Nuclear Energy Statistics," at end of section.
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#nuclear for updated monthly and
annual data. See http://www.eia.gov/nuclear/ for related information.

Sources: Nuclear Electricity Net Generation and Nuclear Share of Electricity Net Generation:
Table 8.2a. Net Summer Capacity of Operable Units: Table 8.11a. Capacity Factor: U.S. Energy
Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review (April 2012), Table 8.1. Annual capacity factors are
weighted averages of monthly capacity factors.
273
Figure 9.3
Uranium Overview
Production and Trade, 1949-2011
Production and Trade, 2011
75
60
54
50
Domestic Concentrate Production
Export Sales
25
Purchased Imports
40
20
17
4
0
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Inventories, End of Year 1981-2011
Domestic
Concentrate Production
Total
100
Electric
Plants
50
Dollars per Pound Uranium Oxide
60
150
50
40
30
20
Domestic Purchases
10
Purchased Imports
Domestic Suppliers
0
0
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Note: See Uranium Oxide in Glossary.
274
Export Sales
Average Prices, 1981-2011
200
Purchased Imports
2010
1985
1990
Source: Table 9.3.
1995
2000
2005
2010
Table 9.3 Uranium Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2011

Domestic
Concentrate
Production 1
Purchased
Imports 2
Export 2
Sales
Loaded Into
U.S. Nuclear
Reactors 3
0.36
.92
5.56
35.28
20.88
25.81
23.20
25.49
29.88
36.97
37.47
43.70
38.47
26.87
21.16
14.88
11.31
13.51
12.99
13.13
13.84
8.89
7.95
5.65
3.06
3.35
6.04
6.32
5.64
4.71
4.61
3.96
2.64
2.34
5,E2.00
2.28
2.69
4.11
4.53
3.90
3.71
4.23
3.99
4.3
5.5
7.6
36.0
8.0
.0
1.4
3.6
5.6
5.2
3.0
3.6
6.6
17.1
8.2
12.5
11.7
13.5
15.1
15.8
13.1
23.7
16.3
23.3
21.0
36.6
41.3
45.4
43.0
43.7
47.6
44.9
46.7
52.7
53.0
66.1
65.5
64.8
54.1
57.1
58.9
55.3
54.4
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
4.2
1.0
1.2
4.0
6.8
6.2
5.8
4.4
6.2
3.3
2.2
5.3
1.6
1.0
3.3
2.1
2.0
3.5
2.8
3.0
17.7
9.8
11.5
17.0
15.1
8.5
13.6
11.7
15.4
13.2
13.2
20.5
18.7
14.8
17.2
23.5
23.1
16.7
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
32.6
27.1
24.2
22.5
21.7
18.9
20.8
17.6
18.4
20.5
26.8
23.4
15.5
22.7
22.3
23.7
19.4
21.6
21.4
24.3
27.5
22.7
21.7
28.2
27.3
27.9
18.5
20.4
17.6
16.2
19.8
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
34.6
43.0
45.1
40.4
51.1
46.2
48.2
38.2
58.8
51.5
52.7
57.2
62.3
50.1
58.3
51.7
45.5
51.3
49.4
44.3
P 52.0
See "Uranium Concentrate" in Glossary.

Import quantities through 1970 are reported for fiscal years. Prior to 1968, the Atomic Energy
Commission was the sole purchaser of all imported uranium oxide. Trade data prior to 1982 were for
transactions conducted by uranium suppliers only. For 1982 forward, transactions by uranium buyers
(consumers) have been included. Buyer imports and exports prior to 1982 are believed to be small.
3 Does not include any fuel rods removed from reactors and later reloaded.
5 Value has been rounded to avoid disclosure of individual company data.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. =Not applicable.
2
Inventories
Domestic Suppliers
Electric Plants
Average Price
Total
Purchased Imports
Domestic Purchases
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Electric Plant
Purchases From
Domestic Suppliers
Dollars per Pound Uranium Oxide

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
25.0
23.7
27.0
25.4
19.3
22.2
26.4
20.7
25.2
24.5
21.5
13.7
13.9
40.4
70.7
68.8
56.5
48.1
48.7
39.9
37.5
29.1
29.1
31.2
27.0
26.8
R 24.7
P 24.1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
160.2
153.2
144.1
137.8
125.5
115.8
102.7
98.0
92.1
81.2
65.4
58.7
66.1
65.9
65.8
58.3
54.8
55.6
53.5
45.6
57.7
64.7
77.5
81.2
83.0
84.8
86.5
P 89.5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
159.2
174.8
191.8
185.2
176.9
171.1
163.2
144.8
138.1
129.1
118.7
117.3
105.7
86.9
72.5
80.0
106.2
136.5
127.1
111.3
103.8
102.1
85.5
95.2
93.8
106.6
112.4
110.0
111.5
R 111.3
P 113.6
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
32.90
27.23
26.16
21.86
20.08
20.07
19.14
19.03
16.75
12.55
15.55
11.34
10.53
8.95
10.20
13.15
11.81
11.19
10.55
9.84
9.51
10.05
10.59
12.25
14.83
19.31
34.18
41.30
41.23
47.01
54.00
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
34.65
38.37
38.21
32.65
31.43
30.01
27.37
26.15
19.56
15.70
13.66
13.45
13.14
10.30
11.11
13.81
12.87
12.31
11.88
11.45
10.45
10.35
10.84
11.91
13.98
18.54
33.13
43.43
44.53
44.88
53.41
Note: See "Uranium Oxide" in Glossary.

Web Pages: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#nuclear.
For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/nuclear/.
Sources: 1949-1966U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction Office, Statistical Data of the
Uranium Industry, Report No. GJO-100, annual reports. 1967-2002U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA), Uranium Industry Annual, annual reports. 2003-2006EIA, "Uranium Marketing
Annual Report," annual reports. 2007 forwardEIA, "2011 Domestic Uranium Production Report" (May
2012), Table 3; EIA, "2011 Uranium Marketing Annual Report" (May 2012), Tables 5, 18, 19, 21, and 22;
and EIA, Form EIA-858, "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey."
275
Nuclear Energy
Note 1. Pending Actions on Nuclear Generating Units. Much of Table 9.1 is
based on the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulation 10 CFR Part
50, which has in most instances been supplanted by 10 CFR Part 52 following the
passage of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 and procedural reforms initiated in 1989
by the NRC. (This statement applies to permit and license procedures only.)
The NRC did not issue any Early Site Permits (ESP) during 2011. Two ESP
applications are currently under review; one to Victoria County Station and the
other to PSEG Site.
As of December 31, 2011, the NRC had received 18 Combined License (COL)
applications representing 28 nuclear generating units. The following 14 COL
applications are under review: Bell Bend (Pennsylvania); Bellefonte Units 3 and 4
(Alabama); Calvert Cliffs Unit 3 (Maryland); Comanche Peak Units 3 and 4
(Texas); Fermi Unit 3 (Michigan); Levy County Units 1 and 2 (Florida); Nine Mile
Point Unit 3 (New York); North Anna Unit 3 (Virginia); Shearon Harris Units 2
and 3 (North Carolina); South Texas Units 3 and 4 (Texas); Turkey Point Units 6
and 7 (Florida); Virgil C. Summer Units 2 and 3 (South Carolina); Vogtle Units 3
and 4 (Georgia); and William States Lee III Units 1 and 2 (South Carolina). At the
request of the applicants, review has been suspended for three COL applications:
Callaway Unit 2 (Missouri), Grand Gulf Unit 3 (Mississippi), and River Bend Unit
3 (Louisiana). The Victoria County Units 1 and 2 COL application was withdrawn
in 2010 following the announcement that the applicant intends to apply instead for
an ESP with the reactor choice unspecified. In addition to the COL applications
currently under review, Watts Bar Unit 2 is currently under construction. Watts Bar
Unit 2 was issued a construction permit in 1973, and the U.S. Energy Information
Administration projects that it will be brought on line in 2013. This is the only reactor that is anticipated to apply for the license separate of construction permit. TVA
has also requested that Bellefonte Units 1 and 2, two partially completed units, be
moved to deferred plan status as the Agency considers completing one or both.
As of December 31, 2011, 11 applications for license extensions were under
review by the NRC. The NRC granted 20-year license extensions in 2011 to:
Kewaunee Power Station on February 24, Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station
on March 21, Palo Verde Units 1, 2, and 3 on April 21, Prairie Island Units 1 and 2
on June 27, Salem Units 1 and 2 on June 30, and Hope Creek on July 20.
For more information on nuclear reactors, see http://www.nrc.gov/reactors.html.
Note 2. Coverage of Nuclear Energy Statistics. In 1997, the U.S. Energy Information Administration undertook a major revision of Table 9.1 to more fully
describe the history of the U.S. commercial nuclear power industry. The time frame
was extended back to the birth of the industry in 1953 and the data categories were
revised for greater relevance to current industry conditions and trends. To acquire
the data for the revised categories, it was necessary to develop a reactor unit
database employing different sources than those used previously for Table 9.1 and
still used for Table 9.2.
276
The data in Table 9.1 apply to commercial nuclear power units, meaning that
the units contributed power to the commercial electricity grid. A total of 259 units
have been ordered over the lifetime of the nuclear industry. Although most orders
were placed by electric utilities, several units were ordered, owned, and operated
wholly or in part by the Federal Government, including BONUS (Boiling Nuclear
Superheater Power Station), Elk River, Experimental Breeder Reactor 2, Hallam,
Hanford N, Piqua, and Shippingport.
A reactor is generally defined as operable in Table 9.1 if it possesses a fullpower license, or an equivalent, from the NRC or its predecessor, the Atomic
Energy Commission, at the end of the year. The definition is liberal in that it does
not exclude units retaining full-power licenses during long, non-routine shutdowns.
For example:
In 1985, the five Tennessee Valley Authority units (Browns Ferry 1, 2,

and 3 and Sequoyah 1 and 2) were shut down under a regulatory forced
outage. Browns Ferry 1 was authorized by the NRC to restart in 2007,
while the other units restarted in 1991, 1995, 1988, and 1988, respectively.
All five units were counted as operable during the shutdowns.
Shippingport was shut down from 1974 through 1976 for conversion to a
lightwater breeder reactor, but is counted as operable until its retirement in
1982.
Calvert Cliffs 2 was shut down in 1989 and 1990 for replacement of
pressurizer heater sleeves but is counted as operable during those years.
Exceptions to the rule are Shoreham and Three Mile Island 2. Shoreham was
granted a full-power license in April 1989, but was shut down two months later
and never restarted. In 1991, the license was changed to Possession Only.
Although not operable at the end of the year, Shoreham is treated as operable
during 1989 and shut down in 1990, because counting it as operable and shut
down in the same year would introduce a statistical discrepancy in the tallies. A
major accident closed Three Mile Island 2 in 1979, and although the unit
retained its full-power license for several years, it is considered permanently
shut down since that year.
Table 9.1 Sources: Operable Units: 1955-1982Compiled from various
sources, primarily U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Nuclear Reactor
Programs, "U.S. Central Station Nuclear Electric Generating Units: Significant
Milestones." 1983 forwardU.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form
EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report," and predecessor forms. All Other
Data: 1955-1997U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1973 Annual Report to
Congress, Volume 2, Regulatory Activities; Nuclear Energy Institute, Historical
Profile of U.S. Nuclear Power Development (1988); EIA, Commercial Nuclear
Power 1991 (September 1991); DOE, Nuclear Reactors Built, Being Built, and
Planned: 1995; U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), Information Digest
(1997 and 1998) and "Plant Status Report"; and various utility, Federal, and
contractor officials. 1998 forwardNRC, Information Digest, annual reports.
Figure 10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Major Source

Renewable Energy as Share of Total Primary Energy Consumption, 2011
Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 1949-2011

4
Solar/PV 2%
Geothermal 2%
Hydroelectric
Power3
3
Quadrillion Btu
Waste 5%
Wind 13%
Nuclear Electric
Power
Wood
2
Biofuels2
1
8%
Other
Biofuels 21%
Coal
20%
Wind
0
1950
Natural Gas
26%
9%
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Renewable
Energy
Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 2011

Petroleum
36%
Petroleum
37%
Wood 22%
3.2
Quadrillion Btu
Hydroelectric
Power
35%
2.0
1.9
1.2
1
0.5
0.2
0.2
Geothermal
Solar/PV
0
Hydroelectric
Power3
1
Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, and other biomass.
2
Fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) and biodiesel consumption, plus losses and co-products
from the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel.
278
Wood
Biofuels
Wind
Waste

Geothermal, solar/PV, and waste.
Notes: Sum of components may not equal 100 percent due to independent rounding.
Table 10.1 Renewable Energy Production and Consumption by Primary Energy Source, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Trillion Btu)
Production 1
Biomass
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
Consumption
Biofuels 2
Total 3
Total
Renewable
Energy 4
Hydroelectric
Power 5
Geothermal 6
Solar/PV 7
Wind 8
Wood 9
Waste 10
Biomass
Biofuels 11
Total
Total
Renewable
Energy
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
13
34
63
77
93
107
123
124
125
111
128
145
169
188
198
141
186
202
211
233
254
308
402
487
564
720
978
1,387
R1,584
R1,884
2,047
1,549
1,562
1,424
1,320
1,335
1,431
1,499
1,713
1,838
2,038
2,152
2,476
2,596
2,663
2,904
2,971
3,016
2,932
2,875
3,016
3,159
2,735
2,782
2,932
2,908
3,028
3,099
3,155
3,108
2,929
2,965
3,006
2,624
2,705
2,805
2,998
3,104
R3,216
R3,461
R3,864
R3,928
R4,341
4,511
2,974
2,978
2,784
2,928
3,396
4,070
4,687
4,727
4,209
5,005
5,123
5,428
5,414
5,980
6,496
6,438
6,084
6,111
5,622
5,457
6,235
6,041
6,069
5,821
6,083
5,988
6,558
7,012
7,018
6,494
6,517
6,104
5,164
5,734
5,982
6,070
6,229
R6,599
R6,509
R7,202
R7,616
R8,136
9,236
1,425
1,415
1,360
1,608
2,059
2,634
3,155
2,976
2,333
2,937
2,931
2,900
2,758
3,266
3,527
3,386
2,970
3,071
2,635
2,334
2,837
3,046
3,016
2,617
2,892
2,683
3,205
3,590
3,640
3,297
3,268
2,811
2,242
2,689
2,825
2,690
2,703
2,869
2,446
2,511
2,669
R2,539
3,171
NA
NA
NA
(s)
2
6
34
38
37
31
40
53
59
51
64
81
97
108
112
106
162
171
178
179
186
173
152
163
167
168
171
164
164
171
175
178
181
181
186
192
200
R208
226
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
55
59
62
64
66
68
69
70
70
69
68
R66
64
63
62
63
63
68
76
89
98
R126
158
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
22
29
31
30
31
36
33
33
34
31
46
57
70
105
115
142
178
264
341
546
721
R923
1,168
1,549
1,562
1,424
1,320
1,335
1,429
1,497
1,711
1,837
2,036
2,150
2,474
2,496
2,510
2,684
2,686
2,687
2,562
2,463
2,577
2,680
2,216
2,214
2,313
2,260
2,324
2,370
2,437
2,371
2,184
2,214
2,262
2,006
1,995
2,002
2,121
R2,137
R2,099
R2,070
R2,040
R1,891
R1,988
1,987
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
88
119
157
208
236
263
289
315
354
408
440
473
479
515
531
577
551
542
540
511
364
402
401
389
403
397
413
436
R453
R469
477
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
13
34
63
77
93
107
123
124
125
111
128
145
169
188
200
143
184
201
209
236
253
303
404
499
577
771
991
1,372
R1,568
R1,837
1,947
1,549
1,562
1,424
1,320
1,335
1,431
1,499
1,713
1,838
2,038
2,152
2,476
2,596
2,663
2,904
2,971
3,016
2,932
2,875
3,016
3,159
2,735
2,782
2,932
2,908
3,028
3,101
3,157
3,105
2,927
2,963
3,008
2,622
2,701
2,807
3,010
R3,117
R3,267
R3,474
R3,849
R3,912
R4,294
4,411
2,974
2,978
2,784
2,928
3,396
4,070
4,687
4,727
4,209
5,005
5,123
5,428
5,414
5,980
6,496
6,438
6,084
6,111
5,622
5,457
6,235
6,041
6,069
5,821
6,083
5,988
6,560
7,014
7,016
6,493
6,516
6,106
5,163
5,729
5,983
6,082
6,242
R6,649
R6,523
R7,186
R7,600
R8,090
9,135
Production equals consumption for all renewable energy sources except biofuels.
Total biomass inputs to the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel.
3 Wood and wood-derived fuels, biomass waste, and total biomass inputs to the production of fuel
ethanol and biodiesel.
4 Hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar thermal/photovoltaic, wind, and biomass.
Table A6).
6 Geothermal electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fuels heat ratesee Table A6),
and geothermal heat pump and direct use energy.
heat ratesee Table A6), and solar thermal direct use energy.
other biomass.
2
11 Fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) and biodiesel consumption, plus losses and co-products from the
production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel.
Notes: Most data for the residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors are estimates.
See notes and sources for Tables 10.2a and 10.2b. See Tables 8.2a8.2d and 8.3a8.3c for electricity
net generation and useful thermal output from renewable energy sources; Tables 8.4a8.4c, 8.5a8.5d,
8.6a8.6c, and 8.7a8.7c for renewable energy consumption for electricity generation and useful thermal
output; and Tables 8.11a8.11d for renewable energy electric net summer capacity. See Note,
"Renewable Energy Production and Consumption," at end of section. See Table E1 for estimated
renewable energy consumption for 16351945. Totals may not equal sum of components due to
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#renewable for updated monthly and
annual data. See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#renewable for all annual data beginning in
1949. See http://www.eia.gov/renewable/ for related information.
Sources: Biofuels: Tables 10.3 and 10.4. All Other Data: Tables 10.2a10.2c.
279
Figure 10.2a
Renewable Energy Consumption: End-Use Sectors, 1989-2011
Residential Sector
Commercial Sector, Major Sources
1.0
90
Wood
60
0.6
Wood
0.4
Trillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu
0.8
Waste5
30
Geothermal4
Solar/PV and Geothermal4
0.2
0.0
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
1990
Industrial Sector, Major Sources
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2.0
1,400
Biomass7
1,200
1,000
Wood
1.0
Losses and Co-products6
Trillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu
1.5
800
600
400
0.5
Waste5
0.0
200
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
1
Includes fuel used at combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants and a small number of electricityonly plants.
2
3
Solar thermal direct use energy, and photovoltaic (PV) electricity net generation. Includes
small amounts of distributed solar thermal and PV energy used in the commercial, industrial,
and electric power sectors.
4
Geothermal heat pump and direct use energy.
280
2010
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
5
Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, and other biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid
waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).
6
From the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel.
7
The fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) portion of motor fuels (such as E10 and E85), and biodiesel. See Biodiesel in Glossary.
Note: See related Figures 10.2b and 10.2c.
Sources: Tables 10.2a and 10.2b.
Figure 10.2b
Renewable Energy Consumption: End-Use Sectors and Electric Power Sector
End-Use Sectors, 1949-2011

2.5
Industrial
Quadrillion Btu
2.0
1.5
Transportation
1.0
Residential
0.5
Commercial
0.0
1950
1960
1970
1980
End-Use Sectors and Electric Power Sector, 2011
2000
2010
End-Use Sectors and Electric Power Sector

Shares of Total Renewable Energy Consumption, 2011
6
4.9
Quadrillion Btu
1990
Electric Power
Sector
54%
4
3
2.3
2
End-Use
Sectors
46%
1.2
1
0.6
0.1
0
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
End-Use Sectors
Transportation
Electric
Power
Sector
1
Includes fuel use at combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants and a small number of
Note: See related Figures 10.2a and 10.2c.

281
Table 10.2a Renewable Energy Consumption: Residential and Commercial Sectors, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Trillion Btu)
Commercial Sector 1
Residential Sector
Biomass
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Geothermal 2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5
6
6
6
7
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
13
14
16
18
22
26
33
37
40
Solar/PV 3
Wood 4
Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
52
56
57
R60
61
63
64
65
64
64
63
R61
59
57
57
57
58
63
70
80
89
R114
140
1,055
1,006
775
627
468
401
425
482
542
622
728
850
870
970
970
980
1,010
920
850
910
920
580
610
640
550
520
520
540
430
380
390
420
370
380
400
410
430
R380
R410
450
430
420
430
1,055
1,006
775
627
468
401
425
482
542
622
728
850
870
970
970
980
1,010
920
850
910
977
641
673
706
618
589
591
612
502
452
461
489
438
448
470
481
504
R462
R502
R557
552
R571
610
Hydroelectric
Power 5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(s)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Biomass
Geothermal 2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
6
7
7
8
8
9
11
12
14
14
14
15
17
19
20

Section 8.
3 Solar thermal direct use energy, and photovoltaic (PV) electricity net generation (converted to Btu
using the fossil-fuels heat ratesee Table A6). Includes distributed solar thermal and PV energy used in
the commercial, industrial, and electric power sectors.
Table A6).
Table A6) at commercial plants with capacity of 1 megawatt or greater.
other biomass.
282
Solar/PV 6
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
Wind 7
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
Wood 4
Waste 8
20
19
15
12
9
8
8
9
10
12
14
21
21
22
22
22
24
27
29
32
76
66
68
72
76
72
72
76
73
64
67
71
67
69
71
70
70
65
R70
73
72
R72
71
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
22
28
26
32
33
35
40
53
58
54
54
47
25
26
29
34
34
36
31
34
36
R36
36
Fuel Ethanol 9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
1
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
Total
Total
20
19
15
12
9
8
8
9
10
12
14
21
21
22
22
22
24
27
30
33
99
94
95
105
109
106
113
129
131
118
121
119
92
95
101
105
105
R103
R103
109
112
R111
110
20
19
15
12
9
8
8
9
10
12
14
21
21
22
22
22
24
27
30
33
102
98
100
109
114
112
118
135
138
127
129
128
101
104
113
118
R120
R118
118
125
129
R130
131

9 The fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) portion of motor fuels, such as E10, consumed by the commercial
sector.
Notes: Data are estimates, except for commercial sector solar/PV, hydroelectric power, wind, and
waste. See Tables 8.2a8.2d and 8.3a8.3c for electricity net generation and useful thermal output from
renewable energy sources; Tables 8.4a8.4c, 8.5a8.5d, 8.6a8.6c, and 8.7a8.7c for renewable energy
consumption for electricity generation and useful thermal output; and Tables 8.11a8.11d for renewable
energy electric net summer capacity. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent
rounding.
Table 10.2b Renewable Energy Consumption: Industrial and Transportation Sectors, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Trillion Btu)
Industrial Sector 1
Biomass
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Hydroelectric
Power 2
76
69
38
39
33
34
32
33
33
32
34
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
28
31
30
31
30
62
55
61
58
55
49
42
33
39
43
33
32
29
16
17
18
16
18
Geothermal 3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
3
4
4
4
5
5
4
4
4
Solar/PV 4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
Wind 5
Wood 6
Waste 7
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
468
532
631
680
855
1,019
1,063
1,220
1,281
1,400
1,405
1,600
1,602
1,516
1,690
1,679
1,645
1,610
1,576
1,625
1,584
1,442
1,410
1,461
1,484
1,580
1,652
1,683
1,731
1,603
1,620
1,636
1,443
1,396
1,363
1,476
1,452
1,472
R1,405
R1,340
R1,208
R1,301
1,311
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
87
118
155
204
230
256
282
308
200
192
185
179
181
199
195
224
184
180
171
145
129
146
142
132
148
130
144
144
R155
R169
172

plants. See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of Section 8.
Table A6).
Table A6) at industrial plants with capacity of 1 megawatt or greater.
other biomass.
8 The fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) portion of motor fuels, such as E10, consumed by the industrial
sector.
9 Losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel. Does not include natural
Fuel
Ethanol 8
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
4
6
7
10
10
12
13
R17
17
Biomass
Losses and
Co-products 9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6
16
29
35
42
48
55
55
56
49
56
64
74
82
86
61
80
86
90
99
108
130
169
203
230
285
377
532
617
R742
772
Total
Total
Fuel
Ethanol 10
468
532
631
680
855
1,019
1,063
1,220
1,281
1,400
1,405
1,600
1,695
1,650
1,874
1,918
1,918
1,915
1,914
1,989
1,841
1,684
1,652
1,705
1,741
1,862
1,934
1,969
1,996
1,872
1,882
1,881
1,681
1,676
1,679
1,817
1,837
1,897
R1,936
R2,028
R1,994
R2,230
2,273
544
602
669
719
888
1,053
1,096
1,253
1,314
1,432
1,439
1,633
1,728
1,683
1,908
1,951
1,951
1,948
1,947
2,022
1,871
1,717
1,684
1,737
1,773
1,927
1,992
2,033
2,057
1,929
1,934
1,928
1,719
1,720
1,726
1,853
1,873
1,930
R1,956
R2,049
R2,016
R2,250
2,295
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7
18
34
41
50
57
66
67
68
60
70
80
94
105
112
81
102
113
118
135
141
168
228
286
327
442
557
786
894
R1,040
1,042
Biodiesel
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
2
2
3
12
33
46
40
R42
R34
112
Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7
18
34
41
50
57
66
67
68
60
70
80
94
105
112
81
102
113
118
135
142
170
230
290
339
475
602
826
R935
R1,074
1,154
gas, electricity, and other non-biomass energy used in the production of fuel ethanol and biodieselthese
are included in the industrial sector consumption statistics for the appropriate energy source.
10 The fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) portion of motor fuels, such as E10 and E85, consumed by the
transportation sector.
Notes: Data are estimates, except for industrial sector hydroelectric power in 19491978 and 1989
forward, solar/PV, and wind. See Tables 8.2a8.2d and 8.3a8.3c for electricity net generation and
useful thermal output from renewable energy sources; Tables 8.4a8.4c, 8.5a8.5d, 8.6a8.6c, and
8.7a8.7c for renewable energy consumption for electricity generation and useful thermal output; and
Tables 8.11a8.11d for renewable energy electric net summer capacity. Totals may not equal sum of
283
Figure 10.2c Renewable Energy Consumption: Electric Power Sector

Electric Power Sector Total and Hydroelectric Power, 1949-2011
5
Quadrillion Btu
Electric Power Sector Total

3
Hydroelectric Power1
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
Non-Hydroelectric Power Sources, 1989-2011
1980
1990
1,200
Wind
800
600
400
2010
1,168
800
600
400
Waste
269
175
200
Geothermal4
Wood
0
Wind
Conventional hydroelectricity net generation.

Wind electricity net generation.
3
Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, and other biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid
waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).
163
18
Solar/PV6
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
284
2005
1,000
Trillion Btu
1,000
2000
1,400
1,200
200
1995
Non-Hydroelectric Power Sources, 2011
1,400
Trillion Btu
1985
Waste
Wood5
Geothermal4
Geothermal electricity net generation.

6
Solar thermal and photovoltaic (PV) electricity net generation.
Note: See related Figures 10.2a and 10.2b on the end-use sectors.
Source: Table 10.2c.
Solar/PV6
Table 10.2c Renewable Energy Consumption: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Trillion Btu)
Biomass
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
19897
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Hydroelectric
Power 1
1,349
1,346
1,322
1,569
2,026
2,600
3,122
2,943
2,301
2,905
2,897
2,867
2,725
3,233
3,494
3,353
2,937
3,038
2,602
2,302
2,808
3,014
2,985
2,586
2,861
2,620
3,149
3,528
3,581
3,241
3,218
2,768
2,209
2,650
2,781
2,656
2,670
2,839
2,430
2,494
2,650
R2,521
3,153
Geothermal
NA
NA
NA
(s)
2
6
34
38
37
31
40
53
59
51
64
81
97
108
112
106
152
161
167
167
173
160
138
148
150
151
152
144
142
147
148
148
147
145
145
146
146
R148
163
Solar/PV
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
3
4
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
5
6
6
5
6
9
9
R12
18
Wind
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
22
29
31
30
31
36
33
33
34
31
46
57
70
105
115
142
178
264
341
546
721
R923
1,168
Table A6).
2 Geothermal electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fuels heat ratesee Table A6).
heat ratesee Table A6).
other biomass.
Wood
6
5
3
2
3
1
(s)
1
3
2
3
3
3
2
2
5
8
5
8
10
100
129
126
140
150
152
125
138
137
137
138
134
126
150
167
165
185
182
186
177
180
R196
175
Waste 6
Total
Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
4
7
7
7
8
132
188
229
262
265
282
296
300
309
308
315
318
211
230
230
223
221
231
237
258
261
R264
269
6
5
3
2
3
4
2
3
5
3
5
5
4
3
4
9
14
12
15
17
232
317
354
402
415
434
422
438
446
444
453
453
337
380
397
388
406
412
423
435
441
R459
444
1,355
1,351
1,325
1,571
2,031
2,609
3,158
2,983
2,343
2,940
2,942
2,925
2,788
3,286
3,562
3,443
3,049
3,158
2,729
2,425
3,217
3,524
3,542
3,189
3,484
3,255
3,747
4,153
4,216
3,872
3,874
3,427
2,763
3,288
3,445
3,340
3,406
3,665
3,345
3,630
3,967
R4,064
4,945

the public. See Tables 8.2a8.2d and 8.3a8.3c for electricity net generation and useful thermal output
from renewable energy sources; Tables 8.4a8.4c, 8.5a8.5d, 8.6a8.6c, and 8.7a8.7c for renewable
energy consumption for electricity generation and useful thermal output; and Tables 8.11a8.11d for
renewable energy electric net summer capacity. See Note 3, "Electricity Imports and Exports," at end of
Sources: Tables 8.2b, 8.5b, 8.7b, and A6.
285
Figure 10.3 Fuel Ethanol Overview

Stocks,3 End of Year 1992-2011
Overview, 2011
2,500
2,000
20
1,922
15
1,182
Million Barrels
Trillion Btu
1,500
1,091
1,000
770
500
10
0
-90
-500
(500)
Feedstock
Losses and
Co-products2
Production
Net
Imports
Stock
Change
0
1992
Consumption
Consumption, 1981-2011
1998
2001
2004
2007
12
12
Billion Gallons
15
13.9
1.0
0
0
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
1
Total corn and other biomass inputs to the production of undenatured ethanol used for fuel
ethanol.
2
Losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol.
286
2010
Fuel Ethanol and Biodiesel Production, 2011
15
Billion Gallons
1995
2010
Includes denaturant.
Sources: Tables 10.3, 10.4, and A3.
Fuel Ethanol
Biodiesel
Table 10.3 Fuel Ethanol Overview, 1981-2011

Trade 4
Feedstock 1
Losses
and Coproducts 2
Denaturant 3
Year
Trillion
Btu
Trillion
Btu
Thousand
Barrels
Thousand
Barrels
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
13
34
63
77
93
107
123
124
125
111
128
145
169
188
198
141
186
202
211
233
253
307
400
484
552
688
914
1,300
1,517
R1,839
1,922
6
16
29
35
42
48
55
55
56
49
56
64
74
82
86
61
80
86
90
99
108
130
169
203
230
285
376
531
616
R742
770
40
107
198
243
294
339
390
396
401
356
413
469
550
614
647
464
613
669
698
773
841
1,019
1,335
1,621
1,859
2,326
3,105
4,433
5,688
R6,506
6,636
1,978
5,369
9,890
12,150
14,693
16,954
19,497
19,780
20,062
17,802
20,627
23,453
27,484
30,689
32,325
23,178
30,674
33,453
34,881
38,627
42,028
50,956
66,772
81,058
92,961
116,294
155,263
221,637
260,424
R316,617
332,107
Imports
Exports
Net
Imports 5
Stocks, 4
End of Year
Stock
Change 4,6
Trillion
Btu
Thousand
Barrels
Thousand
Barrels
Thousand
Barrels
Thousand
Barrels
Thousand
Barrels
Thousand
Barrels
7
19
35
43
52
60
69
70
71
63
73
84
98
109
115
83
109
119
124
138
150
182
238
289
331
414
553
790
928
R1,127
1,182
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
244
279
387
313
85
66
87
116
315
306
292
3,542
3,234
17,408
10,457
12,610
4,720
R373
3,135
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
R9,488
28,457
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
244
279
387
313
85
66
87
116
315
306
292
3,542
3,234
17,408
10,457
12,610
4,720
R-9,115
-25,322
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,791
2,114
2,393
2,186
2,065
2,925
3,406
4,024
3,400
4,298
6,200
5,978
6,002
5,563
8,760
10,535
14,226
16,594
R17,941
18,261
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
323
279
-207
-121
860
481
618
-624
898
1,902
-222
24
-439
3,197
1,775
3,691
2,368
R1,347
8321
1,978
5,369
9,890
12,150
14,693
16,954
19,497
19,780
20,062
17,802
20,627
23,453
27,405
30,689
32,919
23,612
29,899
33,038
34,350
39,367
41,445
49,360
67,286
84,576
96,634
130,505
163,945
230,556
262,776
R306,155
306,464
Production 4
Million
Gallons
83
225
415
510
617
712
819
831
843
748
866
985
1,154
1,289
1,358
973
1,288
1,405
1,465
1,622
1,765
2,140
2,804
3,404
3,904
4,884
6,521
9,309
10,938
R13,298
13,948
1 Total corn and other biomass inputs to the production of undenatured ethanol used for fuel ethanol.
2 Losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol. Does not include natural gas, electricity,
and other non-biomass energy used in the production of fuel ethanolthese are included in the industrial
sector consumption statistics for the appropriate energy source.
3 The amount of denaturant in fuel ethanol produced.
4 Includes denaturant.
7 Consumption of fuel ethanol minus denaturant. Data for fuel ethanol minus denaturant are used to
develop data for "Renewable Energy/Biomass" in Tables 10.110.2b, as well as in Sections 1 and 2.
8 Derived from the preliminary 2010 stocks value (17,940 thousand barrels), not the final 2010 value
(17,941 thousand barrels) that is shown under "Stocks."
Notes: Fuel ethanol data in thousand barrels are converted to million gallons by multiplying by 0.042,
and are converted to Btu by multiplying by the approximate heat content of fuel ethanolsee Table A3.
Through 1980, data are not available. For 19811992, data are estimates. For 19932008, only data for
feedstock, losses and co-products, and denaturant are estimates. Beginning in 2009, only data for
feedstock, and losses and co-products, are estimates. See "Denaturant," "Ethanol," "Fuel Ethanol," and
"Fuel Ethanol Minus Denaturant" in Glossary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to
annual data. See http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/supply/monthly/ for related information.
Sources: Feedstock: Calculated as fuel ethanol production (in thousand barrels) minus denaturant, and
then multiplied by the fuel ethanol feedstock factorsee Table A3. Losses and Co-products: Calculated
as fuel ethanol feedstock plus denaturant minus fuel ethanol production. Denaturant: 1981-2008Data
in thousand barrels for petroleum denaturant in fuel ethanol produced are estimated as 2 percent of fuel
ethanol production; these data are converted to Btu by multiplying by 4.645 million Btu per barrel (the
estimated quantity-weighted factor of pentanes plus and conventional motor gasoline used as denaturant).
2009 forwardU.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA), annual
Consumption
Minus
Denaturant 7
Consumption 4
Million
Gallons
83
225
415
510
617
712
819
831
843
748
866
985
1,151
1,289
1,383
992
1,256
1,388
1,443
1,653
1,741
2,073
2,826
3,552
4,059
5,481
6,886
9,683
11,037
R12,858
12,871
Trillion
Btu
Trillion
Btu
7
19
35
43
52
60
69
70
71
63
73
84
98
109
117
84
107
118
122
140
148
176
240
301
344
465
584
821
936
R1,090
1,091
7
19
34
42
51
59
68
69
70
62
72
81
95
106
114
82
104
115
119
137
144
171
233
293
335
453
569
800
910
R1,061
1,063
report, Table 1, and Petroleum Supply Monthly (PSM), monthly reports, Table 1. Data in thousand barrels
for net production of pentanes plus at renewable fuels and oxygenate plants are multiplied by -1; these data
are converted to Btu by multiplying by 4.620 million Btu per barrel (the approximate heat content of
pentanes plus). Data in thousand barrels for net production of conventional motor gasoline and motor
gasoline blending components at renewable fuels and oxygenate plants are multiplied by -1; these data are
converted to Btu by multiplying by 5.253 million Btu per barrel (the approximate heat content of
conventional motor gasoline). Total denaturant is the sum of the values for pentanes plus, conventional
motor gasoline, and motor gasoline blending components. Production: 1981-1992Fuel ethanol
production is assumed to equal fuel ethanol consumptionsee sources for "Consumption."
1993-2004Calculated as fuel ethanol consumption plus fuel ethanol stock change minus fuel ethanol
net imports. These data differ slightly from the original production data from EIA, Form EIA-819, "Monthly
Oxygenate Report," and predecessor form, which were not reconciled and updated to be consistent with
the final balance. 2005-2008EIA, Form EIA-819, "Monthly Oxygenate Report." 2009 and
2010EIA, PSA, Table 1, data for net production of fuel ethanol at renewable fuels and oxygenate plants.
2011EIA, PSM (February 2012), Table 1, data for net production of fuel ethanol at renewable fuels and
oxygenate plants. Trade, Stocks, and Stock Change: 1992-2010EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 1.
2011EIA, PSM (February 2012), Table 1. Consumption: 1981-1989EIA, Estimates of U.S.
Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 10; and interpolated values for 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, and 1988.
1990-1992EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biomass Energy Consumption 1992, Table D2; and interpolated
value for 1991. 1993-2004EIA, PSA, annual reports, Tables 2 and 16. Calculated as 10 percent of
oxygenated finished motor gasoline field production (Table 2), plus fuel ethanol refinery input (Table 16).
2005-2008EIA, PSA, annual reports, Tables 1 and 15. Calculated as motor gasoline blending
components adjustments (Table 1), plus finished motor gasoline adjustments (Table 1), plus fuel ethanol
refinery and blender net inputs (Table 15). 2009 and 2010EIA, PSA, Table 1. Calculated as fuel
ethanol refinery and blender net inputs minus fuel ethanol adjustments. 2011EIA, PSM (February
2012), Table 1. Calculated as fuel ethanol refinery and blender net inputs minus fuel ethanol adjustments.
Consumption Minus Denaturant: Calculated as fuel ethanol consumption minus the amount of
denaturant in fuel ethanol consumed. Denaturant in fuel ethanol consumed is estimated by multiplying
denaturant in fuel ethanol produced by the fuel ethanol consumption-to-production ratio.
287
Figure 10.4 Biodiesel Overview

Overview, 2011
150
125
125
123
112
Trillion Btu
100
75
50
25
5
0
Feedstock
Losses and
Co-Products2
Production
Imports
Exports
Stock
Change
Consumption
Consumption, 2001-2011
1,200
Million Gallons
900
600
300
0
2001
1
2
288
2002
2003
2004
Total vegetable oil and other biomass inputs to the production of biodiesel.
Losses and co-products from the production of biodiesel.
2005
2006
2007
Sources: Tables 10.4 and A3.
2008
2009
2010
2011
Table 10.4 Biodiesel Overview, 2001-2011

Trade
Year
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1
Feedstock 1
Losses and
Co-products 2
Trillion
Btu
Trillion
Btu
1
1
2
4
12
32
63
88
R67
R44
125
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
1
1
1
2
Imports
Exports
Net
Imports 3
Stocks,
End of Year
Stock
Change 4
Balancing
Item 5
Trillion
Btu
Thousand
Barrels
Thousand
Barrels
Thousand
Barrels
Thousand
Barrels
Thousand
Barrels
Thousand
Barrels
1
1
2
4
12
32
62
87
R66
R44
123
78
191
94
97
207
1,069
3,342
7,502
1,844
546
861
39
56
110
124
206
828
6,477
16,128
6,332
2,503
1,740
39
135
-16
-26
1
242
-3,135
-8,626
-4,489
-1,958
-879
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
711
R672
1,902
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
711
R-39
61,240
Production
Thousand
Barrels
Million
Gallons
204
250
338
666
2,162
5,963
11,662
16,145
R12,281
R8,177
23,034
9
10
14
28
91
250
490
678
R516
R343
967
Total vegetable oil and other biomass inputs to the production of biodiesel.
Losses and co-products from the production of biodiesel. Does not include natural gas, electricity, and
other non-biomass energy used in the production of biodieselthese are included in the industrial sector
consumption statistics for the appropriate energy source.
5 Beginning in 2009, because of incomplete data coverage and different data sources, "Balancing Item"
is used to balance biodiesel supply and disposition.
6 Derived from the preliminary 2010 stocks value (662 thousand barrels), not the final 2010 value (672
thousand barrels) that is shown under "Stocks."
Notes: Biodiesel data in thousand barrels are converted to million gallons by multiplying by 0.042, and
are converted to Btu by multiplying by 5.359 million Btu per barrel (the approximate heat content of
biodieselsee Table A3). Through 2000, data are not available. Beginning in 2001, data not from U.S.
Energy Information Administration (EIA) surveys are estimates. Totals may not equal sum of
annual data. See http://www.eia.gov/biofuels/biodiesel/production/ for related information.
Sources: Feedstock: Calculated as biodiesel production in thousand barrels multiplied by 5.433 million
Btu per barrel (the biodiesel feedstock factorsee Table A3). Losses and Co-products: Calculated as
biodiesel feedstock minus biodiesel production. Production: 2001-2005U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Commodity Credit Corporation, Bioenergy Program records. Annual data are derived from
quarterly data. 2006U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "M311K - Fats and Oils:
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
R669
0
0
Consumption
Thousand
Barrels
243
385
322
640
2,163
6,204
8,528
7,519
R7,750
R6,258
20,915
Million
Gallons
10
16
14
27
91
261
358
316
R326
R263
878
Trillion
Btu
1
2
2
3
12
33
46
40
R42
R34
112
Production, Consumption, and Stocks," data for soybean oil consumed in methyl esters (biodiesel). In
addition, EIA estimates that 14.4 million gallons of yellow grease were consumed in methyl esters
(biodiesel). 2007U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "M311K - Fats and Oils:
Production, Consumption, and Stocks," data for all fats and oils consumed in methyl esters (biodiesel).
2008EIA, Monthly Biodiesel Production Report, December 2009 (release date October 2010), Table
11. 2009 forwardEIA, Monthly Biodiesel Production Report (May 2012), Table 1. Trade: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, imports data for Harmonized Tariff Schedule codes 3824.90.40.20, "Fatty Esters
Animal/Vegetable/Mixture" (for data through June 2010), and 3824.90.40.30, "Biodiesel/Mixes" (for data
beginning in July 2010); and exports data for Schedule B code 3824.90.40.00, "Fatty Substances
Animal/Vegetable/Mixture" (for data through 2010), and 3824.90.40.30, "Biodiesel <70%" (for data for
2011). Although these categories include products other than biodiesel (such as those destined for soaps,
cosmetics, and other items), biodiesel is the largest component. In the absence of other reliable data for
biodiesel trade, EIA sees these data as good estimates. Stocks and Stock Change: 2009 and
2010EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports, Table 1, data for renewable fuels except fuel
ethanol. 2011EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (PSM), monthly reports, Table 1, data for renewable
fuels except fuel ethanol. Balancing Item: 2009 forwardCalculated as biodiesel consumption and
biodiesel stock change minus biodiesel production and biodiesel net imports.
Consumption:
2001-2008Calculated as biodiesel production plus biodiesel net imports. 2009Calculated as the
sum of the monthly consumption data. Data for January and February 2009 are from EIA, PSM, monthly
reports, Table 1, refinery and blender net inputs of renewable fuels except fuel ethanol. Data for
March-December 2009 are calculated as biodiesel production plus biodiesel net imports minus biodiesel
stock change. 2010 and 2011Calculated as biodiesel production plus biodiesel net imports minus
biodiesel stock change.
289
Figure 10.5 Estimated Number of Alternative-Fueled Vehicles in Use and Alternative Fuel Consumption
Vehicles in Use, 1995-2010
Vehicles in Use by Fuel Type, 2010

700
1,000
939
619
600
826
776
800
600
565
534
592
Thousand Vehicles
Thousand Vehicles
696
635
471
425
395
400
280 295
247 265
322
500
400
300
200
143
200
116
100
57
3
0
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
Ethanol
2009
Fuel Consumption,5 1995-2010
LPG
CNG
Electricity
(s)
4
LNG
Hydrogen
Fuel Consumption by Type, 2010
500
250
400
382
403
430 431
429 421 418
415
352
300
278
315 326 305 325

297
200
100
Million Gasoline-Equivalent Gallons
Million Gasoline-Equivalent Gallons
458
210
200
150
126
100
50
26
0
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
CNG
2009
Ethanol, 85 percent (E85). Includes only those E85 vehicles believed to be used as
alternative-fueled vehicles, primarily fleet-operated vehicles; excludes other vehicles with E85fueling capability.
2
3
Compressed natural gas.
290
(ss)
Electricity
Hydrogen
0
1995
90
LPG
Ethanol
Liquefied natural gas.

Excludes oxygenates and biodiesel.
(s)=Fewer than 0.5 thousand vehicles.
(ss)=Less than 0.5 million gasoline-equivalent gallons.
Source: Table 10.5.
LNG
Table 10.5 Estimated Number of Alternative-Fueled Vehicles in Use and Fuel Consumption, 1992-2010
Alternative and Replacement Fuels 1
Oxygenates 2
Liquefied Compressed Liquefied
Petroleum
Natural
Natural
Year
Gases
Gas
Gas
Methanol, Methanol,
Ethanol,
85 Percent
Neat
85 Percent
(M85) 3
(M100) 4
(E85) 3,5
Ethanol,
95 Percent
(E95) 3
Electricity 6
Hydrogen
Alternative-Fueled Vehicles in Use

1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
NA
NA
NA
172,806
175,585
175,679
177,183
178,610
181,994
185,053
187,680
190,369
182,864
173,795
164,846
158,254
151,049
147,030
143,037
23,191
32,714
41,227
50,218
60,144
68,571
78,782
91,267
100,750
111,851
120,839
114,406
118,532
117,699
116,131
114,391
113,973
114,270
115,863
90
299
484
603
663
813
1,172
1,681
2,090
2,576
2,708
2,640
2,717
2,748
2,798
2,781
3,101
3,176
3,354
4,850
10,263
15,484
18,319
20,265
21,040
19,648
18,964
10,426
7,827
5,873
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
404
414
415
386
172
172
200
198
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
172
441
605
1,527
4,536
9,130
12,788
24,604
87,570
100,303
120,951
179,090
211,800
246,363
297,099
364,384
450,327
504,297
618,505
38
27
33
136
361
347
14
14
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,607
1,690
2,224
2,860
3,280
4,453
5,243
6,964
11,830
17,847
33,047
47,485
49,536
51,398
53,526
55,730
56,901
57,185
57,462
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
43
119
159
223
313
357
421
Other
Fuels 7
11
Subtotal
Methyl Tertiary Ethanol in

Butyl Ether 8 Gasohol 9
Total
Biodiesel 10
Total
(number)
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
0
NA
NA
NA
246,855
265,006
280,205
295,030
322,302
394,664
425,457
471,098
533,999
565,492
592,125
634,562
695,766
775,667
826,318
938,643
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,175,964
2,070,897
2,020,455
2,693,407
2,751,955
3,106,745
2,905,781
3,405,390
3,298,803
3,354,949
3,122,859
2,368,400
1,877,300
1,654,500
435,000
0
0
0
0
719,408
779,958
868,113
934,615
677,537
852,514
912,858
975,255
1,114,313
1,173,323
1,450,721
1,919,572
2,414,167
2,756,663
3,729,168
4,694,304
6,442,781
7,343,133
8,527,431
1,895,372
2,850,854
2,888,569
3,628,022
3,429,492
3,959,260
3,818,639
4,380,645
4,413,116
4,528,272
4,573,580
4,287,972
4,291,467
4,411,163
4,164,168
4,694,304
6,442,781
7,343,133
8,527,431
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6,828
10,627
16,824
14,082
27,616
93,281
267,623
367,764
324,329
325,102
235,188
NA
NA
NA
3,906,142
3,726,802
4,273,880
4,144,620
4,685,263
4,744,930
4,890,457
4,972,556
4,704,995
4,747,615
4,925,222
4,849,594
5,476,783
7,197,439
8,099,342
9,220,374
Fuel Consumption 12 (thousand gasoline-equivalent gallons)

1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
1
2
3
4
5
NA
NA
NA
233,178
239,648
238,845
241,881
210,247
213,012
216,319
223,600
224,697
211,883
188,171
173,130
152,360
147,784
129,631
126,354
17,159
22,035
24,643
35,865
47,861
66,495
73,859
81,211
88,478
106,584
123,081
133,222
158,903
166,878
172,011
178,565
189,358
199,513
210,007
598
1,944
2,398
2,821
3,320
3,798
5,463
5,959
7,423
9,122
9,593
13,503
20,888
22,409
23,474
24,594
25,554
25,652
26,072
1,121
1,671
2,455
2,122
1,862
1,630
1,271
1,126
614
461
354
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,672
3,321
3,347
2,255
364
364
471
469
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22
49
82
195
712
1,314
1,772
4,019
12,388
15,007
18,250
26,376
31,581
38,074
44,041
54,091
62,464
71,213
90,323
87
82
144
1,021
2,770
1,166
61
64
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
359
288
430
663
773
1,010
1,202
1,524
3,058
4,066
7,274
5,141
5,269
5,219
5,104
5,037
5,050
4,956
4,847
See "Alternative Fuel" and "Replacement Fuel" in Glossary.

See "Oxygenates" in Glossary.
Remaining portion is motor gasoline. Consumption data include the motor gasoline portion of the fuel.
One hundred percent methanol.
Includes only those E85 vehicles believed to be used as alternative-fuels vehicles (AFVs), primarily
fleet-operated vehicles; excludes other vehicles with E85-fueling capability. In 1997, some vehicle
manufacturers began including E85-fueling capability in certain model lines of vehicles. For 2010, the U.S.
Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that the number of E85 vehicles that are capable of
operating on E85, motor gasoline, or both, is about 10 million. Many of these AFVs are sold and used as
traditional gasoline-powered vehicles.
6 Excludes gasoline-electric hybrids.
7 May include P-Series fuel or any other fuel designated by the Secretary of Energy as an alternative
fuel in acordance with the Energy Policy Act of 1995.
8 In addition to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), includes a very small amount of other ethers,
primarily tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) and ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE).
9 Data do not include the motor gasoline portion of the fuel.
10 "Biodiesel" may be used as a diesel fuel substitute or diesel fuel additive or extender. See "Biodiesel"
in Glossary.
11 "Vehicles in Use" data represent accumulated acquisitions, less retirements, as of the end of each
calendar year; data do not include concept and demonstration vehicles that are not ready for delivery to
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
8
25
41
66
117
140
152
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
0
NA
NA
NA
278,121
297,310
314,621
325,980
304,618
324,986
351,558
382,152
402,941
428,532
420,778
417,803
414,715
430,329
431,107
457,755
end users. See "Alternative-Fuel Vehicle" in Glossary.

12 Fuel consumption quantities are expressed in a common base unit of gasoline-equivalent gallons to
allow comparisons of different fuel types. Gasoline-equivalent gallons do not represent gasoline
displacement. Gasoline equivalent is computed by dividing the gross heat content of the replacement fuel
by the gross heat content of gasoline (using an approximate heat content of 122,619 Btu per gallon) and
multiplying the result by the replacement fuel consumption value. See "Heat Content" in Glossary.
NA=Not available.
Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/renewable/.
Sources: 1992-1994Science Applications International Corporation, "Alternative Transportation
Fuels and Vehicles Data Development," unpublished final report prepared for the EIA, (McLean, VA,
July 1996), and U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
Data were revised by using gross instead of net heat contents. For a table of gross and net
heat contents, see EIA, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels: An Overview (June
1994), Table 22.
1995-2002EIA, "Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels

2003 Estimated Data" (February 2004),
Tables 1 and 10.
Data were revised by
using gross instead of net heat contents.
2003 forwardEIA, Alternative-Fuel Vehicle

Interactive
Data
Viewer
(see
http://www.eia.gov/renewable/afv/users.cfm#tabs_charts-2
and
http://www.eia.gov/renewable/afv/xls/New%20C1%20GEGs.xls);
and
"Alternatives
to
Traditional
Transportation Fuels," annual reports, Table C1.
291
Figure 10.6 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type, Price, and Trade
Total Shipments, 1974-2009
Trade, 1978-2009
Price of Total Shipments, 1986-2009
24
12
Dollars per Square Foot
5
Million Square Feet
Million Square Feet
18
12
4
3
Imports
Exports
1
0
0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
0
1980
2005
1985
1990
Number of U.S. Manufacturers by Type of Collector, 1974-2009
1995
2000
2005
1990
1995
2000
2005
Average Annual Shipments per Manufacturer, 1974-2009

1,800
300
Medium-Temperature
Collectors2
Thousand Square Feet
1,500
Number
200
100
Low-Temperature
Collectors3
1,200
900
Low-Temperature
Collectors3
600
300
Medium-Temperature
Collectors2
0
0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Collectors that generally operate in the temperature range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to
180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as low as 110 degrees
Fahrenheit.
Special collectorsevacuated tube collectors or concentrating (focusing)
collectorsare included in the medium-temperature category.
2
292
1975
2005
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Collectors that generally operate at temperatures below 110 degrees Fahrenheit.

Notes: Shipments are for domestic and export shipments, and may include imports
that subsequently were shipped to domestic or foreign customers. Data were not collected
for 1985.
Source: Table 10.6.
Table 10.6 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type, Price, and Trade, 1974-2009
(Thousand Square Feet, Except as Noted)
Low-Temperature Collectors 1
Year
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
19856
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Number
of U.S.
Manufacturers
6
13
19
52
69
84
79
75
61
55
48
NA
22
12
8
10
12
16
16
13
16
14
14
13
12
13
11
10
13
12
9
10
11
13
11
13
Medium-Temperature Collectors 2
Quantity
Shipped
Shipments
per
Manufacturer
Price 4
(dollars 5 per
square foot)
1,137
3,026
3,876
4,743
5,872
8,394
12,233
8,677
7,476
4,853
4,479
NA
3,751
3,157
3,326
4,283
3,645
5,585
6,187
6,025
6,823
6,813
6,821
7,524
7,292
8,152
7,948
10,919
11,126
10,877
13,608
15,224
15,546
13,323
14,015
10,511
190
233
204
91
85
100
155
116
123
88
93
NA
171
263
416
428
304
349
387
464
426
487
487
579
607
627
723
1,092
856
906
1,512
1,522
1,413
1,025
1,274
809
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2.30
2.18
2.24
2.60
2.90
2.90
2.50
2.80
2.54
2.32
2.67
2.60
2.83
2.08
2.09
2.15
1.97
2.08
1.80
2.00
1.95
1.97
1.89
1.94
Number
of U.S.
Manufacturers
39
118
203
297
204
257
250
263
248
179
206
NA
87
50
45
36
41
41
34
33
31
26
19
21
19
20
16
17
17
17
17
17
35
51
62
73
Quantity
Shipped
137
717
1,925
5,569
4,988
5,856
7,165
11,456
11,145
11,975
11,939
NA
1,111
957
732
1,989
2,527
989
897
931
803
840
785
606
443
427
400
268
535
560
506
702
1,346
1,797
2,560
2,307
Shipments
per
Manufacturer
High-Temperature Collectors 3
Trade
Price 4
(dollars 5 per
square foot)
Quantity
Shipped
Price 4
(dollars 5 per
square foot)
Quantity
Shipped
Price 4
(dollars 5 per
square foot)
Imports
Exports
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
18.30
13.50
14.88
11.74
7.68
11.94
10.96
11.74
13.54
10.48
14.48
15.17
15.17
19.12
W
W
W
W
19.30
W
W
W
19.57
27.32
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
773
NA
4,498
3,155
4,116
5,209
5,237
1
2
12
2
13
10
7
21
4
5
2
2
7
115
3,852
33
388
980
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
17.76
15.74
31.94
75.66
22.12
177.00
53.26
18.75
25.00
53.21
286.49
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
11.96
25.32
1,274
3,743
5,801
10,312
10,860
14,251
19,398
21,133
18,621
16,828
17,191
NA
9,360
7,269
8,174
11,482
11,409
6,574
7,086
6,968
7,627
7,666
7,616
8,138
7,756
8,583
8,354
11,189
11,663
11,444
14,114
16,041
20,744
15,153
16,963
13,798
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6.14
4.82
4.56
10.92
9.86
4.26
3.58
3.96
3.74
3.30
3.91
3.56
3.66
3.05
3.28
2.90
2.85
3.19
2.43
2.86
5.84
3.95
4.80
7.01
NA
NA
NA
NA
396
290
235
196
418
511
621
NA
473
691
814
1,233
1,562
1,543
1,650
2,039
1,815
2,037
1,930
2,102
2,206
2,352
2,201
3,502
3,068
2,986
3,723
4,546
4,244
3,891
5,517
3,456
NA
NA
NA
NA
840
855
1,115
771
455
159
348
NA
224
182
158
461
245
332
316
411
405
530
454
379
360
537
496
840
659
518
813
1,361
1,211
1,376
2,247
1,577
4
6
10
19
25
23
29
44
45
67
58
NA
13
19
16
55
62
24
26
28
26
32
41
29
23
21
25
16
31
33
30
41
38
35
41
32
1 Low-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures below
110 F.
2 Medium-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate in the temperature
range of 140 F to 180 F but can also operate at temperatures as low as 110 F. Special collectors are
included in this category. Special collectors are evacuated tube collectors or concentrating (focusing)
collectors. They operate in the temperature range from just above ambient temperature (low concentration
for pool heating) to several hundred degrees Fahrenheit (high concentration for air conditioning and
specialized industrial processes).
3 High-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures above
180 F. High-temperature collector shipments are dominated by one manufacturer, and the collectors are
used by the electric power sector to build new central station solar thermal power plants and generate
electricity. Year-to-year fluctations depend on how much new capacity is brought online.
4 Prices equal shipment value divided by quantity shipped. Value includes charges for advertising and
warranties. Excluded are excise taxes and the cost of freight or transportation for the shipments.
Total Shipments
No data are available for 1985.
NA=Not available. =No data reported. =Not applicable. W=Value withheld to avoid disclosure of
proprietary company data.
Notes: Data for this table are not available for 2010. Shipments data are for domestic and export
shipments, and may include imports that subsequently were shipped to domestic or foreign customers.
Manufacturers producing more than one type of collector are accounted for in both groups.
Sources: 1974-1992U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Solar Collector Manufacturing
Activity, annual reports, and Form CE-63A, "Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey," and
predecessor forms. 1993-2002EIA, Renewable Energy Annual, annual reports, and Form EIA-63A,
"Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey," and predecessor form. 2003 forwardEIA,
Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturing Activities (and predecessor reports), annual reports, and Form
EIA-63A, "Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey."
6
293
Figure 10.7 Solar Thermal Collector Domestic Shipments by Market Sector, End-Use, and Type, 2009
Market Sector
12
12
Million Square Feet
16
Million Square Feet
16
8.9
8
Type of Collector
16
12
Million Square Feet
End Use
10.2
9.0
8
4
2.3
2.0
1.0
0.6
0.4
Process
Heating
Electricity
Generation
1.0
0.6
0.4
Commer-
Indust-
Electric
trial
Power
1.0
0
Pool
Heating
Water
Heating
0
Residen-
Other
tial
cial
LowTemperature3
MediumHighTemperature4 Temperature5
End Use by Type of Collector
Million Square Feet
16
12
8.9
8
4
2.0
0.1
0
Pool
Heating
Space
Heating
0.1
(s)
Other
Low-Temperature Collectors3
Water
Heating
Combined
Heating
0.1
Space
Heating
Pool
Heating
(s)
Other
Medium-Temperature Collectors4
Combined space and water heating.

Space heating, combined heating, and space cooling.
3
Collectors that generally operate at temperatures below 110 degrees Fahrenheit.
4
Collectors that generally operate in the temperature range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to
180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as low as 110 degrees
Fahrenheit.
294
0.1
0.6
0.4
(s)
Process
Heating
Electricity
Generation
Space
Cooling
High-Temperature Collectors5
Collectors that generally operate at temperatures above 180 degrees Fahrenheit.

Water heating and combined heating.
7
Space cooling, process heating, and electricity generation.
(s)=Less than 0.05 million square feet.
Source: Table 10.7.
Table 10.7 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Market Sector, End Use, and Type, 2001-2009
(Thousand Square Feet)
By Market Sector
Year
and Type
Residential
Commercial 1
Industrial 2
By End Use
Electric
Power 3
Other 4
Pool
Heating
Water
Heating
Space
Heating
Space
Cooling
Combined
Heating 5
Process
Heating
Electricity
Generation
Total
Total Shipments 6
2001 Total ....
Low 7 ..........
Medium 8 ....
High 9 ..........
10,125
9,885
240
0
1,012
987
24
1
17
12
5
0
1
0
0
1
35
34
1
0
10,797
10,782
16
0
274
42
232
0
70
61
9
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
12
0
34
34
0
0
2
0
0
2
11,189
10,919
268
2
2002 Total ....

Low 7 ..........
Medium 8 ....
High 9 ..........
11,000
10,519
481
0
595
524
69
2
62
2
60
0
4
0
4
0
1
0
1
0
11,073
11,045
28
0
423
1
422
0
146
0
146
0
(s)
0
(s)
0
17
0
15
2
4
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
11,663
11,046
615
2
2003 Total ....

Low 7 ..........
Medium 8 ....
High 9 ..........
10,506
9,993
513
0
864
813
44
7
71
71
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
10,800
10,778
22
0
511
0
511
0
76
65
11
0
(s)
0
(s)
0
23
0
16
7
34
34
0
0
0
0
0
0
11,444
10,877
560
7
2004 Total ....

Low 7 ..........
Medium 8 ....
High 9 ..........
12,864
12,386
478
0
1,178
1,178
0
0
70
44
26
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
0
13,634
13,600
33
0
452
0
452
0
13
8
5
0
0
0
0
0
16
0
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14,115
13,608
506
0
2005 Total ....

Low 7 ..........
Medium 8 ....
High 9 ..........
14,681
14,045
636
0
1,160
1,099
58
2
31
30
1
0
114
0
0
114
56
50
6
0
15,041
15,022
20
0
640
12
628
0
228
190
38
0
2
0
0
2
16
0
16
0
0
0
0
0
114
0
0
114
16,041
15,224
702
115
2006 Total ....

Low 7 ..........
Medium 8 ....
High 9 ..........
15,123
13,906
1,217
0
1,626
1,500
120
7
42
40
2
0
3,845
0
0
3,845
107
100
7
0
15,362
15,225
137
0
1,136
10
1,126
0
330
290
40
0
3
0
3
0
66
21
38
7
0
0
0
0
3,847
0
2
3,845
20,744
15,546
1,346
3,852
Domestic Shipments 6
2007 Total ....
Low 7 ..........
Medium 8 ....
High 9 ..........
12,799
11,352
1,447
931
633
298
(s)
46
18
27
1
1
12,076
11,917
158
1,393
4
1,389
(s)
189
63
126
13
13
73
73
27
27
6
1
5
13,777
11,986
1,764
27
2008 Total ....

Low 7 ..........
Medium 8 ....
High 9 ..........
13,000
10,983
2,017
1,294
918
376
128
33
95
294
6
289
11,973
11,880
93
1,978
8
1,971
186
10
176
18
18
148
2
141
5
50
21
29
361
12
349
14,716
11,900
2,432
383
2009 Total ....

Low 7 ..........
Medium 8 ....
High 9 ..........
10,239
8,423
1,816
974
526
439
10
634
11
29
594
374
374
8,934
8,882
52
1,992
7
1,985
150
61
89
10
(s)
10
137
9
128
608
14
594
389
15
374
12,221
8,959
2,284
978
1 Through 2006, data are for the commercial sector, excluding government, which is included in "Other."
Beginning in 2007, data are for the commercial sector, including government.
2 Through 2006, data are for the industrial sector and independent power producers. Beginning in
2007, data are for the industrial sector only; independent power producers are included in "Electric Power."
3 Through 2006, data are for electric utilities only; independent power producers are included in
"Industrial." Beginning in 2007, data are for electric utilities and independent power producers.
4 Through 2006, data are for other sectors such as government, including the military, but excluding
space applications. Beginning in 2007, data are for the transportation sector.
5 Combined space and water heating.
6 Through 2006, data are for domestic and export shipments, and may include imports that
subsequently were shipped to domestic or foreign customers. Beginning in 2007, data are for domestic
shipments only.
7 Low-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures below
110 F.
8 Medium-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate in the temperature
range of 140 F to 180 F, but can also operate at temperatures as low as 110 F. Special collectors are
included in this category. Special collectors are evacuated tube collectors or concentrating (focusing)
collectors. They operate in the temperature range from just above ambient temperature (low concentration
for pool heating) to several hundred degrees Fahrenheit (high concentration for air conditioning and
specialized industrial processes).
9 High-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures above
180 F. These are parabolic dish/trough collectors used primarily by the electric power sector to generate
electricity for the electric grid.
=No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5 thousand square feet.
Notes: Data for this table are not available for 2010. Totals may not equal sum of components due
Sources: 2001-2002U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Renewable Energy Annual,
annual reports, and Form EIA-63A, "Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey." 2003
forwardEIA, Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturing Activities (and predecessor reports), annual reports,
and Form EIA-63A, "Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey."
295
Figure 10.8 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments, Trade, and Prices
Number of U.S. Companies Reporting Shipments, 1982-2010
Total Shipments, 1982-2010
120
101
80
66
60
46
41
40
20 19 18
23
19
15 17 17 14 17
25
23 21
22 24
21 21 19 21 19 19 20 19
19
2,500
Thousand Peak Kilowatts
100
Number
3,000
112
29
Modules Only
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
Cells and Modules
0
1982
1987
1992
1997
2002
2007
1985
Trade, Modules Only, 1996-2010
1995
2000
2005
2010
Prices, 1989-2010
2,000
7
6
Imports
1,500
Dollars per Peak Watt
1990
1,000
500
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Note: Shipments are for domestic and export shipments, and may include imports that
subsequently were shipped to domestic or foreign customers.
296
Modules
3
Cells
2
1
Exports
0
1996
0
1990
1992
1994
1996
Source: Table 10.8.
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Table 10.8 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by Type, Trade, and Prices, 1982-2010
Shipments
U.S.
Companies
Reporting
Shipments
Year
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Crystalline Silicon
Cells
and Modules
Modules
Only
Total 2
Thin-Film
Cells
and Modules
Modules
Only
Number
19
18
23
15
17
17
14
17
519
23
21
19
22
24
25
21
21
19
21
19
19
20
19
29
41
46
66
101
112
Cells
and Modules
Imports
Modules
Only
Peak Kilowatts
NA
NA
NA
5,461
5,806
5,613
7,364
10,747
12,492
14,205
14,457
20,146
24,785
29,740
33,996
44,314
47,186
73,461
85,155
84,651
104,123
97,940
159,138
172,965
233,518
310,330
665,795
984,161
(6)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,114,881
NA
NA
NA
303
516
1,230
1,895
1,628
1,321
723
1,075
782
1,061
1,266
1,445
1,886
3,318
3,269
2,736
12,541
7,396
10,966
21,978
53,826
101,766
202,519
293,182
266,547
(6)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
519,516
Prices 1
Trade
6,897
12,620
9,912
5,769
6,333
6,850
9,676
12,825
513,837
14,939
15,583
20,951
26,077
31,059
35,464
46,354
50,562
76,787
88,221
97,666
112,090
109,357
181,116
226,916
337,268
517,684
986,504
1,282,560
(6)
1 Prices equal shipment value divided by quantity shipped. Value includes charges for advertising and
warranties. Excluded are excise taxes and the cost of freight or transportation for the shipments.
2 Includes all types of photovoltaic cells and modules (single-crystal silicon, cast silicon, ribbon silicon,
thin-film silicon, and concentrator silicon). Excludes cells and modules for space and satellite applications.
3 See "Peak Kilowatt" and "Peak Watt" in Glossary.
5 Data were imputed for one nonrespondent who exited the industry during 1990.
6 Beginning in 2010, because of changes to survey methodology, survey data for cells and modules
cannot be summed.
Cells
and Modules
Exports
Modules
Only
Cells
and Modules
Modules
Only
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
19,064
19,627
24,534
33,645
32,313
43,073
55,007
67,033
64,413
80,062
143,274
204,996
320,208
494,148
920,693
1,188,879
2,644,498
Cells
Modules
Dollars per Peak Watt 3

NA
NA
NA
285
678
921
1,453
826
1,398
2,059
1,602
1,767
1,960
1,337
1,864
1,853
1,931
4,784
8,821
10,204
7,297
9,731
47,703
90,981
173,977
238,018
586,558
743,414
(6)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,630
5,016
7,029
6,378
9,289
14,096
44,443
99,687
173,165
449,813
625,182
1,734,149
NA
1,903
2,153
1,670
3,109
3,821
5,358
7,363
7,544
8,905
9,823
14,814
17,714
19,871
22,448
33,793
35,493
55,585
68,382
61,356
66,778
60,693
102,770
92,451
130,757
237,209
462,252
681,427
(6)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
14,128
22,956
19,015
24,545
36,277
34,282
32,559
30,229
66,278
72,017
116,561
215,364
409,261
615,094
976,955
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3.08
3.84
4.08
3.21
5.23
2.97
2.53
2.80
2.78
3.15
2.32
2.40
2.46
2.12
1.86
1.92
2.17
2.03
2.22
1.94
1.27
1.13
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5.14
5.69
6.12
6.11
5.24
4.46
4.56
4.09
4.16
3.94
3.62
3.46
3.42
3.74
3.17
2.99
3.19
3.50
3.37
3.49
2.79
1.96
NA=Not available.
Note: Shipments data are for domestic and export shipments, and may include imports that
subsequently were shipped to domestic or foreign customers.
Activity, annual reports.
1993-2002EIA, Renewable Energy Annual, annual reports.

2003 forwardEIA, Solar Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report (and predecessor reports), annual
reports.
297
Figure 10.9 U.S. Shipments of Photovoltaic Modules Only by Sector and End Use, 2010
By End Use
GridConnected
1,500
OffGrid
1,408.5
1,000
500
243.9
10.9
0
Centralized
Distributed
4.2
4
Domestic
Non-Domestic5
By Sector
1,000
908.2
800
600
467.2
400
243.9
200
48.2
0
Commercial
1
Residential
See "Electric Power Grid" in Glossary.

Photovoltaic modules that are connected to the electric power grid, and whose output is fed
directly into the grid.
3
Photovoltaic modules that are connected to the electric power grid, and whose output is
consumed mainly onsite.
4
Photovoltaic modules that are not connected to the electric power grid, and that are used to
provide electric power to remote households or communities.
2
298
Electric Power6
Industrial7
5
Photovoltaic modules that are not connected to the electric power grid, and that are used to
provide electric power for a variety of non-domestic applications.
6
Electric utilities and independent power producers.
7
Industrial sector only; independent power producers are included in "Electric Power."
Source: Table 10.9.
Table 10.9 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by Sector and End Use, 1989-2010
(Peak Kilowatts 1 )
By Sector
By End Use
Grid-Connected 2
Year
Residential
Commercial 3
Industrial 4
Electric
Power 5
Other 6
Centralized 7
Distributed 8
Off-Grid 2
Domestic 9
Non-Domestic 10
Total
2,620
3,097
3,594
4,238
5,761
9,253
8,233
10,884
8,630
8,634
10,829
14,997
21,447
21,693
15,025
18,371
24,958
18,003
8,954
10,271
10,489
10,118
14,094
14,528
18,241
19,736
29,451
27,735
41,176
51,511
48,993
56,414
51,847
33,480
33,484
45,068
12,825
13,837
14,939
15,583
20,951
26,077
31,059
35,464
46,354
50,562
76,787
88,221
97,666
112,090
109,357
181,116
226,916
337,268
10,867
15,527
8,119
16,507
7,871
7,825
280,475
524,252
601,133
10,941
4,193
1,667,543
Total Shipments of Photovoltaic Cells and Modules 11

1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
1,439
1,701
3,624
4,154
5,237
6,632
6,272
8,475
10,993
15,936
19,817
24,814
33,262
29,315
23,389
53,928
75,040
95,815
R6,057
R8,062
R5,715
R5,122
R8,004
R9,717
R12,483
R12,297
R15,594
R14,708
R24,731
R23,611
R29,924
R42,075
R49,231
R79,146
R119,763
R190,998
3,993
2,817
3,947
4,279
5,352
6,855
7,198
8,300
11,748
13,232
24,972
28,808
28,063
32,218
27,951
30,493
22,199
28,618
785
826
1,275
1,553
1,503
2,364
3,759
4,753
5,651
3,965
5,876
6,298
5,846
7,640
8,474
3,233
143
3,981
551
432
377
477
856
510
1,347
1,639
2,367
2,720
1,392
4,690
571
841
313
14,316
9,772
17,857
( 12 )
( 12 )
( 12 )
( 12 )
( 12 )
( 12 )
( 12 )
( 12 )
( 12 )
( 12 )
( 12 )
( 12 )
( 12 )
( 12 )
( 12 )
( 12 )
( 12 )
( 12 )
121,251
12469
12856
121,227
121,096
122,296
124,585
124,844
128,273
1214,193
1224,782
1221,713
1227,226
1233,983
1242,485
12129,265
12168,474
12274,197
U.S. Shipments of Photovoltaic Cells and Modules 11

2007
2008
2009
68,417
173,989
221,245
R144,061
R262,952
R282,807
32,702
51,493
43,445
35,294
35,819
53,636
( 12 )
( 12 )
( 12 )
12253,101
12500,854
12585,189
U.S. Shipments of Photovoltaic Modules Only 11

2010
1
467,165
908,224
48,208
243,947
See "Peak Kilowatt" in Glossary.

See "Electric Power Grid" in Glossary.
Includes data that were previously shown in the "Commercial," "Government," and "Transportation"
sector categories.
4 Through 2006, data are for the industrial sector and independent power producers. Beginning in
2007, data are for the industrial sector only; independent power producers are included in "Electric Power."
5 Through 2006, data are for electric utilities only; independent power producers are included in
"Industrial." Beginning in 2007, data are for electric utilities and independent power producers.
6 Through 2006, data are for specialty purposes such as research.
7 Photovoltaic cells/modules that are connected to the electric power grid, and whose output is fed
directly into the grid.
8 Photovoltaic cells/modules that are connected to the electric power grid, and whose output is
consumed mainly onsite.
9 Photovoltaic cells/modules that are not connected to the electric power grid, and that are used to
provide electric power to remote households or communities. Includes data that were previously shown in
the "Remote" end-use category.
10 Photovoltaic cells/modules that are not connected to the electric power grid, and that are used to
provide electric power for a variety of non-domestic applications. Includes data that were previously shown
2
3
243,947
1,408,462
in the following end-use categories: "Communications," "Consumer Goods," "Health," "Original Equipment
Manufacturers" (non-photovoltaic manufacturers that combine photovoltaic technology into existing or
newly developed product lines), "Transportation," "Water Pumping," and "Other" (applications such as
cooking food, desalinization, and distilling).
11 Through 2006, data are for domestic and export shipments of photovoltaic cells and modules, and
may include imports that subsequently were shipped to domestic or foreign customers. For 2007-2009,
data are for domestic shipments of photovoltaic cells and modules. For 2010, data are for domestic
shipments of photovoltaic modules only.
12 Through 2009, data for "Centralized" are included in "Distributed."
R=Revised. = Not applicable.
Notes: See "Photovoltaic Cell (PVC)" and "Photovoltaic Module" in Glossary. Totals may not equal
Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/fuelrenewable.html.
Activity, annual reports.
1993-2002EIA, Renewable Energy Annual, annual reports.

2003 forwardEIA, Solar Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report (and predecessor reports), annual
reports.
299
Renewable Energy
Note. Renewable Energy Production and Consumption. In Tables 1.1, 1.3, and
10.1, renewable energy consumption consists of: conventional hydroelectricity net
generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fuels heat ratesee Table A6); geothermal
electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fuels heat ratesee Table
A6), and geothermal heat pump and geothermal direct use energy; solar thermal and
photovoltaic electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fuels heat
ratesee Table A6), and solar thermal direct use energy; wind electricity net generation
(converted to Btu using the fossil-fuels heat ratesee Table A6); wood and woodderived fuels consumption; biomass waste (municipal solid waste from biogenic
sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, and other biomass)
consumption; fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) and biodiesel consumption; and losses and
co-products from the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel. In Tables 1.1, 1.2, and
10.1, renewable energy production is assumed to equal consumption for all renewable
energy sources except biofuels (biofuels production comprises biomass inputs to the
production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel).
Table 10.2a Sources
Residential Sector, Geothermal: Oregon Institute of Technology, Geo-Heat Center.
Residential Sector, Solar/PV: 19892009: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates based on Form EIA-63A, Annual Solar Thermal Collector
Manufacturers Survey, and Form EIA-63B, Annual Photovoltaic Cell/Module
Shipments Report. 2010 and 2011: EIA estimates based on Form EIA-63B,
Annual Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report; Form EIA-63A, Annual
Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey (pre-2010 data); and SEIA/GTM
Research, U.S. Solar Market Insight: 2010 Year in Review.
Residential Sector, Wood: 19491979: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy
Consumption from 1949 to 1981, Table A2. 1980 forward: EIA, Form EIA-457,
Residential Energy Consumption Survey; and EIA estimates based on Form EIA457 and regional heating degree-day data.
Commercial Sector, Hydroelectric Power: EIA, Annual Energy Review (AER),
Tables 8.2d and A6.
Commercial Sector, Geothermal: Oregon Institute of Technology, Geo-Heat Center.
Commercial Sector, Solar/PV: EIA, AER, Tables 8.2d and A6.
Commercial Sector, Wind: 2009 forward: EIA, AER, Tables 8.2d and A6.
Commercial Sector, Wood: 19491979: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy
Consumption from 1949 to 1981, Table A2. 19801983: EIA, Estimates of U.S.
Wood Energy Consumption 1980-1983, Table ES1. 1984: EIA estimate based on
the 1983 value. 19851988: Values interpolated. 1989 forward: EIA, AER,
Table 8.7c; and EIA estimates based on Form EIA-871, Commercial Buildings
Energy Consumption Survey.
Commercial Sector, Biomass Waste: EIA, AER, Table 8.7c.
300
Commercial Sector, Fuel Ethanol (Minus Denaturant): EIA, AER, Tables 5.11,
5.13a, and 10.3. Calculated as commercial sector motor gasoline consumption
(Table 5.13a) divided by total motor gasoline product supplied (Table 5.11), and
then multiplied by fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption (Table 10.3).
Table 10.2b Sources
Industrial Sector, Hydroelectric Power: 19491988: U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA), Annual Energy Review (AER), Tables 8.1 and A6. 1989
forward: EIA, AER, Tables 8.2d and A6.
Industrial Sector, Geothermal: Oregon Institute of Technology, Geo-Heat Center.
Industrial Sector, Solar/PV: 2010 and 2011: EIA, AER, Tables 8.2d and A6.
Industrial Sector, Wind: 2011: EIA, AER, Tables 8.2d and A6.
Industrial Sector, Wood: 19491979: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy
Consumption from 1949 to 1981, Table A2. 19801983: EIA, Estimates of U.S.
Wood Energy Consumption 1980-1983, Table ES1. 1984: EIA, Estimates of
U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 1. 1985 and 1986: Values interpolated.
1987: EIA, Estimates of Biofuels Consumption in the United States During 1987,
Table 2. 1988: Value interpolated. 1989 forward: EIA, AER, Table 8.7c; and
EIA estimates based on Form EIA-846, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey.
Industrial Sector, Biomass Waste: 1981: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels
Consumption 1990, Table 8, total waste consumption minus electric power sector
waste consumption (see AER, Table 10.2c). 1982 and 1983: EIA estimates for total
waste consumption based on Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 8,
minus electric power waste consumption (see AER, Table 10.2c). 1984: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 8, total waste consumption minus electric power sector waste consumption (see AER, Table 10.2c). 1985 and 1986: Values
interpolated. 1987: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 8, total
waste consumption minus electric power sector waste consumption (see AER, Table
10.2c). 1988: Value interpolated. 1989 forward: EIA, AER, Table 8.7c; and EIA,
estimates based on information presented in Government Advisory Associates, Resource
Recovery Yearbook and Methane Recovery Yearbook, and information provided by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Landfill Methane Outreach Program.
Industrial Sector, Fuel Ethanol (Minus Denaturant): EIA, AER, Tables 5.11,
5.13b, and 10.3. Calculated as industrial sector motor gasoline consumption (Table
5.13b) divided by total motor gasoline product supplied (Table 5.11), and then
multiplied by fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption (Table 10.3).
Industrial Sector, Losses and Co-products: EIA, AER, Tables 10.3 and 10.4.
Calculated as fuel ethanol losses and co-products (Table 10.3) plus biodiesel losses
and co-products (Table 10.4).
Transportation Sector, Fuel Ethanol (Minus Denaturant): EIA, AER, Tables
5.11, 5.13c, and 10.3. Calculated as transportation sector motor gasoline consumption (Table 5.13c) divided by total motor gasoline product supplied (Table 5.11),
and then multiplied by fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption (Table 10.3).
Transportation Sector, Biodiesel: EIA, AER, Table 10.4.
11. Environment
Figure 11.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption

Total 1949-2011
Economic Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1949-2011

800
Real Gross Domestic Product
6
600
5
Index 1949=100
Billion Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide
4
3
2
400
200
Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions
1
0
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
1950
2010
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
By Biomass Source, 2011

0.20
3.0
0.186
2.5
2.0
Coal
1.5
Natural Gas
1.0
0.5
Petroleum
0.15
0.10
0.073
0.05
0.043
0.008
0.0
0.00
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Carbon dioxide emissions from biomass energy consumption are excluded from total emissions.
See Note, "Accounting for Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Biomass Energy Combustion," at end of
section.
302
Wood
Fuel Ethanol
Waste
Biodiesel
2
Metric tons of carbon dioxide can be converted to metric tons of carbon equivalent by multiplying by 12/44.
3
Based on chained (2005) dollars.
Sources: Tables 1.5, 11.1, and 11.2a-11.2e.
Table 11.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Source, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide 1)
Biomass 2
Petroleum
Year
Coal 3
Natural
Gas 4
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
1,118
1,152
1,038
915
1,075
1,134
1,181
1,266
1,300
1,298
1,410
1,436
1,485
1,433
1,488
1,598
1,638
1,617
1,691
1,775
1,795
1,821
1,807
1,822
1,882
1,893
1,913
1,995
2,040
2,064
2,062
2,155
2,088
2,095
2,136
2,160
2,182
2,147
2,172
2,139
1,876
R1,988
1,874
270
313
472
650
828
1,144
1,047
1,068
1,046
1,050
1,085
1,063
1,036
963
901
962
926
866
920
962
1,022
1,025
1,047
1,082
1,110
1,134
1,184
1,205
1,211
1,189
1,192
1,241
1,187
R1,227
1,191
R1,195
1,175
R1,158
R1,233
1,243
R1,222
R1,265
1,296
Aviation Distillate
Gasoline Fuel Oil 5
12
14
24
21
15
7
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
140
168
247
291
330
394
443
488
520
533
514
446
439
415
418
443
445
453
463
487
491
470
454
464
473
492
498
524
534
538
555
580
598
587
610
632
640
648
652
615
564
R590
596
Jet
Fuel
Kerosene
LPG 6
Lubricants
NA
NA
21
53
87
141
146
144
152
154
157
156
147
148
153
172
178
191
202
212
218
223
215
213
215
224
222
232
234
238
245
254
243
237
231
240
246
240
238
226
204
R210
209
42
48
48
41
40
39
24
25
26
26
28
24
19
19
19
17
17
15
14
14
13
6
7
6
7
7
8
9
10
12
11
10
11
6
8
10
10
8
5
2
3
3
2
13
16
27
42
57
78
82
86
85
83
95
87
85
85
85
88
86
83
82
83
82
69
71
77
76
79
78
84
85
75
91
102
92
98
95
98
94
93
94
89
91
R94
92
7
9
10
10
11
11
11
13
13
14
15
13
13
11
12
13
12
12
13
13
13
13
12
12
12
13
13
12
13
14
14
14
13
12
11
12
12
11
12
11
10
11
10
Motor
Petroleum Residual
Gasoline 7
Coke
Fuel Oil Other 8
329
357
473
543
627
789
911
955
979
1,011
960
900
899
892
904
914
930
958
982
1,003
1,000
988
982
999
1,015
1,022
1,044
1,063
1,075
1,107
1,127
1,135
1,151
1,183
1,188
1,214
1,214
1,224
1,227
1,166
1,157
R1,146
1,111
1 Metric tons of carbon dioxide can be converted to metric tons of carbon equivalent by multiplying by
12/44.
2 Carbon dioxide emissions from biomass energy consumption are excluded from total emissions in this
table. See Note, "Accounting for Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Biomass Energy Combustion," at end of
section.
3 Includes coal coke net imports.
4 Natural gas, excluding supplemental gaseous fuels.
5 Distillate fuel oil, excluding biodiesel.
7 Finished motor gasoline, excluding fuel ethanol.
8 Aviation gasoline blending components, crude oil, motor gasoline blending components, pentanes
plus, petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, still gas, unfinished oils, waxes, and miscellaneous
petroleum products.
9 Includes electric power sector use of geothermal energy and non-biomass waste. See Table 11.3e.
8
8
13
29
39
41
48
47
52
50
48
46
48
49
48
51
55
56
60
63
62
67
66
74
76
74
75
78
79
89
93
84
88
94
94
105
105
104
98
92
87
77
75
244
273
274
275
289
396
443
506
553
544
509
453
376
309
255
247
216
255
227
249
246
220
207
196
193
183
152
152
142
158
148
163
145
125
138
155
164
122
129
111
91
R96
86
25
26
38
45
65
85
97
103
115
127
139
142
93
80
98
106
93
98
106
119
118
127
117
135
114
124
114
132
138
125
130
117
132
127
140
142
141
150
148
130
111
R120
116
Total
Total 2,9
Wood 10
820
918
1,175
1,349
1,559
1,983
2,209
2,372
2,500
2,548
2,469
2,272
2,122
2,011
1,995
2,053
2,035
2,125
2,152
2,246
2,246
2,187
2,134
2,180
2,184
2,221
2,207
2,290
2,313
2,358
2,417
2,461
2,473
2,472
2,518
2,609
2,628
2,603
2,603
2,444
2,320
R2,349
2,299
2,207
2,382
2,685
2,914
3,462
4,261
4,437
4,705
4,846
4,896
4,964
4,770
4,642
4,406
4,383
4,613
4,600
4,608
4,764
4,982
5,067
5,039
4,996
5,093
5,185
5,258
5,314
5,501
5,575
5,622
5,682
5,867
5,759
R5,806
5,857
5,975
R5,997
R5,919
R6,020
5,838
R5,429
R5,612
5,481
145
147
134
124
125
134
140
161
172
191
202
232
234
235
252
252
252
240
231
242
251
208
208
217
212
218
222
229
222
205
208
212
188
187
188
199
200
R197
R194
R191
R177
186
186
Fuel
Waste 11 Ethanol 12
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
5
7
10
13
14
16
18
19
22
24
26
27
28
29
30
32
30
30
29
27
33
36
36
35
37
36
37
40
41
R43
43
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
1
2
3
3
4
5
5
5
4
5
6
7
7
8
6
7
8
8
9
10
12
16
20
23
31
39
55
62
R73
73
Biodiesel
Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
2
3
3
3
2
8
145
147
134
124
125
134
141
161
172
191
202
232
240
244
264
267
270
260
253
266
278
237
239
250
246
255
260
266
259
242
245
248
231
235
240
255
261
R266
R274
289
R284
304
311
10

other biomass.
12 Fuel ethanol minus denaturant.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 million metric tons of carbon dioxide.
Notes: Data are estimates for carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption, including the
non-combustion use of fossil fuels. See "Carbon Dioxide" in Glossary. Totals may not equal sum of
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#environment for updated monthly and
annual data. See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#environment for all annual data beginning
in 1949. See http://www.eia.gov/environment/ for related information.
Sources: 1949-1972U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates based on data in
Annual Energy Review Tables 2.1b2.1f, 5.12, 7.3, 7.8, 10.2a10.2c, and A5. 1973 forwardEIA,
Monthly Energy Review (May 2012), Tables 12.1 and 12.7.
11
303
Figure 11.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1949-2011
Residential and Commercial, by Major Source
Industrial, by Major Source

1,000
Retail Electricity
1,750
1,500
1,250
1,000
750
500
Natural Gas
250
Petroleum
Million Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide
2,000
Retail Electricity
Natural Gas
500
Petroleum
250
Coal
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Transportation, by Major Source
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Petroleum
1,500
1,000
500
2,500
2,000
Coal
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
Natural Gas
Petroleum
Natural Gas
0
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1
Emissions from energy consumption in the electric power sector are allocated to the enduse sectors in proportion to each sectors share of total electricity retail sales (see Tables 8.9
and 11.2e).
304
2010
Electric Power, by Major Source
2,500
750
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2
Metric tons of carbon dioxide can be converted to metric tons of carbon equivalent by multiplying by 12/44.
3
Includes coal coke net imports.
Source: Tables 11.2a-11.2e.
Table 11.2a Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption: Residential Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011
Biomass 2
Petroleum
Year
Coal
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
121
120
83
56
34
20
6
6
5
5
4
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Natural
Gas 3
55
66
117
170
214
265
266
273
261
264
268
256
245
250
238
247
241
234
234
251
260
238
248
255
269
263
263
284
270
247
257
271
259
R265
276
264
262
237
257
266
259
R259
256
Distillate
Fuel Oil 4
51
61
87
115
125
137
132
145
146
143
119
96
84
77
68
80
80
81
85
87
85
72
68
72
71
70
66
68
64
56
61
66
66
63
66
68
62
52
53
49
44
R43
43
Kerosene
21
25
27
26
24
22
12
13
12
11
10
8
6
7
6
12
11
9
9
10
8
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
7
8
8
7
7
4
5
6
6
5
3
2
2
2
1
Liquefied
Petroleum Gases
7
9
13
19
24
35
32
34
33
32
21
20
19
18
22
18
20
19
22
22
24
22
24
23
25
24
25
30
29
27
33
35
33
34
34
32
32
28
31
35
35
R33
33
12/44.
section.
5 Emissions from energy consumption (for electricity and a small amount of useful thermal output) in the
electric power sector are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to each sectors share of total
electricity retail sales. See Tables 8.9 and 11.2e.
Total
80
95
127
160
174
194
176
192
191
186
150
124
109
102
95
109
111
109
115
119
117
98
97
100
101
99
96
104
99
91
102
108
106
101
106
106
101
85
87
85
81
R78
78
Retail
Electricity 5
Total 2
66
69
110
156
223
355
419
442
478
484
496
529
522
518
531
542
553
558
581
609
625
624
633
624
667
668
678
710
719
759
762
805
805
835
847
856
897
869
897
878
819
R875
827
321
350
436
542
644
833
867
913
935
938
918
911
878
873
867
902
909
905
934
982
1,005
963
980
981
1,040
1,032
1,039
1,099
1,090
1,097
1,122
1,185
1,172
R1,203
1,230
1,228
1,261
1,192
R1,241
1,229
1,159
R1,212
1,162
Wood 6
99
94
73
59
44
38
40
45
51
58
68
80
82
91
91
92
95
86
80
85
86
54
57
60
52
49
49
51
40
36
37
39
35
36
38
38
40
R36
R38
42
40
39
40
Total 6
99
94
73
59
44
38
40
45
51
58
68
80
82
91
91
92
95
86
80
85
86
54
57
60
52
49
49
51
40
36
37
39
35
36
38
38
40
R36
R38
42
40
39
40

Notes: Data are estimates for carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption. See "Carbon
Dioxide" in Glossary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Annual Energy Review Tables 2.1b, 5.14a, 8.9, 10.2a, and 11.2e. 1973 forwardEIA, Monthly Energy
Review (May 2012), Tables 12.2 and 12.7.
305
Table 11.2b Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption: Commercial Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011
Biomass 2
Petroleum
Year
Coal
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
148
147
76
39
25
16
14
14
14
16
14
11
13
15
15
16
13
13
12
12
11
12
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
9
10
9
9
9
8
10
9
6
7
7
6
R6
5
Natural
Gas 3
19
21
35
56
79
131
136
144
135
140
150
141
136
141
132
137
132
126
132
145
148
142
148
152
155
157
164
171
174
164
165
173
164
R170
173
170
163
154
164
171
169
R168
171
Distillate
Fuel Oil 4
16
19
28
36
39
43
43
48
49
49
43
38
33
32
48
54
46
46
44
44
42
39
38
37
36
37
35
35
32
31
32
36
37
32
35
34
33
29
28
27
30
R30
30
Kerosene
3
3
4
3
4
4
4
3
4
4
6
3
5
2
8
3
2
4
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
LPG 5
2
2
3
5
6
9
8
9
9
8
6
6
5
5
6
5
6
6
6
6
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
7
9
9
9
9
10
10
8
8
8
10
9
9
9
Motor
Gasoline 6
7
7
9
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
7
8
7
6
7
8
7
8
8
8
7
8
6
6
2
2
1
2
3
3
2
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
4
3
4
4
4
Petroleum
Coke
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
12/44.
section.
306
Residual
Fuel Oil
28
33
38
44
51
56
39
45
46
42
40
44
33
31
16
21
18
23
21
21
18
18
17
15
14
14
11
11
9
7
6
7
6
6
9
10
9
6
6
6
6
R6
6
Total
55
66
82
93
106
119
100
111
115
110
102
98
83
77
85
90
79
85
83
81
76
73
68
65
60
60
56
57
54
51
51
58
57
52
59
58
55
48
47
46
49
R49
49
Retail
Electricity 7
58
63
88
124
177
268
333
358
380
381
395
412
431
432
439
461
480
487
509
534
559
566
567
567
593
605
620
643
686
724
735
783
797
795
796
816
842
836
861
850
785
805
767
Total 2
280
297
281
312
387
534
583
627
645
648
661
662
663
665
671
704
704
711
736
772
794
793
794
796
819
833
851
883
926
947
960
1,022
1,027
R1,026
1,036
1,054
1,069
1,043
R1,078
1,074
1,008
R1,027
992
Wood 8
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
7
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
7
6
6
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
Waste 9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Fuel
Ethanol 10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
Total
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
other biomass.
Annual Energy Review Tables 2.1c, 5.14a, 8.9, 10.2a, and 11.2e. 1973 forwardEIA, Monthly Energy
Review (MER) (May 2012), Tables 12.3 and 12.7, and MER data system calculations.
Table 11.2c Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption: Industrial Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011
Year
Coal
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
500
531
516
418
471
427
336
335
316
304
329
289
290
235
230
262
256
245
248
263
259
258
244
235
233
235
233
227
224
219
208
211
204
188
190
191
183
179
175
168
131
R154
150
Coal
Coke
Net
Imports
-1
(s)
-1
-1
-2
-7
2
(s)
2
14
7
-4
-2
-2
-2
-1
-2
-2
1
5
3
1
1
4
3
7
7
3
5
8
7
7
3
7
6
16
5
7
3
5
-3
-1
1
Biomass 2
Petroleum
Natural
Gas 3
166
184
244
310
380
494
442
453
447
442
442
431
422
364
347
380
360
338
371
389
411
432
439
456
464
465
490
506
506
495
474
481
439
R448
430
R432
398
R395
R405
407
383
R401
419
Distillate
Fuel Oil 4
41
51
72
74
83
89
97
111
125
127
128
96
101
95
83
87
81
84
83
82
83
84
79
81
81
81
82
86
88
88
86
87
95
88
83
88
92
92
92
93
80
R86
88
Kerosene
LPG 5
Lubricants
18
20
17
12
12
13
9
9
10
11
13
13
8
10
5
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
3
2
1
(s)
(s)
R1
(s)
3
4
10
17
24
31
39
41
40
40
66
61
58
60
55
62
58
56
53
54
49
39
39
45
43
46
45
46
48
39
48
56
49
54
50
55
51
56
54
42
46
R50
48
3
3
4
4
5
6
6
6
7
7
8
7
6
6
6
7
6
6
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
5
Motor
Petroleum
Gasoline 6
Coke
16
18
24
27
24
21
16
15
14
13
11
11
11
10
8
11
15
15
15
14
14
13
14
14
13
14
14
14
15
14
11
11
21
22
23
26
25
26
21
17
17
R19
18
Residual
Fuel Oil
8
8
13
29
39
39
48
47
52
48
47
45
47
48
48
50
54
55
59
61
60
64
63
70
68
67
67
70
68
77
81
74
77
76
76
82
80
82
80
76
73
62
62
12/44.
section.
7 Aviation gasoline blending components, crude oil, motor gasoline blending components, pentanes
plus, petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, still gas, unfinished oils, waxes, and miscellaneous
petroleum products.
95
110
122
123
123
126
117
141
150
133
128
105
83
81
61
68
57
57
45
42
31
31
24
28
33
31
24
24
21
16
14
17
14
13
15
17
20
16
13
14
7
8
8
Other 7
Total
Retail
Electricity 8
25
26
38
45
65
85
97
103
115
127
139
142
93
80
98
106
93
98
106
119
118
127
117
135
114
124
114
132
138
125
130
117
132
127
140
142
141
150
148
130
111
R120
116
209
239
299
329
376
410
427
474
513
506
540
480
408
390
362
394
369
373
369
381
365
366
342
380
360
371
355
381
386
368
378
370
395
388
394
419
417
430
415
377
339
R352
345
120
140
222
252
328
434
490
549
582
580
612
601
597
529
549
582
583
566
587
611
638
638
627
649
655
668
659
678
694
706
704
719
667
654
672
675
673
650
662
642
551
R587
567
Total 2
Wood 9
995
1,095
1,281
1,308
1,553
1,759
1,696
1,811
1,860
1,846
1,931
1,797
1,715
1,515
1,486
1,617
1,566
1,520
1,575
1,648
1,677
1,695
1,653
1,724
1,715
1,745
1,743
1,795
1,815
1,796
1,772
1,788
1,709
R1,685
1,692
R1,732
1,675
R1,662
R1,661
R1,599
1,401
R1,494
1,482
44
50
59
64
80
96
100
114
120
131
132
150
150
142
159
157
154
151
148
152
149
135
132
137
139
148
155
158
162
150
152
153
135
131
128
138
136
138
R132
126
R113
R122
123
Fuel
Waste 10 Ethanol 11
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5
7
9
12
14
16
17
19
12
12
11
10
11
11
11
12
10
10
9
8
12
13
13
12
13
12
13
13
14
15
16
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
1
1
1
1
1
Total
44
50
59
64
80
96
100
114
120
131
132
150
156
149
168
170
168
167
165
171
161
147
143
148
150
160
166
170
172
160
161
161
147
144
141
151
150
151
146
140
R128
139
140

other biomass.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 and greater than -0.5 million metric
tons of carbon dioxide.
Annual Energy Review Tables 2.1d, 5.14b, 8.9, 10.2b, and 11.2e. 1973 forwardEIA, Monthly Energy
10
307
Table 11.2d Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption: Transportation Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011
Biomass 2
Petroleum
Year
Coal
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
161
146
39
7
1
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
Natural
Gas 3
NA
7
13
19
27
40
32
30
29
29
32
34
35
32
27
29
28
26
28
34
34
36
33
32
34
38
38
39
41
35
36
36
35
37
33
32
33
33
35
37
R38
R38
39
Aviation
Gasoline
12
14
24
21
15
7
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Distillate
Fuel Oil 4
Jet
Fuel
30
35
58
65
80
115
155
167
182
196
213
204
212
204
213
216
232
235
244
265
270
268
263
269
278
295
307
327
342
352
366
378
387
394
414
434
444
469
472
440
404
R425
430
NA
NA
21
53
87
141
145
143
149
153
156
155
147
148
153
172
178
191
202
212
218
223
215
213
215
224
222
232
234
238
245
254
243
237
231
240
246
240
238
226
204
R210
209
LPG 5
(s)
(s)
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
3
2
2
2
Lubricants
4
5
6
6
6
5
6
6
6
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
5
5
5
5
12/44.
section.
308
Motor
Gasoline 6
306
332
439
511
597
763
889
933
958
991
941
881
881
876
888
895
908
936
959
981
979
967
962
979
1,000
1,007
1,029
1,047
1,057
1,090
1,115
1,121
1,127
1,158
1,161
1,185
1,186
1,194
1,201
1,146
1,137
R1,124
1,089
Residual
Fuel Oil
91
95
80
66
61
60
56
65
72
78
97
110
96
80
65
64
62
69
71
72
77
80
81
84
71
70
72
67
56
53
52
70
46
53
45
58
66
71
78
72
64
R69
65
Total
443
481
629
723
847
1,093
1,258
1,322
1,375
1,433
1,420
1,363
1,348
1,319
1,330
1,358
1,391
1,443
1,487
1,542
1,554
1,548
1,532
1,556
1,574
1,607
1,639
1,683
1,699
1,743
1,789
1,833
1,813
1,851
1,861
1,926
1,953
1,984
1,999
1,895
1,818
R1,836
1,802
Retail
Electricity 7
6
6
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
Total 2
611
640
687
751
878
1,136
1,292
1,354
1,406
1,464
1,454
1,400
1,385
1,354
1,359
1,390
1,421
1,472
1,519
1,579
1,591
1,588
1,568
1,592
1,611
1,647
1,681
1,725
1,744
1,782
1,828
1,872
1,852
1,892
1,899
1,962
1,991
2,022
2,040
1,937
R1,860
R1,879
1,845
Fuel
Ethanol 8
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
1
2
3
3
4
5
5
5
4
5
5
6
7
8
6
7
8
8
9
10
11
16
20
22
30
38
54
61
R71
71
Biodiesel
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
2
3
3
3
2
8
Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
1
2
3
3
4
5
5
5
4
5
5
6
7
8
6
7
8
8
9
10
12
16
20
23
33
R41
57
64
R74
80
9 Beginning in 1978, the small amounts of coal consumed for transportation are reported as industrial
sector consumption.
Annual Energy Review Tables 2.1e, 5.14c, 8.9, 10.2b, and 11.2e. 1973 forwardEIA, Monthly Energy
Table 11.2e Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2011
Biomass 2
Petroleum
Year
Coal
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
187
206
324
396
546
678
824
911
962
960
1,056
1,137
1,180
1,182
1,242
1,318
1,367
1,357
1,427
1,492
1,519
1,548
1,548
1,570
1,633
1,639
1,661
1,752
1,797
1,828
1,836
1,927
1,870
1,890
1,931
1,943
1,984
1,954
1,987
1,959
1,741
1,828
1,718
Natural
Gas 3
30
35
63
95
127
215
172
167
174
175
192
200
198
176
158
170
166
142
155
143
168
176
179
186
188
211
228
205
219
248
260
281
290
306
278
297
319
338
372
362
373
399
411
Distillate
Fuel Oil 4
2
2
2
2
2
10
17
18
21
20
13
12
9
7
7
6
6
6
7
8
11
7
6
5
6
9
8
8
8
10
10
13
12
9
12
8
8
5
7
5
5
6
5
Petroleum
Coke
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
1
1
(s)
(s)
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
5
8
7
8
8
10
13
11
10
11
18
18
23
25
22
17
16
14
15
14
Residual
Fuel Oil
30
35
35
42
55
154
231
255
285
291
244
194
163
116
113
94
79
107
91
114
121
92
86
69
76
68
45
50
56
82
76
69
79
52
69
69
69
28
31
19
14
12
7
Total
33
37
37
43
57
166
248
273
306
313
258
207
173
123
121
101
86
114
99
123
134
102
95
79
90
84
61
66
75
105
97
91
102
79
98
100
102
56
55
40
34
33
25
12/44.
section.
5 Municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels.
Geothermal
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
NonBiomass
Waste 5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4
6
7
8
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
13
11
11
11
12
11
12
11
11
11
Total 2
250
278
424
535
730
1,059
1,244
1,351
1,442
1,448
1,505
1,544
1,551
1,481
1,521
1,588
1,619
1,613
1,680
1,758
1,826
1,831
1,830
1,843
1,919
1,944
1,960
2,033
2,101
2,192
2,204
2,310
2,273
2,288
2,319
2,352
2,417
2,359
2,426
2,374
2,159
2,271
2,166
Wood 6
1
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
(s)
1
1
9
12
12
13
14
14
12
13
13
13
13
13
12
14
16
15
17
17
17
17
17
18
16
Waste 7
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
8
11
13
15
15
16
17
17
17
17
17
17
19
21
21
20
20
21
22
23
24
R24
24
Total
1
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
1
1
1
1
17
23
25
28
29
30
28
30
30
30
30
29
31
35
37
36
37
38
39
40
41
R42
41
other biomass.
Annual Energy Review Tables 2.1f, 5.14c, and 10.2c. 1973 forwardEIA, Monthly Energy Review
(MER) (May 2012), Table 12.6 and MER data system calculations.
309
Figure 11.3 Methane Emissions

Total, 1980-2009
By Source, 2009
15
Million Metric Tons of Methane
40
30
20
10
0
1980
12.1
10
8.6
8.3
0.2
0
1985
1990
1995
2000
Energy
Sources
2005
Energy Sources by Type 1980-2009
Agricultural
Sources
Waste
Management
Industrial
Processes
Agricultural Sources by Major Type, 1980-2009
Coal Mining
2
Petroleum Systems3
Mobile Combustion5
Natural Gas Systems
Enteric Fermentation6
Animal Waste
2
Rice Cultivation
Stationary Combustion4
0
1980
1
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Chemical production, and iron and steel production.

Natural gas production, processing, and distribution.
3
Petroleum production, refining, and distribution.
4
Consumption of coal, petroleum, natural gas, and wood for heat or electricity.
2
310
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Emissions from passenger cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, and other transport.
Methane emitted as a product of digestion in animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and
swine.
Source: Table 11.3.
6
Table 11.3 Methane Emissions, 1980-2009

(Million Metric Tons of Methane)
Energy Sources
Year
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Waste Management
Coal
Mining
Natural
Gas
Systems 1
Petroleum
Systems 2
Mobile
Combustion 3
Stationary
Combustion 4
Total 5
3.06
2.81
3.23
3.02
3.61
3.89
3.73
4.01
3.94
3.96
4.07
4.09
4.05
3.29
3.35
3.31
3.30
3.28
3.29
3.11
2.98
2.97
2.79
2.79
2.86
2.81
2.86
2.84
3.28
3.44
4.42
5.02
5.04
5.00
5.11
5.16
5.04
5.14
5.29
5.46
5.78
6.00
6.07
6.03
6.08
6.17
6.20
6.47
6.45
6.47
6.77
6.59
6.90
6.86
6.93
6.91
7.00
7.26
7.37
7.32
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.30
1.31
1.26
1.21
1.17
1.16
1.14
1.14
1.11
1.04
1.03
1.03
1.02
1.01
.96
.92
.91
.90
.88
.94
0.28
.27
.27
.27
.27
.26
.26
.25
.25
.25
.22
.21
.20
.20
.19
.20
.20
.20
.19
.18
.17
.16
.15
.14
.14
.13
.12
.12
.11
.11
0.45
.45
.46
.46
.48
.48
.46
.43
.46
.48
.37
.37
.38
.36
.35
.35
.36
.33
.30
.31
.33
.30
.30
.31
.31
.32
.30
.31
.33
.31
8.20
8.55
9.01
8.76
9.46
9.79
9.48
9.85
9.95
10.15
11.72
11.98
11.97
11.08
11.15
11.20
11.20
11.42
11.34
11.11
11.27
11.05
11.16
11.11
11.20
11.08
11.19
11.43
11.97
12.12
Landfills
Wastewater
Treatment 6
10.52
10.69
10.63
10.67
10.68
10.65
10.53
10.63
10.51
10.43
10.31
10.00
9.84
9.58
9.25
8.62
8.19
7.45
6.80
6.21
5.93
5.65
5.58
5.97
5.80
6.02
6.18
6.40
6.90
7.19
0.52
.53
.54
.54
.66
.67
.67
.68
.69
.70
.91
.93
.95
.96
.98
1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.06
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.12
1 Natural gas production, processing, and distribution; processing is not included in 1980 and is
incompletely covered in 19811989.
2 Petroleum production, refining, and distribution.
3 Emissions from passenger cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, and other transport.
4 Consumption of coal, petroleum, natural gas, and wood for heat or electricity.
5 See notes on components for specific coverage, which is inconsistent prior to 1990 in some cases.
6 19801983, domestic wastewater only; 1984 forward, industrial and domestic wastewater.
7 Methane emitted as a product of digestion in animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and swine.
8 Estimation methods for 1990 forward reflect a shift in waste management away from liquid systems to
dry-lot systems, thus lowering emissions.
9 Chemical production, and iron and steel production.
NA=Not available.
Notes: Data for this table are not available for 2010. Emissions are from anthropogenic sources.
Agricultural Sources
Total 5
Enteric
Fermentation 7
Animal
Waste 8
Rice
Cultivation
Crop
Residue
Burning
Total 5
Industrial
Processes 9
Total 5
11.04
11.22
11.17
11.21
11.33
11.32
11.20
11.31
11.20
11.13
11.23
10.93
10.79
10.54
10.23
9.61
9.19
8.47
7.83
7.25
6.98
6.70
6.64
7.03
6.88
7.09
7.27
7.51
8.02
8.31
5.47
5.56
5.50
5.46
5.33
5.27
5.13
5.08
5.10
5.08
5.58
5.61
5.77
5.77
5.90
5.96
5.95
5.72
5.65
5.64
5.60
5.53
5.54
5.61
5.62
5.71
5.77
5.80
5.93
5.80
2.87
2.73
2.63
2.68
2.60
2.56
2.51
2.56
2.60
1.68
1.59
1.64
1.68
1.73
1.81
1.84
1.84
1.91
1.97
1.97
1.96
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.02
2.18
2.25
2.24
2.37
2.33
0.48
.54
.47
.31
.40
.36
.34
.33
.41
.38
.40
.40
.45
.41
.48
.44
.41
.45
.47
.50
.44
.47
.44
.43
.47
.46
.39
.39
.43
.45
0.04
.05
.05
.04
.05
.05
.04
.04
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.04
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.06
8.86
8.88
8.65
8.49
8.38
8.23
8.02
8.02
8.14
7.18
7.62
7.69
7.95
7.96
8.23
8.28
8.25
8.13
8.14
8.16
8.05
8.02
8.03
8.08
8.16
8.40
8.47
8.49
8.79
8.64
0.17
.18
.13
.15
.16
.15
.16
.17
.18
.18
.18
.19
.19
.20
.21
.22
.22
.23
.23
.24
.22
.20
.21
.20
.22
.20
.20
.21
.18
.17
28.27
28.82
28.97
28.62
29.34
29.49
28.87
29.34
29.47
28.64
30.75
30.78
30.90
29.77
29.82
29.31
28.87
28.26
27.54
26.76
26.53
25.97
26.03
26.43
26.46
26.77
27.14
27.64
28.97
29.24
"Anthropogenic" means produced as the result of human activities, including emissions from agricultural
activity and domestic livestock. Emissions from natural sources, such as wetlands and wild animals, are
not included. Under certain conditions, methane may be produced via anaerobic decomposition of
organic materials in landfills, animal wastes, and rice paddies. Totals may not equal sum of components
Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/environment/.
Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United
States 2009 (March 2011), Tables 1721; and EIA estimates based on the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Changes Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 and revised 1996
guidelines)see http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs6.html; and the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agencys Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 19902008 (April 2010)see
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport.html.
311
Figure 11.4 Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Total, 1980-2009
By Source, 2009
600
Thousand Metric Tons of Nitrous Oxide
Million Metric Tons of Nitrous Oxide
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
143
36
Agricultural
Sources
18
Energy
Sources
Industrial
Processes
Waste
Management
Agricultural Sources by Major Type, 1980-2009

800
150
Mobile Combustion
100
Stationary Combustion
50
1985
1990
1995
2000
200
2005
200
600
Nitrogen Fertilization of Soils
400
200
Solid Waste of Domesticated Animals
0
1980
2005
1
Adipic acid production (primarily for the manufacture of nylon fibers and plastics) and nitric
acid production (primarily for fertilizers).
2
Emissions from passenger cars and trucks; air, rail, and marine transportation; and farm and
construction equipment.
312
400
Energy Sources by Type, 1980-2009
0
1980
540
1985
1990
1995
2000
Consumption of coal, petroleum, natural gas, and wood for heat or electricity.
Source: Table 11.4.
2005
Table 11.4 Nitrous Oxide Emissions, 1980-2009

(Thousand Metric Tons of Nitrous Oxide)
Energy Sources
Year
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Mobile
Combustion 1
60
63
67
71
86
98
107
120
138
146
88
93
96
100
104
125
129
126
128
124
122
117
115
114
114
109
107
106
101
97
Stationary
Combustion 2
44
44
42
43
45
46
45
46
48
49
47
46
47
48
48
49
51
51
51
51
53
51
51
51
52
53
52
52
51
46
Waste Management
Total
104
106
108
114
132
143
152
166
185
195
135
139
143
148
152
174
180
178
179
175
175
168
166
165
167
162
159
159
151
143
Waste
Combustion
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Human
Sewage in
Wastewater
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
Agricultural Sources
Total
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
18
1 Emissions from passenger cars and trucks; air, rail, and marine transportation; and farm and
construction equipment.
2 Consumption of coal, petroleum, natural gas, and wood for heat or electricity.
3 Adipic acid production (primarily for the manufacture of nylon fibers and plastics), and nitric acid
production (primarily for fertilizers).
Notes: Data for this table are not available for 2010. Emissions are from anthropogenic sources.
"Anthropogenic" means produced as the result of human activities, including emissions from agricultural
activity and domestic livestock. Emissions from natural sources, such as wetlands and wild animals, are
Nitrogen
Fertilization
of Soils
364
364
339
337
355
344
329
328
329
336
432
429
445
439
462
423
418
417
422
421
412
405
403
414
446
455
457
471
468
468
Crop
Residue
Burning
Solid Waste
of Domesticated
Animals
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
75
74
74
75
74
73
71
71
71
70
66
66
66
68
68
69
68
69
69
69
70
71
70
69
69
70
71
71
71
70
Total
440
440
414
413
431
419
402
400
401
407
499
497
512
508
532
494
487
487
493
492
484
477
474
485
517
526
530
544
541
540
Industrial
Processes 3
88
84
80
79
87
88
86
90
95
98
96
98
95
100
110
110
115
72
57
56
56
46
50
45
45
45
46
47
41
36
Total
642
641
614
617
661
662
652
669
694
713
743
748
764
770
808
793
797
752
744
738
731
708
706
711
745
750
751
767
750
737
not included. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/environment/.
Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United
States 2009 (March 2011), Table 22; and EIA estimates based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Changes Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 and revised 1996 guidelines)see
http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs6.html; and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys
Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 19902008 (April 2010)see
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport.html.
313
Figure 11.5 Emissions From Energy Consumption for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output
Emissions by Type of Generating Unit, 2010

Carbon Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Coal
Nitrogen Oxides
5.0
1,874
(s)
462
Natural Gas
0.3
39
0.2
Other 14
0.2
Petroleum
600
1.8
1,200
1,800
2,400
0.1
0.2
1
Million Metric Tons of Gas
Emissions by Sector, 1989-2010

Carbon Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide
2.8
Nitrogen Oxides
10
18
Electric
Power Sector
2.1
1.4
0.7
Total2
12
Electric
Power Sector
6
0.0
1995
2000
2005
Total2
6
Electric
Power Sector
4
2
Industrial Sector
0
1990
Industrial Sector
Industrial Sector
2010
0
1990
1995
For carbon dioxide: municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources; tire-derived fuel, and
geothermal. For sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides: blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other
manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels; wood and wood-derived fuels;
municipal solid waste, landfill gas, sludge waste, tires, agricultural byproducts, and other
biomass; and chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, sulfur, and tar coal.
314
Billion Metric Tons of Gas
Total2
2000
2005
2010
Includes Commercial Sector.

(s)=Less than 0.05 million metric tons.
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Table 11.5a Emissions From Energy Consumption for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output:
Total (All Sectors), 1989-2010 (Sum of Tables 11.5b and 11.5c; Thousand Metric Tons of Gas)
Carbon Dioxide 1
Year
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Coal 2
1,573,566
1,592,395
1,592,186
1,617,034
1,687,623
1,697,416
1,720,062
1,812,022
1,858,944
1,887,335
1,894,211
1,986,100
1,920,901
1,938,613
1,973,597
1,989,580
2,028,614
2,001,085
2,029,804
2,001,806
1,781,278
1,873,813
Natural
Gas 3
218,384
233,852
238,084
248,149
250,411
276,308
298,601
277,856
293,139
327,456
343,090
363,526
367,146
378,950
345,119
367,112
383,461
404,278
434,536
419,599
432,206
461,723
Petroleum 4
145,399
119,580
111,351
96,638
108,164
102,844
77,032
84,024
93,497
123,542
115,677
108,407
117,196
91,110
112,065
115,726
117,086
67,988
67,769
47,855
41,474
38,793
Sulfur Dioxide
Geothermal 5
NonBiomass
Waste 6
363
384
398
400
415
384
329
360
374
375
381
362
353
372
371
381
377
374
376
381
386
391
5,590
7,488
8,447
10,053
10,439
11,186
11,982
12,718
13,368
12,891
12,943
12,440
13,010
14,918
13,943
14,183
14,299
15,193
14,548
14,370
14,163
13,875
Total
Coal 2
Natural
Gas 3
1,943,302
1,953,699
1,950,466
1,972,275
2,057,053
2,088,138
2,108,006
2,186,980
2,259,322
2,351,600
2,366,302
2,470,834
2,418,607
2,423,963
2,445,094
2,486,982
2,543,838
2,488,918
2,547,032
2,484,012
2,269,508
2,388,596
14,469
14,281
14,240
14,060
13,843
13,398
11,188
11,811
12,211
12,012
11,453
R10,669
9,905
9,786
9,688
9,437
9,499
8,867
8,389
7,351
5,535
4,961
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
3
12/44.
2 Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and synthetic coal.
4 Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil.
5 Carbon dioxide in geothermal steam.
6 Municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuel.
7 Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels;
Petroleum 4
984
937
856
704
851
794
826
876
965
1,162
1,101
933
1,002
773
717
633
587
427
422
250
210
217
Nitrogen Oxides
Other 7
39
243
246
264
271
279
298
304
303
289
288
300
265
321
239
237
251
227
227
225
223
219
Total
Coal 2
Natural
Gas 3
15,493
15,462
15,342
15,030
14,966
14,472
12,314
12,991
13,480
13,464
12,843
R11,904
11,174
10,881
10,646
10,309
10,340
9,524
9,042
7,830
5,970
5,400
7,281
7,119
7,109
6,975
7,225
7,005
5,136
5,307
5,322
5,123
4,687
4,370
4,096
4,057
3,607
3,286
3,135
2,996
2,870
2,680
1,769
1,843
495
513
498
477
475
513
653
577
619
700
632
614
631
625
453
416
383
399
382
351
336
349
Petroleum 4
269
208
193
158
173
159
332
352
326
395
391
404
294
225
240
225
221
164
157
75
66
63
Other 7
93
122
113
119
124
124
234
238
233
241
245
250
268
287
232
217
222
240
242
225
225
236
Total
8,136
7,961
7,913
7,728
7,997
7,801
6,355
6,474
6,500
6,459
5,955
5,638
5,290
5,194
4,532
4,143
3,961
3,799
3,650
3,330
2,395
2,491
wood and wood-derived fuels; municipal solid waste, landfill gas, sludge waste, tires, agricultural
byproducts, and other biomass; and chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, sulfur, and tar coal.
R=Revised.
Notes: Data are for emissions from energy consumption for electricity generation and useful thermal
output. See "Useful Thermal Output" in Glossary. Totals may not equal sum of components due to
315
Table 11.5b Emissions From Energy Consumption for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output:
Electric Power Sector, 1989-2010 (Subset of Table 11.5a; Thousand Metric Tons of Gas)
Carbon Dioxide 1
Year
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Coal 2
1,520,230
1,534,141
1,534,559
1,556,741
1,626,161
1,634,282
1,656,743
1,747,945
1,794,629
1,825,027
1,831,670
1,923,054
1,862,800
1,878,923
1,917,303
1,929,818
1,970,908
1,944,759
1,977,528
1,951,138
1,736,284
1,821,497
Natural
Gas 3
169,653
177,232
180,541
187,730
188,291
211,154
228,675
205,250
220,174
249,836
262,455
283,034
291,101
307,455
279,300
297,782
320,545
339,557
373,268
363,749
374,082
400,974
Petroleum 4
133,546
101,800
95,149
79,153
90,400
85,005
61,057
66,113
75,079
105,539
97,892
92,226
102,900
78,820
98,208
100,236
102,537
55,358
55,545
40,442
33,700
32,667
Sulfur Dioxide
Geothermal 5
NonBiomass
Waste 6
363
384
398
400
415
384
329
360
374
375
381
362
353
372
371
381
377
374
376
381
386
391
4,366
5,795
7,207
8,476
8,592
9,323
10,015
9,932
10,372
10,264
10,312
10,178
10,900
12,758
11,453
11,177
11,257
11,544
11,304
11,620
11,256
11,034
Total
Coal 2
Natural
Gas 3
1,828,158
1,819,351
1,817,854
1,832,501
1,913,860
1,940,148
1,956,819
2,029,599
2,100,628
2,191,041
2,202,710
2,308,855
2,268,054
2,278,328
2,306,635
2,339,394
2,405,625
2,351,592
2,418,022
2,367,331
2,155,707
2,266,563
13,815
13,576
13,590
13,375
13,133
12,695
10,573
11,129
11,515
11,373
10,843
R10,081
9,281
9,106
9,255
8,991
9,071
8,416
8,002
6,909
5,253
4,662
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
12/44.
R=Revised.
Notes: There are small differences in carbon dioxide emissions values between this table and Table
11.2e due to differences in the methodologies for calculating the data. Data are for emissions from
316
Petroleum 4
810
628
621
559
735
665
581
617
653
911
836
746
754
549
579
493
461
264
265
146
110
111
Nitrogen Oxides
Other 7
7
13
15
12
13
11
34
32
36
37
42
45
5
16
13
9
10
8
9
8
9
8
Total
Coal 2
Natural
Gas 3
14,633
14,218
14,227
13,946
13,882
13,373
11,189
11,779
12,205
12,321
11,722
R10,872
10,041
9,672
9,849
9,495
9,543
8,690
8,279
7,065
5,374
4,783
7,055
6,878
6,886
6,749
6,996
6,777
4,974
5,144
5,157
4,965
4,535
4,225
3,878
3,813
3,496
3,183
3,051
2,902
2,781
2,578
1,688
1,751
390
390
384
359
357
390
402
326
370
431
381
338
425
425
282
241
243
230
236
230
214
224
Petroleum 4
246
175
165
128
143
128
282
301
269
337
332
367
253
187
207
193
189
135
130
58
50
49
Other 7
25
36
42
46
49
47
95
96
98
103
109
111
96
104
98
101
103
107
112
124
128
135
Total
7,717
7,480
7,476
7,282
7,544
7,343
5,754
5,866
5,894
5,836
5,357
5,040
4,652
4,528
4,082
3,717
3,585
3,374
3,259
2,990
2,080
2,159
energy consumption for electricity generation and useful thermal output. The electric power sector
comprises electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whose
primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. See Table 11.5c for
commercial and industrial CHP and electricity-only data. See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into
Energy-Use Sectors," at end of Section 8. See "Useful Thermal Output" in Glossary. Totals may not
Sources: Carbon Dioxide: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates based on Form
EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report" (and predecessor forms). Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen
Oxides: EIA estimates based on Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report" (and predecessor
forms). Data were adjusted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys Continuous Emissions
Monitoring System.
Table 11.5c Emissions From Energy Consumption for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output:
Commercial and Industrial Sectors, 1989-2010 (Subset of Table 11.5a; Thousand Metric Tons of Gas)
Carbon Dioxide 1
Year
Coal 2
Natural
Gas 3
Petroleum 4
Geothermal 5
Sulfur Dioxide
NonBiomass
Waste 6
Total
Coal 2
Natural
Gas 3
Petroleum 4
Nitrogen Oxides
Other 7
Natural
Gas 3
Total
Coal 2
Petroleum 4
Other 7
1
1
1
1
1
(s)
3
4
6
4
4
7
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
(s)
(s)
(s)
43
45
35
35
44
42
35
47
51
45
42
43
48
46
36
35
36
36
37
33
27
27
9
10
10
10
12
11
8
9
10
10
9
8
13
13
9
8
9
9
10
9
8
7
3
6
6
7
7
8
20
23
34
35
28
38
19
20
16
18
24
35
16
14
13
14
2
1
1
1
1
1
6
4
7
5
4
4
2
2
5
8
6
3
2
1
1
1
3
4
4
4
4
4
11
14
14
16
17
16
16
13
15
16
15
17
16
16
16
15
17
21
21
21
24
24
45
50
65
66
57
65
50
48
45
49
54
64
44
40
39
38
32
229
230
251
257
267
262
268
261
248
243
248
259
303
224
227
241
218
217
217
214
210
817
1,199
1,080
1,049
1,041
1,057
1,090
1,166
1,223
1,099
1,080
988
1,085
1,163
761
779
760
798
726
731
569
590
218
233
215
218
219
219
154
154
155
148
144
138
206
231
102
95
75
86
79
93
73
85
100
116
108
110
110
114
231
228
215
234
223
238
187
181
155
157
117
134
129
107
108
110
21
31
27
29
29
30
43
48
50
53
55
34
39
36
28
25
27
26
26
16
15
14
63
80
66
67
70
71
128
128
121
121
120
123
156
170
119
100
104
117
113
84
81
86
403
461
416
425
429
435
556
558
541
557
541
533
587
618
404
376
322
362
346
300
277
294
Total
Commercial Sector 8
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2,320
2,418
2,680
2,552
2,988
2,932
3,106
3,639
3,871
3,341
3,468
3,635
3,366
3,025
3,904
4,018
4,031
3,908
3,994
4,155
3,727
3,530
1,542
2,294
2,287
2,787
3,315
3,722
4,070
4,369
4,654
4,707
4,535
4,605
4,280
4,035
3,222
3,916
3,701
3,686
3,800
3,589
4,093
4,639
637
706
544
474
616
654
509
534
716
829
742
740
839
571
683
920
759
445
363
310
245
206
804
959
1,014
1,258
1,285
1,292
1,462
2,023
2,277
2,081
2,008
1,684
1,418
1,520
1,706
1,962
1,897
1,946
1,635
1,953
2,084
2,063
5,303
6,377
6,526
7,070
8,205
8,601
9,147
10,565
11,518
10,958
10,752
10,665
9,903
9,151
9,515
10,817
10,387
9,984
9,792
10,006
10,149
10,437
37
39
32
32
40
39
30
40
43
37
34
33
43
41
32
30
33
33
33
32
26
25
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
5
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
4
4
4
2
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
Industrial Sector 9
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
51,017
55,837
54,947
57,742
58,474
60,202
60,212
60,438
60,444
58,967
59,073
59,410
54,735
56,665
52,390
55,744
53,675
52,418
48,282
46,514
41,268
48,786
47,188
54,326
55,255
57,632
58,805
61,431
65,856
68,237
68,311
72,914
76,100
75,887
71,765
67,460
62,598
65,413
59,216
61,035
57,467
52,261
54,031
56,110
11,216
17,074
15,659
17,010
17,148
17,186
15,466
17,377
17,701
17,174
17,043
15,440
13,457
11,719
13,173
14,570
13,791
12,185
11,860
7,103
7,529
5,920
420
734
225
319
562
571
505
763
719
546
624
577
693
640
783
1,044
1,145
1,703
1,609
798
824
779
109,842
127,971
126,086
132,704
134,988
139,390
142,040
146,815
147,175
149,601
152,840
151,315
140,650
136,484
128,944
136,771
127,826
127,341
119,218
106,675
103,651
111,596
616
666
618
655
671
664
585
642
653
603
576
556
581
639
401
415
395
419
353
411
256
274
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
1
1
(s)
(s)
12/44.
9 Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only plants.
169
304
232
143
113
126
243
256
309
247
260
184
245
221
135
136
124
161
154
103
98
105
=No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5 thousand metric tons.

Notes: Data are for emissions from energy consumption for electricity generation and useful thermal
output. See Table 11.5b for electric power sector data. See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants
Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of Section 8. See "Useful Thermal Output" in Glossary. Totals may
not equal sums of components due to independent rounding.
Sources: Carbon Dioxide: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates based on Form
EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report" (and predecessor forms). Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen
Oxides: EIA estimates based on Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report" (and predecessor
forms). Data were adjusted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys Continuous Emissions
Monitoring System.
317
Figure 11.6 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Fossil-Fuel Steam-Electric Generators With Environmental
Equipment
By Fuel and Equipment Type, 2010
Coal Units
350
Petroleum and Natural Gas Units
329
Thousand Megawatts
300
250
200
185
165
150
100
75
50
26
1
0
Particulate Collectors
Cooling Towers
Total Units by Equipment Type, 1985-2010
Flue Gas
Desulfurization
Coal Units by Equipment Type,

1985-2010
400
Flue Gas
Desulfurization
Petroleum and Natural Gas Units

by Equipment Type, 1985-2010
400
Cooling Towers
80
Cooling Towers
Cooling Towers
200
100
300
200
Cooling Towers
100
Flue Gas Desulfurization

0
1985
1
1990
1995
2000
2005
318
60
40
20
Flue Gas Desulfurization
2010
0
1985
1990
1995
Also called scrubbers.

Through 2000, data are for electric utility plants with fossil-fueled steam-electric capacity of
100 megawatts or greater. Beginning in 2001, data are for electric utility and unregulated
generating plants (independent power producers, commercial plants, and industrial plants) in
2
Thousand Megawatts
300
Thousand Megawatts
Thousand Megawatts
2000
2005
2010
0
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
operating or standby status, with fossil-fueled steam-electric capacity of 100 megawatts or

greater, or combustible-renewable steam electric capacity of 10 megawatts or greater.
Note: Components are not additive because some generators are included in more than
one category.
Source: Table 11.6.
Table 11.6 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Fossil-Fuel Steam-Electric Generators With Environmental Equipment,
1985-2010 (Megawatts)
Coal
Year
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
20013
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
1
Particulate
Collectors
Cooling
Towers
Flue Gas
Desulfurization
(Scrubbers)
302,056
308,566
311,043
311,776
313,680
315,681
319,046
319,856
318,188
319,485
320,685
321,805
320,646
321,082
324,109
321,636
329,187
329,459
328,587
328,506
328,720
NA
328,029
329,099
332,546
329,248
120,591
126,731
127,875
129,366
131,701
134,199
135,565
136,266
135,885
137,266
138,108
139,065
138,120
139,082
146,377
146,093
154,747
154,750
155,158
157,968
158,493
NA
159,388
161,234
165,795
165,030
56,955
63,735
65,688
67,156
67,469
69,057
70,474
71,336
71,106
80,617
84,677
85,842
86,605
87,783
89,666
89,675
97,804
98,363
99,257
101,182
101,338
NA
118,739
139,877
167,172
185,217
Total 2
Particulate
Collectors
Cooling
Towers
304,706
311,217
312,885
313,618
315,521
317,522
319,110
319,918
318,251
319,776
320,749
321,869
320,710
321,353
331,379
328,741
329,187
329,459
328,587
328,506
328,720
NA
328,336
329,513
332,546
329,608
36,054
34,258
33,431
34,063
33,975
33,639
33,864
33,509
32,620
31,695
30,513
30,349
31,422
30,708
29,371
31,090
31,575
29,879
29,422
27,402
27,005
NA
26,496
26,565
25,925
26,289
28,895
27,919
27,912
27,434
28,386
28,359
29,067
28,764
28,922
28,186
27,187
27,685
28,766
27,814
29,142
29,427
34,649
45,920
55,770
57,082
59,214
NA
69,497
73,315
75,770
75,444

Components are not additive because some generators are included in more than one category.
3 Through 2000, data are for electric utility plants with fossil-fueled steam-electric capacity of 100
megawatts or greater. Beginning in 2001, data are for electric utility and unregulated generating plants
(independent power producers, commercial plants, and industrial plants) in operating or standby status,
with fossil-fueled steam-electric capacity of 10 megawatts or greater.
NA=Not available. =No data reported.
2
Total 1
Petroleum and Natural Gas

Flue Gas
Desulfurization
(Scrubbers)
65
65
65
65
65
65
260
195
184
310
310
310
310
NA
285
346
346
1,049
Total 2
Particulate
Collectors
Cooling
Towers
Flue Gas
Desulfurization
(Scrubbers)
Total 2
62,371
59,618
58,783
58,937
59,736
59,372
59,773
59,116
58,580
57,123
54,942
55,275
56,485
55,764
55,812
57,697
61,634
72,008
81,493
81,450
83,307
NA
93,066
96,984
98,756
98,946
338,110
342,825
344,474
345,839
347,655
349,319
352,910
353,365
350,808
351,180
351,198
352,154
352,068
351,790
353,480
352,727
360,762
359,338
358,009
355,782
355,599
NA
354,407
355,517
358,342
355,407
149,486
154,650
155,786
156,800
160,087
162,557
164,632
165,030
164,807
165,452
165,295
166,749
166,886
166,896
175,520
175,520
189,396
200,670
210,928
214,989
217,646
NA
228,704
234,254
241,347
240,257
57,020
63,800
65,753
67,221
67,534
69,122
70,734
71,531
71,106
80,617
84,677
85,842
86,605
87,783
89,666
89,675
97,988
98,673
99,567
101,492
101,648
NA
119,024
140,223
167,517
186,266
367,078
370,835
371,668
372,555
375,257
376,894
378,883
379,034
376,831
376,899
375,691
377,144
377,195
377,117
387,192
386,438
390,821
401,341
409,954
409,769
411,840
NA
421,120
426,073
430,956
428,207
Note: See "Cooling Tower," "Flue Gas Desulfurization," and "Particulate Collectors" in Glossary.
Sources: 1985-1996U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-767, "Steam-Electric
Plant Operation and Design Report." 1997-2005EIA, Electric Power Annual 2008 (January 2010),
Table 3.10, and Form EIA-767, "Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report." 2007
forwardEIA, Electric Power Annual 2010 (November 2011), Table 3.10, and Form EIA-860, "Annual
Electric Generator Report."
319
Environment
Note. Accounting for Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Biomass Energy
Combustion. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the combustion of biomass to
produce energy are excluded from the total energy-related CO2 emissions reported in
the Annual Energy Review Section 11, but appear separately in Tables 11.111.2e.
According to current international convention (see the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Changes 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories), carbon released through biomass combustion is excluded from
reported energy-related emissions. The release of carbon from biomass combustion is assumed to be balanced by the uptake of carbon when the feedstock is
grown, resulting in zero net emissions over some period of time. (This is not to
say that biomass energy is carbon-neutral. Energy inputs are required in order to
grow, fertilize, and harvest the feedstock and to produce and process the biomass
into fuels.)
However, analysts have debated whether increased use of biomass energy may result
in a decline in terrestrial carbon stocks, leading to a net positive release of carbon
rather than the zero net release assumed by its exclusion from reported
320
energy-related emissions. For example, the clearing of forests for biofuel crops
could result in an initial release of carbon that is not fully recaptured in subsequent
use of the land for agriculture.
To reflect the potential net emissions, the international convention for greenhouse
gas inventories is to report biomass emissions in the category agriculture, forestry,
and other land use, usually based on estimates of net changes in carbon stocks over
time.
This indirect accounting of CO2 emissions from biomass can potentially lead to
confusion in accounting for and understanding the flow of CO2 emissions within
energy and non-energy systems. In recognition of this issue, reporting of CO2
emissions from biomass combustion alongside other energy-related CO2 emissions
offers an alternative accounting treatment. It is important, however, to avoid
misinterpreting emissions from fossil energy and biomass energy sources as
necessarily additive. Instead, the combined total of direct CO2 emissions from
biomass and energy-related CO2 emissions implicitly assumes that none of the
carbon emitted was previously or subsequently reabsorbed in terrestrial sinks or that
other emissions sources offset any such sequestration.
Appendix A
British Thermal Unit Conversion Factors
Using Thermal Conversion Factors
The thermal conversion factors presented in the following tables can be used to estimate the heat content in British thermal units (Btu) of a given amount of energy
measured in physical units, such as barrels or cubic feet. For example, 10 barrels of
asphalt has a heat content of approximately 66.36 million Btu (10 barrels x 6.636
million Btu per barrel = 66.36 million Btu).
The heat content rates (i.e., thermal conversion factors) provided in this section
represent the gross (or higher or upper) energy content of the fuels. Gross heat
content rates are applied in all Btu calculations for the Annual Energy Review and
are commonly used in energy calculations in the United States; net (or lower) heat
content rates are typically used in European energy calculations. The difference
between the two rates is the amount of energy that is consumed to vaporize water
that is created during the combustion process. Generally, the difference ranges from
2 percent to 10 percent, depending on the specific fuel and its hydrogen content.
Some fuels, such as unseasoned wood, can be more than 40 percent different in
their gross and net heat content rates. See Heat Content and British thermal unit
(Btu) in the Glossary for more information.
Thermal conversion factors for hydrocarbon mixes (Table A1) are weighted averages of the thermal conversion factors for each hydrocarbon included in the mix.
For example, in calculating the thermal conversion factor for a 60-40 butanepropane mixture, the thermal conversion factor for butane is weighted 1.5 times the
thermal conversion factor for propane.
In general, the annual thermal conversion factors presented in Tables A2 through
A6 are computed from final annual data, or are from the best available data and
labeled preliminary. Often, the previous years factor is used as the preliminary
value until data become available to calculate the factor appropriate to the year. The
source of each factor is described in the section entitled Thermal Conversion
Factor Source Documentation, which follows Table A6 in this appendix.
Table A1.
Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Products

(Million Btu per Barrel)
Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aviation Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Butane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Butane-Propane Mixture (60 percent-40 percent)
Distillate Fuel Oil1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ethane-Propane Mixture (70 percent-30 percent)
Isobutane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kerosene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor Gasoline2
Conventional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oxygenated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reformulated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pentanes Plus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Petrochemical Feedstocks
Naphtha less than 401 F . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other Oils equal to or greater than 401 F .
Still Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Petroleum Coke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plant Condensate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Propane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residual Fuel Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Road Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Special Naphthas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Still Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unfinished Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unfractionated Stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...........................
...........................
...........................
..........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
6.636
5.048
4.326
4.130
5.825
3.082
3.308
3.974
5.670
5.355
5.670
6.065
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
5.253
5.150
5.150
4.620
4.620
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
5.248
5.825
6.000
6.024
5.418
3.836
6.287
6.636
5.248
6.000
5.825
5.418
5.537
5.796
Does not include biodiesel. See Table A3 for biodiesel heat contents.
See Table A3 for motor gasoline weighted heat contents beginning in 1994, and for fuel ethanol heat
contents.
Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#appendices.
Note: The values in this table are for gross heat contents. See Heat Content in Glossary.
Sources: See Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation, which follows Table A6.
2
321
Table A2. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Production, Imports, and Exports, Selected Years, 1949-2011
Production
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Imports
Crude Oil 1
Natural Gas
Plant Liquids
Crude Oil 1
Petroleum
Products
Total
Crude Oil 1
Petroleum
Products
Total
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
4.544
4.522
4.406
4.295
4.264
4.146
3.984
3.964
3.941
3.925
3.955
3.914
3.930
3.872
3.839
3.812
3.815
3.797
3.804
3.800
3.826
3.822
3.807
3.804
3.801
3.794
3.796
3.777
3.762
3.769
3.744
3.733
3.735
3.729
3.739
3.724
3.724
3.712
3.701
3.706
3.692
R3.674
3.675
5.952
5.943
5.924
5.911
5.872
5.822
5.821
5.808
5.810
5.802
5.810
5.812
5.818
5.826
5.825
5.823
5.832
5.903
5.901
5.900
5.906
5.934
5.948
5.953
5.954
5.950
5.938
5.947
5.954
5.953
5.942
5.959
5.976
5.971
5.970
5.981
5.977
5.980
5.985
5.990
5.988
5.989
6.007
6.261
6.263
6.234
6.161
6.123
6.088
5.935
5.980
5.908
5.955
5.811
5.748
5.659
5.664
5.677
5.613
5.572
5.624
5.599
5.618
5.641
5.614
5.636
5.623
5.620
5.534
5.483
5.468
5.469
5.462
5.421
5.432
5.443
5.451
5.438
5.475
5.474
5.454
5.503
5.479
5.525
R5.557
5.555
6.059
6.080
6.040
6.021
5.997
5.985
5.858
5.856
5.834
5.839
5.810
5.796
5.775
5.775
5.774
5.745
5.736
5.808
5.820
5.820
5.833
5.849
5.873
5.877
5.883
5.861
5.855
5.847
5.862
5.861
5.840
5.849
5.862
5.863
5.857
5.863
5.845
5.842
5.862
5.866
5.882
R5.894
5.910
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.800
5.651
5.751
5.765
5.835
5.742
5.811
5.747
5.743
5.796
5.814
5.864
5.841
5.837
5.829
5.800
5.867
5.819
5.839
5.860
5.842
5.869
5.838
5.827
5.774
5.777
5.777
5.740
5.728
5.726
5.710
5.684
5.651
5.751
5.687
5.739
5.753
5.741
5.723
5.749
5.762
5.737
R5.670
5.619
5.692
5.766
5.768
5.834
5.743
5.810
5.748
5.745
5.797
5.808
5.832
5.820
5.821
5.820
5.800
5.850
5.814
5.832
5.858
5.840
5.857
5.833
5.823
5.777
5.779
5.779
5.746
5.736
5.734
5.720
5.699
5.658
5.752
5.688
5.740
5.754
5.743
5.724
5.750
5.762
5.738
R5.672
5.622

Note: The values in this table are for gross heat contents. See "Heat Content" in Glossary.
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#appendices for updated annual
322
Exports
conversion factors. See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#appendices for all annual data

beginning in 1949.
Sources: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows Table A6.
Table A3. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption and Biofuels Production, Selected Years, 1949-2011
Total Petroleum 1 Consumption by Sector
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Residential
Commercial 2
Industrial 2
Transportation 2,3
Electric
Power 4,5
Total 2
Liquefied
Petroleum
Gases
Consumption 6
5.484
5.473
5.469
5.417
5.364
5.260
5.253
5.277
5.285
5.287
5.365
5.321
5.283
5.266
5.140
5.307
5.263
5.268
5.239
5.257
5.194
5.145
5.094
5.124
5.102
5.098
5.063
4.998
4.989
4.975
4.902
4.908
4.937
4.886
4.907
4.953
4.916
4.894
4.850
4.732
4.691
R4.692
E4.692
5.813
5.817
5.781
5.781
5.760
5.708
5.649
5.672
5.682
5.665
5.717
5.751
5.693
5.698
5.591
5.657
5.598
5.632
5.594
5.597
5.549
5.553
5.528
5.513
25.505
5.515
5.478
5.433
5.391
5.365
5.291
5.316
5.325
5.293
5.307
5.328
5.364
5.310
5.298
5.175
5.266
R5.263
E5.261
5.957
5.953
5.881
5.818
5.748
5.595
5.513
5.523
5.539
5.536
5.409
5.366
5.299
5.247
5.254
5.207
5.199
5.269
5.233
5.228
5.219
5.253
5.167
5.168
25.178
5.150
5.121
5.114
5.120
5.137
5.092
5.057
5.142
5.093
5.142
5.144
5.178
5.160
5.127
5.149
5.018
R4.988
E4.964
5.465
5.461
5.407
5.387
5.386
5.393
5.392
5.396
5.401
5.405
5.429
5.441
5.433
5.423
5.416
5.418
5.423
5.426
5.429
5.433
5.438
5.442
5.441
5.443
25.436
5.424
5.417
5.420
5.416
5.413
5.413
5.422
5.412
5.411
5.409
5.421
5.427
5.431
5.434
5.426
35.414
R5.421
E5.425
6.254
6.254
6.254
6.267
6.267
6.252
6.250
6.251
6.249
6.251
6.258
6.254
6.258
6.258
6.255
6.251
6.247
6.257
6.249
6.250
46.240
6.244
6.246
6.238
6.230
6.213
6.188
6.195
6.199
6.210
6.205
6.189
6.199
6.173
6.182
6.192
6.188
6.143
6.151
6.123
6.105
R6.084
P6.062
5.649
5.649
5.591
5.555
5.532
5.503
5.494
5.504
5.518
5.519
5.494
5.479
5.448
5.415
5.406
5.395
5.387
5.418
5.403
5.410
5.410
5.411
5.384
5.378
25.379
5.361
5.341
5.336
5.336
5.349
5.328
5.326
5.345
5.324
5.340
5.350
5.365
5.353
5.346
5.339
35.301
R5.297
P5.291
4.011
4.011
4.011
4.011
4.011
63.779
3.715
3.711
3.677
3.669
3.680
3.674
3.643
3.615
3.614
3.599
3.603
3.640
3.659
3.652
3.683
3.625
3.614
3.624
3.606
3.635
3.623
3.613
3.616
3.614
3.616
3.607
3.614
3.613
3.629
3.618
3.620
3.605
3.591
3.600
3.558
R3.557
P3.529
1 Petroleum products supplied, including natural gas plant liquids and crude oil burned directly as fuel.
Quantity-weighted averages of the petroleum products included in each category are calculated by using
heat content values shown in Table A1.
3 Beginning in 2009, includes renewable diesel fuel (including biodiesel) blended into distillate fuel oil.
5 Electric power sector factors are weighted average heat contents for distillate fuel oil, petroleum coke,
and residual fuel oil; they exclude other liquids.
6 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1966 and 1967; beginning in 1967, the single
constant factor is replaced by a quantity-weighted factorquantity-weighted averages of the major
components of liquefied petroleum gases are calculated by using heat content values shown in Table A1.
7 There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1993 and 1994; beginning in 1994, the single
constant factor is replaced by a quantity-weighted factorquantity-weighted averages of the major
components of motor gasoline, including fuel ethanol, are calculated by using heat content values shown in
Table A1.
8 Includes denaturant (petroleum added to ethanol to make it undrinkable). Fuel ethanol factors are
weighted average heat contents for undenatured ethanol (3.539 million Btu per barrel), pentanes plus used
as denaturant (4.620 million Btu per barrel), and conventional motor gasoline and motor gasoline blending
components used as denaturant (5.253 million Btu per barrel). The factor for 2009 is used as the estimated
Motor
Gasoline
Consumption 7
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
5.253
75.230
5.215
5.216
5.213
5.212
5.211
5.210
5.210
5.208
5.207
5.215
5.218
5.218
5.219
5.218
5.218
5.218
P5.218
Fuel
Ethanol 8
Fuel
Ethanol
Feedstock
Factor 9
Biodiesel
Biodiesel
Feedstock
Factor 10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.563
3.561
P3.560
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6.586
6.562
6.539
6.515
6.492
6.469
6.446
6.423
6.400
6.377
6.355
6.332
6.309
6.287
6.264
6.242
6.220
6.198
6.176
6.167
6.159
6.151
6.143
6.116
6.089
6.063
6.036
6.009
5.983
5.957
R5.931
5.905
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5.359
5.359
5.359
5.359
5.359
5.359
5.359
5.359
5.359
5.359
5.359
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5.433
5.433
5.433
5.433
5.433
5.433
5.433
5.433
5.433
5.433
5.433
factor for 19802008.

9 Corn input to the production of undenatured ethanol (million Btu corn per barrel undenatured ethanol),
used as the factor to estimate total biomass inputs to the production of undenatured ethanol. Observed
ethanol yields (gallons undenatured ethanol per bushel of corn) are 2.5 in 1980, 2.666 in 1998, 2.68 in
2002, and 2.764 in 2009; yields in other years are estimated. Corn is assumed to have a gross heat
content of 0.392 million Btu per bushel. Undenatured ethanol is assumed to have a gross heat content of
3.539 million Btu per barrel.
10 Soybean oil input to the production of biodiesel (million Btu soybean oil per barrel biodiesel), used as
the factor to estimate total biomass inputs to the production of biodiesel. It is assumed that 7.65 pounds of
soybean oil are needed to produce one gallon of biodiesel, and 5.433 million Btu of soybean oil are needed
to produce one barrel of biodiesel. Soybean oil is assumed to have a gross heat content of 16,909 Btu per
pound, or 5.483 million Btu per barrel. Biodiesel is assumed to have a gross heat content of 17,253 Btu per
pound, or 5.359 million Btu per barrel.
Notes: Residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation petroleum heat contents are revised
beginning in 1949 due to a change in the estimation methodology. The heat content values in this table
are for gross heat contents. See "Heat Content" in Glossary.
beginning in 1949.
323
Table A4. Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Btu per Cubic Foot)
Consumption 1
Production
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
1
Marketed
Dry
End-Use Sectors 2
Total
Imports
Exports
1,120
1,119
1,120
1,107
1,101
1,102
1,095
1,093
1,093
1,088
1,092
1,098
1,103
1,107
1,115
1,109
1,112
1,110
1,112
1,109
1,107
1,105
1,108
1,110
1,106
1,105
1,106
1,109
1,107
1,109
1,107
1,107
1,105
R1,103
R1,103
1,104
1,104
1,103
R1,102
1,100
1,101
R1,097
E1,097
1,035
1,035
1,035
1,035
1,032
1,031
1,021
1,020
1,021
1,019
1,021
1,026
1,027
1,028
1,031
1,031
1,032
1,030
1,031
1,029
1,031
1,029
1,030
1,030
1,027
1,028
1,026
1,026
1,026
1,031
1,027
1,025
1,028
R1,024
1,028
1,026
1,028
1,028
R1,027
1,027
1,025
R1,023
E1,022
1,035
1,035
1,035
1,035
1,032
1,031
1,020
1,019
1,019
1,016
1,018
1,024
1,025
1,026
1,031
1,030
1,031
1,029
1,031
1,029
1,031
1,030
1,031
1,031
1,028
1,029
1,027
1,027
1,027
1,033
1,028
1,026
1,029
R1,025
1,029
1,026
1,028
1,028
R1,027
1,027
1,025
R1,023
E1,023
1,035
1,035
1,035
1,035
1,032
1,031
1,026
1,023
1,029
1,034
1,035
1,035
1,035
1,036
1,030
1,035
1,038
1,034
1,032
1,028
31,028
1,027
1,025
1,025
1,025
1,025
1,021
1,020
1,020
1,024
1,022
1,021
1,026
1,020
1,025
1,027
1,028
1,028
1,027
1,027
1,025
1,022
P1,021
1,035
1,035
1,035
1,035
1,032
1,031
1,021
1,020
1,021
1,019
1,021
1,026
1,027
1,028
1,031
1,031
1,032
1,030
1,031
1,029
1,031
1,029
1,030
1,030
1,027
1,028
1,026
1,026
1,026
1,031
1,027
1,025
1,028
R1,024
1,028
1,026
1,028
1,028
R1,027
1,027
1,025
R1,023
E1,022
1,035
1,035
1,032
1,031
1,026
1,025
1,026
1,030
1,037
1,022
1,014
1,018
1,024
1,005
1,002
997
999
1,002
1,004
1,012
1,014
1,011
1,020
1,022
1,021
1,022
1,023
1,023
1,022
1,023
1,023
1,022
1,025
1,025
1,025
1,025
1,025
1,025
1,025
1,025
E1,025
1,035
1,035
1,035
1,035
1,032
1,031
1,014
1,013
1,013
1,013
1,013
1,013
1,011
1,011
1,010
1,010
1,011
1,008
1,011
1,018
1,019
1,018
1,022
1,018
1,016
1,011
1,011
1,011
1,011
1,011
1,006
1,006
1,010
1,008
1,009
1,009
1,009
1,009
1,009
1,009
1,009
1,009
E1,009
Consumption factors are for natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.
Residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors.
Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whose
R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. =Not applicable.
2
3
324
beginning in 1949.
Table A5. Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Million Btu per Short Ton)
Coal
Coal Coke
Consumption
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011P
Production
24.916
25.090
25.201
24.906
24.775
23.842
22.897
22.855
22.597
22.248
22.454
22.415
22.308
22.239
22.052
22.010
21.870
21.913
21.922
21.823
21.765
21.822
21.681
21.682
21.418
21.394
21.326
21.322
21.296
21.418
21.070
21.072
120.772
20.673
20.499
20.424
20.348
20.310
20.340
20.208
R19.963
R20.173
20.136
Waste Coal
Supplied 2
Residential
and Commercial
Sectors
Industrial Sector
Coke Plants
Other
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
210.391
9.303
10.758
10.396
10.638
11.097
11.722
12.147
12.158
12.639
12.552
12.360
12.169
12.165
12.360
12.266
12.093
12.080
12.090
12.121
R12.076
R11.960
11.604
24.263
24.461
24.373
24.226
24.028
23.203
22.261
22.774
22.919
22.466
22.242
22.543
22.474
22.695
22.775
22.844
22.646
22.947
23.404
23.571
23.650
23.137
23.114
23.105
22.994
23.112
23.118
23.011
22.494
21.620
23.880
25.020
24.909
22.962
22.242
22.324
22.342
22.066
22.069
21.887
22.059
R21.826
20.724
26.797
26.798
26.794
26.791
26.787
26.784
26.782
26.781
26.787
26.789
26.788
26.790
26.794
26.797
26.798
26.799
26.798
26.798
26.799
26.799
26.800
26.799
26.799
26.799
26.800
26.800
26.800
26.800
26.800
27.426
27.426
27.426
27.426
27.426
27.425
27.426
26.279
26.271
26.329
26.281
26.334
26.296
26.300
24.612
24.820
24.821
24.609
24.385
22.983
22.436
22.530
22.322
22.207
22.452
22.690
22.585
22.712
22.691
22.543
22.020
22.198
22.381
22.360
22.347
22.457
22.460
22.250
22.123
22.068
21.950
22.105
22.172
23.164
22.489
22.433
22.622
22.562
22.468
22.473
22.178
22.050
22.371
22.348
21.893
R21.005
20.588
1 Beginning in 2001, includes a small amount of refuse recovery (coal recaptured from a refuse mine,
and cleaned to reduce the concentration of noncombustible materials).
2 Waste coal (including fine coal, coal obtained from a refuse bank or slurry dam, anthracite culm,
bituminous gob, and lignite waste) consumed by the electric power and industrial sectors. Beginning in
1989, waste coal supplied is counted as a supply-side item to balance the same amount of waste coal
included in "Consumption."
3 Includes transportation. Excludes coal synfuel plants.
Electric
Power
Sector 4,5
Total
Imports
Exports
Imports
and
Exports
23.761
23.937
24.056
23.927
23.780
22.573
21.642
21.679
21.508
21.275
21.364
21.295
21.085
21.194
21.133
21.101
20.959
21.084
21.136
20.900
420.898
20.779
20.730
20.709
20.677
20.589
20.543
20.547
20.518
20.516
20.490
20.511
20.337
20.238
20.082
19.980
19.988
19.931
19.909
19.713
19.521
R19.623
19.370
24.793
24.989
24.982
24.713
24.537
23.440
22.506
22.498
22.265
22.017
22.100
21.947
21.713
21.674
21.576
21.573
21.366
21.462
21.517
21.328
21.307
21.197
21.120
21.068
21.010
20.929
20.880
20.870
20.830
20.881
20.818
20.828
20.671
20.541
20.387
20.290
20.246
20.181
20.168
19.977
19.742
R19.832
19.583
25.000
25.020
25.000
25.003
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
25.000
26.759
26.788
26.907
26.939
26.973
26.982
26.562
26.601
26.548
26.478
26.548
26.384
26.160
26.223
26.291
26.402
26.307
26.292
26.291
26.299
26.160
26.202
26.188
26.161
26.335
26.329
26.180
26.174
26.251
26.800
26.081
26.117
25.998
26.062
25.972
26.108
25.494
25.453
25.466
25.399
25.633
25.713
25.645
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
24.800
5 Electric power sector factors are for anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste
coal, and, beginning in 1998, coal synfuel.
beginning in 1949.
325
Table A6. Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity, and Heat Content of Electricity, Selected Years, 1949-2011
(Btu per Kilowatthour)
Approximate Heat Rates 1 for Electricity Net Generation
Fossil Fuels 2
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
1
Coal 3
Petroleum 4
Natural Gas 5
Total Fossil Fuels 6,7
Nuclear 8
Noncombustible
Renewable
Energy 7,9
Heat Content 10 of
Electricity 11
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
10,378
10,314
10,297
10,331
10,373
10,351
10,375
10,378
10,414
10,415
E10,415
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
10,742
10,641
10,610
10,571
10,631
10,809
10,794
11,015
10,923
10,984
E10,984
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
10,051
9,533
9,207
8,647
8,551
8,471
8,403
8,305
8,160
8,185
E8,185
15,033
14,030
11,699
10,760
10,453
10,494
10,406
10,373
10,435
10,361
10,353
10,388
10,453
10,454
10,520
10,440
10,447
10,446
10,419
10,324
10,432
10,402
10,436
10,342
10,309
10,316
10,312
10,340
10,213
10,197
10,226
10,201
10,333
10,173
10,241
10,022
9,999
9,919
9,884
9,854
9,760
R9,756
E9,756
11,629
11,804
10,977
11,013
11,047
10,769
10,941
10,879
10,908
11,030
11,073
10,905
10,843
10,622
10,579
10,442
10,602
10,583
10,582
10,484
10,471
10,504
10,452
10,507
10,503
10,494
10,491
10,450
10,429
10,443
10,442
10,421
10,427
10,436
10,436
10,485
10,453
10,460
R10,452
E10,452
15,033
14,030
11,699
10,760
10,453
10,494
10,406
10,373
10,435
10,361
10,353
10,388
10,453
10,454
10,520
10,440
10,447
10,446
10,419
10,324
10,432
10,402
10,436
10,342
10,309
10,316
10,312
10,340
10,213
10,197
10,226
10,201
10,333
10,173
10,241
10,022
9,999
9,919
9,884
9,854
9,760
R9,756
E9,756
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
3,412
The values in columns 1-6 of this table are for net heat rates. See "Heat Rate" in Glossary.
Through 2000, heat rates are for fossil-fueled steam-electric plants at electric utilities. Beginning in
2001, heat rates are for all fossil-fueled plants at electric utilities and electricity-only independent power
producers.
3 Includes anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, and, beginning in 2002, waste coal
and coal synfuel.
4 Includes distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, jet fuel, kerosene, petroleum coke, and waste oil.
5 Includes natural gas and supplemental gaseous fuels.
6 Includes coal, petroleum, natural gas, and, beginning in 2001, other gases (blast furnace gas, propane
gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels).
7 The fossil-fuels heat rate is used as the thermal conversion factor for electricity net generation from
noncombustible renewable energy (hydro, geothermal, solar thermal, photovoltaic, and wind) to
approximate the quantity of fossil fuels replaced by these sources. Through 2000, also used as the thermal
2
326
conversion factor for wood and waste electricity net generation at electric utilities; beginning in 2001, Btu
data for wood and waste at electric utilities are available from surveys.
8 Used as the thermal conversion factor for nuclear electricity net generation.
9 Technology-based geothermal heat rates are no longer used in Btu calculations in this report. For
technology-based geothermal heat rates for 19602010, see the Annual Energy Review 2010, Table A6.
10 See "Heat Content" in Glossary.
11 The value of 3,412 Btu per kilowatthour is a constant. It is used as the thermal conversion factor for
electricity retail sales, and electricity imports and exports.
R=Revised. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. =Not applicable.
beginning in 1949.
Sources: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows this table.
Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation

Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum
and Natural Gas Plant Liquids
Asphalt. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) adopted the thermal
conversion factor of 6.636 million British thermal units (Btu) per barrel as estimated
by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual,
1956.
Aviation Gasoline. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.048 million Btu
per barrel as adopted by the Bureau of Mines from the Texas Eastern Transmission
Corporation publication Competition and Growth in American Energy Markets
19471985, a 1968 release of historical and projected statistics.
Butane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 4.326
million Btu per barrel as published in the California Oil World and Petroleum
Industry, First Issue, April 1942.
Butane-Propane Mixture. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines calculation of 4.130
million Btu per barrel based on an assumed mixture of 60 percent butane and 40
percent propane. See Butane and Propane.
Crude Oil Exports. Assumed by EIA to be 5.800 million Btu per barrel or equal to
the thermal conversion factor for crude oil produced in the United States. See
Crude Oil Production.
Crude Oil Imports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal
conversion factors for each type of crude oil imported weighted by the quantities
imported. Thermal conversion factors for each type were calculated on a foreign
country basis, by determining the average American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity of crude oil imported from each foreign country from Form ERA-60 in 1977 and
converting average API gravity to average Btu content by using National Bureau of
Standards, Miscellaneous Publication No. 97, Thermal Properties of Petroleum
Products, 1933.
Crude Oil Production. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.800 million
Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, Bureau of
Mines Standard Average Heating Values of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.
Distillate Fuel Oil. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of
5.825 million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of Mines internal
memorandum, Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values of Various

Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.
Ethane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 3.082
Ethane-Propane Mixture. EIA calculation of 3.308 million Btu per barrel based
on an assumed mixture of 70 percent ethane and 30 percent propane. See Ethane
and Propane.
Isobutane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 3.974
Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor
of 5.670 million Btu per barrel for Jet Fuel, Commercial as published by the Texas
Eastern Transmission Corporation in the report Competition and Growth in American Energy Markets 19471985, a 1968 release of historical and projected statistics.
Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor
of 5.355 million Btu per barrel for Jet Fuel, Military as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in the report Competition and Growth in American
Energy Markets 19471985, a 1968 release of historical and projected statistics.
Kerosene. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.670
million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of Mines internal memorandum,
Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values of Various Fuels, Adopted
January 3, 1950.
Liquefied Petroleum Gases Consumption. 19491966: U.S. Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products, 1956, Table 4 footnote, constant value of 4.011 million Btu per
barrel. 1967 forward: Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal
conversion factors for all liquefied petroleum gases consumed (see Table A1)
weighted by the quantities consumed. The component products of liquefied petroleum gases are ethane (including ethylene), propane (including propylene), normal
butane (including butylene), butane-propane mixtures, ethane-propane mixtures,
and isobutane. For 19671980, quantities consumed are from EIA, Energy Data
Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual, Table 1. For 1981 forward, quantities
consumed are from EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, Table 2.
327
Lubricants. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.065 million Btu per
barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the Petroleum
Statement, Annual, 1956.
Miscellaneous Products. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.796
million Btu per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the
Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.
Motor Gasoline Consumption. 19491993: EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines
thermal conversion factor of 5.253 million Btu per barrel for Gasoline, Motor
Fuel as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in Appendix V
of Competition and Growth in American Energy Markets 19471985, a 1968
release of historical and projected statistics. 1994 forward: EIA calculated
national annual quantity-weighted average conversion factors for conventional,
reformulated, and oxygenated motor gasolines (see Table A3). The factor for
conventional motor gasoline is 5.253 million Btu per barrel, as used for previous
years. The factors for reformulated and oxygenated gasolines, both currently 5.150
million Btu per barrel, are based on data published in Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Mobile Sources, National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory report EPA 420-F-95-003, Fuel Economy Impact Analysis of Reformulated
Gasoline. See Fuel Ethanol (Denatured).
Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for each natural gas plant liquid produced
weighted by the quantities produced.
Natural Gasoline. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 4.620 million Btu
per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the Petroleum
Statement, Annual, 1956.
Pentanes Plus. EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor to be 4.620 million Btu
or equal to that for natural gasoline. See Natural Gasoline.
Petrochemical Feedstocks, Naphtha less than 401 F. Assumed by EIA to be
5.248 million Btu per barrel or equal to the thermal conversion factor for special
naphthas. See Special Naphthas.
Petrochemical Feedstocks, Other Oils equal to or greater than 401 F. Assumed
by EIA to be 5.825 million Btu per barrel or equal to the thermal conversion factor
for distillate fuel oil. See Distillate Fuel Oil.
Petrochemical Feedstocks, Still Gas. Assumed by EIA to be 6.000 million Btu per
barrel or equal to the thermal conversion factor for still gas. See Still Gas.
328
Petroleum Coke. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.024 million Btu
per barrel as reported in Btu per short ton in the Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values of Various Fuels,
Adopted January 3, 1950. The Bureau of Mines calculated this factor by dividing
30.120 million Btu per short ton, as given in the referenced Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, by 5.0 barrels per short ton, as given in the Bureau of Mines
Form 6-1300-M and successor EIA forms.
Petroleum Consumption, Commercial Sector. Calculated annually by EIA as the
average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed by
the commercial sector weighted by the estimated quantities consumed by the
commercial sector. The quantities of petroleum products consumed by the commercial sector are estimated in the State Energy Data Systemsee documentation at
http://www.eia.gov/emeu/states/sep_use/notes/use_petrol.pdf.
Petroleum Consumption, Electric Power Sector. Calculated annually by EIA as
the average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed
by the electric power sector weighted by the quantities consumed by the electric
power sector. Data are from Form EIA-923, Power Plant Operations Report, and
predecessor forms.
Petroleum Consumption, Industrial Sector. Calculated annually by EIA as the
the industrial sector weighted by the estimated quantities consumed by the industrial
sector. The quantities of petroleum products consumed by the industrial sector are
estimated in the State Energy Data Systemsee documentation at
Petroleum Consumption, Residential Sector. Calculated annually by EIA as the
the residential sector weighted by the estimated quantities consumed by the residential sector. The quantities of petroleum products consumed by the residential sector
are estimated in the State Energy Data Systemsee documentation at
Petroleum Consumption, Total. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the
thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed weighted by the
quantities consumed.
Petroleum Consumption, Transportation Sector. Calculated annually by EIA as
the average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed
by the transportation sector weighted by the estimated quantities consumed by the
transportation sector. The quantities of petroleum products consumed by the
transportation sector are estimated in the State Energy Data Systemsee documentation at http://www.eia.gov/emeu/states/sep_use/notes/use_petrol.pdf.
Petroleum Products Exports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the
thermal conversion factors for each petroleum product exported weighted by the
quantities exported.
Petroleum Products Imports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the
thermal conversion factors for each petroleum product imported weighted by the
quantities imported.
Unfinished Oils. EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor to be 5.825 million
Btu per barrel or equal to that for distillate fuel oil (see Distillate Fuel Oil) and first
published it in EIAs Annual Report to Congress, Volume 3, 1977.
Unfractionated Stream. EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor to be 5.418
million Btu per barrel or equal to that for plant condensate (see Plant Condensate)
and first published it in EIAs Annual Report to Congress, Volume 2, 1981.
Waxes. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.537 million Btu per barrel
as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the Petroleum Statement,
Annual, 1956.
Plant Condensate. Estimated to be 5.418 million Btu per barrel by EIA from data
provided by McClanahan Consultants, Inc., Houston, Texas.
Approximate Heat Content of Biofuels
Propane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 3.836
Biodiesel. EIA estimated the thermal conversion factor for biodiesel to be 5.359
million Btu per barrel, or 17,253 Btu per pound.
Residual Fuel Oil. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.287 million Btu
per barrel as reported in the Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, Bureau of
Mines Standard Average Heating Values of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3,
1950.
Road Oil. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 6.636
million Btu per barrel, which was assumed to be equal to that of asphalt (see
Asphalt) and was first published by the Bureau of Mines in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1970.
Special Naphthas. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of
5.248 million Btu per barrel, which was assumed to be equal to that of the total
gasoline (aviation and motor) factor and was first published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1970.
Still Gas. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines estimated thermal conversion factor of
6.000 million Btu per barrel, first published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1970.
Total Petroleum Exports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for crude oil and each petroleum product exported weighted by
the quantities exported. See Crude Oil Exports and Petroleum Products Exports.
Total Petroleum Imports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for each type of crude oil and petroleum product imported
weighted by the quantities imported. See Crude Oil Imports and Petroleum Products Imports.
Biodiesel Feedstock. EIA used soybean oil input to the production of biodiesel
(million Btu soybean oil per barrel biodiesel) as the factor to estimate total biomass
inputs to the production of biodiesel. EIA assumed that 7.65 pounds of soybean oil
are needed to produce one gallon of biodiesel, and 5.433 million Btu of soybean oil
are needed to produce one barrel of biodiesel. EIA also assumed that soybean oil has
a gross heat content of 16,909 Btu per pound, or 5.483 million Btu per barrel.
Ethanol (Undenatured). EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 3.539
million Btu per barrel published in Oxygenate Flexibility for Future Fuels, a
paper presented by William J. Piel of the ARCO Chemical Company at the National
Conference on Reformulated Gasolines and Clean Air Act Implementation, Washington, D.C., October 1991.
Fuel Ethanol (Denatured). 19812008: EIA used the 2009 factor. 2009
forward: Calculated by EIA as the annual quantity-weighted average of the thermal
conversion factors for undenatured ethanol (3.539 million Btu per barrel), pentanes
plus used as denaturant (4.620 million Btu per barrel), and conventional motor
gasoline used as denaturant (5.253 million Btu per barrel). The quantity of ethanol
consumed is from EIAs Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA) and Petroleum Supply
Monthly (PSM), Table 1, data for renewable fuels and oxygenate plant net production of fuel ethanol. The quantity of pentanes plus used as denaturant is from
PSA/PSM, Table 1, data for renewable fuels and oxygenate plant net production of
pentanes plus, multiplied by -1. The quantity of conventional motor gasoline and
motor gasoline blending components used as denaturant is from PSA/PSM, Table 1,
data for renewable fuels and oxygenate plant net production of conventional motor
gasoline and motor gasoline blending components, multiplied by -1.
329
Fuel Ethanol Feedstock. EIA used corn input to the production of undenatured
ethanol (million Btu corn per barrel undenatured ethanol) as the annual factor to
estimate total biomass inputs to the production of undenatured ethanol. U.S.
Department of Agriculture observed ethanol yields (gallons undenatured ethanol
per bushel of corn) were 2.5 in 1980, 2.666 in 1998, 2.68 in 2002, and 2.764 in
2009; EIA estimated the ethanol yields in other years. EIA also assumed thatcorn has a gross heat content of 0.392 million Btu per bushel.
Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas
Natural Gas Consumption, Electric Power Sector. Calculated annually by EIA

by dividing the heat content of natural gas consumed by the electric power sector by
the quantity consumed. Data are from Form EIA-923, Power Plant Operations
Report, and predecessor forms.
Natural Gas Consumption, End-Use Sectors. Calculated annually by EIA by
dividing the heat content of natural gas consumed by the end-use sectors
(residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation) by the quantity consumed.
Data are from Form EIA-176, Annual Report of Natural and Supplemental Gas
Supply and Disposition.
Natural Gas Consumption, Total. 19491962: EIA adopted the thermal
conversion factor of 1,035 Btu per cubic foot as estimated by the Bureau of Mines
and first published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956. 19631979: EIA
adopted the thermal conversion factor calculated annually by the American Gas Association (AGA) and published in Gas Facts, an AGA annual publication. 1980
forward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the total heat content of natural gas
consumed by the total quantity consumed.
Natural Gas Exports. 19491972: Assumed by EIA to be equal to the thermal
conversion factor for dry natural gas consumed (see Natural Gas Consumption,
Total). 1973 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of
natural gas exported by the quantity exported. For 19731995, data are from Form
FPC-14, Annual Report for Importers and Exporters of Natural Gas. Beginning in
1996, data are from U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, Natural
Gas Imports and Exports.
Natural Gas Imports. 19491972: Assumed by EIA to be equal to the thermal
conversion factor for dry natural gas consumed (see Natural Gas Consumption,
Total). 1973 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat
content of natural gas imported by the quantity imported. For 19731995, data
330
are from Form FPC-14, Annual Report for Importers and Exporters of Natural
Gas. Beginning in 1996, data are from U.S. Department of Energy, Office of
Fossil Energy, Natural Gas Imports and Exports.
Natural Gas Production, Dry. Assumed by EIA to be equal to the thermal conversion factor for dry natural gas consumed. See Natural Gas Consumption, Total.
Natural Gas Production, Marketed. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the
heat content of dry natural gas produced (see Natural Gas Production, Dry) and
natural gas plant liquids produced (see Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production)
by the total quantity of marketed natural gas produced.
Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke
Coal Coke Imports and Exports. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines estimate of
24.800 million Btu per short ton.
Coal Consumption, Electric Power Sector. Calculated annually by EIA by
dividing the heat content of coal consumed by the electric power sector by the
quantity consumed. Data are from Form EIA-923, Power Plant Operations
Coal Consumption, Industrial Sector, Coke Plants. Calculated annually by EIA
by dividing the heat content of coal consumed by coke plants by the quantity
consumed. Data are from Form EIA-5, Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality
ReportCoke Plants.
Coal Consumption, Industrial Sector, Other. Calculated annually by EIA by
dividing the heat content of coal consumed by manufacturing plants by the quantity
consumed. Data are from Form EIA-3, Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality
ReportManufacturing Plants.
Coal Consumption, Residential and Commercial Sectors. Calculated annually by
EIA by dividing the heat content of coal consumed by the residential and commercial sectors by the quantity consumed. Through 1999, data are from Form EIA-6,
Coal Distribution Report. Beginning in 2000, data are for commercial combinedheat-and-power (CHP) plants from Form EIA-923, Power Plant Operations
Coal Consumption, Total. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the total heat
content of coal consumed by all sectors by the total quantity consumed.
Coal Exports. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of steam
coal and metallurgical coal exported by the quantity exported. Data are from U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Monthly Report EM 545.
Coal Imports. 19491963: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat
content of coal imported by the quantity imported. 1963 forward: Assumed by
EIA to be 25.000 million Btu per short ton.
Coal Production. Calculated annually by EIA to balance the heat content of coal
supply (production and imports) and the heat content of coal disposition (exports,
stock change, and consumption).
Waste Coal Supplied. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the total heat content
of waste coal supplied by the quantity supplied. For 19891997, data are from
Form EIA-867, Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report. For 19982000,
data are from Form EIA-860B, Annual Electric Generator ReportNonutility.
For 2001 forward, data are from Form EIA-3, Quarterly Coal Consumption and
Quality ReportManufacturing Plants; Form EIA-923, Power Plant Operations
Report; and predecessor forms.
Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity

Electricity Net Generation, Coal. 2001 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by
using fuel consumption and net generation data reported on Form EIA-923, "Power
Plant Operations Report," and predecessor forms. The computation includes data for
all electric utilities and electricity-only independent power producers using anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, and beginning in 2002, waste
coal and coal synfuel.
Electricity Net Generation, Natural Gas. 2001 forward: Calculated annually by
EIA by using fuel consumption and net generation data reported on Form EIA-923,
Power Plant Operations Report, and predecessor forms. The computation
includes data for all electric utilities and electricity-only independent power producers using natural gas and supplemental gaseous fuels.
Electricity Net Generation, Noncombustible Renewable Energy. There is no
generally accepted practice for measuring the thermal conversion rates for power
plants that generate electricity from hydro, geothermal, solar thermal, photovoltaic,
and wind energy sources. Therefore, EIA calculates a rate factor that is equal to the
annual average heat rate factor for fossil-fueled power plants in the United States.
(see Electricity Net Generation, Total Fossil Fuels). By using that factor it is
possible to evaluate fossil fuel requirements for replacing those sources during periods of interruption, such as droughts.
Electricity Net Generation, Nuclear. 19571984: Calculated annually by
dividing the total heat content consumed in nuclear generating units by the total
(net) electricity generated by nuclear generating units. The heat content and electricity generation were reported on Form FERC-1, Annual Report of Major Electric Utilities, Licensees, and Others; Form EIA-412, Annual Report of Public
Electric Utilities; and predecessor forms. For 1982, the factors were published in
EIA, Historical Plant Cost and Annual Production Expenses for Selected Electric
Plants 1982, page 215. For 1983 and 1984, the factors were published in EIA,
Electric Plant Cost and Power Production Expenses 1991, Table 13. 1985
forward: Calculated annually by EIA by using the heat rate data reported on Form
EIA-860, Annual Electric Generator Report, and predecessor forms.
Electricity Net Generation, Petroleum. 2001 forward: Calculated annually by
EIA by using fuel consumption and net generation data reported on Form EIA-923,
Power Plant Operations Report, and predecessor forms. The computation includes
data for all electric utilities and electricity-only independent power producers using
distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, jet fuel, kerosene, petroleum coke, and waste oil.
Electricity Net Generation, Total Fossil Fuels. 19491955: The weighted annual
average heat rate for fossil-fueled steam-electric power plants in the United States, as
published by EIA in Thermal-Electric Plant Construction Cost and Annual
Production Expenses1981 and Steam-Electric Plant Construction Cost and
Annual Production Expenses1978. 19561988: The weighted annual average heat rate for fossil-fueled steam-electric power plants in the United States, as
published in EIA, Electric Plant Cost and Power Production Expenses 1991,
Table 9. 19892000: Calculated annually by EIA by using heat rate data
reported on Form EIA-860, Annual Electric Generator Report, and predecessor
forms; and net generation data reported on Form EIA-759, Monthly Power Plant
Report. The computation includes data for all electric utility steam-electric plants
using fossil fuels. 2001 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by using fuel
consumption and net generation data reported on Form EIA-923, Power Plant
Operations Report, and predecessor forms. The computation includes data for all
electric utilities and electricity-only independent power producers using coal, petroleum, natural gas, and other gases (blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels).
331
Appendix B. Metric Conversion Factors, Metric Prefixes,

and Other Physical Conversion Factors
Data presented in the Annual Energy Review and in other U.S. Energy Information Administration publications are expressed predominately in units that
historically have been used in the United States, such as British thermal units,
barrels, cubic feet, and short tons.
The metric conversion factors presented in Table B1 can be used to calculate
the metric-unit equivalents of values expressed in U.S. customary units. For
example, 500 short tons are the equivalent of 453.6 metric tons (500 short tons
x 0.9071847 metric tons/short ton = 453.6 metric tons).
In the metric system of weights and measures, the names of multiples and subdivisions of any unit may be derived by combining the name of the unit with prefixes,
such as deka, hecto, and kilo, meaning, respectively, 10, 100, 1,000, and deci, centi,
and milli, meaning, respectively, one-tenth, one-hundredth, and one-thousandth.
Common metric prefixes can be found in Table B2.
The conversion factors presented in Table B3 can be used to calculate equivalents in
various physical units commonly used in energy analyses. For example, 10 barrels
are the equivalent of 420 U.S. gallons (10 barrels x 42 gallons/barrel = 420 gallons).
333
Table B1. Metric Conversion Factors

Type of Unit
U.S. Unit
Equivalent in Metric Units
Mass
1 short ton (2,000 lb)

1 long ton
1 pound (lb)
1 pound uranium oxide (lb U3O8)
1 ounce, avoirdupois (avdp oz)
=
=
=
=
=
0.907 184 7
1.016 047
0.453 592 37a
0.384 647b
28.349 52
metric tons (t)

metric tons (t)
kilograms (kg)
kilograms uranium (kgU)
grams (g)
Volume
1 barrel of oil (bbl)

1 cubic yard (yd3)
1 cubic foot (ft3)
1 U.S. gallon (gal)
1 ounce, fluid (fl oz)
1 cubic inch (in3)
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.158 987 3
0.764 555
0.028 316 85
3.785 412
29.573 53
16.387 06
cubic meters (m3)

cubic meters (m3)
cubic meters (m3)
liters (L)
milliliters (mL)
milliliters (mL)
Length
1 mile (mi)
1 yard (yd)
1 foot (ft)
1 inch (in)
=
=
=
=
1.609 344a
0.914 4a
0.304 8a
2.54a
kilometers (km)
meters (m)
meters (m)
centimeters (cm)
Area
1 acre
1 square mile (mi2)
1 square yard (yd2)
1 square foot (ft2)
1 square inch (in2)
=
=
=
=
=
0.404 69
2.589 988
0.836 127 4
0.092 903 04a
6.451 6a
hectares (ha)
square kilometers (km2)
square meters (m2)
square meters (m2)
square centimeters (cm2)
Energy
1 British thermal unit (Btu)c

1 calorie (cal)
1 kilowatthour (kWh)
=
=
=
1,055.055 852 62a

4.186 8a
3.6a
Temperatured
32 degrees Fahrenheit (F)

212 degrees Fahrenheit (F)
=
=
0a
100a
joules (J)
joules (J)
megajoules (MJ)
degrees Celsius (C)
degrees Celsius (C)
Exact conversion.
Calculated by the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
c
The Btu used in this table is the International Table Btu adopted by the Fifth International Conference on Properties of Steam, London, 1956.
d
To convert degrees Fahrenheit (F) to degrees Celsius (C) exactly, subtract 32, then multiply by 5/9.
Notes: Spaces have been inserted after every third digit to the right of the decimal for ease of reading. Most metric units belong to the
International System of Units (SI), and the liter, hectare, and metric ton are accepted for use with the SI units. For more information about the SI
units, see http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/index.html.
Sources: General Services Administration, Federal Standard 376B, Preferred Metric Units for General Use by the Federal Government
(Washington, DC, January 1993), pp. 9-11, 13, and 16. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Special Publications 330, 811, and 814. American National Standards Institute/Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, ANSI/IEEE Std
268-1992, pp. 28 and 29.
b
334
Table B2. Metric Prefixes

Unit Multiple
101
2
Prefix
Symbol
deka
da
Unit Subdivision
10-1
-2
Prefix
Symbol
deci
10
hecto
10
centi
103
kilo
10-3
milli
106
mega
10-6
micro
109
1012
giga
tera
G
T
10-9
10-12
nano
pico
n
p
1015
peta
10-15
femto
exa
10-18
atto
-21
18
10
21
10
zetta
10
zepto
1024
yotta
10-24
yocto

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, The International System of Units (SI), NIST
Special Publication 330, 1991 Edition (Washington, DC, August 1991), p.10.
Table B3. Other Physical Conversion Factors

Energy Source
Original Unit
Equiv alent in Final Units
Petroleum
1 barrel (bbl)
42a
Coal
1 short ton
1 long ton
1 metric ton (t)
=
=
=
2,000a
2,240a
1,000a
pounds (lb)
pounds (lb)
kilograms (kg)
Wood
1 cord (cd)
1 cord (cd)
=
=
1.25b
128a
shorts tons
cubic feet (ft3)
U.S. gallons (gal)
Exact conversion.
Calculated by the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices, NIST Handbook 44, 1994 Edition (Washington, DC, October 1993), pp. B-10, C-17
and C-21.
b
335
Appendix C
Figure C1. U.S. Census Regions and Divisions
Note: Map not to scale.

Web Page: See www.census.gov/geo/www/us_regdiv.pdf.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
337
Appendix D
Table D1. Population, U.S. Gross Domestic Product, and Implicit Price Deflator, Selected Years, 1949-2011
Population
United States
Year
1949
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
1
World
Million People
149.2
152.3
165.9
180.7
194.3
205.1
216.0
218.0
220.2
222.6
225.1
227.2
229.5
231.7
233.8
235.8
237.9
240.1
242.3
244.5
246.8
249.6
253.0
256.5
259.9
263.1
266.3
269.4
272.6
275.9
279.0
282.2
285.0
R287.6
R290.1
R292.8
R295.5
298.4
R301.2
R304.1
R306.8
R309.3
311.6
NA
2,556.5
2,781.2
3,042.4
R3,350.3
3,713.0
R4,090.6
R4,161.9
R4,233.9
R4,306.1
R4,381.1
R4,453.5
R4,536.3
R4,616.4
R4,697.6
R4,777.8
R4,859.5
R4,943.4
R5,029.9
R5,117.0
R5,203.7
R5,291.1
R5,374.1
R5,459.0
R5,541.4
R5,622.4
R5,703.5
R5,783.8
R5,862.7
R5,940.6
R6,017.9
R6,094.7
R6,171.9
R6,249.1
R6,325.7
R6,402.7
R6,480.0
R6,558.1
R6,636.8
R6,715.2
R6,792.9
R6,868.5
6,946.0
U.S. Gross Domestic Product

United States
as Share of World
Percent
Billion
Nominal Dollars
NA
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.5
5.3
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.0
5.0
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
R4.5
R4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
267.2
293.7
414.7
526.4
719.1
1,038.3
1,637.7
1,824.6
2,030.1
2,293.8
2,562.2
2,788.1
3,126.8
3,253.2
3,534.6
3,930.9
4,217.5
4,460.1
4,736.4
5,100.4
5,482.1
5,800.5
5,992.1
6,342.3
6,667.4
7,085.2
7,414.7
7,838.5
8,332.4
8,793.5
9,353.5
9,951.5
10,286.2
10,642.3
R11,142.2
R11,853.3
R12,623.0
R13,377.2
R14,028.7
R14,291.5
R13,939.0
R14,526.5
15,094.0
Resident population of the 50 States and the District of Columbia estimated for July 1 of each year.
In chained (2005) dollars. See "Chained Dollars" in Glossary.
4 The gross domestic product implicit price deflator is used to convert nominal dollars to chained (2005)
dollars.
Web Pages: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/#appendices for all data beginning in
1949. For related information, see http://www.census.gov/ and http://www.bea.gov/.
Sources: U.S. Population: 1949-1989U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC), U.S. Bureau of the
2
3
Billion
Real (2005) Dollars
Implicit Price Deflator

(2005 = 1.00000)
R1,843.1
R0.14499
R2,004.2
R.14656
R2,498.2
R.16601
R2,828.5
R.18612
R3,607.0
R.19936
R4,266.3
R.24338
R4,875.4
R.33591
R5,136.9
R.35519
R5,373.1
R.37783
R5,672.8
R.40435
R5,850.1
R.43798
R5,834.0
R.47791
R5,982.1
R.52270
R5,865.9
R.55459
R6,130.9
R.57652
R6,571.5
R.59817
R6,843.4
R.61628
R7,080.5
R.62991
R7,307.0
R.64819
R7,607.4
R.67046
R7,879.2
R.69577
R8,027.1
R.72262
R8,008.3
R.74824
R8,280.0
R.76598
R8,516.2
R.78290
R8,863.1
R.79940
R9,086.0
R.81606
R9,425.8
R.83159
R9,845.9
R.84628
R10,274.7
R.85584
R10,770.7
R.86842
R11,216.4
R.88723
R11,337.5
R.90727
R11,543.1
R.92196
R11,836.4
R.94135
R12,246.9
R12,623.0
R.96786
1.00000
R12,958.5
R1.03231
R13,206.4
R1.06227
R13,161.9
R1.08582
R12,703.1
R1.09729
R13,088.0
R1.10992
13,315.1
1.13361
Census, Current Population Reports Series P-25 (release date: June 2000). 1990-1999DOC, U.S.
Bureau of the Census, "Time Series of Intercensal State Population Estimates" (release date: April 11,
2002). 2000-2009DOC, U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Intercensal Estimates of the Resident Population
for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico" (release date: September 2011). 2010 and
2011DOC, U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United
States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico" (release date: December 2011). World Population: 1950
forwardDOC, U.S. Bureau of the Census, International Database (release date: March 29, 2012). U.S.
Gross Domestic Product: 1949 forwardDOC, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and
Product Accounts (release date: March 29, 2012), Tables 1.1.5, 1.1.6, and 1.1.9.
339
Appendix E
Table E1. Estimated Primary Energy Consumption in the United States, Selected Years, 1635-1945
(Quadrillion Btu)
Fossil Fuels
Year
1635
1645
1655
1665
1675
1685
1695
1705
1715
1725
1735
1745
1755
1765
1775
1785
1795
1805
1815
1825
1835
1845
1850
1855
1860
1865
1870
1875
1880
1885
1890
1895
1900
1905
1910
1915
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1945
Renewable Energy
Coal
Natural
Gas
Petroleum
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.219
.421
.518
.632
1.048
1.440
2.054
2.840
4.062
4.950
6.841
10.001
12.714
13.294
15.504
14.706
13.639
10.634
12.535
15.972
0.082
.257
.147
.252
.372
.540
.673
.813
1.191
1.932
1.919
2.665
3.871
0.003
.010
.011
.011
.096
.040
.156
.168
.229
.610
1.007
1.418
2.676
4.280
5.897
5.675
7.760
10.110
Biomass
Total
Conventional
Hydroelectric
Power
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.219
.421
.521
.642
1.059
1.451
2.150
2.962
4.475
5.265
7.322
10.983
14.261
15.385
18.993
20.177
21.468
18.228
22.960
29.953
0.022
.090
.250
.386
.539
.659
.738
.668
.752
.806
.880
1.442
(s)
0.001
.002
.005
.007
.009
.014
.022
.037
.056
.080
.112
.155
.200
.249
.310
.402
.537
.714
.960
1.305
1.757
2.138
2.389
2.641
2.767
2.893
2.872
2.851
2.683
2.515
2.306
2.015
1.843
1.765
1.688
1.610
1.533
1.455
1.397
1.358
11.261
1 There is a discontinuity in the "Wood" time series between 1945 and 1949. Through 1945, data are for
fuelwood only; beginning in 1949, data are for wood and wood-derived fuels (see Table 10.1).
NA=Not available. =Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.0005 quadrillion Btu.
Notes: For years not shown, there are no data available. See Tables 1.3 and 10.1 for continuation
of these data series from 1949 forward. See Note, "Geographic Coverage of Statistics for 16351945,"
at end of section.
Sources: Coal, Natural Gas, and Petroleum: Energy in the American Economy, 1850-1975, Table VII.
Conventional Hydroelectric Power: Energy in the American Economy, 1850-1975, Table II. Wood:
1635-1845: U.S. Department of Agriculture Circular No. 641, Fuel Wood Used in the United States
Wood
Total
Electricity
Net
Imports
Total
(s)
0.001
.002
.005
.007
.009
.014
.022
.037
.056
.080
.112
.155
.200
.249
.310
.402
.537
.714
.960
1.305
1.757
2.138
2.389
2.641
2.767
2.893
2.872
2.851
2.683
2.537
2.396
2.265
2.229
2.304
2.347
2.348
2.201
2.207
2.203
2.238
2.703
0.002
.003
.004
.005
.005
.007
.009
(s)
0.001
.002
.005
.007
.009
.014
.022
.037
.056
.080
.112
.155
.200
.249
.310
.402
.537
.714
.960
1.305
1.757
2.357
2.810
3.162
3.409
3.952
4.323
5.001
5.645
7.012
7.661
9.587
13.212
16.565
17.734
21.344
22.382
23.680
20.436
25.205
32.665
1630-1930, February 1942. This source estimates fuelwood consumption in cords per decade, which were
converted to Btu using the conversion factor of 20 million Btu per cord. The annual average value for each
decade was assigned to the fifth year of the decade on the assumption that annual use was likely to
increase during any given decade and the average annual value was more likely to reflect mid-decade
yearly consumption than use at either the beginning or end of the decade. Values thus begin in 1635 and
are plotted at 10-year intervals. 1850-1945: Energy in the American Economy, 1850-1975, Table VII.
Electricity Net Imports: Energy in the American Economy, 1850-1975, Tables I and VI. Calculated as the
difference between hydroelectric consumption and hydroelectric production times 3,412 Btu per
kilowatthour.
341
Appendix E
Note: Geographic Coverage of Statistics for 1635-1945. Table E1 presents
estimates of U.S. energy consumption by energy source for a period that begins a
century and a half before the original 13 colonies formed a political union and
continues through the decades during which the United States was still expanding
territorially. The question thus arises, what exactly is meant by U.S. consumption
of an energy source for those years when the United States did not formally exist or
consisted of less territory than is now encompassed by the 50 States and the District
of Columbia?
The documents used to assemble the estimates, and (as far as possible) the sources
of those documents, were reviewed carefully for clues to geographic coverage. For
most energy sources, the extent of coverage expanded more rapidly than the Nation,
defined as all the official States and the District of Columbia. Estimates or
measurements of consumption of each energy source generally appear to follow
settlement patterns. That is, they were made for areas of the continent that were
settled enough to have economically significant consumption even though those
areas were not to become States for years. The wood data series, for example,
begins in 1635 and includes 12 of the original colonies (excepting Georgia), as well
342
as Maine, Vermont, and the area that would become the District of Columbia. By
the time the series reaches 1810, the rest of the continental States are all included,
although the last of the 48 States to achieve statehood did not do so until 1912.
Likewise, the coal data series begins in 1850 but includes consumption in areas,
such as Utah and Washington (State), which were significant coal-producing
regions but had not yet attained statehood. (Note: No data were available on
State-level historical coal consumption. The coal data shown in Table E1 through
1945 describe apparent consumption, i.e., production plus imports minus exports.
The geographic coverage for coal was therefore based on a tally of coal-producing
States listed in various historical issues of Minerals Yearbook. It is likely that coal
was consumed in States where it was not mined in significant quantities.)
By energy source, the extent of coverage can be summarized as follows: Coal35
coal-producing States by 1885. Natural GasAll 48 contiguous States, the
District of Columbia, and Alaska by 1885. PetroleumAll 48 contiguous States,
the District of Columbia, and Alaska by 1885. Conventional Hydroelectric
PowerCoverage for 1890 and 1895 is uncertain, but probably the 48 contiguous
States and the District of Columbia. Coverage for 1900 through 1945 is the 48
contiguous States, and the District of Columbia. WoodAll 48 contiguous States
and the District of Columbia by 1810.
Appendix F
Alternatives for Estimating Energy Consumption
This appendix is reprinted from the Annual Energy Review 2010. EIA continues to review alternative options for accounting for
energy consumption and related losses, such as those associated with the generation and distribution of electricity.
without fuel combustion, there are no set Btu conversion factors for these energy
sources.
I. Introduction
This year, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) has examined different
ways to represent energy consumption in the Annual Energy Review (AER). This
examination centered on two methods for representing related aspects of energy
consumption and losses. The first is an alternative method for deriving the energy
content of noncombustible renewable resources, which has been implemented in
AER 2010 (Table 1.3). The second is a new representation of delivered total energy
and energy losses.
This appendix provides an explanation of these alternative methods. Section II
provides a background discussion of the alternatives and the reasons for considering
these changes to the energy balance presentation. Section III identifies the specific
changes incorporated in AER 2010.
II. Background
Alternative Approaches for Deriving Energy Contents for
Noncombustible Renewables
EIA compiles data on most energy sources in physical units, such as barrels and
cubic feet, in order to calculate total primary energy consumption. Before
aggregation, EIA converts data for these energy sources to the common unit of
British thermal units (Btu), a measure that is based on the thermal conversion of
energy resources to heat and power.
Noncombustible renewables are resources from which energy is extracted without
the burning or combustion of a fuel. They include hydroelectric, geothermal, solar,
and wind energy. Because power from noncombustible renewables is produced
In the past, EIA has represented hydroelectric, solar, and wind energy consumed for
electric generation as the amount of energy it would require, on average, to produce
an equivalent number of kilowatthours (kWh) of electricity using fossil fuels. In this
appendix, this approach is referred to as the "fossil-fuel equivalency" approach. For
the remaining noncombustible renewable resource, geothermal energy, energy
consumed for electricity generation has been based on estimates of plant efficiencies
in converting geothermal energy to electricity.
The fossil-fuel equivalency approach evolved in an era when the primary goal of
U.S. energy policy was reducing dependence on imported petroleum and when a
significant amount of electricity was generated using fuel oil. It was intended to
indicate the amount of fossil energy displaced by the renewable energy source. But
fuel oil is no longer used to generate electricity to a substantial degree and the
international community largely uses a different approach, applying the constant
conversion factor of 3,412 Btu/kWh. In addition, using a separate approach for
geothermal generation may distort the analysis of the relative share of this
generation resource. EIA also has a desire to better account for energy losses and
efficiency. For these reasons, EIA considered three alternative methods for deriving
the energy contents for noncombustible renewables, designated here as the
fossil-fuel equivalency, captured energy, and incident energy approaches.
Fossil-Fuel Equivalency Approach

With this approach, EIA would continue to apply the fossil-fuel equivalent
conversion factor to hydroelectric, solar, and wind energy and would begin applying
it to geothermal energy. This approach would eliminate the inconsistency between
geothermal and other noncombustibles, enable fuel displacement analysis, and
343
maintain the continuity of a data series with which users are familiar. However, the
fossil-fuel equivalency approach does not represent any real market quantity. It
measures neither primary energy consumed nor fossil fuel actually displaced.
Additionally, its use will likely become increasingly problematic if renewables begin
to displace other renewables instead of fossil fuels.
Captured Energy Approach

With this approach, EIA would apply the fixed factor of 3,412 Btu/kWh (the Btu
value of electric energy generated) to measure the renewable energy consumed for
electric generation for all noncombustible renewables. Using this approach would
effectively count as primary energy only that noncombustible renewable energy that
is captured for economic use.
EIA will use the term captured energy in referring to the energy actually "captured"
by a noncombustible renewable energy system for final use. Thus, it is the net
energy available for consumption after transformation of a noncombustible
renewable resource into a usable energy carrier (such as electricity) or energy that is
directly used. Another way of stating it is that captured energy is the energy
measured as the "output" of the device, such as electricity from a wind turbine or
solar plant.
This approach would not require EIA to make generalized assumptions regarding
the actual conversion of these resources (wind, sunshine, falling water) into
electricity. It would move U.S. reporting standards closer to international norms,
which have been vetted by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the
international energy statistical community through years of actual use.
Additionally, this approach better shows the economically significant energy
transformations in the United States because the "lost" noncombustible renewable
energy does not incur any significant economic cost (there is no market for the
resource-specific energy apart from its immediate, site-specific energy conversion,
and there is no substantive opportunity cost to its continued exploitation.1) On the
other hand, this approach implies that conversion of noncombustible renewable
energy is 100-percent efficient. In other words, it implies that there is no physical
energy loss from the conversion of noncombustible renewables to electricity. In
fact, renewable energy conversion can be very inefficient (largely because of the
lack of alternative economic uses discussed above). Thus, this approach does not
provide an accurate measure of the physical consumption of energy to produce
electricity from these resources.
Incident Energy Approach

With this approach, EIA would use actual or estimated energy efficiencies of renewable
conversion technologies to determine the Btu value of the input energy used to produce
reported renewable generation. For example, rather than treating the electricity generated
at a solar plant as primary energy, an empirical estimate of the actual portion of solar
radiation incident on the solar panel that is converted to electricity would be used.
EIA will define "incident energy" for noncombustible renewable resources as the
gross energy that first strikes an energy conversion device. In contrast to captured
energy, incident energy is the mechanical, radiation, or thermal energy that is
measurable at the "input" of the device. For wind, this would be the energy
contained in the wind that passes through the rotor disc; for solar, the energy
contained in the sunlight that strikes the panel or collector mirror; for hydroelectric,
the energy contained in the water passing through the penstock (a closed conduit for
carrying water to the turbines); and, for geothermal, the energy contained in the hot
fluid at the surface of the wellbore.
This approach lends itself to a view of showing the physical reality of energy
transformations in the United States. However, few renewable energy plants track
cumulative input energy because of its lack of economic significance. Therefore, it
would be difficult to obtain accurate estimates of efficiency without creating undue
burden on survey respondents. Furthermore, this approach has not been vetted in
the energy statistics community and its use would be inconsistent with IEA and
other international statistics.
Table F1 shows factors that could be used to estimate the energy incident on the
primary energy collection device of a noncombustible renewable power plant.
These factors represent energy output as a percent of energy input. The conversion
efficiency of renewable generation equipment is generally specified by the
manufacturer, although this specification may differ from realized efficiencies for
several reasons, including: the effects of balance-of-plant factors; environmental
conditions that are different than conditions that the equipment was rated for; and
variability in operating conditions for equipment that is rated under fixed conditions.
The efficiencies shown in this table are not estimates of the actual, operational
efficiency of the technologies indicated. Rather they are notional indications of the
efficiencies that each technology may be able to achieve with typical equipment
operating within the normal operating range for that technology.
There is an initial opportunity cost when first building such a facility: the water behind a dam might inundate land with alternative uses or a solar panel might shade some
area that could otherwise use the sunlight. But that is a fixed opportunity cost that does not effectively change by normal operation of the plant.
344
Table F1. Conversion Efficiencies of Noncombustible

Renewable Energy Sources
(Percent)
Source
Geothermal
Conventional Hydroelectric
Solar Photovoltaic
Solar Thermal Power
Wind
Notional Efficiency1
16
90
12
21
26
1
Efficiencies may vary significantly for each technology based on site-specific
technology and environmental factors. Factors shown represent engineering estimates for
typical equipment under specific operational conditions.
Sources: Geothermal: Estimated by EIA on the basis of an informal survey of
relevant plants. Conventional Hydroelectric: Based on published estimates for the
efficiency of large-scale hydroelectric plants. See
http://www.usbr.gov/power/edu/pamphlet.pdf. Solar Photovoltaic: Based on the average
rated efficiency for a sample of commercially available modules. Rated efficiency is the
conversion efficiency under standard test conditions, which represents a fixed, controlled
operating point for the equipment; efficiency can vary with temperature and the strength of
incident sunlight. Rated efficiencies are based on the direct current (DC) output of the
module; since grid-tied applications require alternating current (AC) output, efficiencies
are adjusted to account for a 20 percent reduction in output when converting from DC to
AC. Solar Thermal Power: Estimated by dividing the rated maximum power available
from the generator by the power available under standard solar conditions (1,000 W/m2)
from the aperture area of solar collectors. Wind: Based on the average efficiency at rated
wind speed for a sample of commercially available wind turbines. The rated wind speed is
the minimum wind speed at which a turbine achieves its nameplate rated output under
standard atmospheric conditions. Efficiency is calculated by dividing the nameplate rated
power by the power available from the wind stream intercepted by the rotor disc at the
rated wind speed.
Conclusion
After review of the three options, EIA has elected to follow a hybrid of the first two
approaches for the AER 2010. The primary energy value of noncombustible
renewables consumed for electricity generation will be measured using the
fossil-fuel equivalent factor. However, this value will be reported as the sum of
captured energy and an "Adjustment for Fossil Fuel Equivalence," which is the
difference between the fossil-fuel equivalent value and the value obtained using the
3,412 Btu/kWh factor. This adjustment value represents the energy loss that would
have been incurred if the electricity had been generated by fossil fuels. For solar
and geothermal energy used directly, EIA will continue to use the factors currently
employed.
This method will not cause a change to total primary energy consumption of hydro,
solar, or wind energy, but it will allow users to easily distinguish actual economic
energy consumption from the imputed displacement value, which is retained both to
provide backward compatibility for data users accustomed to this measure and to
allow for easier analysis of certain energy efficiency and production trends. The
separate reporting of captured energy will also facilitate comparisons with
international data sets.
For geothermal energy consumed to generate electricity, EIA will recalculate current
and historical values using the fossil-fuel equivalent factor. This recalculation will
change the following values presented in the AER 2010: the primary consumption
of total energy (Tables 1.1 and 1.3); the consumption of geothermal for electricity
generation (Tables 8.4a and b); and the consumption of renewable energy (Tables
10.1 and 10.2c).
New Representation of Delivered Total Energy and Energy Losses

The examination of heat rates for noncombustible fuels led EIA to also consider
alternative methods of accounting for final energy consumption and energy losses.
Final energy consumption differs from primary energy consumption in that it
represents the amount (in terms of Btu) of energy actually consumed, in its final
form, by an end user. For example, primary energy consumption of coal includes all
the heat content in the coal consumed, while final energy consumption will include
only the heat content of any coal consumed in its original form and the heat content
of any products transformed from coal, such as electricity generated from coal.
EIA analyzed energy transformation in the United States. In all transformation
processes, some useful energy is lost in achieving the conversion from one energy
form to another. The most significant losses, by far, occur when electricity is
generated from primary energy resources. Figure F1 illustrates an alternate method
of accounting for energy consumption, based on the concept of delivered total
energy.
In the AER 2010, as in previous AERs, the electric power sector is viewed as an
energy-consuming sector. For each of the end-use sectors residential, commercial,
industrial, and transportation total energy consumption is made up of the primary
energy source consumed plus electricity retail sales and electrical system energy
losses. Electrical system energy losses include transformation losses, the adjustment
for fossil fuel equivalence (as discussed above), power plant use of electricity,
transmission and distribution losses, and unaccounted for electricity. They are
allocated to the end-use demand sectors in proportion to each sector's share of total
electricity sales.
345
In the alternative representation (Figure F1), the electric power sector is not treated
as an energy-consuming sector but as a sector that transforms and redistributes
energy to final users. In order to better represent the amount of energy actually
consumed by the final user, this method eliminates the allocation of electrical system
energy losses to consuming sectors. Electricity retail sales to each sector, as
reported by energy service providers, continue to be viewed as end-use
consumption and, thus, are included in Delivered Total Energy. In Figure F1,
delivered total energy represents the gross energy that enters an end-use facility
(home, business, factory, and so forth). In some cases, there are conversion or
transformation processes within the facility that create additional losses before the
final consumption of the energy, so that the net energy consumed for useful
application will be less than shown in the figure. For example, natural gas furnaces
typically lose some amount of heat in the chimney, energy which then does not go
toward heating the building.
Table F2 provides a comparison of Primary Energy Consumption and Delivered
Total Energy by energy-use sector. Sources for Primary Energy Consumption by
sector are AER Tables 5.14, 6.5, 7.3, 8.9, and 10.2. Data from those tables are
converted from physical units to Btu using heat contents given in Appendix A.
Sources for Delivered Total Energy are AER Tables 2.1 b through e.
III. Changes to the AER 2010

The major change to AER 2010 is the modification of Table 1.3 to incorporate the
new treatment of noncombustible renewable energy consumption. The value of
geothermal energy consumption and, consequently, total primary energy
consumption is slightly lower than previously published for all years due to the use
of a new geothermal conversion factor (the fossil-fuels heat rate from Table A6).
See Section II of this appendix for further explanation.
The sum of hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, and wind primary consumption is now
shown as total primary energy consumption for noncombustible renewables. That
total includes: geothermal heat pump and direct use of geothermal energy; solar
thermal direct use energy; and noncombustible resources that are transformed into
electricity. Noncombustible resources transformed into electricity are equal to
electricity generation from all noncombustible renewables converted to Btu using
the fossil-fuels heat rate. Direct final consumption of geothermal and solar energy is
obtained from AER Tables 10.2a and 10.2b.
Total primary consumption for noncombustible renewables is the sum of captured

energy (or energy produced) and the "adjustment for fossil fuel equivalence." Like
total primary consumption, captured energy includes: geothermal heat pump and
direct use of geothermal energy; solar thermal direct use energy; and
noncombustible resources that are transformed into electricity. However, electricity
generation for all noncombustible renewables is converted to Btu using the energy
content of electricity, 3,412 Btu per kWh.
The "adjustment for fossil fuel equivalence" is equal to the difference between total
primary consumption of noncombustibles in Btu (calculated using the fossil-fuels
heat rate) and captured energy. There is no adjustment for fossil fuel equivalence
associated with direct consumption of geothermal and solar energy.
In order to prevent any inconsistency between data presented in the modified Table
1.3 and the AER Section 10, "Renewable Energy," EIA will show data for the
individual noncombustible renewables (hydroelectricity, wind, etc.,) in Section 10
only.
In the AER 2010, total primary energy consumed for individual
noncombustible renewables can be found in Table 10.1. A detailed breakout of the
noncombustible renewable consumption components summarized in Table 1.3 is
provided in Table F3. Table F3 shows the components of captured energy and the
adjustment for fossil fuel equivalence (regarded as a loss), by individual energy
source, for 2010. The columns labeled "Transformed into Electricity" represent the
energy value of electricity generated from each type of noncombustible renewable
resource. These values are calculated by multiplying net generation in Table 8.2 by
3,412 Btu/kWh.
For each noncombustible renewable, the adjustment for fossil fuel equivalence is
calculated as the difference between the fossil fuel equivalent value of electricity
generated and the value of Transformed into Electricity. 2 For geothermal, direct
consumption is the heat either captured and used directly from thermal ground water
sources or extracted by ground-source heat pump. Values are from Tables 10.2a and
10.2b. Solar/PV direct consumption includes solar thermal energy used directly in
the residential and electric power sectors. These values are from Tables 10.2a and
10.2c. Captured energy is equal to energy "transformed into electricity" for
conventional hydroelectricity and wind. For geothermal and solar/PV, captured
energy equals the sum of direct consumption and energy transformed into electricity.
The fossil fuel equivalent value of electricity generated is equal to electricity in kWh times the average heat content of the fossil fuel mix actually consumed in generating
electricity for a given year.
346
Figure F1. Primary Energy Consumption and Delivered Total Energy, 2010
(Quadrillion Btu)
Primary Energy Consumption
by Source1
Delivered Total Energy

by Sector8
Includes electricity net imports, not shown separately.

Does not include biofuels that have been blended with petroleumbiofuels are
included in Renewable Energy.
3
Excludes supplemental gaseous fuels.
4
Includes less than 0.1 quadrillion Btu of coal coke net exports.
5
Conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar/PV, wind, and biomass.
6
Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants whose primary business
is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.
7
Calculated as the primary energy consumed by the electric power sector minus the
energy content of electricity retail sales. See Note, Electrical System Energy Losses,
at end of Section 2.
2
8
Includes transformation losses other than electrical system energy losses. For
example, see notes 9 and 10 on this page.
9
Includes industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only
plants.
10
Includes commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercial
Note: Sum of components may not equal total due to independent rounding.
Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2010, Tables
1.3, 2.1b-f, 10.3, and 10.4.
347
Table F2. Energy Consumption by Sector, 2010

(Quadrillion Btu)
Primary Energy Consumption1
Residential
Commercial
Industrial3
Transportation3
Delivered Total Energy2

Electric
Power
Total
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Electrical System
Energy
Losses4
26,784
Transportation
Total
Year
2010
6,841
4,175
19,984
27,425
39,579
98,004
11,791
8,711
23,267
27,451
71,220
1
Includes Adjustment for Fossil Fuel Equivalence. See "Primary Energy Consumption" in Glossary.
2
Includes electricity sales to each sector in addition to Primary Energy consumed in the sector.
3
Small amounts of coal consumed for transportation are reported as industrial sector consumption. Includes net imports of s upplemental liquids and coal coke.
4
Calculated as the primary energy consumed by the electric power sector minus the energy content of electricity retail sales.
Table F3. Noncombustible Renewable Primary Energy Consumption by Energy Source, 2010
(Trillion Btu)
Noncombustible Renewables
Conventional Hydroelectric
Power1
Transformed
into
Electricity4
Adjustment
for
Fossil
Fuel
Equivalence5
1,632
Total
Primary
Energy6
Geothermal2
Direct
Consumption7
Transformed
into
Electricity4
Adjustment
for
Fossil
Fuel
Equivalence5
99
Solar/PV3
Total
Primary
Energy8
Direct
Consumption9
Transformed
into
Electricity4
Adjustment
for
Fossil
Fuel
Equivalence5
8
Wind
Total
Primary
Energy8
Transformed
into
Electricity4
Adjustment
for
Fossil
Fuel
Equivalence5
601
Total
Primary
Energy6
924
Year
2010
877
2,509
60
53
212
97
4
109
323
1
Excludes pumped storage.
2
Geothermal heat pump energy and geothermal heat used to generate electricity.
3
Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy.
4
Equals generation in kilowatthours (kWh) multiplied by the energy conversion factor of 3,412 Btu/kWh.
5
Equal to the difference between the fossil fuel-equivalent value of electricity and the energy content of the final consumed electricity. The fossil fuel-equivalent value of electricity equals
generation in kilowatthours multiplied by the average heat rate of fossil-fueled plants. The energy content of final consumed electricity equals generation in kilowatthours multiplied by the energy
conversion factor of 3,412 Btu/KWh.
6
Equal to generation in kilowatthours multiplied by the average heat rate of fossil-fueled plants.
7
Reported Btu of geothermal heat pump and direct use energy.
8
Includes direct consumption of resources and resources transformed to electricity. Resources transformed to electricity are equal to generation in kilowatthours (kWh) multiplied by the average
heat rate of fossil-fueled plants.
9
Residential sector direct use of solar thermal and photovoltaic (PV) electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the average heat rate of fossil-fueled plants).
348
Glossary
Alcohol: The family name of a group of organic chemical compounds composed of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The series of molecules vary in chain length and are
composed of a hydrocarbon plus a hydroxyl group: CH3-(CH2)n-OH (e.g., methanol, ethanol, and tertiary butyl alcohol). See Fuel Ethanol.
Anthropogenic: Made or generated by a human or caused by human activity. The

term is used in the context of global climate change to refer to gaseous emissions
that are the result of human activities, as well as other potentially climate-altering
activities, such as deforestation.
Alternative Fuel: Alternative fuels, for transportation applications, include the

following: methanol; denatured ethanol, and other alcohols; fuel mixtures containing 85 percent or more by volume of methanol, denatured ethanol, and other alcohols with motor gasoline or other fuels; natural gas; liquefied petroleum gas
(propane); hydrogen; coal-derived liquid fuels; fuels (other than alcohol) derived
from biological materials (biofuels such as soy diesel fuel); electricity (including
electricity from solar energy); and "... any other fuel the Secretary determines, by
rule, is substantially not petroleum and would yield substantial energy security
benefits and substantial environmental benefits." The term "alternative fuel" does
not include alcohol or other blended portions of primarily petroleum-based fuels
used as oxygenates or extenders, i.e. MTBE, ETBE, other ethers, and the
10-percent ethanol portion of gasohol.
API: The American Petroleum Institute, a trade association.
Alternative-Fuel Vehicle (AFV): A vehicle designed to operate on an alternative

fuel (e.g., compressed natural gas, methane blend, or electricity). The vehicle
could be either a dedicated vehicle designed to operate exclusively on alternative
fuel or a nondedicated vehicle designed to operate on alternative fuel and/or a traditional fuel.
Anthracite: The highest rank of coal; used primarily for residential and commercial space heating. It is a hard, brittle, and black lustrous coal, often referred to as
hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of
volatile matter. The moisture content of fresh-mined anthracite generally is less
than 15 percent. The heat content of anthracite ranges from 22 to 28 million Btu
per short ton on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of anthracite
consumed in the United States averages 25 million Btu per short ton, on the
as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter).
Note: Since the 1980s, anthracite refuse or mine waste has been used for steamelectric power generation. This fuel typically has a heat content of 15 million Btu
per short ton or less. See Coal Rank.
API Gravity: American Petroleum Institute measure of specific gravity of crude

oil or condensate in degrees. An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density of
liquid petroleum products. The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of degrees
API; it is calculated as follows: Degrees API = (141.5 / sp.gr.60 deg.F/60 deg.F) 131.5.
Asphalt: A dark-brown to black cement-like material obtained by petroleum processing and containing bitumens as the predominant component; used primarily for
road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and
petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The
conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton.
ASTM: The American Society for Testing and Materials.
Aviation Gasoline Blending Components: Naphthas that will be used for blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline (e.g., straight run gasoline,
alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, and xylene). Excludes oxygenates (alcohols,
ethers), butane, and pentanes plus. Oxygenates are reported as other
hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and oxygenates.
Aviation Gasoline, Finished: A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons with or without small quantities of additives, blended to form a fuel suitable
for use in aviation reciprocating engines. Fuel specifications are provided in ASTM
Specification D910 and Military Specification MIL-G-5572. Note: Data on blending components are not counted in data on finished aviation gasoline. See Jet Fuel;
Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type; and Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type.
Barrel (Petroleum): A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S. Gallons.
Anthracite Culm: Waste from Pennsylvania anthracite preparation plants,

consisting of coarse rock fragments containing as much as 30 percent small-sized
coal; sometimes defined as including very fine coal particles called silt. Its heat
value ranges from 8 to 17 million Btu per short ton.
Barrels per Calendar Day: The amount of input that a distillation facility can
process under usual operating conditions. The amount is expressed in terms of
capacity during a 24-hour period and reduces the maximum processing capability of
349
all units at the facility under continuous operation to account for the following limitations that may delay, interrupt, or slow down production: 1) the capability of
downstream processing units to absorb the output of crude oil processing facilities of a given refinery (no reduction is necessary for intermediate streams that
are distributed to other than downstream facilities as part of a refinerys normal
operation); 2) the types and grades of inputs to be processed; 3) the types and
grades of products expected to be manufactured; 4) the environmental constraints
associated with refinery operations; 5) the reduction of capacity for scheduled
downtime due to such conditions as routine inspection, maintenance, repairs, and
turnaround; and 6) the reduction of capacity for unscheduled downtime due to
such conditions as mechanical problems, repairs, and slowdowns.
Base Gas: The volume of gas needed as a permanent inventory to maintain
adequate underground storage reservoir pressures and deliverability rates
throughout the withdrawal season. All native gas is included in the base gas
volume.
Biodiesel: A fuel typically made from soybean, canola, or other vegetable oils;
animal fats; and recycled grease. It can serve as a substitute for petroleum-derived
diesel fuel or distillate fuel oil. For U.S. Energy Information Administration reporting, it is a fuel composed of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from
vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100, and meeting the requirements of
ASTM (American Society for Testing & Materials) D 6751.
steam-electric power generation, with substantial quantities also used for heat and
power applications in manufacturing and making coke. Bituminous coal is the
most abundant coal in active U.S. mining regions. Its moisture content usually is
less than 20 percent. The heat content of bituminous coal ranges from 21 to 30
million Btu per short ton on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content
of bituminous coal consumed in the United States averages 24 million Btu per
short ton, on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and
mineral matter). See Coal Rank.
Black Liquor: A byproduct of the paper production process, alkaline spent liquor,
that can be used as a source of energy. Alkaline spent liquor is removed from the
digesters in the process of chemically pulping wood. After evaporation, the residual
"black" liquor is burned as a fuel in a recovery furnace that permits the recovery of
certain basic chemicals.
Breeze: The fine screenings from crushed coke. Usually breeze will pass through a
1/2-inch or 3/4-inch screen opening. It is most often used as a fuel source in the
process of agglomerating iron ore.
British Thermal Unit (Btu): The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature
of 1 pound of liquid water by 1 degree Fahrenheit at the temperature at which water
has its greatest density (approximately 39 degrees Fahrenheit). See Heat Content.
Btu: See British Thermal Unit.
Biofuels: Liquid fuels and blending components produced from biomass (plant)
feedstocks, used primarily for transportation. See Biodiesel and Fuel Ethanol.
Biogenic: Produced by biological processes of living organisms. Note: EIA uses the
term biogenic to refer only to organic nonfossil material of biological origin.
Biomass: Organic nonfossil material of biological origin constituting a renewable
energy source. See Biodiesel, Biofuels, Biomass Waste, Fuel Ethanol, and Wood
and Wood-Derived Fuels.
Biomass Waste: Organic nonfossil material of biological origin that is a byproduct or a discarded product. Biomass waste includes municipal solid waste from
biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural crop byproducts, straw,
and other biomass solids, liquids, and gases; but excludes wood and woodderived fuels (including black liquor), biofuels feedstock, biodiesel, and fuel
ethanol. Note: EIA biomass waste data also include energy crops grown
specifically for energy production, which would not normally constitute waste.
Bituminous Coal: A dense coal, usually black, sometimes dark brown, often
with well-defined bands of bright and dull material, used primarily as fuel in
350
Btu Conversion Factor: A factor for converting energy data between one unit of
measurement and British thermal units (Btu). Btu conversion factors are generally
used to convert energy data from physical units of measure (such as barrels, cubic
feet, or short tons) into the energy-equivalent measure of Btu. (See
http://www.eia.gov/emeu/mer/append_a.html for further information on Btu conversion factors.)
Bunker Fuels: Fuel supplied to ships and aircraft, both domestic and foreign,
consisting primarily of residual fuel oil and distillate fuel oil for ships and
kerosene-type jet fuel for aircraft. The term international bunker fuels is used
to denote the consumption of fuel for international transport activities. Note: For
the purposes of greenhouse gas emissions inventories, data on emissions from
combustion of international bunker fuels are subtracted from national emissions
totals. Historically, bunker fuels have meant only ship fuel.
Butane: A normally gaseous straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon
(C4H10) extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. It includes isobutane
and normal butane and is designated in ASTM Specification D1835 and Gas
Processors Association Specifications for commercial butane.
Isobutane: A normally gaseous branched-chain hydrocarbon. It is a colorless paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of 10.9 degrees Fahrenheit. It
is extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams.
Normal Butane: A normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon. It is a
colorless paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of 31.1 degrees Fahrenheit. It is extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams.
Butylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon (C4H8) recovered from refinery processes.
U.S. Department of Commerce introduced the chained-dollar measure. The new

measure is based on the average weights of goods and services in successive pairs
of years. It is chained because the second year in each pair, with its weights,
becomes the first year of the next pair. The advantage of using the chained-dollar
measure is that it is more closely related to any given period covered and is therefore
subject to less distortion over time.
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC): Any of various compounds consisting of carbon,
hydrogen, chlorine, and flourine used as refrigerants. CFCs are now thought to be
harmful to the Earths atmosphere.
Capacity: See Generator Capacity.

Citygate: A point or measuring station at which a distribution gas utility receives
gas from a natural gas pipeline company or transmission system.
Capacity Factor: See Generator Capacity Factor.

Captured Energy: The net energy available for consumption after transformation of
a noncombustible renewable resource into electricity and noncombustible renewable
energy that is directly used. For example, it is the energy measured at the output of a
conversion device, such as electricity from a wind turbine or solar plant.
Captive Coal: Coal produced to satisfy the needs of the mine owner, or of a parent,
subsidiary, or other affiliate of the mine owner (for example, steel companies and
electricity generators), rather than for open market sale. See Open Market Coal.
Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gas (CO2) that is a normal
part of Earths atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a product of fossil-fuel combustion as
well as other processes. It is considered a greenhouse gas as it traps heat (infrared
energy) radiated by the Earth into the atmosphere and thereby contributes to the
potential for global warming. The global warming potential (GWP) of other
greenhouse gases is measured in relation to that of carbon dioxide, which by international scientific convention is assigned a value of one (1).
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent: The amount of carbon dioxide by weight emitted
into the atmosphere that would produce the same estimated radiative forcing as a
given weight of another radiatively active gas. Carbon dioxide equivalents are
computed by multiplying the weight of the gas being measured (for example,
methane) by its estimated global warming potential (which is 21 for methane).
Carbon equivalent units are defined as carbon dioxide equivalents multiplied by
the carbon content of carbon dioxide (i.e., 12/44).
Chained Dollars: A measure used to express real prices. Real prices are those
that have been adjusted to remove the effect of changes in the purchasing power
of the dollar; they usually reflect buying power relative to a reference year. Prior
to 1996, real prices were expressed in constant dollars, a measure based on the
weights of goods and services in a single year, usually a recent year. In 1996, the
Climate Change: A term used to refer to all forms of climatic inconsistency, but
especially to significant change from one prevailing climatic condition to another.
In some cases, climate change has been used synonymously with the term global
warming; scientists, however, tend to use the term in a wider sense to include
natural changes in climate as well as climatic cooling.
Coal: A readily combustible black or brownish-black rock whose composition,
including inherent moisture, consists of more than 50 percent by weight and
more than 70 percent by volume of carbonaceous material. It is formed from
plant remains that have been compacted, hardened, chemically altered, and metamorphosed by heat and pressure over geologic time. See Coal Rank.
Coalbed methane: Methane is generated during coal formation and is contained
in the coal microstructure. Typical recovery entails pumping water out of the coal
to allow the gas to escape. Methane is the principal component of natural gas.
Coalbed methane can be added to natural gas pipelines without any special
treatment.
Coal Coke: See Coke, Coal.
Coal Rank: The classification of coals according to their degree of progressive
alteration from lignite to anthracite. In the United States, the standard ranks of coal
include lignite, subbituminous coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite and are
based on fixed carbon, volatile matter, heating value, and agglomerating (or caking)
properties.
Coal Stocks: Coal quantities that are held in storage for future use and disposition. Note: When coal data are collected for a particular reporting period (month,
quarter, or year), coal stocks are commonly measured as of the last day of this
period.
351
Coal Synfuel: Coal-based solid fuel that has been processed by a coal synfuel
plant; and coal-based fuels such as briquettes, pellets, or extrusions, which are
formed from fresh or recycled coal and binding materials.
Coal Synfuel Plant: A plant engaged in the chemical transformation of coal into
coal synfuel.
Coke, Coal: A solid carbonaceous residue derived from low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal from which the volatile constituents are driven off by baking in an
oven at temperatures as high as 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit so that the fixed carbon
and residual ash are fused together. Coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in
smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. Coke from coal is gray, hard, and porous and
has a heating value of 24.8 million Btu per short ton.
Coke, Petroleum: A residue high in carbon content and low in hydrogen that is the
final product of thermal decomposition in the condensation process in cracking. This
product is reported as marketable coke or catalyst coke. The conversion is 5 barrels
(of 42 U.S. gallons each) per short ton. Coke from petroleum has a heating value
of 6.024 million Btu per barrel.
Combined-Heat-and-Power (CHP) Plant: A plant designed to produce both heat
and electricity from a single heat source. Note: This term is being used in place
of the term cogenerator that was used by EIA in the past. CHP better describes
the facilities because some of the plants included do not produce heat and power
in a sequential fashion and, as a result, do not meet the legal definition of cogeneration specified in the Public Utility Regulatory Polices Act (PURPA). See
Electricity-Only Plant.
Commercial Building: A building with more than 50 percent of its floorspace used
for commercial activities. Commercial buildings include, but are not limited to,
stores, offices, schools, churches, gymnasiums, libraries, museums, hospitals,
clinics, warehouses, and jails. Government buildings are included, except buildings
on military bases or reservations.
Commercial Sector: An energy-consuming sector that consists of service-providing
facilities and equipment of: businesses; Federal, State, and local governments; and
other private and public organizations, such as religious, social, or fraternal groups.
The commercial sector includes institutional living quarters. It also includes sewage
treatment facilities. Common uses of energy associated with this sector include space
heating, water heating, air conditioning,lighting, refrigeration, cooking, and running a
wide variety of other equipment. Note: This sector includes generators that produce
electricity and/or useful thermal output primarily to support the activities of the
above-mentioned commercial establishments. Various EIA programs differ in sectoral
coveragefor more information see
352
http://www.eia.gov/neic/datadefinitions/Guideforwebcom.htm.
Sectors and Energy-Use Sectors.
See
End-Use
Completion (Crude Oil/Natural Gas Production): The term refers to the installation of permanent equipment for the production of crude oil or natural gas. If
a well is equipped to produce only crude oil or natural gas from one zone or
reservoir, the definition of a well (classified as a crude oil well or natural gas
well) and the definition of a completion are identical. However, if a well is
equipped to produce crude oil and/or natural gas separately from more than one
reservoir, a well is not synonymous with a completion.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG): Natural gas compressed to a pressure at or
above 200-248 bar (i.e., 2900-3600 pounds per square inch) and stored in highpressure containers. It is used as a fuel for natural gas-powered vehicles.
Conventional Hydroelectric Power: See Hydroelectric Power, Conventional.
Conventional Motor Gasoline: See Motor Gasoline, Conventional.
Conversion Factor: A factor for converting data between one unit of measurement
and another (such as between short tons and British thermal units, or between
barrels and gallons). (See http://www.eia.gov/emeu/mer/append_a.html and
http://www.eia.gov/emeu/mer/append_b.html for further information on conversion
factors.) See Btu Conversion Factor and Thermal Conversion Factor.
Cooling Tower: A common type of environmental equipment installed at electric
power plants used to transfer heat, produced by burning fuel, to the atmosphere.
Cooling towers are installed where there is insufficient cooling water available or
where waste heat discharged into cooling water would affect marine life.
Criteria Pollutant: A pollutant determined to be hazardous to human health and
regulated under the Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) National Ambient
Air Quality Standards. The 1970 amendments to the Clean Air Act require EPA to
describe the health and welfare impacts of a pollutant as the criteria for inclusion
in the regulatory regime.
Crude Oil: A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in liquid phase in natural
underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities. Depending upon the characteristics of
the crude stream, it may also include: 1) small amounts of hydrocarbons that
exist in gaseous phase in natural underground reservoirs but are liquid at
atmospheric pressure after being recovered from oil well (casinghead) gas in
lease separators and are subsequently commingled with the crude stream without being separately measured. Lease condensate recovered as a liquid from
natural gas wells in lease or field separation facilities and later mixed into
the crude stream is also included; 2) small amounts of nonhydrocarbons
produced with the oil, such as sulfur and various metals; and 3) drip gases, and
liquid hydrocarbons produced from tar sands, oil sands, gilsonite, and oil shale.
Liquids produced at natural gas processing plants are excluded. Crude oil is
refined to produce a wide array of petroleum products, including heating oils;
gasoline, diesel and jet fuels; lubricants; asphalt; ethane, propane, and
butane; and many other products used for their energy or chemical content.
Degree-Days, Cooling (CDD): A measure of how warm a location is over a

period of time relative to a base temperature, most commonly specified as 65
degrees Fahrenheit. The measure is computed for each day by subtracting the base
temperature (65 degrees) from the average of the days high and low
temperatures, with negative values set equal to zero. Each days cooling degreedays are summed to create a cooling degree-day measure for a specified reference
period. Cooling degree-days are used in energy analysis as an indicator of air
conditioning energy requirements or use.
Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Price: The price for domestic crude oil
reported by the company that owns the crude oil the first time it is removed from the
lease boundary.
Degree-Days, Heating (HDD): A measure of how cold a location is over a

period of time relative to a base temperature, most commonly specified as 65
degrees Fahrenheit. The measure is computed for each day by subtracting the
average of the days high and low temperatures from the base temperature (65
degrees), with negative values set equal to zero. Each days heating degree-days
are summed to create a heating degree-day measure for a specified reference
period. Heating degree-days are used in energy analysis as an indicator of space
heating energy requirements or use.
Crude Oil Landed Cost: The price of crude oil at the port of discharge, including charges associated with purchasing, transporting, and insuring a cargo from
the purchase point to the port of discharge. The cost does not include charges
incurred at the discharge port (e.g., import tariffs or fees, wharfage charges, and
demurrage).
Crude Oil Used Directly: Crude oil consumed as fuel by petroleum pipelines
and on crude oil leases.
Degree-Days, Population-Weighted: Heating or cooling degree-days weighted

by the population of the area in which the degree-days are recorded. To compute
State population-weighted degree-days, each State is divided into from one to
nine climatically homogeneous divisions, which are assigned weights based on
the ratio of the population of the division to the total population of the State.
Degree-day readings for each division are multiplied by the corresponding
population weight for each division and those products are then summed to
arrive at the State population-weighted degree-day figure. To compute national
population-weighted degree-days, the Nation is divided into nine Census
regions, each comprising from three to eight States, which are assigned weights
based on the ratio of the population of the region to the total population of the
Nation. Degree-day readings for each region are multiplied by the corresponding population weight for each region and those products are then summed to
arrive at the national population-weighted degree-day figure.
Crude Oil Well: A well completed for the production of crude oil from one or
more crude oil zones or reservoirs. Wells producing both crude oil and natural gas
are classified as crude oil wells.
Demand-Side Management: The planning, implementation, and monitoring of

electric utility activities designed to encourage consumers to modify patterns of
electricity usage, including the timing and level of electricity demand.
Cubic Foot (Natural Gas) The amount of natural gas contained at standard
temperature and pressure (60 degrees Fahrenheit and 14.73 pounds standard per
square inch) in a cube whose edges are one foot long.
Demonstrated Reserve Base (Coal): A collective term for the sum of coal in
both measured and indicated resource categories of reliability, representing 100
percent of the in-place coal in those categories as of a certain date. Includes beds
of bituminous coal and anthracite 28 or more inches thick and beds of subbituminous coal 60 or more inches thick that can occur at depths of as much as 1,000
feet. Includes beds of lignite 60 or more inches thick that can be surface mined.
Includes also thinner and/or deeper beds that currently are being mined or for
Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Cost: The cost of crude oil to the refiner,
including transportation and other fees. The composite cost is the weighted
average of domestic and imported crude oil costs. The refiner acquisition cost
does not include the cost of crude oil purchased for the Strategic Petroleum
Reserve.
Crude Oil Refinery Input: The total crude oil put into processing units at refineries.
Crude Oil Stocks: Stocks of crude oil and lease condensate held at refineries, in
petroleum pipelines, at pipeline terminals, and on leases.
Degree-Day Normal: Simple arithmetic averages of monthly or annual degree-days

over a long period of time (usually the 30-year period 19712000). The averages may
be simple degree-day normals or population-weighted degree-day normals.
353
which there is evidence that they could be mined commercially at a given time.
Represents that portion of the identified coal resource from which reserves are
calculated.
Dry Hole: An exploratory well or development well found to be incapable of

producing either crude oil or natural gas in sufficient quantities to justify completion as a crude oil well or natural gas well.
Denaturant: Petroleum, typically pentanes plus or conventional motor gasoline,

added to fuel ethanol to make it unfit for human consumption. Fuel ethanol is denatured, usually prior to transport from the ethanol production facility, by adding 2 to 5
volume percent denaturant. See Fuel Ethanol and Fuel Ethanol Minus Denaturant.
Dry Natural Gas: See Natural Gas, Dry.
Development Well: A well drilled within the proved area of a crude oil or natural
gas reservoir to the depth of a stratigraphic horizon known to be productive.
Diesel Fuel: A fuel composed of distillate fuel oils obtained in petroleum refining
operation or blends of such distillate fuel oils with residual fuel oil used in motor
vehicles. The boiling point and specific gravity are higher for diesel fuels than for
gasoline.
Direct Use: Use of electricity that 1) is self-generated, 2) is produced by either the
same entity that consumes the power or an affiliate, and 3) is used in direct support of
a service or industrial process located within the same facility or group of facilities that
house the generating equipment. Direct use is exclusive of station use.
Distillate Fuel Oil: A general classification for one of the petroleum fractions
produced in conventional distillation operations. It includes diesel fuels and fuel
oils. Products known as No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 diesel fuel are used in on-highway
diesel engines, such as those found in cars and trucks, as well as off-highway
engines, such as those in railroad locomotives and agricultural machinery. Products
known as No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 fuel oils are used primarily for space heating and
electricity generation.
Distillation Unit (Atmospheric): The primary distillation unit that processes
crude oil (including mixtures of other hydrocarbons) at approximately atmospheric conditions. It includes a pipe still for vaporizing the crude oil and a fractionation tower for separating the vaporized hydrocarbon components in the
crude oil into fractions with different boiling ranges. This is done by continuously vaporizing and condensing the components to separate higher boiling point
material. The selected boiling ranges are set by the processing scheme, the properties of the crude oil, and the product specifications.
District Heat: Steam or hot water from an outside source used as an energy
source in a building. The steam or hot water is produced in a central plant and is
piped into the building. District heat may be purchased from a utility or provided
by a physical plant in a separate building that is part of the same facility (for
example, a hospital complex or university).
354
Dry Natural Gas Production: See Natural Gas (Dry) Production.

E85: A fuel containing a mixture of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent motor
gasoline.
Electric Energy: The ability of an electric current to produce work, heat, light, or
other forms of energy. It is measured in kilowatthours.
Electric Non-Utility: Any entity that generates, transmits, or sells electricity, or
sells or trades electricity services and products, where costs are not established
and recovered by regulatory authority. Examples of these entities include, but are
not limited to, independent power producers, power marketers and aggregators
(both wholesale and retail), merchant transmission service providers, selfgeneration entities, and cogeneration firms with Qualifying Facility Status. See
Electric Utility.
Electric Power Grid: A system of synchronized power providers and consumers
connected by transmission and distribution lines and operated by one or more
control centers. In the continental United States, the electric power grid consists of
three systems: the Eastern Interconnect, the Western Interconnect, and the Texas
Interconnect. In Alaska and Hawaii, several systems encompass areas smaller than
the State (e.g., the interconnect serving Anchorage, Fairbanks, and the Kenai Peninsula; and individual islands).
Electric Power Plant: A station containing prime movers, electric generators, and
auxiliary equipment for converting mechanical, chemical, and/or fission energy into
electric energy.
Electric Power Sector: An energy-consuming sector that consists of electricityonly and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS (North
American Industry Classification System) 22 category whose primary business
is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. Note: This sector
includes electric utilities and independent power producers. See Energy-Use
Sectors.
Electric Utility: Any entity that generates, transmits, or distributes electricity
and recovers the cost of its generation, transmission or distribution assets and
operations, either directly or indirectly, through cost-based rates set by a separate

regulatory authority (e.g., State Public Service Commission), or is owned by a
governmental unit or the consumers that the entity serves. Examples of these
entities include: investor-owned entities, public power districts, public utility
districts, municipalities, rural electric cooperatives, and State and Federal agencies. Electric utilities may have Federal Energy Regulatory Commission approval
for interconnection agreements and wholesale trade tariffs covering either costof-service and/or market-based rates under the authority of the Federal Power
Act. See Electric Non-Utility.
be changed to another form useful for work. Most of the worlds convertible
energy comes from fossil fuels that are burned to produce heat that is then used as
a transfer medium to mechanical or other means in order to accomplish tasks.
Electric energy is usually measured in kilowatthours, while heat energy is
usually measured in British thermal units.
Energy Consumption: The use of energy as a source of heat or power or as an
input in the manufacturing process.
Electrical System Energy Losses: The amount of energy lost during generation,
transmission, and distribution of electricity, including plant and unaccounted-for uses.
Energy Expenditures: The money spent directly by consumers to purchase

energy. Expenditures equal the amount of energy used by the consumer times the
price per unit paid by the consumer.
Electricity: A form of energy characterized by the presence and motion of elementary charged particles generated by friction, induction, or chemical change.
Energy Service Provider: An energy entity that provides service to a retail or enduse customer.
Electricity Generation: The process of producing electric energy, or the amount

of electric energy produced by transforming other forms of energy; commonly
expressed in kilowatthours (kWh) or megawatthours (MWh). See Electricity
Generation, Gross and Electricity Generation, Net.
Energy Source: Any substance or natural phenomenon that can be consumed or

transformed to supply heat or power. Examples include petroleum, coal, natural
gas, nuclear, wood, waste, electricity, wind, geothermal, sunlight (solar energy),
water movement, and hydrogen in fuel cells.
Electricity Generation, Gross: The total amount of electric energy produced by

generating units and measured at the generating terminal.
Energy-Use Sectors: A group of major energy-consuming components of

U.S. society developed to measure and analyze energy use. The sectors most
commonly referred to in EIA are: residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, and electric power.
Electricity Generation, Net: The amount of gross electricity generation less

station use (the electric energy consumed at the generating station(s) for station
service or auxiliaries). Note: Electricity required for pumping at hydroelectric
pumped-storage plants is regarded as electricity for station service and is deducted
from gross generation.
Electricity Retail Sales: The amount of electricity sold by electric utilities and
other energy service providers to customers purchasing electricity for their own
use and not for resale.
Emissions: Anthropogenic releases of gases to the atmosphere. In the context of
global climate change, they consist of radiatively important greenhouse gases
(e.g., the release of carbon dioxide during fuel combustion).
Ethane: A normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon (C2H6). It is a colorless,

paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of -127.48 degrees Fahrenheit. It is
extracted from natural gas and refinery gas streams.
Ether: The family name applied to a group of organic chemical compounds
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and which are characterized by an
oxygen atom attached to two carbon atoms (for example, methyl tertiary butyl
ether).
End-Use Sectors: The residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation

sectors of the economy. See Energy-Use Sectors.
Ethanol (C2H5OH): A clear, colorless, flammable alcohol. Ethanol is typically

produced biologically from biomass feedstocks such as agricultural crops and cellulosic residues from agricultural crops or wood. Ethanol can also be produced
chemically from ethylene. See Biomass, Fuel Ethanol, and Fuel Ethanol Minus
Denaturant.
Energy: The capacity for doing work as measured by the capability of doing
work (potential energy) or the conversion of this capability to motion (kinetic
energy). Energy has several forms, some of which are easily convertible and can
Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (ETBE): A colorless, flammable, oxygenated hydrocarbon blend stock, (CH3)3COC2H5, formed by the catalytic etherification of
isobutylene with ethanol. See Oxygenates.
355
Ethylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon recovered from refinery processes or petrochemical processes. Ethylene is used as a petrochemical feedstock for numerous
chemical applications and the production of consumer goods.
Eurasia: The physical land mass containing the continents of Europe and Asia. For
U.S. Energy Information Administration reporting, it includes the former parts of the
from these companies. Companies are selected if they are within the top 50 publiclyowned U.S. crude oil producers that have at least 1 percent of either production or
reserves of crude oil, natural gas, coal, or uranium in the United States, or 1 percent
of either refining capacity or petroleum product sales in the United States.
Finished Motor Gasoline: See Motor Gasoline, Finished.
First Purchase Price: See Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Price.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.): Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,

Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.
Exploratory Well: A well drilled to find and produce crude oil or natural gas in
an area previously considered unproductive, to find a new reservoir in a known field
(i.e., one previously producing crude oil or natural gas in another reservoir), or to
extend the limit of a known crude oil or natural gas reservoir.
Exports: Shipments of goods from within the 50 States and the District of Columbia to U.S. possessions and territories or to foreign countries.
Extraction Loss: The reduction in volume of natural gas due to the removal of
natural gas liquid constituents such as ethane, propane, and butane at natural gas
processing plants.
Federal Energy Administration (FEA): A predecessor of the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC): The Federal agency with jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates, hydroelectric licensing, natural gas pricing, petroleum pipeline rates, and natural gas pipeline certification. FERC is an independent regulatory agency within the U.S. Department of
Energy and is the successor to the Federal Power Commission.
Federal Power Commission (FPC): The predecessor agency of the Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission. The Federal Power Commission was created by
an Act of Congress under the Federal Water Power Act on June 10, 1920. It was
charged originally with regulating the electric power and natural gas industries. It
was abolished on September 30, 1977, when the U.S. Department of Energy was
created. Its functions were divided between the U.S. Department of Energy and the
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, an independent regulatory agency.
Financial Reporting System (FRS): The U.S. Energy Information Administrations
statutory requirement to identify major energy-producing companies and develop and
implement a data-reporting program for energy financial and operating information
356
First Use: Manufacturing establishments consumption of the energy that was

originally produced offsite or was produced onsite from input materials not classified as energy.
Fiscal Year: The U.S. Governments fiscal year runs from October 1 through
September 30. The fiscal year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends;
e.g., fiscal year 2002 began on October 1, 2001, and ended on September 30, 2002.
Flared Natural Gas: See Natural Gas, Flared.
Flue Gas Desulfurization: Equipment used to remove sulfur oxides from the
combustion gases of a boiler plant before discharge to the atmosphere. Also referred
to as scrubbers. Chemicals such as lime are used as scrubbing media.
F.O.B.: See Free on Board.
Footage Drilled: Total footage for wells in various categories, as reported for any
specified period, includes (1) the deepest total depth (length of well bores) of all
wells drilled from the surface, (2) the total of all bypassed footage drilled in connection with reported wells, and (3) all new footage drilled for directional sidetrack
wells. Footage reported for directional sidetrack wells does not include footage in
the common bore, which is reported as footage for the original well. In the case of
old wells drilled deeper, the reported footage is that which was drilled below the
total depth of the old well.
Former U.S.S.R.: See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.).
Forward Costs (Uranium): The operating and capital costs that will be incurred in
any future production of uranium from in-place reserves. Included are costs for
labor, materials, power and fuel, royalties, payroll taxes, insurance, and general and
administrative costs that are dependent upon the quantity of production and, thus,
applicable as variable costs of production. Excluded from forward costs are prior
expenditures, if any, incurred for property acquisition, exploration, mine development, and mill construction, as well as income taxes, profit, and the cost of money.
Note: By use of forward costing, estimates of reserves for uranium ore deposits in
differing geological settings can be aggregated and reported as the maximum
amount that can theoretically be extracted to recover the specified costs of uranium
oxide production under the listed forward cost categories.
counted as nonrenewable fuel. See Denaturant, Ethanol, Fuel Ethanol,

Nonrenewable Fuels, Oxygenates, and Renewable Energy.
Full-Power Operation: Operation of a nuclear generating unit at 100 percent of
its design capacity. Full-power operation precedes commercial operation.
Fossil Fuel: An energy source formed in the Earths crust from decayed organic
material, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.
Gasohol: A blend of finished motor gasoline containing alcohol (generally ethanol but sometimes methanol) at a concentration between 5.7 percent and 10 percent
by volume. See Oxygenates.
Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Power Plant: An electric power plant in which the

prime mover is a turbine rotated by high-pressure steam produced in a boiler by
heat from burning fossil fuels.
Fractionation: The process by which saturated hydrocarbons are removed from
natural gas and separated into distinct parts, or fractions such as propane,
butane, and ethane.
Generating Unit: Any combination of physically connected generators, reactors,

boilers, combustion turbines, or other prime movers operated together to produce
electric power.
Generator: A machine that converts mechanical energy into electric energy.
Free Alongside Ship (F.A.S.): The value of a commodity at the port of

exportation, generally including the purchase price plus all charges incurred in placing the commodity alongside the carrier at the port of exportation.
Generator Capacity: The maximum output, commonly expressed in megawatts

(MW), that generating equipment can supply to system load, adjusted for ambient
conditions. See Generator Nameplate (Installed) Capacity and Generator Net
Summer Capacity.
Free on Board (F.O.B.): A sales transaction in which the seller makes the product
available for pick up at a specified port or terminal at a specified price and the buyer
pays for the subsequent transportation and insurance.
Generator Capacity Factor: The ratio of the electric energy produced by a

generating unit for a given period of time to the electric energy that could have
been produced at continuous full-power operation during the same period.
Free on Board (F.O.B.) Rail/Barge Price: The free on board price of coal at the
point of first sale. It excludes freight or shipping and insurance costs.
Generator Nameplate (Installed) Capacity: The maximum rated output of a

generator, prime mover, or other electric power production equipment under
specific conditions designated by the manufacturer. Installed generator nameplate
capacity is commonly expressed in megawatts (MW) and is usually indicated on a
nameplate physically attached to the generator.
Fuel Ethanol: Ethanol intended for fuel use. Fuel ethanol in the United States
must be anhydrous (less than 1 percent water). Fuel ethanol is denatured (made
unfit for human consumption), usually prior to transport from the ethanol
production facility, by adding 2 to 5 volume percent petroleum, typically pentanes plus or conventional motor gasoline. Fuel ethanol is used
principally for blending in low concentrations with motor gasoline as an
oxygenate or octane enhancer. In high concentrations, it is used to fuel
alternative-fuel vehicles specially designed for its use. See Alternative-Fuel
Vehicle, Denaturant, E85, Ethanol, Fuel Ethanol Minus Denaturant, and
Oxygenates.
Fuel Ethanol Minus Denaturant: An unobserved quantity of anhydrous,
biomass-derived, undenatured ethanol for fuel use. The quantity is obtained by
subtracting the estimated denaturant volume from fuel ethanol volume. Fuel
ethanol minus denaturant is counted as renewable energy, while denaturant is
Generator Net Summer Capacity: The maximum output, commonly expressed in

megawatts (MW), that generating equipment can supply to system load, as demonstrated by a multi-hour test, at the time of summer peak demand (period of June 1
through September 30). This output reflects a reduction in capacity due to electricity
use for station service or auxiliaries.
Geothermal Energy: Hot water or steam extracted from geothermal reservoirs in
the Earths crust and used for geothermal heat pumps, water heating, or electricity
generation.
Global Warming: An increase in the near-surface temperature of the Earth.
Global warming has occurred in the distant past as the result of natural influences,
but the term is today most often used to refer to the warming some scientists
357
predict will occur as a result of increased anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse

gases. See Climate Change.
original energy form or created during the combustion process). The U.S. Energy
Information Administration typically uses gross heat content values.
Global Warming Potential (GWP): An index used to compare the relative radiative forcing of different gases without directly calculating the changes in atmospheric concentrations. GWPs are calculated as the ratio of the radiative forcing
that would result from the emission of one kilogram of a greenhouse gas to that
from the emission of one kilogram of carbon dioxide over a period of time, such as
100 years.
Heat Rate: A measure of generating station thermal efficiency commonly stated as

Btu per kilowatthour. Note: Heat rates can be expressed as either gross or net heat
rates, depending whether the electricity output is gross or net generation. Heat rates
are typically expressed as net heat rates.
Greenhouse Gases: Those gases, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous
oxide, methane, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and
sulfur hexafluoride, that are transparent to solar (short-wave) radiation but
opaque to long-wave radiation, thus preventing long-wave radiant energy from
leaving the Earths atmosphere. The net effect is a trapping of absorbed radiation
and a tendency to warm the planets surface.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of goods and services produced
by labor and property located in the United States. As long as the labor and
property are located in the United States, the supplier (that is, the workers and,
for property, the owners) may be either U.S. residents or residents of foreign
countries.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Implicit Price Deflator: A measure used to
convert nominal prices to real prices. See Chained Dollars.
Gross Electricity Generation: See Electricity Generation, Gross.
Gross Withdrawals: See Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals.
Gross Input to Atmospheric Crude Oil Distillation Units: Total input to atmospheric crude oil distillation units. Includes all crude oil, lease condensate, natural
gas plant liquids, unfinished oils, liquefied refinery gases, slop oils, and other
liquid hydrocarbons produced from tar sands, gilsonite, and oil shale.
Heat Content: The amount of heat energy available to be released by the transformation or use of a specified physical unit of an energy form (e.g., a short ton of
coal, a barrel of crude oil, a kilowatthour of electricity, a cubic foot of natural
gas, or a pound of steam). The amount of heat energy is commonly expressed in
British thermal units (Btu). Note: Heat content of combustible energy forms can
be expressed in terms of either gross heat content (higher or upper heating value) or
net heat content (lower heating value), depending upon whether or not the available
heat energy includes or excludes the energy used to vaporize water (contained in the
358
Household: A family, an individual, or a group of up to nine unrelated persons

occupying the same housing unit. Occupy means the housing unit was the
persons usual or permanent place of residence.
Housing Unit: A house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room if it is
either occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters by a family, an
individual, or a group of one to nine unrelated persons. Separate living quarters
means the occupants (1) live and eat separately from other persons in the house or
apartment and (2) have direct access from the outside of the buildings or through a
common hallthat is, they can get to it without going through someone elses living
quarters. Housing units do not include group quarters such as prisons or nursing
homes where ten or more unrelated persons live. A common dining area used by
residents is an indication of group quarters. Hotel and motel rooms are considered
housing units if occupied as the usual or permanent place of residence.
Hydrocarbon: An organic chemical compound of hydrogen and carbon in the
gaseous, liquid, or solid phase. The molecular structure of hydrocarbon compounds
varies from the simplest (methane, a constituent of natural gas) to the very heavy
and very complex.
Hydroelectric Power: The production of electricity from the kinetic energy of
falling water. See Hydroelectric Power, Conventional and Hydroelectric Pumped
Storage.
Hydroelectric Power, Conventional: Hydroelectric power generated from flowing water that is not created by hydroelectric pumped storage.
Hydroelectric Pumped Storage: Hydroelectric power that is generated during
peak load periods by using water previously pumped into an elevated storage
reservoir during off-peak periods when excess generating capacity is available to
do so. When additional generating capacity is needed, the water can be released
from the reservoir through a conduit to turbine generators located in an electric
power plant at a lower level.
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs): A group of man-made chemicals composed of one
or two carbon atoms and varying numbers of hydrogen and fluorine atoms. Most
HFCs have 100-year global warming potentials in the thousands.
Isobutylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon recovered from refinery processes or petrochemical processes.
Hydrogen (H): The lightest of all gases, hydrogen occurs chiefly in combination
with oxygen in water. It also exists in acids, bases, alcohols, petroleum, and other
hydrocarbons.
Isopentane: A saturated branched-chain hydrocarbon obtained by fractionation of natural gasoline or isomerization of normal pentane.
Implicit Price Deflator: The implicit price deflator, published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, is used to convert nominal
prices to real prices.
Imports: Receipts of goods into the 50 States and the District of Columbia from
U.S. possessions and territories or from foreign countries.
Independent Power Producer: A corporation, person, agency, authority, or other
legal entity or instrumentality that owns or operates facilities for the generation of
electricity for use primarily by the public, and that is not an electric utility. Independent power producers are included in the electric power sector.
Indicated Resources, Coal: Coal for which estimates of the coal rank, quality,
and quantity are based partly on sample analyses and measurements and partly
on reasonable geologic projections. Indicated resources are computed partly
from specified measurements and partly from projection of visible data for a
reasonable distance on the basis of geologic evidence. The points of observation
are to 1 miles apart. Indicated coal is projected to extend as a -mile-wide
belt that lies more than mile from the outcrop or points of observation or
measurement.
Industrial Sector: An energy-consuming sector that consists of all facilities and
equipment used for producing, processing, or assembling goods. The industrial
sector encompasses the following types of activity: manufacturing (NAICS
codes 31-33); agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting (NAICS code 11);
mining, including oil and gas extraction (NAICS code 21); and construction
(NAICS code 23). Overall energy use in this sector is largely for process heat
and cooling and powering machinery, with lesser amounts used for facility heating, air conditioning, and lighting. Fossil fuels are also used as raw material
inputs to manufactured products. Note: This sector includes generators that
produce electricity and/or useful thermal output primarily to support the
above-mentioned industrial activities. Various EIA programs differ in sectoral
coveragefor
more
information
see
http://www.eia.gov/neic/datadefinitions/Guideforwebind.htm.
See End-Use
Sectors and Energy-Use Sectors.
Isobutane: See Butane.
Jet Fuel: A refined petroleum product used in jet aircraft engines. See Jet Fuel,
Kerosene-Type and Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type.
Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type: A kerosene-based product with a maximum distillation
temperature of 400 degrees Fahrenheit at the 10-percent recovery point and a final
maximum boiling point of 572 degrees Fahrenheit and meeting ASTM Specification
1655 and Military Specifications MIL-T-5624P and MIL-T-83133D (Grades JP-5
and JP-8). It is used for commercial and military turbojet and turboprop aircraft
engines.
Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type: A fuel in the heavy naphtha boiling range, with an
average gravity of 52.8 degrees API, 20 to 90 percent distillation temperature of
290 to 470 degrees Fahrenheit, and meeting Military Specification MIL-T-5624L
(Grade JP-4). It is used primarily for military turbojet and turboprop aircraft
engines because it has a lower freeze point than other aviation fuels and meets
engine requirements at high altitudes and speeds.
Kerosene: A light petroleum distillate that is used in space heaters, cook stoves,
and water heaters and is suitable for use as a light source when burned in wick-fed
lamps. Kerosene has a maximum distillation temperature of 400 degrees Fahrenheit
at the 10-percent recovery point, a final boiling point of 572 degrees Fahrenheit, and
a minimum flash point of 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Included are No. 1-K and No.
2-K, the two grades recognized by ASTM Specification D3699 as well as all other
grades of kerosene called range or stove oil, which have properties similar to those
of No. 1 fuel oil. See Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type.
Kerosene-Type Jet Fuel: See Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type.
Kilowatt: A unit of electrical power equal to 1,000 watts.
Kilowatthour (kWh): A measure of electricity defined as a unit of work or
energy, measured as 1 kilowatt (1,000 watts) of power expended for 1 hour.
One kilowatthour is equivalent to 3,412 Btu. See Watthour.
Landed Cost: See Crude Oil Landed Cost.
Lease and Plant Fuel: Natural gas used in well, field, and lease operations (such
as natural gas used in drilling operations, heaters, dehydrators, and field
359
compressors) and used as fuel in natural gas processing plants.

Lease Condensate: A mixture consisting primarily of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons which is recovered as a liquid from natural gas in lease separation
facilities. This category excludes natural gas plant liquids, such as butane and
propane, which are recovered at downstream natural gas processing plants or
facilities.
Lignite: The lowest rank of coal, often referred to as brown coal, used almost
exclusively as fuel for steam-electric power generation. It is brownish-black and has
a high inherent moisture content, sometimes as high as 45 percent. The heat content
of lignite ranges from 9 to 17 million Btu per short ton on a moist, mineral-matterfree basis. The heat content of lignite consumed in the United States averages 13
million Btu per short ton, on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent
moisture and mineral matter). See Coal Rank.
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG): Natural gas (primarily methane) that has been
liquefied by reducing its temperature to -260 degrees Fahrenheit at atmospheric
pressure.
Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG): A group of hydrocarbon-based gases derived
from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. They include ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, isobutane, and isobutylene. For
convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization.
Liquefied Refinery Gases (LRG): Liquefied petroleum gases fractionated from
refinery or still gases. Through compression and/or refrigeration, they are retained
in the liquid state. The reported categories are ethane/ethylene,
propane/propylene, normal butane/butylene, and isobutane. Excludes still gas.
Losses: See Electrical System Energy Losses.
Low-Power Testing: The period of time between a nuclear generating units initial
fuel loading date and the issuance of its operating (full-power) license. The maximum
level of operation during that period is 5 percent of the units design thermal rating.
Lubricants: Substances used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces or
incorporated into other materials used as processing aids in the manufacture of
other products, or used as carriers of other materials. Petroleum lubricants may
be produced either from distillates or residues. Lubricants include all grades of
lubricating oils, from spindle oil to cylinder oil, and those used in greases.
Manufacturing: An energy-consuming subsector of the industrial sector that
consists of all facilities and equipment engaged in the mechanical, physical,
360
chemical, or electronic transformation of materials, substances, or components

into new products. Assembly of component parts of products is included, except
for that which is included in construction.
Marketed Production (Natural Gas): See Natural Gas Marketed Production.
Measured Resources, Coal: Coal resources for which estimates of the coal rank,
quality, and quantity have been computed, within a margin of error of less than
20 percent, from sample analyses and measurements from closely spaced and
geologically well known sample sites. Measured resources are computed from
dimensions revealed in outcrops, trenches, mine workings, and drill holes. The
points of observation and measurement are so closely spaced and the thickness
and extent of coals are so well defined that the tonnage is judged to be accurate
within 20 percent. Although the spacing of the point of observation necessary to
demonstrate continuity of the coal differs from region to region, according to the
character of the coalbeds, the points of observation are no greater than mile
apart. Measured coal is projected to extend as a belt mile wide from the
outcrop or points of observation or measurement.
Methane: A colorless, flammable, odorless hydrocarbon gas (CH4), which is the
major component of natural gas. It is also an important source of hydrogen in various industrial processes.
Methanol: A light, volatile alcohol (CH3OH) eligible for motor gasoline blending.
See Oxygenates.
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE): An ether, (CH3)3COCH3, intended for
motor gasoline blending. See Oxygenates.
Miscellaneous Petroleum Products: All finished petroleum products not classified elsewherefor example, petrolatum, lube refining byproducts (aromatic
extracts and tars), absorption oils, ram-jet fuel, petroleum rocket fuels, synthetic
natural gas feedstocks, and specialty oils.
Motor Gasoline Blending: Mechanical mixing of motor gasoline blending
components and oxygenates as required, to produce finished motor gasoline.
Finished motor gasoline may be further mixed with other motor gasoline blending
components or oxygenates, resulting in increased volumes of finished motor gasoline and/or changes in the formulation of finished motor gasoline (e.g., conventional
motor gasoline mixed with MTBE to produce oxygenated motor gasoline).
Motor Gasoline Blending Components: Naphthas (e.g., straight-run gasoline,
alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, xylene) used for blending or compounding into
finished motor gasoline. These components include reformulated gasoline blendstock
for oxygenate blending (RBOB) but exclude oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), butane,
and pentanes plus. Note: Oxygenates are reported as individual components and are
included in the total for other hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and oxygenates.
Motor Gasoline, Conventional: Finished motor gasoline not included in the
oxygenated or reformulated motor gasoline categories. Note: This category
excludes reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending (RBOB) as well
as other blendstock. Conventional motor gasoline can be leaded or unleaded;
regular, midgrade, or premium. See Motor Gasoline Grades.
Motor Gasoline, Finished: A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons with or without small quantities of additives, blended to form a fuel suitable
for use in spark-ignition. Motor gasoline, as defined in ASTM Specification D-4814
or Federal Specification VV-G-1690C, is characterized as having a boiling range of
122 to 158 degrees Fahrenheit at the 10-percent recovery point to 365 to 374
degrees Fahrenheit at the 90-percent recovery point. Motor gasoline includes
conventional motor gasoline, all types of oxygenated motor gasoline including
gasohol, and reformulated motor gasoline, but excludes aviation gasoline. Note:
Volumetric data on motor gasoline blending components, as well as oxygenates,
are not counted in data on finished motor gasoline until the blending components
are blended into the gasoline.
Motor Gasoline Grades: The classification of gasoline by octane ratings. Each
type of gasoline (conventional, oxygenated, and reformulated; leaded or
unleaded) is classified by three grades: regular, midgrade, and premium. Note:
Motor gasoline sales are reported by grade in accordance with their classification at
the time of sale. In general, automotive octane requirements are lower at high altitudes. Therefore, in some areas of the United States, such as the Rocky Mountain
States, the octane ratings for the gasoline grades may be 2 or more octane points
lower.
Regular Gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating,
greater than or equal to 85 and less than 88.
Midgrade Gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane
rating, greater than or equal to 88 and less than or equal to 90.
Premium Gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating,
greater than 90.
Motor Gasoline, Oxygenated: Finished motor gasoline other than reformulated motor gasoline, having an oxygen content of 2.7 percent or higher by
weight and required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to be
sold in areas designated by EPA as carbon monoxide (CO) nonattainment areas.
Note: Oxygenated gasoline excludes oxygenated fuels program reformulated
gasoline (OPRG) and reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending

(RBOB). Data on gasohol that has at least 2.7 percent oxygen, by weight, and is
intended for sale inside CO nonattainment areas are included in data on oxygenated gasoline. Other data on gasohol (for use outside of nonattainment areas) are
included in data on conventional gasoline.
Motor Gasoline, Reformulated: Finished motor gasoline formulated for use in
motor vehicles, the composition and properties of which meet the requirements
of the reformulated gasoline regulations promulgated by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency under Section 211(k) of the Clean Air Act. It includes gasoline produced to meet or exceed emissions performance and benzene content
standards of federal-program reformulated gasoline even though the gasoline
may not meet all of the composition requirements (e.g. oxygen content) of
federal-program reformulated gasoline. Note: This category includes oxygenated fuels program reformulated gasoline (OPRG). Reformulated gasoline
excludes reformulated blendstock for oxygenate blending (RBOB) and gasoline
treated as blendstock (GTAB).
MTBE: See Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether.
NAICS: See North American Industry Classification System.
Naphtha: A generic term applied to a petroleum fraction with an approximate
boiling range between 122 and 400 degrees Fahrenheit.
Naphtha-Type Jet Fuel: See Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type.
Natural Gas: A gaseous mixture of hydrocarbon compounds, primarily methane, used as a fuel for electricity generation and in a variety of ways in
buildings, and as raw material input and fuel for industrial processes.
Natural Gas, Dry: Natural gas which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field,
and/or plant separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have
been removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas unmarketable. Note: Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The
parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and 14.73
pounds per square inch absolute.
Natural Gas (Dry) Production: The process of producing consumer-grade natural
gas. Natural gas withdrawn from reservoirs is reduced by volumes used at the production (lease) site and by processing losses. Volumes used at the production site
include 1) the volume returned to reservoirs in cycling, repressuring of oil
361
reservoirs, and conservation operations; and 2) vented natural gas and flared
natural gas. Processing losses include 1) nonhydrocarbon gases (e.g., water
vapor, carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen) removed from the
gas stream; and 2) gas converted to liquid form, such as lease condensate and
natural gas plant liquids. Volumes of dry gas withdrawn from gas storage reservoirs are not considered part of production. Dry natural gas production equals
natural gas marketed production less extraction loss.
Natural Gas, Flared: Natural gas burned in flares on the base site or at gas processing plants.
Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals: Full well stream volume of produced natural
gas, excluding lease condensate separated at the lease.
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL): Those hydrocarbons in natural gas that are separated from the gas as liquids through the process of absorption, condensation,
adsorption, or other methods in gas processing or cycling plants. Generally such
liquids consist of propane and heavier hydrocarbons and are commonly referred
to as lease condensate, natural gasoline, and liquefied petroleum gases. Natural
gas liquids include natural gas plant liquids (primarily ethane, propane,
butane, and isobutane) and lease condensate (primarily pentanes produced from
natural gas at lease separators and field facilities).
Natural Gas Marketed Production: Natural gas gross withdrawals from production reservoirs, less gas used for reservoir repressuring; nonhydrocarbon gases
removed in treating or processing operations; and quantities of vented natural gas and
flared natural gas. Includes all quantities of natural gas used in field and processing
operations.
Natural Gas Pipeline: A continuous pipe conduit, complete with such equipment
as valves, compressor stations, communications systems, and meters, for transporting natural gas and/or supplemental gaseous fuels from one point to
another, usually from a point in or beyond the producing field or processing plant
to another pipeline or to points of utilization. Also refers to a company operating
such facilities.
Natural Gas Plant Liquids (NGPL): Those hydrocarbons in natural gas that
are separated as liquids at natural gas processing plants, fractionating and cycling
plants, and, in some instances, field facilities. Lease condensate is excluded.
Products obtained include ethane; liquefied petroleum gases (propane, butanes,
propane-butane mixtures, ethane-propane mixtures); isopentane; and other small
quantities of finished products, such as motor gasoline, special naphthas, jet
fuel, kerosene, and distillate fuel oil. See Natural Gas Liquids.
362
Natural Gas Processing Plant: A surface installation designed to separate and

recover natural gas liquids from a stream of produced natural gas through the
processes of condensation, absorption, refrigeration, or other methods, and to
control the quality of natural gas marketed or returned to oil or gas reservoirs for
pressure maintenance, repressuring, or cycling.
Natural Gas, Vented: Natural gas released into the air on the production site or at
processing plants.
Natural Gas Well: A well completed for the production of natural gas from one or
more natural gas zones or reservoirs. (Wells producing both crude oil and natural
gas are classified as crude oil wells.)
Natural Gas Wellhead Price: Price of natural gas calculated by dividing the total
reported value at the wellhead by the total quantity produced as reported by the
appropriate agencies of individual producing States and the U.S. Mineral Management Service. The price includes all costs prior to shipment from the lease, including gathering and compression costs, in addition to State production, severance,
and similar charges.
Natural Gasoline: A mixture of hydrocarbons (mostly pentanes and heavier)
extracted from natural gas that meets vapor pressure, end-point, and other specifications for natural gasoline set by the Gas Processors Association. Includes
isopentane, which is a saturated branch-chain hydrocarbon obtained by fractionation of natural gasoline or isomerization of normal pentane.
NERC: See North American Electric Reliability Corporation.
Net Electricity Generation: See Electricity Generation, Net.
Net Summer Capacity: See Generator Net Summer Capacity.
Neutral Zone: A 6,200 square-mile area shared equally between Kuwait and Saudi
Arabia under a 1992 agreement.
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): Compounds of nitrogen and oxygen produced by the burning of fossil fuels.
Nominal Dollars: A measure used to express nominal price.
Nominal Price: The price paid for a product or service at the time of the
transaction. Nominal prices are those that have not been adjusted to remove the
effect of changes in the purchasing power of the dollar; they reflect buying power in
the year in which the transaction occurred.
Non-Biomass Waste: Material of non-biological origin that is a byproduct or a
discarded product. Non-biomass waste includes municipal solid waste from nonbiogenic sources, such as plastics, and tire-derived fuels.
Noncoincident Peak Load: The sum of two or more peak loads on individual
systems that do not occur in the same time interval. Meaningful only in the context
of loads within a limited period of time, such as day, week, month, a heating or
cooling season, and usually for not more than 1 year.
Nonhydrocarbon Gases: Typical nonhydrocarbon gases that may be present in reservoir natural gas, such as carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen.
Nonrenewable Fuels: Fuels that cannot be easily made or "renewed," such as
crude oil, natural gas, and coal.
Normal Butane: See Butane.
North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC): A nonprofit corporation formed in 2006 as the successor to the North American Electric Reliability Council established to develop and maintain mandatory reliability standards
for the bulk electric system, with the fundamental goal of maintaining and
improving the reliability of that system. NERC consists of regional reliability
entities covering the interconnected power regions of the contiguous United
States,
Canada,
and
Mexico.
See
the
NERC
regions
at
http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/chg_str_fuel/html/fig02.html.
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS): A classification
scheme, developed by the Office of Management and Budget to replace the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) System, that categorizes establishments according to the types of production processes they primarily use.
Nuclear Electric Power (Nuclear Power): Electricity generated by the use of the
thermal energy released from the fission of nuclear fuel in a reactor.
Nuclear Electric Power Plant: A single-unit or multi-unit facility in which heat
produced in one or more reactors by the fissioning of nuclear fuel is used to drive
one or more steam turbines.
Nuclear Reactor: An apparatus in which a nuclear fission chain reaction can be
initiated, controlled, and sustained at a specific rate. A reactor includes fuel
(fissionable material), moderating material to control the rate of fission, a heavywalled pressure vessel to house reactor components, shielding to protect personnel,
a system to conduct heat away from the reactor, and instrumentation for monitoring
and controlling the reactor's systems.
Octane Rating: A number used to indicate gasoline's antiknock performance in
motor vehicle engines. The two recognized laboratory engine test methods for determining the antiknock rating, i.e., octane rating, of gasolines are the Research
method and the Motor method. To provide a single number as guidance to the
consumer, the antiknock index (R + M)/2, which is the average of the Research and
Motor octane numbers, was developed.
OECD: See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Offshore: That geographic area that lies seaward of the coastline. In general, the
coastline is the line of ordinary low water along with that portion of the coast that
is in direct contact with the open sea or the line marking the seaward limit of
inland water. If a State agency uses a different basis for classifying onshore and
offshore areas, the State classification is used (e.g., Cook Inlet in Alaska is classified as offshore; for Louisiana, the coastline is defined as the Chapman Line, as
modified by subsequent adjudication).
Oil: See Crude Oil.
OPEC: See Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.
Open Market Coal: Coal sold in the open market, i.e., coal sold to companies
other than the reporting company's parent company or an operating subsidiary of the
parent company. See Captive Coal.
Operable Nuclear Unit: In the United States, a nuclear generating unit that has
completed low-power testing and is in possession of a full-power operating license
issued by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Operable Refineries: Refineries that were in one of the following three categories at the beginning of a given year: in operation; not in operation and not under
active repair, but capable of being placed into operation within 30 days; or not in
operation, but under active repair that could be completed within 90 days.
Operating Income: Operating revenues less operating expenses. Excludes items of
other revenue and expense, such as equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates,
dividends, interest income and expense, income taxes, extraordinary items, and
cumulative effect of accounting changes.
363
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): An international organization helping governments tackle the economic, social and
governance challenges of a globalized economy. Its membership comprises about
30 member countries. With active relationships with some 70 other countries, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society, it has a global reach. For
details about the organization, see http://www.oecd.org.
Peak Watt: A manufacturer's unit indicating the amount of power a photovoltaic

cell or module will produce at standard test conditions (normally 1,000 watts per
square meter and 25 degrees Celsius).
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): An intergovernmental organization whose stated objective is to "coordinate and unify the petroleum
policies of member countries." It was created at the Baghdad Conference on
September 1014, 1960. Current members (with years of membership) include
Algeria (1969present), Angola (2007present), Ecuador (19731992 and
2007present), Iran (1960present), Iraq (1960present), Kuwait (1960present),
Libya (1962present), Nigeria (1971present), Qatar (1961present), Saudi Arabia
(1960present), United Arab Emirates (1967present), and Venezuela
(1960present).
Countries no longer members of OPEC include Gabon
(19751994) and Indonesia (19622008).
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs): A group of man-made chemicals composed of one or

two carbon atoms and four to six flourine atoms, containing no chlorine. PFCs have
no commercial uses and are emitted as a byproduct of aluminum smelting and semiconductor manufacturing. PFCs have very high 100-year global warming potentials and are very long-lived in the atmosphere.
Oxygenated Motor Gasoline: See Motor Gasoline, Oxygenated.

Oxygenates: Substances which, when added to motor gasoline, increase the
amount of oxygen in that gasoline blend. Ethanol, methyl tertiary butyl ether
(MTBE), ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), and methanol are common oxygenates. See Motor Gasoline, Oxygenated.
Pentanes Plus: A mixture of hydrocarbons, mostly pentanes and heavier, extracted

from natural gas. Includes isopentane, natural gasoline, and plant condensate.
Petrochemical Feedstocks: Chemical feedstocks derived from petroleum principally for the manufacture of chemicals, synthetic rubber, and a variety of plastics.
Petroleum: A broadly defined class of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures. Included are
crude oil, lease condensate, unfinished oils, refined products obtained from the
processing of crude oil, and natural gas plant liquids. Note: Volumes of finished
petroleum products include nonhydrocarbon compounds, such as additives and
detergents, after they have been blended into the products.
Petroleum Coke: See Coke, Petroleum.
Petroleum Consumption: See Products Supplied (Petroleum).
Ozone: A molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen. Occurs naturally in the

stratosphere and provides a protective layer shielding the Earth from harmful
ultraviolet radiation. In the troposphere, it is a chemical oxidant, a greenhouse gas,
and a major component of photochemical smog.
PAD Districts: Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts. Geographic aggregations of the 50 States and the District of Columbia into five districts for the Petroleum Administration for Defense in 1950. The districts were originally instituted for
economic and geographic reasons as Petroleum Administration for War (PAW)
Districts, which were established in 1942.
Particulate Collectors: Equipment used to remove fly ash from the combustion
gases of a boiler plant before discharge to the atmosphere. Particulate collectors
include electrostatic precipitators, mechanical collectors (cyclones, fabric filters
[baghouses]), and wet scrubbers.
Peak Kilowatt: Thousand peak watts.
364
Petroleum Imports: Imports of petroleum into the 50 States and the District of
Columbia from foreign countries and from Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other
U.S. territories and possessions. Included are imports for the Strategic Petroleum
Reserve and withdrawals from bonded warehouses for onshore consumption, offshore
bunker use, and military use. Excluded are receipts of foreign petroleum into bonded
warehouses and into U.S. territories and U.S. Foreign Trade Zones.
Petroleum Pipeline: Crude oil and product pipelines used to transport crude oil and
petroleum products, respectively (including interstate, intrastate, and intracompany
pipelines), within the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
Petroleum Products: Petroleum products are obtained from the processing of
crude oil (including lease condensate), natural gas, and other hydrocarbon
compounds. Petroleum products include unfinished oils, liquefied petroleum
gases, pentanes plus, aviation gasoline, motor gasoline, naphtha-type jet fuel,
kerosene-type jet fuel, kerosene, distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil,
petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, lubricants, waxes, petroleum coke,

asphalt, road oil, still gas, and miscellaneous petroleum products.
Petroleum Stocks, Primary: For individual petroleum products, quantities that
are held at refineries, in petroleum pipelines, and at bulk terminals that have a
capacity of 50,000 barrels or more, or that are in transit thereto. Stocks held by
product retailers and resellers, as well as tertiary stocks held at the point of
consumption, are excluded. Stocks of individual products held at gas processing
plants are excluded from individual product estimates but are included in other
oil estimates and total.
Photovoltaic Cell (PVC): An electronic device consisting of layers of semiconductor materials fabricated to form a junction (adjacent layers of materials with
different electronic characteristics) and electrical contacts and being capable of
converting incident light directly into electricity (direct current).
Photovoltaic Energy: Direct-current electricity generated from sunlight through
solid-state semiconductor devices that have no moving parts.
Photovoltaic Module: An integrated assembly of interconnected photovoltaic
cells designed to deliver a selected level of working voltage and current at its output
terminals, packaged for protection against environmental degradation, and suited for
incorporation in photovoltaic power systems.
Pipeline Fuel: Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily in
compressors.
Plant Condensate: One of the natural gas liquids, mostly pentanes and heavier
hydrocarbons, recovered and separated as liquids at gas inlet separators or scrubbers in processing plants.
Primary Energy: Energy in the form that it is first accounted for in a statistical
energy balance, before any transformation to secondary or tertiary forms of
energy. For example, coal can be converted to synthetic gas, which can be
converted to electricity; in this example, coal is primary energy, synthetic gas is
secondary energy, and electricity is tertiary energy. See Primary Energy Production and Primary Energy Consumption.
Primary Energy Consumption: Consumption of primary energy. (Energy
sources that are produced from other energy sources, e.g., coal coke from coal, are
included in primary energy consumption only if their energy content has not already
been included as part of the original energy source. Thus, U.S. primary energy
consumption does include net imports of coal coke, but not the coal coke produced
from domestic coal.) The U.S. Energy Information Administration includes the
following in U.S. primary energy consumption: coal consumption; coal coke net
imports; petroleum consumption (petroleum products supplied, including
natural gas plant liquids and crude oil burned as fuel); dry natural gas excluding supplemental gaseous fuels consumption; nuclear electricity net generation
(converted to Btu using the nuclear plants heat rates); conventional hydroelectricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fuels plant heat rates);
geothermal electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fuels
plant heat rates), and geothermal heat pump energy and geothermal direct use
energy; solar thermal and photovoltaic electricity net generation (converted to
Btu using the fossil-fuels plant heat rates), and solar thermal direct use energy;
wind electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fuels plant heat
rates); wood and wood-derived fuels consumption; biomass waste consumption;
fuel ethanol and biodiesel consumption; losses and co-products from the
production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel; and electricity net imports (converted to
Btu using the electricity heat content of 3,412 Btu per kilowatthour).
Primary Energy Production: Production of primary energy. The U.S. Energy
Information Administration includes the following in U.S. primary energy
production: coal production, waste coal supplied, and coal refuse recovery;
crude oil and lease condensate production; natural gas plant liquids production; dry natural gas excluding supplemental gaseous fuels production;
nuclear electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the nuclear plant
heat rates); conventional hydroelectricity net generation (converted to Btu
using the fossil-fuels plant heat rates); geothermal electricity net generation
(converted to Btu using the fossil-fuels plant heat rates), and geothermal heat
pump energy and geothermal direct use energy; solar thermal and photovoltaic
electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fuels plant heat
rates), and solar thermal direct use energy; wind electricity net generation
(converted to Btu using the fossil-fuels plant heat rates); wood and woodderived fuels consumption; biomass waste consumption; and biofuels feedstock.
Prime Mover: The engine, turbine, water wheel, or similar machine that
drives an electric generator; or, for reporting purposes, a device that converts
energy to electricity directly.
Process Fuel: All energy consumed in the acquisition, processing, and transportation of energy. Quantifiable process fuel includes three categories: natural gas lease
and plant operations, natural gas pipeline operations, and oil refinery operations.
Processing Gain: The volumetric amount by which total output is greater than
input for a given period of time. This difference is due to the processing of crude
oil into petroleum products which, in total, have a lower specific gravity than the
crude oil processed.
Processing Loss: The volumetric amount by which total refinery output is less than
input for a given period of time. This difference is due to the processing of crude
365
oil into petroleum products which, in total, have a higher specific gravity than the
crude oil processed.
Products Supplied (Petroleum): Approximately represents consumption of
petroleum products because it measures the disappearance of these products
from primary sources, i.e., refineries, natural gas processing plants, blending
plants, pipelines, and bulk terminals. In general, product supplied of each product in any given period is computed as follows: field production, plus refinery
production, plus imports, plus unaccounted-for crude oil (plus net receipts when
calculated on a PAD District basis) minus stock change, minus crude oil losses,
minus refinery inputs, and minus exports.
Propane: A normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon (C3H8). It is a colorless
paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of -43.67 degrees Fahrenheit. It is extracted
from natural gas or refinery gas streams. It includes all products designated in
ASTM Specification D1835 and Gas Processors Association Specifications for
commercial propane and HD-5 propane.
Propylene: An olefinic hydrocarbon (C3H6) recovered from refinery processes or
petrochemical processes.
Proved Reserves, Crude Oil: The estimated quantities of all liquids defined as
crude oil that geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty
to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic
and operating conditions.
Proved Reserves, Lease Condensate: The volumes of lease condensate expected
to be recovered in future years in conjunction with the production of proved reserves
of natural gas based on the recovery efficiency of lease and/or field separation
facilities installed.
Proved Reserves, Natural Gas: The estimated quantities of natural gas that analysis of geological and engineering data demonstrates with reasonable certainty to be
recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and
operating conditions.
Proved Reserves, Natural Gas Liquids: Those volumes of natural gas liquids
(including lease condensate) demonstrated with reasonable certainty to be separable
in the future from proved natural gas reserves, under existing economic and operating conditions.
Pumped Storage: See Hydroelectric Pumped Storage.
366
Real Price: A price that has been adjusted to remove the effect of changes in the
purchasing power of the dollar. Real prices, which are expressed in constant
dollars, usually reflect buying power relative to a base year.
See Chained
Dollars.
Refiner Acquisition Cost of Crude Oil: See Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Cost.
Refinery Gas: See Still Gas.
Refinery and Blender Net Inputs: Raw materials, unfinished oils, and blending
components processed at refineries, or blended at refineries or petroleum storage
terminals to produce finished petroleum products. Included are gross inputs of
crude oil, natural gas plant liquids, other hydrocarbon raw materials, hydrogen,
oxygenates (excluding fuel ethanol), and renewable fuels (including fuel
ethanol). Also included are net inputs of unfinished oils, motor gasoline blending components, and aviation gasoline blending components. Net inputs are
calculated as gross inputs minus gross production. Negative net inputs indicate
gross inputs are less than gross production. Examples of negative net inputs
include reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending (RBOB)
produced at refineries for shipment to blending terminals, and unfinished oils
produced and added to inventory in advance of scheduled maintenance of a refinery
crude oil distillation unit.
Refinery and Blender Net Production: Liquefied refinery gases, and finished
petroleum products produced at a refinery or petroleum storage terminal blending
facility. Net production equals gross production minus gross inputs. Negative net
production indicates gross production is less than gross inputs for a finished petroleum product. Examples of negative net production include reclassification of one
finished product to another finished product, or reclassification of a finished product
to unfinished oils or blending components.
Refinery (Petroleum): An installation that manufactures finished petroleum products from crude oil, unfinished oils, natural gas liquids, other hydrocarbons, and
alcohol.
Reformulated Motor Gasoline: See Motor Gasoline, Reformulated.
Refuse Mine: A surface mine where coal is recovered from previously mined coal.
It may also be known as a silt bank, culm bank, refuse bank, slurry dam, or dredge
operation.
Refuse Recovery: The recapture of coal from a refuse mine or the coal recaptured
by that process. The resulting product has been cleaned to reduce the concentration
of noncombustible materials.
Renewable Energy: Energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible (unlike, for example, fossil fuels, which are in finite supply). Renewable sources
of energy include conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar, wind,
and biomass.
Shale gas: Natural gas produced from organic (black) shale formations. See Natural gas.
Replacement Fuel: The portion of any motor fuel that is methanol, ethanol, or
other alcohols, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gases, hydrogen, coal-derived
liquid fuels, electricity (including electricity from solar energy), ethers, biodiesel, or any other fuel the Secretary of Energy determines, by rule, is substantially
not petroleum and would yield substantial energy security benefits and substantial environmental benefits.
Solar Energy: See Solar Thermal Energy and Photovoltaic Energy.
Repressuring: The injection of gas into crude oil or natural gas formations to
effect greater ultimate recovery.
Residential Sector: An energy-consuming sector that consists of living quarters
for private households. Common uses of energy associated with this sector include
space heating, water heating, air conditioning, lighting, refrigeration, cooking, and
running a variety of other appliances. The residential sector excludes institutional
living quarters. Note: Various EIA programs differ in sectoral coveragefor further
explanation see http://www.eia.gov/neic/datadefinitions/Guideforwebres.htm. See
End-Use Sectors and Energy-Use Sectors.
Residual Fuel Oil: The heavier oils, known as No. 5 and No. 6 fuel oils, that
remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons are distilled away
in refinery operations. It conforms to ASTM Specifications D396 and D975 and
Federal Specification VV-F-815C. No. 5, a residual fuel oil of medium viscosity, is also known as Navy Special and is defined in Military Specification
MIL-F-859E, including Amendment 2 (NATO Symbol F-770). It is used in
steam-powered vessels in government service and inshore electric power
plants. No. 6 fuel oil includes Bunker C fuel oil and is used for electricity
generation, space heating, vessel bunkering, and various industrial purposes.
Road Oil: Any heavy petroleum oil, including residual asphaltic oil, used as a
dust palliative and surface treatment on roads and highways. It is generally
produced in six grades, from 0, the most liquid, to 5, the most viscous.
Rotary Rig: A machine used for drilling wells that employs a rotating tube
attached to a bit for boring holes through rock.
Royalty Interest: An interest in a mineral property provided through a royalty
contract.
Short Ton (Coal): A unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds.
Solar Thermal Collector: A device designed to receive solar radiation and

convert it to thermal energy. Normally, a solar thermal collector includes a
frame, glazing, and an absorber, together with appropriate insulation. The heat
collected by the solar thermal collector may be used immediately or stored for
later use. Solar collectors are used for space heating, domestic hot water
heating, and heating swimming pools, hot tubs, or spas.
Solar Thermal Energy: The radiant energy of the sun that can be converted into
other forms of energy, such as heat or electricity.
Space Heating: The use of energy to generate heat for warmth in housing units
using space-heating equipment. The equipment could be the main space-heating
equipment or secondary space-heating equipment. It does not include the use of
energy to operate appliances (such as lights, televisions, and refrigerators) that give
off heat as a byproduct.
Special Naphthas: All finished petroleum products within the naphtha boiling
range that are used as paint thinners, cleaners, or solvents. Those products are
refined to a specified flash point. Special naphthas include all commercial hexane
and cleaning solvents conforming to ASTM Specifications D1836 and D484,
respectively. Naphthas to be blended or marketed as motor gasoline or aviation
gasoline or that are to be used as petrochemical feedstocks or synthetic natural
gas (SNG) feedstocks are excluded.
Spent Liquor: The liquid residue left after an industrial process; can be a component of waste materials used as fuel.
Spot Market Price: See Spot Price.
Spot Price: The price for a one-time open market transaction for immediate delivery of the specific quantity of product at a specific location where the commodity is
purchased on the spot at current market rates.
Station Use: Energy that is used to operate an electric power plant. It includes
energy consumed for plant lighting, power, and auxiliary facilities, regardless of
whether the energy is produced at the plant or comes from another source.
367
Steam-Electric Power Plant: An electric power plant in which the prime mover
is a steam turbine. The steam used to drive the turbine is produced in a boiler where
fossil fuels are burned.
Still Gas (Refinery Gas): Any form or mixture of gases produced in refineries by
distillation, cracking, reforming, and other processes. The principal constituents
are methane, ethane, ethylene, normal butane, butylene, propane, propylene,
etc. Still gas is used as a refinery fuel and a petrochemical feedstock. The
conversion factor is 6 million Btu per fuel oil equivalent barrel.
Stocks: Inventories of fuel stored for future use. See Crude Oil Stocks, Coal
Stocks, and Petroleum Stocks, Primary.
Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR): Petroleum stocks maintained by the Federal
Government for use during periods of major supply interruption.
Subbituminous Coal: A coal whose properties range from those of lignite to
those of bituminous coal and used primarily as fuel for steam-electric power
generation. It may be dull, dark brown to black, soft and crumbly, at the lower
end of the range, to bright, jet black, hard, and relatively strong, at the upper
end. Subbituminous coal contains 20 to 30 percent inherent moisture by weight.
The heat content of subbituminous coal ranges from 17 to 24 million Btu per
short ton on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of subbituminous coal consumed in the United States averages 17 to 18 million Btu per short
ton, on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral
matter). See Coal Rank.
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2): A toxic, irritating, colorless gas soluble in water, alcohol,
and ether. Used as a chemical intermediate, in paper pulping and ore refining, and
as a solvent.
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6): A colorless gas soluble in alcohol and ether, and
slightly less soluble in water. It is used as a dielectric in electronics. It possesses the
highest 100-year global warming potential of any gas (23,900).
Supplemental Gaseous Fuels: Any gaseous substance introduced into or
commingled with natural gas that increases the volume available for
disposition. Such substances include, but are not limited to, propane-air, refinery gas, coke-oven gas, manufactured gas, biomass gas, or air or inerts added
for Btu stabilization.
Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG): (Also referred to as substitute natural gas.) A
manufactured product, chemically similar in most respects to natural gas, resulting
368
from the conversion or reforming of hydrocarbons that may easily be substituted

for or interchanged with pipeline-quality natural gas.
Thermal Conversion Factor: A factor for converting data between physical
units of measure (such as barrels, cubic feet, or short tons) and thermal units
of measure (such as British thermal units, calories, or joules); or for convertingdata between different thermal units of measure. See Btu Coversion Factor.
Total Energy Consumption: Primary energy consumption in the end-use
sectors, plus electricity retail sales and electrical system energy losses.
Transportation Sector: An energy-consuming sector that consists of all vehicles
whose primary purpose is transporting people and/or goods from one physical
location to another. Included are automobiles; trucks; buses; motorcycles; trains,
subways, and other rail vehicles; aircraft; and ships, barges, and other waterborne
vehicles. Vehicles whose primary purpose is not transportation (e.g., construction
cranes and bulldozers, farming vehicles, and warehouse tractors and forklifts) are
classified in the sector of their primary use. Note: Various EIA programs differ in
sectoral
coveragefor
more
information
see
http://www.eia.gov/neic/datadefinitions/Guideforwebtrans.htm. See End-Use Sectors
and Energy-Use Sectors.
Unaccounted-for Crude Oil: Represents the arithmetic difference between the
calculated supply and the calculated disposition of crude oil. The calculated
supply is the sum of crude oil production plus imports minus changes in crude oil
stocks. The calculated disposition of crude oil is the sum of crude oil input to
refineries, crude oil exports, crude oil burned as fuel, and crude oil losses.
Unaccounted-for Natural Gas: Represents differences between the sum of the
components of natural gas supply and the sum of components of natural gas
disposition. These differences may be due to quantities lost or to the effects of data
reporting problems. Reporting problems include differences due to the net result of
conversions of flow data metered at varying temperatures and pressure bases and
converted to a standard temperature and pressure base; the effect of variations in
company accounting and billing practices; differences between billing cycle and
calendar-period time frames; and imbalances resulting from the merger of data
reporting systems that vary in scope, format, definitions, and type of respondents.
Underground Natural Gas Storage: The use of sub-surface facilities for storing
natural gas that has been transferred from its original location. The facilities are
usually hollowed-out salt domes, geological reservoirs (depleted crude oil or natural gas fields) or water-bearing sands topped by an impermeable cap rock (aquifer).
Undiscovered Recoverable Reserves (Crude Oil and Natural Gas): Those

economic resources of crude oil and natural gas, yet undiscovered, that are estimated to exist in favorable geologic settings.
Unfinished Oils: All oils requiring further processing, except those requiring only
mechanical blending. Unfinished oils are produced by partial refining of crude oil
and include naphthas and lighter oils, kerosene and light gas oils, heavy gas oils,
and residuum.
Unfractionated Stream: Mixtures of unsegregated natural gas liquid components,
excluding those in plant condensate. This product is extracted from natural gas.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.): A political entity that consisted of
15 constituent republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and
Uzbekistan. The U.S.S.R. ceased to exist as of December 31, 1991.
United States: The 50 States and the District of Columbia. Note: The United
States has varying degrees of jurisdiction over a number of territories and other
political entities outside the 50 States and the District of Columbia, including
Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, Johnston Atoll,
Midway Islands, Wake Island, and the Northern Mariana Islands. EIA data
programs may include data from some or all of these areas in U.S. totals. For
these programs, data products will contain notes explaining the extent of
geographic coverage included under the term "United States."
Uranium: A heavy, naturally radioactive, metallic element (atomic number 92). Its
two principally occurring isotopes are uranium-235 and uranium-238. Uranium-235
is indispensable to the nuclear industry because it is the only isotope existing in
nature, to any appreciable extent, that is fissionable by thermal neutrons. Uranium238 is also important because it absorbs neutrons to produce a radioactive isotope
that subsequently decays to the isotope plutonium-239, which also is fissionable by
thermal neutrons.
Uranium Concentrate: A yellow or brown powder obtained by the milling of
uranium ore, processing of in situ leach mining solutions, or as a byproduct of
phosphoric acid production. See Uranium Oxide.
Uranium Resource Categories: Three categories of uranium resources defined by

the international community to reflect differing levels of confidence in the existence
of the resources. Reasonably assured resources (RAR), estimated additional resources
(EAR), and speculative resources (SR) are described below.
Reasonably assured resources (RAR): Uranium that occurs in known
mineral deposits of such size, grade, and configuration that it could be
recovered within the given production cost ranges, with currently proven
mining and processing technology. Estimates of tonnage and grade are
based on specific sample data and measurements of the deposits and on
knowledge of deposit characteristics. Note: RAR corresponds to DOEs
uranium reserves category.
Estimated additional resources (EAR): Uranium in addition to RAR that
is expected to occur, mostly on the basis of geological evidence, in extensions of well-explored deposits, in little-explored deposits, and in undiscovered deposits believed to exist along well-defined geological trends
with known deposits. This uranium can subsequently be recovered within
the given cost ranges. Estimates of tonnage and grade are based on available sampling data and on knowledge of the deposit characteristics, as
determined in the best-known parts of the deposit or in similar deposits.
Note: EAR corresponds to DOEs probable potential resources category.
Speculative resources (SR): Uranium in addition to EAR that is thought
to exist, mostly on the basis of indirect evidence and geological extrapolations, in deposits discoverable with existing exploration techniques. The
location of deposits in this category can generally be specified only as
being somewhere within given regions or geological trends. The estimates
in this category are less reliable than estimates of RAR and EAR. Note:
SR corresponds to the combination of DOEs possible potential resources
and speculative potential resources categories.
Useful Thermal Output: The thermal energy made available in a combinedheat-and-power system for use in any industrial or commercial process, heating or cooling application, or delivered to other end users, i.e., total thermal energy
made available for processes and applications other than electricity generation.
Vented Natural Gas: See Natural Gas, Vented.
Uranium Ore: Rock containing uranium mineralization in concentrations that can

be mined economically, typically one to four pounds of U3O8 (uranium oxide) per
ton or 0.05 percent to 0.2 percent U3O8
Uranium Oxide: Uranium concentrate or yellowcake. Abbreviated as U3O8.
Vessel Bunkering: Includes sales for the fueling of commercial or private boats,
such as pleasure craft, fishing boats, tugboats, and ocean-going vessels, including vessels operated by oil companies. Excluded are volumes sold to the U.S.
Armed Forces.
369
Waste: See Biomass Waste and Non-Biomass Waste.

Waste Coal: Usable material that is a byproduct of previous coal processing
operations. Waste coal is usually composed of mixed coal, soil, and rock (mine
waste). Most waste coal is burned as-is in unconventional fluidized-bed combustors. For some uses, waste coal may be partially cleaned by removing some extraneous noncombustible constituents. Examples of waste coal include fine coal, coal
obtained from a refuse bank or slurry dam, anthracite culm, bituminous gob, and
lignite waste.
measured at the lease boundary. In the context of domestic crude price data, the
term wellhead is the generic term used to reference the production site or lease
property.
Wellhead Price: The value of crude oil or natural gas at the mouth of the well.
See Natural Gas Wellhead Price.
Watt (W): The unit of electrical power equal to one ampere under a pressure of one
volt. A watt is equal to 1/746 horsepower.
Western Europe: Includes Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,

Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
Macedonia (The Former Yugoslav Republic of), Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the
United Kingdom.
Watthour (Wh): The electric energy unit of measure equal to one watt of power
supplied to, or taken from, an electric circuit steadily for one hour.
Wind Energy: Kinetic energy present in wind motion that can be converted to
mechanical energy for driving pumps, mills, and electric power generators.
Wax: A solid or semi-solid material at 77 degrees Fahrenheit consisting of a

mixture of hydrocarbons obtained or derived from petroleum fractions, or through
a Fischer-Tropsch type process, in which the straight chained paraffin series
predominates. This includes all marketable wax, whether crude or refined, with a
congealing point (ASTM D 938) between 80 (or 85) and 240 degrees Fahrenheit
and a maximum oil content (ASTM D 3235) of 50 weight percent.
Wood and Wood-Derived Fuels: Wood and products derived from wood that are
used as fuel, including round wood (cord wood), limb wood, wood chips, bark,
sawdust, forest residues, charcoal, paper pellets, railroad ties, utility poles, black
liquor, red liquor, sludge wood, spent sulfite liquor, and other wood-based solids and
liquids.
Well: A hole drilled in the Earth for the purpose of (1) finding or producing
crude oil or natural gas; or (2) producing services related to the production of
crude oil or natural gas. See Completion (Crude Oil/Natural Gas Production),
Crude Oil Well, Development Well, Dry Hole, Exploratory Well, and Natural
Gas Well.
Wellhead: The point at which the crude oil (and/or natural gas) exits the ground.
Following historical precedent, the volume and price for crude oil production are
labeled as wellhead, even though the cost and volume are now generally
370
Working Gas: The volume of gas in the reservoir that is in addition to the cushion
or base gas. It may or may not be completely withdrawn during any particular withdrawal season. Conditions permitting, the total working capacity could be used
more than once during any season.
Yellowcake: A natural uranium concentrate that takes its name from its color
and texture. Yellowcake typically contains 70 to 90 percent U3O8 (uranium
oxide) by weight. It is used as feedstock for uranium fuel enrichment and fuel
pellet fabrication.

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DOE/EI

Annual Energy Review 2011

Important Notes About the Data

Released for printing: September 27, 2012

Printed with soy ink on recycled paper.

Annual Energy Review 2011

U.S. Energy Information Administration

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2. Energy Consumption by Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Financial Indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ryan Repice

5. Petroleum and Other Liquids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jennifer Barrick

6. Natural Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amy Sweeney

7. Coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paulette Young

8. Electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Channele Wirman

9. Nuclear Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael Mobilia

10. Renewable Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gwendolyn Bredehoeft

U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011

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U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011

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British Thermal Unit Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011

U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011

U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011

Coal Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Electricity Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011

U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011

Appendix A. British Thermal Unit Conversion Factors

U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011

U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011

U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011

U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011

Coal Flow, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Electricity Flow, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011

U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011

U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011

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Figure 1.0 Energy Flow, 2011

Includes lease condensate.

Includes 0.01 quadrillion Btu of coal coke net imports.

U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011

Figure 1.1 Primary Energy Overview

Production and Consumption, 2011

Energy Flow, 2011

Adjustments, losses, and unaccounted for.

Source: Table 1.1.

U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011

Table 1.1 Primary Energy Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2011

U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011

Figure 1.2 Primary Energy Production by Source

Nuclear Electric Power

Nuclear Electric Power

Crude Oil Nuclear Biomass

Includes lease condensate.

Other Renewable Energy4

Geothermal, solar/photovoltaic, and wind.

U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011

Table 1.2 Primary Energy Production by Source, Selected Years, 1949-2011

U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011

Figure 1.3 Primary Energy Consumption Estimates by Source

By Major Source, 1949-2011