Chng 5: Gia cng trang tr b mt sn phm thy tinh

Mi v nh nhn, khoan l, phun ct v to thu tinh bng tuyt. Trng mng mng kim loi ln b mt thu tinh bng phng php vt l. n mn m v in du. Trng mng mng SiO2 ln b mt thy tinh. Trng bc mc ch tng phn x nh sng cho thu tinh. Trang tr men mu v khuch tn in ln b mt thu tinh.

1. MI V NH NHN THY TINH

MI V NH NHN C HC
Mi l lm cho sn phm c hnh dng nht nh b mt sn phm ng u. nh nhn l tr li cho thu tinh bng lng . MI CNH V MI HOA Mi cnh Mi hoa

Mi cnh. - a mi: L mt chic a bng thp trn b mt c ht mi hoc c lm nhm. Dng a mi vi mc ch lm cho sn phm khng cn sc cnh. - My mi c kh: mi cnh to cc gc vt mong mun, lm cho sn phm tng tnh thm m. Mi hoa. Mi hoa tng t ging mi cnh, mi hoa ta a sn phm cn mi vo bnh xe bng mi hoc bng kim cng ang quay mi theo hoa vn m ta v trc ln sn phm hoc do ngi th sng to. Sn phm sau mi thng c nh nhn to bng long.

+ Giai on u c th gi mi ph hay mi th. N to ra hnh dng tng i chnh xc, loi b nhng ch mp m khng bng phng trn b mt. + Giai an sau l mi tinh. To ra b mt tht chnh xc v lp mng m mn.

C th chia qu trnh mi ra lm hai giai on:

Nng sut mi ph thuc vo cc yu t Bn cht ca vt liu mi C ht mi Lng vt liu mi Mt huyn ph mi p lc bn mi S vng quay ca bn mi Vt liu lm bn mi Cht lng thu tinh cn mi

CC PHNG PHP NH NHN nh nhn c hc nh nhn bng la nh nhn bng phng php ho hc

a sn phm qua mi vo khi ca la chy bng ci. B mt ca sn phm dn dn c bao ph bi mt lp mui than. Tng nhit lp mui than ny chy ng thi lm nng chy c b mt sn phm thu tinh. y ngi ta s dng 2 yu t sao cho b mt thu tinh nng chy m ton b sn phm khng b bin dng. l: + Thu tinh dn nhit km + Lp mui than hp th nhit cao, dn nhit tt.

PHNG PHP NH NHN BNG LA

Khi nhit cao, lp mui than bc chy to nhit cao lm b mt thu tinh nng chy. Do thu tinh dn nhit km v trong thi gian ngn nn tuy nhit b mt trn im mm nhng ton b sn phm khng b bin dng. B mt thu tinh nng chy di nh hng ca sc cng b mt, s bng phng xo ht cc vt nt nh.

nh nhn bng phng php ho hc Nguyn tc Lm cho b mt ca thu tinh sau khi mi c phng phiu bng long bng cch ho tan chng trong dung dch HF v H2SO4. S tc ng ca HF v H2SO4 ln thu tinh chia lm hai giai on.

Giai on 1 Tc dng ca HF tha ln thu tinh Na2O.SiO2 + 6HF Na2SiF6 + 3H2O PbO.SiO2 + 8HF PbF2 + SiF62 + 2H+ + 3H2O K2O.SiO2 + 6HF K2SiF6 + 3H2O CaO.SiO2 + 8HF CaF2 + 2H+ + SiF62 + 3H2O MgO.SiO2 + 8HF MgF2 + 2H+ + SiF62 + 3H2O SiO2 + 6HF SiF62+ 2H+ + 2H2O

Giai on 2 Cc phn ng xy ra do tc dng ca H2SO4 Na2SiF6 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + SiF62- +2H+ K2SiF6 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + SiF62- + 2H+ PbF2 + H2SO4 PbSO4 + 2HF MgF2 + H2SO4 MgSO4 + 2HF CaF 2+ H2SO4 CaSO4 +2HF 2H+ + SiF62 SiF4 + 2HF HF + H2SO4 HSO3F + 2H2O

Tc dng ca H2SO4 - Chuyn cc mui kh tan ca F, SiF62thnh sunfat d tan. - To ra hp cht HSO3F iu chnh lng HF trong dung dch trong b nh nhn. - Cung cp H+ to ra HF t SiF6 2- cho dung dch trong b nh nhn. - Cc tc dng ca H2SO4 cho ta thy khng c mt loi axit no c th thay th H2SO4 c th thc hin ba nhim v.

nh hng ca nng axit n qu trnh nh nhn Nng HF v H2SO4 c nh hng rt ln n cht lng cng nh tc nh nhn. HF nh hng n cng ho tan ca thu tinh. H2SO4 nh hng n cht lng ca b mt ca thu tinh. Lng mi axit c s dng tu thuc vo tng loi thu tinh, nng ca b lm vic. Phi tch ht sn phm ca phn ng khi b ca thu tinh, khng n kt tinh bm cht vo b mt sn phm.

KHOAN L, PHUN CT V TO THU TINH BNG TUYT Khoan l Phun ct To thu tinh bng tuyt

Khoan l: C ba thit b + Thit b bng kim loi cng hoc t cc ht diamant p li. + Thit b t ng kim loi c s tr gip ca cc ht mi. + Thit b khoan siu m c s tr gip ca cc ht mi. Hai thit b u khi khoan l chuyn ng xoay v ch to c l trn.

Thit b khoan siu m c th to l c hnh dng t do. N dao ng vung gc vi b mt thu tinh vi tn s t nht l 20.000 dao ng/s. Ht mi phi dng loi cng nh bt diamant, B4C. Khi khoan cn phi lm lnh v tr khoan. Tc nhn lm lnh c th l nc, petrolef, du thng. Tc dng ca cht lng ny l loi nhng thu tinh vn khi khoan ra ngoi v y cc ht mi vo trong.

Phun ct

y l phng php hay dng gia cng b mt knh tm. Bng cch di trc tip ht mi ln b mt knh. S va chm nhiu ln ca cc ht mi ri ln mt knh s to lp mng m ging nh khi mi th thu tinh. Chiu su lp b mt b ph hu khong 20 - 30, v lm gim truyn sng ln hn 10%. Loi sn phm ny c dng trong cc phng tin giao thng, trong kin trc v m thut,...

Vi phng php phun ct ngi ta c th to b mt m trn ton b tm knh m cng c th ch mt phn hoc theo hoa vn ty . Thit b sn xut cho phun ct rt a dng v lm vic theo nhiu nguyn tc khc nhau: 1. Cho ct ri t do t thit b cha trn cao xung b mt thu tinh. 2. Phun vi p lc ln huyn ph mi.

2.N MN M V IN DU
Mc ch: To ra cc mng khuch tn nh sng trn b mt sn phm hoc nhng dng c chiu sng du mt bng in. Thng s dng dung dch HF v mui ca n nh: NH4F, KF. Qu trnh n mn c tin hnh theo hai cch: Dng hn hp n mn di dng bt nho Dng hn hp n mn di dng dung dch

Cc phn ng xy ra khi nhng thu tinh h SiO2 Na2O K2O CaO trong b n mn m: SiO2.xH2O + 4HF SiF4 + (2 + x)H2O SiF4 + 2F SiF62Na2SiO3 + 6HF Na2SiF6 + 3H2O CaSiO3 + 8HF CaF2 + 2H+ + SiF62- +3H2O K2SiO3 + 6HF K2SiF6 + 3H2O SiF62- + 2NaF Na2SiF6 + 2F SiF62- + 2KF K2SiF6 +2F SiF62- + 2NH4F (NH4)2SiF6 + 2F

QUY TRNH N MN Qu trnh n mn c tin hnh theo hai cch: + Dng hn hp n mn di dng bt nho. + Dng hn hp n mn di dng dung dch.

Dng hn hp n mn di dng bt nho Ta nghin mn hp cht NH4 cng vi ph gia BaSO4 + H2O lm sao cho hn hp dng bt nho khng t chy c nhng phi bm dnh ln b mt thu tinh. Sn phm thu tinh c lm sch b mt bi dung dch soa hoc HF long sau dng bt lng v ln b mt sn phm vi chiu dy lp bt nho khong 0.5 1mm. Sau khi v xong yn khong 5 10 pht ri ra sch bng nc nng 60oC, ly bn chi v vi mm co lp bt nho ra. tng nhanh qu trnh n mn ngi ta thm HF vo nhng khng c qu nhiu v hi bc ln c.

Dng hn hp n mn di dng dung dch Lm sch b mt sn phm bi dung dch HF long. Chun b dung dch n mn bng cch ho tan NH4F v KF hoc cc thnh phn khc trong dung dch HF hoc K2CO3. Sau thi gian lm vic ch cn cung cp thm HF v cc thnh phn khc iu chnh. Cc sn phm n mn c gi trong cc gi lm bng si Cu hoc nha c nhng vo b n mn t 5-10 pht. Sau khi n mn xong phi ra tht k bng nc nng cn khng v sau s kh ty cc sn phm phn ng cn li.

3.TRNG MNG MNG KIM LOI LN B MT THU TINH BNG PHNG PHP VT L
Gm 2 phung php: Phng php bc hi cc kim loi trong chn khng. Phng php phun kim loi trong chn khng t m cc

TRNG KIM LOI BNG PHNG PHP BC HI

1/ vt cn trng kim loi 2/chung thy tinh 3/Kim loi cn bc hi 4/ i n p k 5/ i n bm chn khng

TRNG KIM LOI BNG PHNG PHP PHUN T M CC

1. Nc 2. m cc 3. V cch ly 4. Vt cn trng 5. S cch in 6. Dng cc 7. i n bm 8. i n p k 9. Kh 10. cao su

Ch : - Lun duy tr p lc thp v khng i trong chung. - Cc m lm bng kim loi cn phun, cc dng lm bng nhm hoc st.

4.TRNG MNG MNG SiO2 LN B MT THU TINH

Mc ch Tng truyn sng ca thu tinh To b mt m To sn phm c b mt m Trng mt lp este silico etylic tht mng ln b mt sn phm ri em t. Si(OC2H5)4 + 12O2 SiO2 + 8CO2 + 10H2O To sn phm c mng trong sut trn b mt Phn ng thu phn este silico tylic Si(OC2H5)4 + 4H2O H4SiO4 + 4C2H5OH H4SiO4 SiO2 + 2H2O

 tng phn x ca knh tm. Ph mng mng xyt c chit sut cao hn chit sut ca thu tinh nh TiO2, Fe2O3, SnO2. gim phn x ca knh tm. Mun gim phn x ca thy tinh ngi ta ph mng mng xyt c chit sut nh hn chit sut ca thy tinh. Trong thc t hay ph mng SiO2, MgF2, Na3AlF6..

Qu trnh tin hnh nh sau: Dng pipet cho mt lng dung dch Si(OC2H5)4 cn thit ln b mt sn phm c kp cht vo mt my quay vi tc 2 8 nghn vng/pht. Dung dch s lan nhanh trn b mt thu tinh thnh mt lp mng v b thu phn theo phng trnh. Si(OC2H5)4 + 4H2O H4SiO4 + 4C2H5OH

Axt octo silicic lng thnh lp mng trn b mt thu tinh khng bn chc, phi kh nc ca n hnh thnh mt mng SiO2 c dng thu tinh trong sut c ch s khc x khong 1,44 1,46. Mun th em gia cng nhit sn phm 100 110oC trong khong 2 3h. H4SiO4 SiO2 + 2H2O

5.TRNG BC
C S HO HC Da vo cc phn ng trng gng m y l da trn c s s kh ca mui Bc trong mi trng kim. Khi trng Bc ln thu tinh thng c cc phn ng ho hc xy ra: AgNO3 Ag+ + NO3 Ag+ + OH AgOH Ag2O + H2O AgOH + e (cht kh) Ag + H2O + 0.5 O2 Nhng AgOH rt t tan do phi a v dng phc [Ag(NH3)2]+, phc ny c kh nng thu phn cho AgOH cn thit cho qu trnh kh. Do vy dung dch trng Bc gm c : AgNO3, NaOH, NH4OH v cht kh . S phn ng c tm tt nh sau:

 Tc dng ca NH4OH: + Cung cp OH cho qu trnh to Hydroxyt Bc: OH + Ag+ AgOH + Cung cp NH3 to phc [Ag(NH3)2]+ trnh to Ag2O mu nu Tc dng ca NaOH: + Cung cp OH phn ng sau: NH3 + H2O OH + NH4+ v bn tri. + Cung cp OH to ra AgOH Cht kh (cung cp e): L nhm CHO, thng dng l ng. (CnH2nOn ) + H+ to ra monoandehit c gc CHO.

Quy trnh trng bc

Bc 1: Chun b b mt thu tinh Bc 2: Chun b dung dch trng bc Bc 3: Trng bc Bc 4: Gia cng bo v lp bc

Bc 2: Chun b dung dch trng bc + Bnh 1: Ho tan AgNO3 vo trong nc ct va khuy va cho NH4OH vo cho n khi c xut hin kt ta th thm NH4OH vo cho n ht. + Bnh 2: Ho tan NaOH vo 1 lt nc ri sau cho bnh 1. + Bnh 3: Ho ng trong nc ri cho H2SO4 vo ho tan sau un si khong 30 pht. Bc 4: Gia cng bo v lp bc + CuSO4 + Zn = ZnSO4 + Cu + Dng sn cha t tp cht lu hunh.

6.TRANG TR BNG MEN MU

Khi nim
Men mu l thu tinh mu d chy hay thu tinh d chy trn vi cht mu, sau dng cht kt dnh v cht pha long to thnh h mu. Ta c th v, in la, phun trn b mt sn phm, sau sy v nung.

Men mu gm c ba thnh phn chnh: + Cht chy: Chnh l thu tinh khng mu d chy. Nu cht gy mu ho tan hon ton trong n s cho mu trong v ngc li nu ho tan mt t hoc khng ho tan trong n th cho mu c. + Cht gy c: Lm c cht chy thng dng l SnO2, ZnO, CeO2, TiO2. + Cht gy mu: L cc oxyt kim loi n hoc kp dng spinel (MeO.Me2O3). Cc xyt kim loi n thng d tan trong cht chy nn cho mu trong. Cn cc xyt kim loi kp t tan trong cht chy nn cho mu c.

Yu cu v men mu - V hnh thc: Mu p, ti bng, hnh nh sc nt. - V tnh cht: Phi bn ho cao, bn c nht nh. - V k thut: H s gin n nhit ca men v thu tinh phi xp x nhau. Nu khc nhau dn n nt v, cong vnh lp men. Ch : Nhit nng chy ca men phi nh hn nhit chy mm ca thu tinh.

7.TRANG TR BNG KHUCH TN ION

Gii thiu: y l mt trong nhng k thut trang tr b mt thu tinh lu i nht. C s ca n l da trn s khuch tn ion Ag+ v Cu2+ vo b mt thu tinh nhit cao.

C s l thuyt: Mun khuch tn mt loi ion no vo b mt thu tinh ngi ta da vo nhit nng chy ca mui cha ion cn khuch tn v nhit chy mm ca thu tinh cn trang tr. Thng ngi ta trn mui cn khuch tn vi cht mang mu (t st hoc cao lanh) theo mt t l thch hp sau dng cht pha long to h va v sau in hoc v ln b mt thu tinh, qua sy, nung cho n khi cc ion khuch tn t yu cu ngha l cho mu p. Qu trnh khuch tn l qu trnh thay th ion kim ca thu tinh (ch yu trn b mt thu tinh) bng cc ion Ag+ v Cu2+ t cc hp cht mang mu.

Mc khuch tn: Mc khuch tn ca ion Ag+ v Cu2+ vo b mt thu tinh ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. Thnh phn thu tinh c s Thnh phn hn hp khuych tn ng cong nung Chiu dy ca sn phm v v tr t trong l nung Mi trng kh trong l nung

8. CC LOI L NUNG THU TINH TRANG TR B MT L phng

U V NHC IM CA L PHNG
+ L phng dng nung cc sn phm c thnh dy v loi t tin. Kch thc sn phm khng cn ng u nhng s lng nh. + L phng c u im l ng u v nhit cao v d iu chnh nhit . Nhng do l lm vic gin on nn nng sut l khng cao. Qu trnh t nng v hp di hn l bng.

+L ny c dng cho sn phm r tin thnh mng v sn xut hng lot. m bo nng sut cao, nhit tiu tn thp hn l phng. Mi trng nung thng l oxy ho. +Nhc im ca n l kh iu chnh nhit cc zn v hai u l.

L bng

Da vo ng cong nung ta c th chia l lam 4 zn: - Zn 1: Chy cht hu c (nhit thng n 300oC) nng nhit t t trnh hin tng bay hi mnh gy r b mt. Sau nng nhit nhanh ln n nhit nng chy ca men (nh hn nhit cao).

- Zn 2: L zn lu sn phm nhit chy mm ca men. Thi gian lu y cng di men cng chy lng v bm chc hn vo sn phm. - Zn 3: L zn lm lnh chm. H nhit t nhit nung v nhit di. - Zn 4: L zn lm lnh nhanh n nhit thng.

L chung
+L chung c u im l nung cho mi loi hnh trang tr v ng u nhit tt, iu chnh nhit d dng. +u im hn l phng l xp d sn phm d dng hn. Cng nh l phng l chung lm vic gin on nn nng sut cha cao.

L chung c gii ha:

1. Mc cu chung khi d l 2. ng thot kh 3. Tng l 4. V thp 5. Dy in tr 6. Lp bo n aming 7. Tr l 8. Xe gong

+ u im: y l loi l t ng ho cao, t tiu tn sc lao ng cho con ngi. t tn tht nhit ra mi trng do bo n tt v khng gian l kn. i vi l ny ta c th s dng nhin liu l ga hoc du v c th nung cc sn phm gm s cao cp, nhit nung v th tch ca l ln hn nhiu ln.

+ Hn ch: Khi nng l ln hay h l xung t nhiu cng gp nhng kh khn nh trng lng l ln cn lc y ln. Lm ngui kh khn. V l c tit din ch nht nn to ra gc cht, so vi l c tit din trn th hiu qu km hn.

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