Hc vin cng ngh bu chnh vin thng

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin

********

BO CO X L NH
TI: PHN VNG VI TCH NGNG T NG

Gio vin ging dy: Phm Vit Hng.

Nhm sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 1: - Lp: D09CN2
Nguyn Th Bch
Hong Th Ngc
Nguyn Th Thi
Nguyn Th Trm
Nguyn Hi Yn
1

Mc lc
BACKGROUD ............................................................................................................................ 4
C s thc nghim .................................................................................................................... 8
I.

Gii thiu chung v phn vng nh. ................................................................................ 8

II.

i iu v phn vng nh theo ngng......................................................................... 9

PHN VNG NH THEO NGNG ........................................................................................10

I.

Lm trn nh Lm trn histogram Chn ngng da vo biu . .........................10

II.

Thut ton ng iu......................................................................................................13

III.

Thut ton i xng nn. ............................................................................................18

IV.

Thut ton tam gic ....................................................................................................24

V.

K thut tm ngng t ng. .........................................................................................29

1.

Phn vng vi ngng ton cc. ...............................................................................30

KT LUN CHUNG ...............................................................................................................35

PH LC ..................................................................................................................................35
BNG KT QU TH NGHIM ...............................................................................................42

M U

Mt trong cc bc then cht trong x l nh s l phn vng nh.Vi mong

mun cun ti liu ny tr nn c ch cho bn c mun tm hiu bc u v k
thut phn on nh trong mn hc X L nh. Ti liu ny s gii thiu n mi
ngi mt s phng php phn vng nh da theo ngng, hi vng y s l
hnh trang u tin cc bn chm n cnh ca tri thc, to ngun cm hng
bn i su tm hiu v mn hc thu v ny.
Mc tiu ca cun ti liu:
- Gip ngi c hiu c tm quan trng ca X l nh ni chung v phn
vng nh ni ring.
- Nm c s b v phn vng nh theo ngng.
- Hiu v p dng c thut ton tm ngng t ng: thut ton ng iu,
i xng nn, lm trn histogram, tam gic, tm ngng ton cc. vo x
l nh.
Vi nhng mc tiu nh trn, ti liu ny gm c cc phn chnh sau:
- Phn Backgroup: Vi nt v X l nh
- C s thc nghim: Gii thiu chung v phn vng nh v i iu v phn
vng nh theo ngng.
- Phn vng nh theo ngng: Trnh by mt s k thut in hnh trong phn
vng nh theo ngng: lm trn histogram, ng iu, i xng nn., mt
s vn cn lu trong cc k thut tm ngng phn vng nh.
- Ph lc: phn code matlab cho cc k thut trnh by phn 3.

- Bng kt qu thc nghim: a ra kt qu thc nghim ng dng thut ton

phn 3 vo mt s loi nh.

BACKGROUD
X l nh l mt trong nhng chuyn ngnh quan trng v lu i ca cng
ngh thng tin. X l nh c p dng nhiu trong nhiu lnh vc khc
nhau nh y hc, vt l, ha hc, tm kim ti phm,
Mc ch chungca XLA c chi lm 2 phn:
- Bin i nh lm tng cht lng nh.
- T ng nhn dng, on nh, nh gi ni dung ca nh.
Qu trnh x l nh c th c m t bng s sau:

Phn on

Biu din v m
t nh

Tin x l nh
C s tri
thc
Nhn dng v
gii thch

Thu nhn nh

- Thu nhn nh: y l cng on u tin mang tnh quyt nh i vi

qu trnh XLA. nh u vo sthunhn qua cc thit b nh camera,
sensor, my scanner v sau cc tn hiu ny s c s ha. Cc
thng s quan trng bc ny l phn gii, cht lng mu, dung
lng b nh v tc thunhn nh ca cc thit b.
- Tin x l: bc ny, nh s c ci thin v tng phn, kh
nhiu, kh lch vi mc ch lm cho cht lng nh tr nn tt
hn na v thng c thc hin bi cc b lc.
- Phn on : phn on nh l bc then cht trong XLA. Giai on ny
nhm phn tch nh thnh nhng thnh phn c cng tnh cht no
da theo bin hay cc vng lin thng. Tiu chun cc nh cc vng
lin thng c th l cng mu, cng mc xm hay cng nhm Mc
ch ca phn on nh l c mt miu t tng hp v rt nhiu phn
t khc nhau cu to nn nh th. V lng thng tin cha trong nh rt
ln- trong khi a s cc ng dng chng ta ch cn trch chn mt vi
c trng no , do vy cn c mt qu trnh gim lng thng tin
khng l y. Qu trnh ny bao gm phn vng nh v trch chn c
tnh ch yu.
- Biu din v m t nh: kt qu ca bc phn on nh thng c
cho di dng d liu im nh th, trong hm cha bin ca mt
vng nh, hoc tp hp tt c cc im nh thuc v chnh vng nh .
Trong c hai trng hp , s chuyn i d liu th ny thnh mt dng
thch hp hn cho vic x l tng my tnh rt l cn thit. chuyn
i chng, cu hi u tin cn phi tr li l nn biu din mt cng
nh di dng bin hay di dng mt cng hon chnh gm tt c

nhng im nh thuc v n. Biu din dng bin cho mt vng ph hp

vi nhng ng dng ch quan tm ch yu n cc c trng hnh dng
bn ngoi ca i tng. Biu din dng vng li thch hp cho nhng
ng dng khai thc cc tnh cht bn trong ca i tng, v d nh vn
nh hoc cu trc xng ca n. S la chn cch biu din thch hp
cho mt vng nh ch mi l mt phn trong vic chuyn i d liu nh
th sang mt dng thch hp hn cho cc x l v sau. Chng ta cn
phi a ra mt phng php m t d liu c chuyn i sao cho
nhng tnh cht cn quan tm n s c lm ni bt ln, thun tin
cho vic x l chng.
- Nhn dng v gii thch: y l bc cui cng trong qu trnh XLA.
Nhn dng nh c th c nhn nhn mt cch n gin l vic gn
nhn cho cc i tng trong nh. Gii thch cng on gn ngha cho
mt tp cc i tng c nhn bit.
C th thy rng khng phi bt k mt ng dng XLA no cng bt buc
phi tun theo tt c cc bc x l nu trn, v d nh cc ng dng
chnh sa nh ngh thut th ch dng li bc tin x l. Mt cch tng
qut th nhng chc nng x l bao gm nhn c nhn dng v gii thch
thng ch c mt trong h thng phn tch nh t ng, c dng rt
trch ra nhng thng tin quan trng t nh, v d nh cc ng dng nhn
dng k t quang hc, nhn dng ch vit tay,
Nh vy, x l c mt bc nh th phi tri qua nhiu bc,
nhng bc quan trng v kh khn nht c l l phn on nh.Nu
bc phn on nh khng tt th dn n vic nhn din sai lm v cc i
tng trong nh.Trong khong 30 nm tr li y c rt nhiu cc thut

ton c xut gii quyt bi ton phn on nh. Cc thut ton hu

ht u da vo 2 thuc tnh quan trng cu mi im nh s vi cc im
ln cn ca n l: S khc nhau(Dissimilarity) v ging nhau
(Similarity). Cc phng php da trn d khc nhau ca cc im nh c
gi l phng php bin ( boundary based methods), cn phng php da
trn s ging nhau cu cc im nh c gi l phng php min (region
based methods). Tuy nhin, cho n nay cc thut ton theo c 2 hng ny
u vn cha cho kt qu phn on tt, v c hai phng php ny u ch
nm bt c cc thuc tnh cc b (local) ca nh. Do , trong thi gian
gn y, vic tm ra cc thut ton nm bt c cc thuc tnh ton cc
(global) ca bc nh tr thnh xu hng.
Mc ch chnh ca nhm em l tm hiu v phng php phn on
nh c theo hng: phn on da theo ngng vi cc thut ton c
a ra. T so snh kh nng cng nh im yu ca phng php.

C s thc nghim
I.

Gii thiu chung v phn vng nh.

Phn vng nh thng c coi l bc u tin trong phn tch hnh nh vi

mc ch: Chia nh mt hnh nh thnh tng vng c ngha phc v cho
vic phn tch su hn.Chng ta hi vng rng cc vng thu c s tng ng
vi cc b phn vt l hoc cc i tng ca mt cnh (3-D) c biu din
bi hnh nh (2-D). phn tch cc itng trong nh, chng tacn phi
phn bit c cc itngcn quan tmvi phn cnlica nh. Nhng
itng ny c th tm ra c nh cck thut phn vng nh, theo
ngha tch phn tincnh ra khi hucnh trong nh.Nhn chung, phn vng
c lp l mt nhim v kh khn trong x l hnh nh k thut s.Chng tacn
phi ch rng:
- Khng ck thut phn vng no l vn nng, theo ngha
c th p dng cho mi loi nh.
- Khng c k thut phn vng no l hon ho.
C th hiu phn vng l tin trnh chia nh thnh nhiu vng,mi vng cha
mt i tng hay nhm i tng cng kiu. Chng hn, mt i tng c
th l mt k t trn mt trang vn bn hoc mt on thng trong mt bn v
k thut, mt nhm cc i tng c th biu din mt t hay hai on thng
tip xc nhau.
Tt c cc phng php phn vng hnh nh c gi nh rng:
1. Gi tr cng khc nhau cc vng khc nhau th khc nhau.
8

2. Trong tng vng, cc i tng tng ng i din cho mt cnh th

c gi tr cng tng t nhau. Ngha l cc im trong mt vng
nh c bin thin gi trmc xm tng i ng u hay tnh kt
cu tng ng v vng nh l mt tp hp cc im c cng hoc
gn cng mt tnh cht no : mc xm, mc mu, nhm
Da vo c tnh vt l ca nh, ngi ta c nhiu k thut phn vng: phn
vng phn vng da theo min lin thng gi l phn vng da theo min ng
nht hay min k; phn vng da vo bin gi l phn vng bin. Ngoi ra cn
c cc kthut phn vng khc da vo bin , phn vng da theo kt cu..
Xut pht t nhng c s tng nu trn, trong phm vi cun ti liu ny
chng ti s trnh by k thut phn vng nh da theo ngng vi cc k thut
tm ngng t ng (ng iu, i xng nn, tch ngng t ng, tm ngng
ton cc, tm ngng cc b) p dng trn cc i tng nh.

II.

i iu v phn vng nh theo ngng.

Phn vng nh theo ngng :

- Phn vng theo ngng l tch 2 vt th bng mt ngng chn t
ng
- Vic chn ngng ny s thc hin trn biu tn sut.
- V ngng ny s phn bit vng v nn.
tng c bn.
- Gi s chng ta c nh bao gm i tng v nn.
9

- Chng ta gi nh l i tng v nn l hai phn phi thng k

ring bit
- Phn phi nn bao gi cng ln hn rt nhiu so vi phn b i
tng.
- Biu tn sut ca nh s l t hp ca hai phn phi ny.

PHN VNG NH THEO NGNG

I.

Lm trn nh Lm trn histogram Chn ngng da

vo biu .
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, ngng c chn t lc sng
ca vng hay nh cn phn on. C rt nhiu k thut chn ngng
t ng xut pht t lc xm {h[b] | b=0, 1,

-1} c

a ra. Nhng k thut ph bin s c trnh by di y. Nhng k

thut ny c th tn dng nhng li th do s lm trn d liu lc
ban u mang li nhm loi b nhng dao ng nh v sng. Tuy
nhin cc thut ton lm trn cn phi cn thn, khng c lm dch
chuyn cc v tr nh ca lc . Nhn xt ny dn n thut ton
lm trn di y:

Trong W l l v W thng l 3 hoc 5.

10

Trc khi phn vng nh thng biu tn sut nh s c lm

trn.
Hm lm trn biu tn sut l hm:
b = histsmooth (a,w)
vi a l histogram u vo
w l chiu rng ca hm smooth
th b l histogram sau khi lm trn.
V d minh ha.chn W =5.

11

12

II.

Thut ton ng iu.

- Thut ton lp do Ridler v Calvard a ra.
- th tn xut c chia ra lm 2 on bng mt gi tr
ngng0, gi tr ny l gi tr nm gia ca thang tn sut ca
nh.

- Gi th trung bnh mu mf,0 ca i tng v mb,0 ca nn c

tnh ton theo cng thc:

- mf,k+1 c tnh vi Gmin = 0 v Gmax = k

- mb,k+1 c tnh vi Gmin = k+1v Gmax = 255
- Ngng k c tnh nh sau:

13

- Thut ton c lp i lp li cho n khi k = k+1 th ngng

c chn l ngng khng i ny
Hm t =ridandcal(a) l hm tm ngng da vo thut ton ng
iu vi:
vi a l histogram u vo
t l ngng thu c t thut ton ng iu

Hnh nh minh ha: phn vng nh theo ngng s dng thut ton
ng iu tm ngng.

14

15

16

17

III. Thut ton i xng nn.

- Chng ta gi nh l phn phi nn rt ln so vi phn phi i
tng v hai phn phi ny l i xng.
- V nn l sng v i tng l ti

- V vy nh maxp c th coi l nh ca phn phi ca nn

18

- V vy bng vic tnh gi tr a sao cho a ch nh mc 1-p% ca

nn tnh t maxp
- Ta c th ly i xng sang qua maxp c c ranh ri p% ca
i tng nn v l ranh gii xc nh s phn chia
- T = maxp-(a-maxp)
- Gi s chng ta chn p% l 95% th chng ta s tnh sao cho din
tch t a n max l bng 5% ca in tch t maxp n max.
- Sau ly i xng qua maxp v vy din tch t T n max s l
95% tng din tch ca phn phi nn, v vy T s l ngng phn
tch nn v i tng

- Hm t = symbg(a,b,p) l hm tm ngng da theo thut ton i

xng nn vi:
vi a l histogram u vo
b =1 nu nn sng hn
b=0 nu nn ti hn
p l t l phn trm ta mun gi li nn (v d p=95)
t l ngng thu c t thut ton i xng nn

19

Hnh nh minh ha: nh phn vng theo ngng da vo thut ton

i xng nn.
a. (b=1v nn sang hn vt,p=95)

20

b. Chn b=1, p=15

21

Chn b=1, p = 25.

22

23

Nhn xt:
- Thut ton p dng tt cho cc nh c histogram chia lm 2 phn
r rt (mt phn cao, mt phn thp), i vi nhng nh c
histogram lun bin thin nhiu ln th khng p dng c.
- Kh chn gi tr p.

IV. Thut ton tam gic

- Thut ton tam gic do Zack xut
- Thut ton ny cng s dng tng nh thut ton trn, l
tm ranh gii gia phn phi ca nn v i tng.

24

- Trong thut ton ny th cch xc nh l k mt ng t nh

c s im nh bng max ti im c s im nh l min
- Ri tm v tr b sao cho d t n Hb l max

- Vit hm t = triangle(a,b) l hm tm ngng theo thut ton tam

gic, trong :
vi a l histogram u vo
b =1 nu nn sng hn
b=0 nu nn ti hn
t l ngng thu c t thut ton tam gic
Hnh nh minh ha: nh phn vng theo ngng da vo thut ton
tam gic. b=1 v nn sng hn.

25

26

27

Chn b=1

Chn b=0.

28

Nhn xt:
- Ch p dng c vi mt s nh nht nh. i vi nhng nh c
histogram bin thin nhiu th vic phn vng, xc nh i tng
kh khn.
V.

K thut tm ngng t ng.

K thut bin i nh v so snh bin cc im nhvimc

ngng csdng khrng ri trong cc phng php phn
vng nh. Trong trnghptng qut, qu trnhx l ngng l qu
trnh so snh nhvi hm T:
29

T = T [x, y, p(x, y), f(x, y)]

f(x,y)- gi trmc xmti im (x,y), p(x,y) - hm biu din
tnh chtca vng nh xung quanh im (x,y), vd, gi trmc
xm trung bnhca vng nh, c tm l im (x,y).Kt qu so
snh ctnghp trn nh g(x,y) theo quy lut sau:
{
Chng tagi cc im nh trong

g(x,y) c gi trbng 1 l cc

im nh thuc vt th (hay vng nh chi tit),cc im c gi

trbng 0s thuc vng nh nn.Nu T ch ph thuc vo f(x,y) v
khng thay i trong tonb qu trnh x l nh th T c gi
l ngng ton cc.Nu T ph thuc vo to khng gian
(x,y) tagi T l ngng cc b.Nu ngng cc b T ph thuc
vo p(x, y) hay ni cch khc, T thay i theo tnh cht ca tng
vng nh, ta gi mc T l ngng thch nghi.
1. Phn vng vi ngng ton cc.
Phng php phn vng theo ngng toncc l phng php kh
n gin, khivt

th

vnn

tchbng

cch

so

snhvimtmc ngng T.Mc chnh xcca phng php

ny ph thuc vo tnh chtca nh, vd:nu nh c histogram
c chia thnh cc vng r rt (cngi l cc mode) th vic
la chn ngng s tng i d dng. Di y l mt s hnh nh
kh n gin dng th nghim tch ngng ton cc. Phn hnh
hc sng hn v nn xm ti hn c tch bit hn, r rng

30

hn. Tt c cc im nhc chi thps c gn mc trng, cc

im nh c chi cao(nn ca nh) c thay bng mc en

31

32

Chn T=127, T0 = 1.

33

 tm c ngng

ton cc ta s dng mt hm

thresh=globalthreshold(img,T,T0). Vi T l gi tr ngng ban u,

T0 l sai s cho trc.
c th xc nh ngng T mt ccht ng, chng ta
thc hin ccbc sau:
1- La chnmc ngng ban uT.
2- Dng T phn vng nh.Kt qu nhn c l hai nhm im
nh: nhm G1 c gi tr chi ln hnT, G2 c chi nh hn
T.
3- Xc nh gi tr chi trung bnh m1v m2ca hai nhm im
nh trn.
4- Xc nh gi tr ngng T mi bng:

5-

Thc hin ccbc 2-4 n khi sai s gia hai gi tr Tk

tip khng vt qu gi tr T0 cho trc.

Mc ngng ban u thng c la chn bng gi tr trung
bnh gia mc chi cao nht v mc chi thp nht trong nh.
Nhn xt:
- Nhn chung thut ton tm ngng ton cc n gin, thch hp
vi vic phn vng cho nhng nh c histogram chia lm 2 vng
r rt.

34

- Khng th x l khi chiu sng thay i, c th cho kt qu km

i vi mt s hnh nh.
- Cch chn ngng T, T0 kh khn.

KT LUN CHUNG
- Trong cc phng php nu trn c l phng php n gin v
mang li hiu qu nht l phng php phn vng tm ngng
theo thut ton ng iu. Phn vng vi hu ht cc nh, v cho
ta kt qu tt hn c.
- Cc phng php cn li i a s ch ph hp vi mt s li nh
nht nh. V d nh: phng php tm ngng ton cc thch hp
nht i vi nhng nh c histogram tch lm 2 phn ring bit,
ngha l th ca n khng bin thin qu nhiu ln.

PH LC
A. Code matlab
35

1. Thut ton Lm trn Histogram

function [ b ] = histsmooth( a , w )
%HISTSMOOTH This function smooth out a picture histogram
% a is the input histogram
% w is an odd number, throught error if w is an even number
% b is the histogram that has been smoothed

b=a;
if rem(w,2)==0

str=[ 'w should be an odd not ' num2str(w)];

error(str);
end
s=size(a);
b=zeros(1,s(2));
k=(w-1)/2;
x=zeros(1,s(2)+k*2);
for i=1:s(2)
x(i+k)=a(i);
end
for j=1+k:s(2)+k
m=x(j-k:j+k);
b(j-k)=round(mean(m));
end
end

36

2. Thut ton ng iu
function [ t ] = ridandcal( a )
%RIDANDCAL This function find a threadhold from rid and cal
method
% a is the input histogram
% t is the threadhold this method return
t=127;
s=size(a);
t=round((s(2))/2)-1;
tcu=-1;
while t~=tcu
sumg1=0;
sumg2=0;
sumhg1=0;
sumhg2=0;
tcu=t;
for i=0:t
sumg1=sumg1+i*a(i+1);
sumhg1=sumhg1+a(i+1);
end
t1=sumg1/sumhg1;
for i=t+1:s(2)-1
sumg2=sumg2+i*a(i+1);
sumhg2=sumhg2+a(i+1);
end
t2=sumg2/sumhg2;
t=round(round((t1+t2))/2);

37

end
end

3. Thut ton i xng nn

function [ t ] = symbg( a , b , p)
%SYMBG This function find a threadhold using symmetry
background method
% a is the input histogram
% b = 1 if background is brighter
% b = 0 if background is darker
% t is the threadhold this method return
t=127;
maxp=find(a==max(a));
maxp=maxp(end);
x=find(a>0);
if b==1
max1=(x(end));
a2=a(maxp:max1);
sum2=sum(a2);
kc=ones(1,max1);
kc=kc*100;
for i=maxp:max1;
a1=a(maxp:i);
kc(i)=abs((sum(a1)/sum2)*100-p);
end
k=find(kc==min(kc));

38

t=maxp-(k-maxp)-1;
else
if b==0
min1=x(1);
a2=a(maxp:-1:min1);
sum2=sum(a2);
kc=ones(1,maxp);
kc=kc*100;
for i=maxp:-1:min1
a1=a(i:maxp);
kc(i)=abs((sum(a1)/sum2)*100-p);
end
k=find(kc==min(kc));
t=maxp+maxp-k-1;
end
end
end

4. Thut ton tam gic

function [ t ] = triangle( a, b )
%TRIANGLE This function find a threadhold using triangle
method
% a is the input histogram
% b = 1 if background is brighter
% b = 0 if background is darker
% t is the threadhold this method return

39

s=size(a);
if b==1
min1=0;
else
min1=s(2)-1;
end
max1=find(a==max(a))-1;
vtpt=[ -max(a) max1-min1 ];
d=zeros(1,s(2));
if b==1
for i=0:max1
d(i+1)=abs(vtpt(1)*(imin1)+vtpt(2)*a(i+1))/sqrt(vtpt(1)^2+vtpt(2)^2);
end
else
for i=max1:s(2)
d(i)=abs(vtpt(1)*(imin1)+vtpt(2)*a(i))/sqrt(vtpt(1)^2+vtpt(2)^2);
end
end
t=find(d==max(d))-1;
end

5. Thut ton tch ngng t ng (tch ngng ton cc)

function thresh=globalthreshold(img,T,T0)

%Threshold an image using global thresholding

40

%T is the initial threshold guess

%When successive values of T become less than T0

% the algorithm finishes

s=size(img);

numelem=s(1)*s(2);

imgfl=double(img);

Tlast=-T0;

while abs(T-Tlast)>T0

tmp=imgfl>T;

zeros1=sum(tmp(:));

zeros2=numelem-zeros1;

G1=tmp.*imgfl;

41

G2=(~tmp).*imgfl;

mu1=sum(G1(:))/zeros1;

mu2=sum(G2(:))/zeros2;

Tlast=T;

T=1/2*(mu1+mu2)

end

thresh=T;

end

BNG KT QU TH NGHIM

1. Thut ton Lm trn Histogram

42

43

2. Thut ton ng iu

44

45

3. Thut ton i xng nn

46

4. Thut ton tam gic

47

5. Thut ton tch ngng t ng(tch ngng ton

cc)

48

49

50