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Searched for : propylene In folder(s) : D:\Master of Engineering UMP\Sources\Uncategorized\Book Results : 28 document(s) with 1632 instance(s) Saved on : 11/1/2012 2:39:44 PM
: Book - An-Introduction-to-Chemical-Engineering-Kinetics-Reactor-DesignCharles-G-Hill-Jr.pdf Title : Subject : Author : Keywords :

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the hydrogenation of propylene). H i f^ LJ C^ TU (1 T 1
File
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Alder additions of propylene (P) to cyclohexa-1, 3-diene (Chd) to
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C. Cumene -> Propylene + Benzene C - P + B They indicated that
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polymers, especially isotactic polypropylene and high-density linear polyethylene. The resultant polymers have number
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of acrylonitrile from propylene, ammonia, and air. The noncatalytic applications include the roasting of
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to recycle the propylene and ethane and any unreacted propane after separation from the mixture of propane, propylene, and ethane, and the design analysis that we will present
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Cyclohexadiene, reaction with propylene, 164-165 Cyclohexane, dehydrogenation, 527-529 Cyclohexanol, reaction with acetic
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hydrogenation, 189, 209 Propylene, from cumene, 437 reaction with cyclohexadiene, 164-165 Protein degradation,
File
: Book - Catalysis-an-Integrated-Approach-to-Homogenous-Heterogenousand-Industrial-Catalysis-044489229X.pdf Title : Catalysis : an Integrated Approach to Homogeneous, Heterogeneous and Industrial Catalysis Subject : Author : Moulijn, Jacob A.; Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. van; Santen, R. A. van Keywords :
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33 2.4 Isotactic Polypropylene . . . . . . . . . .
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2.7 Styrene and Propylene Oxide (SMPO Process) . . . . . .
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223 6.3.3 Isotactic Polypropylene . . . . . . . . . .
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I1). 2.4 ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE Overall Reaction Propene Polypropylene (htanium catalyst) Isotactic polypropylene is Overall Reaction Propene Polypropylene (htanium catalyst) Isotactic polypropylene is a stereoregular polymer with htanium catalyst) Isotactic polypropylene is a stereoregular polymer with all methyl groups pointing in stretched. In syndiotactic polypropylene the methyl groups alternate along the chain. The atactic polymer crackers. Product Use Polypropylene is a plastic which finds many end uses with a In general, isotactic polypropylene has a high tensile strength, a low density, a good
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(1990) of polypropylene are produced annually. In 1973 this was only 3 million Slurry process for polypropylene with high activity catalyst.
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contain dissolved atactic polypropylene which is collected by removal of the solvent with steam.
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2.7 STYRENE AND PROPYLENE OXIDE (SMPO PROCESS) Feedstock Ethylbenzene and propene. The former
styrene-butadiene rubber. Propylene oxide is mainly used for the manufacture of propylene glycol the manufacture of propylene glycol and polyurethanes. Scale About 10 million tons of styrene million tons of propylene oxide are produced annually, worldwide. Most of the styrene is 400,000 tons of propylene oxide are produced by the SMPO process.
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catalytic epoxidation of propylene with EBHP, affording propylene oxide and a-methylbenzyl alcohol; ( with EBHP, affording propylene oxide and a-methylbenzyl alcohol; (c) Dehydration of athe amount of propylene oxide that can be sold. The flow diagram for the
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D, benzene; E, propylene; F, ethylene; G, propane; H, ethane; I, methane [7].
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Feed Product ethylene propylene isobutene n-butane naphthalene methanol ethylene oxide acetaldehyde (liquid acrylonitrile (ammoxidation) propylene oxide (in liquid phase) acrylic acid methyl methacrylate maleic ethane + vinylchloride, propylene + methacrylic acid, or butane + maleic anhydride, became a
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the production of polypropylene. For a more extensive review on this matter the reader
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applied. 6.3.3 Isotactic Polypropylene As has already been mentioned in Chapter 2 Section 2.4,
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van der Ven, Polypropylene and Other Polyolefins: Polymerization and Characterization, Elsevier Science Publishers, New L. Goodall, Polypropylene: Catalysts and Polymerization Aspects in [l],C hapter 1,
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control, 231 Isotactic polypropylene, 36 Isotherms, see Adsorption isotherms ISS, 381 Kaminsky, 230 Keime,
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INDEX Polymers, 443 Polypropylene - isotactic, 36 - syndiotactic, 36 Pore radii, 433 Pore Propene epoxide, 193 Propylene oxide, 43 Pycnometry, 424 Pyrogenic silica, 313 Quasi-
equilibrium, 72
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control, 228 Syndiotactic polypropylene, 36 Syndiotactic polystyrene, 222 Synthesis gas reactions, 159 - Fischer-
File
: Book - Catalytic-Naphtha-Reforming-Second-Edition-ChemicalIndustries.pdf Title : Catalytic Naphtha Reforming Subject : Author : Aitani, Abdullah M. ;Antos, George J. Keywords :
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xylene isomerization, and propylene polymerization. The heats of ammonia adsorption and the observations with
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44.32 45.60 38.78 Propylene 0.59 0.29 iso-butane 19.20 16.64 20.17 n-butane
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0 3.97 Propylene 42.081 2.043E4 3.710E0 2.345E21 21.160E24 2.205E28 0 2.14 Propane
File Title Subject Author Keywords

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: Book - Chemical-Reactor-Design-Chemical-Industries.pdf : CHEMICAL REACTOR DESIGN : FM: Chemical Reactor Design : Peter Harriott :
The hydrogenation of propylene was carried out in a semibatch recirculation reactor with a complex dependence on propylene pressure. Data for a typical run are given in Table (B) and propylene (C) in a fixed-bed recycle reactor. At constant
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, millimole/min Ppropylene, atm 0 0.086 0.563 40 0.104 0.520 80 0.138 0.463
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B) alkylation with propylene (A) to form cumene (C) were studied in based on the propylene feed rate, not the total feed rate. The reason for
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mole fraction of propylene changes from 1/38 to 1/6, a 6.33-fold equation based on propylene adsorption is needed to fit the fractional-order behavior. The benzene and adsorbed propylene but with no term for KBCB in the denominator: r
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of cumene to propylene and benzene has also been studied [5,7], but this
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as well as polypropylene and various copolymers. The fluid bed is composed of porous
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of cumene to propylene and benzene was studied at 8008F using a fluidized bed
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of acrolein from propylene [3] or the partial oxidation of nbutane to make
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catalytic oxidation of propylene was studied in short metal monoliths (SMM) at temperatures in series, the propylene conversion was 86% at 4008C and 93% at 5008C.a.

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: Book - Chemical-Reactor-Design-Optimization-And-Scaleup.pdf : Chemical Reactor Design, Optimization, and Scaleup : Chemical Engineering : E. Bruce Nauman :
such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. These plastics are made in many grades, and
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14.394 4.392 Propylene C3H6 1500 7.792 1.637 22.706 6.915 1-Butene C4H8
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C2H4 52,510 68,460 Propylene C3H6 19,710 62,205 1-Butene C4H8 540 70,340 1-
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form polyethylene and propylene polymerization to form polypropylene. A quite different polymerization mechanism has polymerization to form polypropylene. A quite different polymerization mechanism has two polymer molecules reacting
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R is hydrogen, propylene when R is a methyl group, styrene when R is
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is hydrogen. Commercial polypropylene is isotactic. Commercial polystyrene is atactic although a syndiotactic variety e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(1-butene), etc.) gives the same empirical formula, CH2, between the polyolefins. Polypropylene has methyl side-chains on every other carbon atom along
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the polymerization of propylene and has subsequently come into wide use for the polymerization high stereospecificity for polypropylene, but they give polymer of undesirably high polydispersity, PD>10.
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or slurry polymerization Polypropylene in a pool of liquid propylene Gaseous monomer
Polymer Gaspool of liquid propylene Gaseous monomer Polymer Gas-Phase polymerization Fluidized-bed process for
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g., when liquid propylene suspends polypropylene) and so is sensible heat transfer. Loop reactors liquid propylene suspends polypropylene) and so is sensible heat transfer. Loop reactors may have

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: Book - Chemical-Reactor-Design.pdf : CHEMICAL REACTOR DESIGN : FM: Chemical Reactor Design : Peter Harriott :
The hydrogenation of propylene was carried out in a semibatch recirculation reactor with a complex dependence on propylene pressure. Data for a typical run are given in Table (B) and propylene (C) in a fixed-bed recycle reactor. At constant
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, millimole/min Ppropylene, atm 0 0.086 0.563 40 0.104 0.520 80 0.138 0.463
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B) alkylation with propylene (A) to form cumene (C) were studied in based on the propylene feed rate, not the total feed rate. The reason for
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mole fraction of propylene changes from 1/38 to 1/6, a 6.33-fold equation based on propylene adsorption is needed to fit the fractional-order behavior. The benzene and adsorbed propylene but with no term for KBCB in the denominator: r
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of cumene to propylene and benzene has also been studied [5,7], but this
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as well as polypropylene and various copolymers. The fluid bed is composed of porous
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of cumene to propylene and benzene was studied at 8008F using a fluidized bed
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of acrolein from propylene [3] or the partial oxidation of nbutane to make
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catalytic oxidation of propylene was studied in short metal monoliths (SMM) at temperatures in series, the propylene conversion was 86% at 4008C and 93% at 5008C.a.

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: Book - Chemistry-of-Petrochemical-Processes-com.pdf : : : : Referex
32 Ethylene 32, Propylene 33, Butylenes 34 Dienes 36 Butadiene 37, Isoprene 37 Aromatic
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Chemicals Based on Propylene . . . . . . . . . . 213 Oxidation of Propylene 214 Acrolein 215, Mechanism of Propene Oxidation 215, Acrylic Acid 217, Ammoxidation of Propylene 218, Propylene Oxide 221 Oxyacylation of Propylene 226 Chlorination of of Propylene 218, Propylene Oxide 221 Oxyacylation of Propylene 226 Chlorination of Propylene 226 221 Oxyacylation of Propylene 226 Chlorination of Propylene 226 Hydration of Propylene 227 Properties 226 Chlorination of Propylene 226 Hydration of Propylene 227 Properties and Uses of Isopropanol 226 Hydration of Propylene 227 Properties and Uses of Isopropanol 228 Addition of Organic 232 Hydroformylation of Propylene: The Oxo Reaction 232 Disproportionation of Propylene (Metathesis) 234 232 Disproportionation of Propylene (Metathesis) 234 Alkylation Using Propylene 235 References 236 CHAPTER 234 Alkylation Using Propylene 235 References 236 CHAPTER NINE C4 Olefins and DiolefinsBased
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324 Polyethylene 324, Polypropylene 329, Polyvinyl Chloride 332, Polystyrene 334, Nylon Resins 336, Thermoplastic
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Rubber 356, Ethylene Propylene Rubber 357, Thermoplastic Elastomers 358 Synthetic Fibers 359 Polyester Fibers Carbon Fibers 369, Polypropylene Fibers 370 References 371 Appendix One: Conversion Factors . .
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Because ethylene and propylene are the major building blocks for petrochemicals, alternative
ways for producing ethylene and propylene is steam cracking, which is an energy extensive process. Fluid
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many polyethylene and polypropylene processes, can polymerize proplylene in two different modes: alternating blocks
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of propane to propylene for petrochemical use. Propylene has always been obtained as a for petrochemical use. Propylene has always been obtained as a coproduct with ethylene from
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petrochemicals are ethylene, propylene, the butylenes, and isoprene. These olefins are usually coproduced with as polyethylene and polypropylene. Ethylene is the most important olefin for producing petrochemicals, and
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lbs in 1997.5 PROPYLENE (CH3CH=CH2) Like ethylene, propylene (propene) is a CH2) Like ethylene, propylene (propene) is a reactive alkene that can be obtained main source of propylene, however, is steam cracking of hydrocarbons, where it is coproduced special process for propylene production except the dehydrogenation of propane. Catalyst CH3CH2CH3 r
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of Petrochemical Processes Propylene can be polymerized alone or copolymerized with other monomers such are based on propylene such as isopropanol, allyl alcohol, glycerol, and acrylonitrile. Chapter 8
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becomes possible, and propylene would be a product: CH3C + HCH2CH2Rv r RvC +
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mode of operation, propylene plus ethylene yields could reach over 25%. In addition, a
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6.1 2.3 0.9 Propylene 20.5 14.3 6.8 Butylene 14.3 14.6 11.0 in which IC4
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is either a propylene-propane mixture or propylene-butane mixture where propane and butane propane mixture or propylene-butane mixture where propane and butane are diluents. The
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octane number. When propylene is used, a trimer or a tetramer is formed. The
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and eventually produce propylene tetramer. The product is a mixture of dimers, trimers, tetramers, from dimerization of propylene.40 Table 3-14 Typical feed and products from the the dimerization of propylene40 Vol. % Total wt % Total Feed Propylene 71 % Total Feed Propylene 71 Propane 29 100 Products Products LPG Propylene 4.2 Propane 34.6 Isohexanes*
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petrochemicals are ethylene, propylene, butylenes, and butadiene. Butadiene, a conjugated diolefin, is normally coproduced
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high yields of propylene. This is expected, because cracking at a tertiary carbon is
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30 25 50 Propylene 2.4 15 18 13 14 12 Butadiene 1.4 2 2 used when coproduct propylene, butadiene, and the butenes are needed. The advantage of using 12.9 Ethylene 80.9 Propylene 1.8 Butadiene 1.9 Other* 2.5 * Other: Propane 0.3, butanes ethylene yield, higher propylene and butadiene yields, and significantly more aromatic pyrolysis gasoline. Residual
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yields and decreases propylene yield. Figure 3-13 shows the influence of conversion severity
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feeds. Also, a propylene separation tower and a methyl acetylene removal unit are incorporated methane and decreased propylene and butenes. The following conditions are typical for naphtha cracking: ethylene and more propylene is produced. Cracking gas oils for olefin production has been
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Ethylene 25.8 31.3 Propylene 16.0 12.1 Butadiene 4.5 4.2 Butenes 7.9 2.8 BTX 10
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3.0 2.8 3.0 Propylene 14.0 9.0 13.9 13.7 Butadiene 4.5 4.2 5.0 6.3 Butenes
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1,3-pentadiene. From Propylene (Goodyear Process) Another approach for producing isoprene is the the dimerization of propylene to 2-methyl-1-pentene. The reaction occurs at 200
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products are ethylene, propylene, alpha olefins, sulfur, phenol, and ammonia which are used for
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of ethylene and propylene. The subject has been reviewed by Chang.11
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for ethylene and propylene in competition with steam cracking of hydrocarbons. The use of
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This process coproduces propylene oxide. In this process, isobutane reacts with oxygen giving tbutyl alcohol and propylene oxide. t-Butyl alcohol loses water giving isobutene which reacts
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subsequent hydrogenation are propylene trimer and tetramer for the production of decyl and tridecyl
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of butyraldehyde from propylene is based on this technology.31 Hydroformylation of higher olefins approximate conditions for propylene hydroformylation Process Catalyst Conditions % Normal Ruhrchemie Co2+, Co0 150
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At higher temperatures, propylene and ethylene are obtained in addition to hydrogen peroxide. Due
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is polymerized with propylene, a thermoplastic elastomer is obtained. Figure 7-1 illustrates the
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among lower olefins. Propylene and butylenes do not form epoxides through this route.3
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normally produced from propylene by the Oxo reaction (Chapter 8). It may also
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Chemicals Based on Propylene INTRODUCTION Propylene, the crown prince of petrochemicals, is second on Propylene INTRODUCTION Propylene, the crown prince of petrochemicals, is second to ethylene As an olefin, propylene is a reactive compound that can react with many common direct oxidation of propylene using oxygen does not produce propylene oxide as in the does not produce propylene oxide as in the case of ethylene. Instead, an unsaturated allylic hydrogens in propylene. Similar to the oxidation reaction, the direct catalyzed chlorination of catalyzed chlorination of propylene produces allyl chloride through substitution of allylic hydrogens by chlorine. chemical demand for propylene is a little over one half that for ethylene. This complexity of the propylene molecule (due to presence of a methyl group) should limited use of propylene in comparison to ethylene. Nevertheless, many important chemicals are produced are produced from propylene. The 1997 U.S. propylene demand ws 31 billion pounds 1997 U.S. propylene demand ws 31 billion pounds and most of it was used to produce polypropylene polymers and copolymers (about 46%). Other large volume uses (Ca 13%), propylene oxide (Ca 10%), cumene (Ca 8%) and oxo
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chemicals based on propylene. Figure 8-1 shows the important chemicals based on propylene. chemicals based on propylene. The following discusses the chemistry of the production of these chemicals. OXIDATION OF PROPYLENE The direct oxidation of propylene using air or oxygen produces direct oxidation of propylene using air or oxygen produces acrolein. Acrolein may further be
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Chemicals Based on Propylene 215 Ammoxidation of propylene is considered under oxidation reactions because 215 Ammoxidation of propylene is considered under oxidation reactions because it is thought that and ammoxidation of propylene to acrolein and to acrylonitrile, respectively. The use of peroxides
the oxidation of propylene produces propylene oxide. This compound is also obtained via a of propylene produces propylene oxide. This compound is also obtained via a chlorohydrination of a chlorohydrination of propylene followed by epoxidation. ACROLEIN (CH2=CHCHO) Acrolein (2oxygen oxidation of propylene. CH3CH=CH2 + O2 r CH2=CHCHO + H2O H= a mixture of propylene, air, and steam is introduced to the reactor. The hot mechanism by which propylene is catalytically oxidized to acrolein over the heterogeneous catalyst surface. the oxidation of propylene to acrolein over bismuth molybdate.3 In these experiments, propylene In these experiments, propylene was tagged once at Cl, another time at C2 and
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with ethylene when propylene tagged with 14C at C2 was used. Also, carbon monoxide from radioactivity: When propylene tagged with 14C at either Cl or C3 was oxidized the oxidation of propylene to acrolein is by a first step abstraction of an from an adsorbed propylene by an oxygen anion from the catalytic lattice to form
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Chemicals Based on Propylene 217 The next step is the insertion of a lattice
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industry. AMMOXIDATION OF PROPYLENE (Acrylonitrile [CH2=CHCN]) Ammoxidation refers to a reaction produces acrylonitrile from propylene: CH2=CHCH3 + NH3 + 11/2O2 r CH2=CHCN reactions, ammoxidation of propylene is highly exothermic, so an efficient heat removal system is that gives 95.6% propylene conversion and a selectivity above 80% for acrylonitrile.8,9 The those used in propylene oxidation to acrolein. Oxidation of propylene occurs readily at acrolein. Oxidation of propylene occurs readily at
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Chemicals Based on Propylene 219 Table 8-1 Typical analysis of acrylonitrile, HCN and the conversion of propylene to acrylonitrile does not occur until about 402C. This sites that block propylene chemisportion. As with propylene oxidation, the first step in the chemisportion. As with propylene oxidation, the first step in the ammoxidation reaction is the alpha hydrogen from propylene and formation of an allylic intermediate. Although the subsequent steps
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produce adiponitrile via propylene is the electrodimerization of acrylonitrile.11 The following is a Chemicals Based on Propylene 221 Propylene oxide is similar in its structure to ethylene on Propylene 221 Propylene oxide is similar in its structure to ethylene oxide, but method to obtain propylene oxide is chlorohydrination followed by epoxidation. This older method still dominant role in propylene oxide production. Chlorohydrination is the reaction between an olefin and hypochlorous acid. When propylene is the reactant, propylene chlorohydrin is produced. The reaction occurs is the reactant, propylene chlorohydrin is produced. The reaction occurs at approximately 35C HOCl r CH3CHOHCH2Cl Propylene chlorohydrin Approximately 8790% yield could be achieved. The main by-product is propylene dichloride (69%). The next step is the dehydrochlorination
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of Petrochemical Processes Propylene oxide is purified by steam stripping and then distillation. Byproduct then distillation. Byproduct propylene dichloride may be purified for use as a solvent or important process for propylene oxide is epoxidation with peroxides. Many hydroperoxides have been used values. Epoxidation of propylene with ethylbenzene hydroperoxide is carried out at approximately 130C process for producing propylene oxide.12
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Chemicals Based on Propylene 223 C6H5CH2CH3 + O2 r C6H5CH(CH3)OOH Table 8for epoxidation of propylene and the coproducts with economic value.l2 Epoxidation with hydrogen claimed to produce propylene oxide in high yield: Deriatives and Uses of Propylene Oxide and Uses of Propylene Oxide Similar to ethylene oxide, the hydration of propylene oxide the hydration of propylene oxide produces propylene glycol. Propylene oxide also reacts with alcohols, propylene oxide produces propylene glycol. Propylene oxide also reacts with alcohols, producing polypropylene glycol produces propylene glycol. Propylene oxide also reacts with alcohols, producing polypropylene glycol ethers, which with alcohols, producing polypropylene glycol ethers, which are used to produce polyurethane foams and detergents. Isomerization of propylene oxide produces allyl alcohol, a precursor for glycerol.
The 1994 S. production of propylene oxide, the 35th highest-volume chemical, was approximately 3.7 billion 1992 U.S. propylene oxide capacity of the three firms producing it and the chemicals based on propylene oxide. Propylene Glycol (CH3CH(OH)CH2OH) Propylene glycol ( on propylene oxide. Propylene Glycol (CH3CH(OH)CH2OH) Propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol) CH3CH(OH)CH2OH) Propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol) is produced by the hydration of the hydration of propylene oxide in a manner similar to that used for ethylene used to epoxidize propylene12 Peroxide feedstock Epoxidation coproduct Coproduct derivative Acetaldehyde Acetic acid
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1992 U.S. propylene oxide capacity14 Annual capacity (millions Basic Location of lb) Depending on the propylene oxide/water ratio, di-, tri- and polypropylene glycols can be di-, tri- and polypropylene glycols can be made the main products. The reaction between The reaction between propylene oxide and carbon dioxide produces propylene carbonate. The reaction conditions carbon dioxide produces propylene carbonate. The reaction conditions are approximately 200C and 80
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Chemicals Based on Propylene 225 Propylene carbonate is a liquid used as a specialty on Propylene 225 Propylene carbonate is a liquid used as a specialty solvent and catalytic isomerization of propylene oxide at approximately 280C. The reaction is catalyzed with obtained at a propylene oxide conversion around 25%: Allyl alcohol is used in the to epoxidation of propylene). The reaction of allyl alcohol with H2O2 produces glycidol as also based on propylene. It can be produced from allyl chloride or from acrolein
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Processes OXYACYLATION OF PROPYLENE Like vinyl acetate from ethylene, allyl acetate is produced by phase oxyacylation of propylene. The catalyzed reaction occurs at approximately 180C and 4 l5 CHLORINATION OF PROPYLENE (Allyl Chloride [CH2=CHCH2Cl]) Allyl chloride is a direct chlorination of propylene at high temperatures (approximately 500C and one atmosphere).
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Chemicals Based on Propylene 227 Glycerol, a trihydric alcohol, is used to produce polyurethane
plasticizers. HYDRATION OF PROPYLENE (Isopropanol [CH3CHOHCH3]) Isopropanol (2propanol) is an of isopropanol from propylene occurs by either a direct hydration reaction (the newer realized at 75% propylene conversion. The only important byproduct is diisopropyl ether (about diagram of the propylene hydration process.16 Gas phase hydration, on the other hand,
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the hydration of propylene to isopropanol:16 (1) propylene recovery column, (2) 16 (1) propylene recovery column, (2) reactor, (3) residual gas separation
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Chemicals Based on Propylene 229 Table 8-4 Acid concentration and temperatures used for 98 6080 Propylene CH3CH=CH2 75-85 2540 Butylenes CH3CH2 direct oxidation of propylene with oxygen is a noncatalytic reaction occurring at approximately 90
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for acetone from propylene was developed using a homogeneous catalyst similar to Wacker system
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Chemicals Based on Propylene 231 CH3 | Methyl Methacrylate (CH2=C-COOCH3). This
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acetic acid to propylene. A high yield of the ester can be realized ( acrylic acid to propylene. The reaction occurs in the liquid phase at about 100 plasticizer. HYDROFORMYLATION OF PROPYLENE: THE OXO REACTION (Butyraldehydes) The catalytic hydroformylation of olefins The reaction of propylene with CO and H2 produces n-butyraldehyde as the main
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Chemicals Based on Propylene 233 Figure 8-5 shows the homogeneous Hoechst and Rhone to strip unreacted propylene to recycle), (4) distillation.
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22 DISPROPORTIONATION OF PROPYLENE (Metathesis) Olefins could be catalytically converted into shorter and reaction. For example, propylene could be disproportionated over different catalysts, yielding ethylene and butylenes. the metathesis of propylene to produce 2-butene and ethylene.23 Anderson and Brown
with respect to propylene is to convert excess propylene to olefins of greater economic to convert excess propylene to olefins of greater economic value. More discussion regarding olefin
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Chemicals Based on Propylene 235 Figure 8-6. The Hoechst AG process for producing butyl) ALKYLATION USING PROPYLENE Propylene could be used as an alkylating agent for aromatics.
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and ethylene from propylene:23 (1) metathesis reactor, (2) fractionator (to (to separate propylene recycle from propane), (3, 4) fractionator for separating ethylene,
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Chemicals Based on Propylene 237
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either ethylene or propylene. However, C4 olefins and diolefins are precursors for some significant
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that used for propylene. Currently, the major route for obtaining acetic acid (ethanoic
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Butylene oxide, like propylene oxide, is produced by the chlorohydrination of l-butene with those used for propylene: CH3CH2CH=CH2 + HOCl r CH3CH2CHOHCH2Cl Butylene chlorohydrin Figure 9-
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of ethylene or propylene and results in a mixture of sec-butyl hydrogen sulfate
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maximum conversion to propylene is 63%. Higher conversions require recycling unreacted butenes after fractionation. and ethylene from propylene (Chapter 8). The reverse reaction is used to prepare prepare polymer-grade propylene form 2-butene and ethylene:10 CH3CH=CHCH3 + CH2= 2-pentene and propylene. The amount of 2-pentene depends on the ratio of
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overall 87.8 94.6 Propylene product % selectivity 93.8 96.6 % yield from butene-2 producing polymer grade propylene from ethylene and 2-butene.11 OLIGOMERIZATION OF BUTENES 2-
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the oxidation of propylene, which produces acrolein and acrylic acid, the direct oxidation of
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to ammoxidation of propylene to acrylonitrile. However, the yield is low. EPOXIDATION OF ISOBUTYLENE way similar to propylene oxide and butylene oxide by a chlorohydrination route followed by
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the synthesis of propylene oxide using tertiary butyl hydroperoxide. Surplus ter-butyl alcohol could
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1,4-BDO) from propylene via the carbonylation of allyl acetate is noted in Chapter
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et al., Propylene From Ethylene and Butene-2, Hydrocarbon Processing, Vol. 69, No.
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such as ethylene, propylene, and Cl2Cl4 alpha olefins are used to produce benzene
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is alkylated with propylene to isopropylbenzene. Either a liquid or a gas-phase process feed is used. Propylene can be as low as 40% of the feed mixture. mixture. Ahigh benzene/propylene ratio is also used to decrease polyalkylation. A selectivity of 10-5), fresh propylene feed is combined with fresh and recycled benzene, then passed
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copolymerizing ethylene and propylene: Block copolymers are formed by reacting two different prepolymers, which
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synthesized a stereoregular polypropylene with a Ziegler-type catalyst. These catalyst combinations are now (nonbranched), stereoregular polypropylene, cis-polybutadiene, and other stereoregular polymers. In polymerizing these compounds,
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Petrochemical Processes When propylene is polymerized with free radicals or some ionic initiators, a isotactic form of propylene has better physical and mechanical properties than the three
tactic radical polymerization). Isotactic polypropylene, in which all of the stereo cen- Figure 11-1. Figure 11-1. Propylene can undergo polymerization in three different ways to form atactic b), or syndiotactic polypropylene (c).10
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By contrast, atactic polypropylene, in which the stereo centers are arranged randomly, is an amorphous gum elastomer. Polypropylene consisting of blocks of atactic and isotactic stereo sequences is rubbery.11 Polymerizing propylene with Ziegler-Natta catalyst produces mainly isotactic polypropylene. The Cosseproduces mainly isotactic polypropylene. The Cosse-Arlman model explains the formation of the stereoregular producing an isotactic polypropylene. Linear polyethylene occurs whether the reaction takes place by insertion in a syndiotactic polypropylene when propylene is the ligand. syndiotactic polypropylene when propylene is the ligand.
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metallocene produces isotactic polypropylene, whereas the achiral form produces atactic polypropylene. As the ligands form produces atactic polypropylene. As the ligands rotate, the catalyst produces alternating blocks of
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are polyethylene and polypropylene. Thermosetting plastics are usually rigid due to high crosslinking between
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R. Elastomeric Polypropylene Oscillating Catalyst Controls Microstructure, Chemical and Engineering News, Jan., 16,
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polymers and copolymers, polypropylene, polycarbonates, and polyvinyl chloride. These materials reduce the cost and
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properties of polyethylenes. POLYPROPYLENE Polypropylene (PP) is a major thermoplastic polymer. Although polypropylene thermoplastic polymer. Although polypropylene did not take its position among the large volume polymers The delay in polypropylene development may be attributed to technical reasons related to its
to its polymerization. Polypropylene produced by free radical initiation is mainly the atactic form. turning point in polypropylene production was the development of a Ziegler-type catalyst by olefins (ethylene, propylene) occurs in the total absence of inert solvents such as such as liquefied propylene in the reactor. Titanium residues resulting from the catalyst are
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process for producing polypropylene14: (1) reactor, (2) centrifugal compressor, (3) heat from reacted gas). Polypropylene could be produced in a liquid or in a gaswide range of polypropylenes are made in a fluidized bed gas phase reactor.l4 after transferring the polypropylene resin from the first reactor. Gaseous propylene and ethylene are first reactor. Gaseous propylene and ethylene are fed to the impact reactor to produce of ethylene and propylene are highly amorphous, and they have rubbery properties. An example
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process for producing polypropylene in a liquid-phase7: (1) tubular reactor, (2,4) catalysts can polymerize propylene in two different ways. Rigid chiral metallocene produce isotactic polypropylene metallocene produce isotactic polypropylene whereas the achiral forms of the catalysts produce atactic polypropylene. catalysts produce atactic polypropylene. The polymer microstructure is a function of the reaction conditions isomer produces isotactic polypropylene and the other produces the atactic polymer. As a result, and flexible atactic polypropylene grow within the same polymer chain.16 Properties and Uses and Uses of Polypropylene The properties of commercial polypropylene vary widely according to the properties of commercial polypropylene vary widely according to the percentage of crystalline isotactic polymer degree of polymerization. Polypropylenes with a 99% isotactic index are currently produced.
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Articles made from polypropylene have good electrical and chemical resistance and low water absorption. the properties of polypropylene. Polypropylene can be extruded into sheets and thermoformed by solidphase weight and toughness, polypropylene and its copolymers are extensively used in automobile parts. Improvements processes have made polypropylene accessible for fiber production. Low-cost fibers made
from polypropylene fibers made from polypropylene are replacing those made from sisal and jute. World demand World demand for polypropylene is expected to be 30 billion pounds by 2002. This 3 Properties of Polypropylene Density, g/cm3 0.900.91 Fill temperature, max. C
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are vinyl acetate, propylene, ethylene, and vinylidine chloride. The copolymer with ethylene or propylene with ethylene or propylene (Tg = 80C), which is rigid, is used
Page: 356
ethylene oxide or propylene oxide are suitable for producing polyurethanes. Polyurethane polymers are either from glycerol and propylene oxide are used for producing block slab foams. These polyols
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with ethylene and propylene oxides to produce the polyol. Major markets for polyurethanes are
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polyisoprene, and ethylene-propylene-diene terepolymer. It also includes thermoplastic elastomers that are not
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a sealant. ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE RUBBER Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) is a stereoregular copolymer PROPYLENE RUBBER Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) is a stereoregular copolymer of ethylene and of ethylene and propylene. Elastomers of this type do not possess the double bonds elastomer, termed ethylene-propylene terepolymer (EPT), can be crosslinked using sulfur. Crosslinking EPR use of ethylene-propylene rubber is to produce automotive parts such as gaskets, mechanical
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polyolefins such as propylene copolymers, with ethylene-propylene terepolymer elastomer. Block copolymers of styrene copolymers, with ethylene-propylene terepolymer elastomer. Block copolymers of styrene with other monomers such ethylene or ethylene/propylene are the most widely used TPEs. Styrene-butadiene-styrene (
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million pounds/year. POLYPROPYLENE FIBERS Polypropylene fibers represent a small
percent of the total year. POLYPROPYLENE FIBERS Polypropylene fibers represent a small percent of the total polypropylene production. of the total polypropylene production. (Most polypropylene is used as a thermoplastic.) The production. (Most polypropylene is used as a thermoplastic.) The fibers are usually manufactured manufactured from isotactic polypropylene. Important characteristics of polypropylene are high abrasion resistance, strength, low Important characteristics of polypropylene are high abrasion resistance, strength, low static buildup, and resistance of fiber-grade polypropylene is moderate and when heated, it starts to soften at of fiber-grade polypropylene are given in Table 12-8. Melt spinning is normally high MP of polypropylene is attributed to low entropy of fusion arising from stiffening of the chain. Polypropylene fibers are used for face pile of needle felt, tufted polyolefin fibers, including polypropylene fibers, was approximately 2.5 billion pounds.
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of fiber-grade polypropylene56 Fiber-grade Fiber-grade Property homopolymer copolymer Specific gravity at
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215217 from propylene, 215 oxidation, 217 Acrylic acid from acrolein, 217 from ethylene,
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monoolefins, 275 using propylene, 269 of olefins, 8588 process conditions, 88 Alkylbenzene sulfonate from, 225 from propylene oxide, 225 Allyl chloride, 226 Alphabutol process for l-butene, 279 Ammoxidation of propylene, 218 ter-Amyl methyl ether production, 159 properties, 160 Andrussaw
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of, 248 from propylene disproportionation, 234 n-Butyl alcohol (See n-Butanol.) ter-
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carbon monoxide, 124 propylene, 234 toluene, 285 DMT (See Dimethylterephthalate.) Dodecanedioic acid, 260 191 isobutylene, 251 propylene, 222 Epoxy resins, 344346 production, 344 properties and uses, (See Ethylene propylene rubber.) EPT (See Ethylene propylene terepolymer.) Ethane chemicals from, (See Ethylene propylene terepolymer.) Ethane chemicals from, 169 cracking, 96 ethyl chloride from,
cracking, 97 from propylene disproportionation, 234 vinyl acetate from, 200 vinyl chloride from, 202
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production, 342 Ethylene-propylene rubber, XXX Ethylene-propylene terepolymer, 357 2Ethylhexanol from butyraldehyde, rubber, XXX Ethylene-propylene terepolymer, 357 2-Ethylhexanol from butyraldehyde, 233 234 Hoechst process, Hexadiene for ethylene-propylene rubber, 357 Hexamethylenediamine for nylon 364 from adipie acid, 283
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butyl alcohol, 253 propylene to isopropanol, 227 Hydrazine, production and uses, 148149 Hydrocarbon 163164 of propylene, 232233 Rhone Poulenc process, 233 Hydrogen, 111114 from methylal, 106 from propylene, 107 polymers and copolymers, 354 Isopropanol (2-propanol), 227 from, 229 from propylene, 227228 process, 228 isopropyl acetate from, 232 isopropyl acrylate
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chart for, 248 propylene, 234235 Phillips Co. Triolefin Process, 236 Methacrolein, 250 Methacrylic
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ethylene, 205206 propylene, 88 analysis of products, 90 Oligomers butadiene, 259260 2-
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acetic acid, 181 propylene to propylene oxide, 221 toluene to benzoic acid, 286 p181 propylene to propylene oxide, 221 toluene to benzoic acid, 286 p-xylene to 165 Oxyacylation of propylene, 226 Paraffinic hydrocarbons, 2932 constituents of crude oils, 12
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318 viscosity, 318 Polypropylene isotactic, 310 from propylene using Ziegler-Natta catalysts, 310 production, isotactic, 310 from propylene using Ziegler-Natta catalysts, 310 production, 330331 Spherical liquidphenylene) oxide, 340 Polypropylene fibers, 370 properties, 371 Polystyrene production, 334335 batch suspension Propene (See Propylene.) Propiolactone acrylic acid from, 218 Propylene acetone from, 229 allyl acid from, 218 Propylene acetone from, 229 allyl acetate from, 226 chemicals, 213 disproportionation,
properties, 3334 Propylene dichloride, 221 Propylene glycol, 223 Propylene oxide allyl alcohol from, Propylene dichloride, 221 Propylene glycol, 223 Propylene oxide allyl alcohol from, 225 coproduct with Propylene glycol, 223 Propylene oxide allyl alcohol from, 225 coproduct with MTBE, 158 from MTBE, 158 from propylene chlorohydrin, 221222 from propylene epoxidation, 222 in polyurethane synthesis, 221222 from propylene epoxidation, 222 in polyurethane synthesis, 342
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Index 389 propylene carbonate from, 224 propylene glycol from, 223 uses, 223 Pruteen carbonate from, 224 propylene glycol from, 223 uses, 223 Pruteen (from methanol), 185 butyl, 356 ethylene-propylene, 357 natural, 351 nitrile, 353 polybutadiene, 352353 polyisoprene, 354
Page: 404
362 polyesters, 359 polypropylene, 370-371 Synthetic rubber, 321, 350359 butyl, 356 ethylene butyl, 356 ethylene propylene, 357 nitrile, 353 polyisoprene, 354 properties, 351 styrenebutadiene, 353 phenylene) oxide, 340 polypropylene, 329331 polystyrenes, 334336 polyvinyl chloride, 332334 properties,
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vinyl acetate, 200 propylene oxidation to acetone, 230 Water removal from natural gas, 6 in ethylene and propylene polymerization, 309 in production of nitrile rubber, 353 in stereoregular

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: Book - Computational-Flow-Modeling-for-Chemical-Reactor-Engineering.pdf : : : : Referex
styrene, acrilonitrile, ethylene, propylene) and so on Gasliquid Oxidations (ethylene, paraffins), Chlorinations poly-ethylene, poly-propylene) are listed below. Computational flow modeling can make substantial contributions
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aromatic hydrocarbons ethanol, propylene, benzene, tolune olefins methanol, ethanol benzene, adipic acid dinitrile, nitroaromatics,
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olefins (polyethylene/polypropylene) Coal gasification FischerTropsch synthesis Acrylonitrile/metacrylonitrile Calcination/roasting of
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liquid reaction (propylene oxide manufacturing process). In this process, liquid is a dispersed

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: Book - Computational-Modeling-of -homogeneous-catalys.pdf : Computational Modeling of Homogeneous Catalysis : : Feliu Maseras and Agusti Lledos :
fact, in most polypropylene samples obtained by these catalytic systems the regioirregularities are usually
Page: 58
Metals 47 syndiotactic polypropylenes are partially crystalline materials with relatively high melting points ( C for syndiotactic polypropylene), atactic polypropylene is a fully amorphous polymer, since it lacks syndiotactic polypropylene), atactic polypropylene is a fully amorphous polymer, since it lacks long-range
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complexed olefinic (propylene) unit made up of the old (propyl) growing chain.
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the polymerization of propylene. 3.1 Stochastic Model for Polymer Growth The propylene polymerization is Polymer Growth The propylene polymerization is shown in Figure 9. In the case of
Page: 80
and insert a propylene molecule via either 1,2- or 2,1-insertion route. Thus, one
Page: 83
simulations for the propylene polymerization catalyzed by the Pd-based bis-imine catalyst with
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analysis of the polpropylenes that for this catalyst insertion happens only at the primary
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experimental data for propylene polymerization with the Pd-based catalyst for different substituents. For
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polarization functions 41 propylene polymerization 68 pyrazole ligand 303 QM/MM methods 13, 62,
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: Book - Coulson-and-Richardson-Chemical-Engineering-Volume-3-ThirdEdition-Chemical-and-Biochemical-Reactors-Process-Control.pdf Title : Subject : Author : Keywords :
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Hydration, e.g., propylene to isopropyl alcohol CH,OH + isoC4HB -+ methyl tert.
File
: Book - Coulson-and-Richardson-s-Chemical-Engineering-Vol-1-Heat Transfer.pdf Title : Subject : TeX output 2003.07.28:1314 Author : Fred Schoerner (Photo Comp Serv #1) 719 2001 Feb 21 14:51:40 Keywords :
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113500 30 Propylene Angus et al. (1980) Not currently available Not currently
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236.32 0.3210 0.14 Propylene 42.080 365.57 4.6646 223.39 87.950 225.46 0.1408 0.40 Propyne 40.060
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1.0274 1.0667 1.0996 Propylene 1.0550 1.1898 1.3545 1.5375 1.7259 1.9116 2.0901 2.2592 2.4178
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0.0036 0.0018 0.0003 Propylene (Propene, R-1270) T 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00
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Fluid State: 7. Propylene, IUPAC, Pergamon Press, Oxford. Arp, V. D., McCarty, R. D.,
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with water and propylene glycol flows in annuli with fluted or corrugated tubes ( (e.g., propylene glycol) and/or large temperature-dependent viscosity variations in the
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Anhydride/maleic Anhydride/propylene Glycol (2:1:3) Crosslinking agent: styrene monomer (
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: Book - Coulson-and-Richardson-s-Chemical-Engineering-Vol-6-ChemicalEngineering-Design.pdf Title : Subject : Author : Keywords :
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960) Pall rings, polypropylene 650 (1080) 400 (650) 250 (400) Pall
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t 350 570 Propylene kg 0.32 0.46 Propylene oxide kg 0.92 0.56 n-Propyl kg 0.32 0.46 Propylene oxide kg 0.92 0.56 n-Propyl alcohol kg 0.45 0.73
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0.2 900 1.0 Polypropylene 35 1.5 900 1.5 PTFE 21 1.0 2100 30.0 GRP at higher temperatures. Polypropylene is a stronger material than the polyethylenes and can be
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Ethylene 3.1 32.0 Propylene 2.4 10.3 n-Butene 1.6 9.3 Isobutene 1.8 9.7 Butadiene
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1. Ethylhexanol from propylene and synthesis gas, G.I. 2. Chlorobenzenes from benzene and 4. Acrylonitrile from propylene and ammonia, G.4. 5. Aniline from nitrobenzene and hydrogen.
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(density for polypropylene) Intalox saddles ceramic in. 0.50 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 0.5 and plastics (polypropylene) rings are more efficient than ceramic rings, as it is
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is separated from propylene by distillation. The compounds have close boiling points and the cent w/w propylene, estimate the number of theoretical plates needed to produce propylene needed to produce propylene overhead with a minimum purity of 99.5 mol per cent.
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butane rubber Ethylene-propylene rubber Fluorocarbon rubber Compressed asbestos Typical gasket materials for plated
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nxde from ethyfcne propylene terpolymcr rubber. (r) Phtaol foi iahkh
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124 125 C3H6 PROPYLENE 42.081 -1851 -47.8 365.0 46.2 0.181 612 129 130 C3H6O PROPYLENE OXIDE 58.080 -112.2 34.3 482.2 49.2 0.186 829 20
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1 ETHYLHEXANOL FROM PROPYLENE AND SYNTHESIS GAS The project Design a plant to produce 2-ethylhexanol from propylene and synthesis gas, assuming an operating period of 8000 hours H2 mixture) and propylene in the molar ratio 2:1, and the recycled products cent of the propylene feed is converted to propane whilst some does not react. free from propane, propylene, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This mixture then passes to a
Page: 993
cent back to propylene, carbon monoxide and hydrogen by passage over a catalyst with specifications (i) Propylene feed: 93 per cent propylene, balance propane. (ii) Synthesis 93 per cent propylene, balance propane. (ii) Synthesis gas: from heavy fuel oil,
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at 1 bar Propylene -47.7C Propane -42.TC n-Butyraldehyde 75.5 dissolved/kg liquid Propylene 7.5 x 10~3 kg dissolved/kg liquid Propane 7.5
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4 ACRYLONITRILE FROM PROPYLENE AND AMMONIA The project Design a plant to produce 1 CH.CN) from propylene and ammonia by the ammoxidation process. Feedstock: Ammonia: 100 per per cent NH3. Propylene: Commercial grade containing 90 per cent CsHe, 10 per cent
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ENGINEERING The process Propylene, ammonia, steam and air are fed to a vapour-phase per cent) is propylene 7; ammonia 8; steam 20; air 65, A fixed-bed upon a pure propylene feed, the carbon distribution by weight in the product from per cent Unreacted propylene 15 per cent Other by products 1 per cent The carbon dioxide, unreacted propylene, oxygen, nitrogen and unreacted hydrocarbons are not absorbed and are
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H. (ed.) Propylene and its Industrial Derivatives, 1973 (London: Ernest Benn Ltd.),
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301 Polyethylene 301 Polypropylene 301 Polytropic efficiency 83

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: Book - Deans-Handbook-of-Organic-Chemistry.pdf : : : :
the series, and propylene is retained for CH3CHCH2
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acetal, c82 3-Chloropropylene-1,2-oxide, c102 1-Chloro-2,5-pyrrolidinedione, c239
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0.7375425 d697 Dipropylene glycol CH3CH(OH)CH2OCH2sym-Diphenylthiourea, t146 Dipropylene glycol, h172 Diphenyl oxide, d667 Dipicolinic acid, p261 Diphenylphosphorochloridate, d662
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1.232 25 d698 Dipropylene glycol CH3CH(OH)CH2OCH20.93025 25 d699 Dipropylene glycol CH3CH(OH)CH2OCH20.87825 20 d700 Dipropylene glycol CH3CH(OH)CH2OCH2-
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bz, eth p225 Propylene carbonate 102.09 1.2041420 1.421020 55 240 132 v bz, eth p226 Propyleneimine 57.09 0.801725 1.408425 66.0 misc aq, alc, PE 1,2,3Propanetriol, 1-o1, a81 Propylene dibromide, d92 Propanetriol diacetates, g17, g18 2-Propenyl acetate, a80 acetate, a80 sec-Propylene chlorohydrin, c213 2-Propanone, a26 Propenylanisole, m97 Propylenediamine, p192 Propargyl a26 Propenylanisole, m97 Propylenediamine, p192 Propargyl alcohol, p242 N-2-Propenyl-2propen-11-amine, d25 Propylene glycol, p194 Propargyl chloride, c232 (2-Propenyl)thiourea, a101 Propenyl)thiourea, a101 Propylene glycol isopropyl ether, i86 Propenamide, a62 Propiolic acid, p241 Propylene Propiolic acid, p241 Propylene glycol monomethyl ether, m95 2-Propenenitrile, a64 Propyl chloride, c210 Propyl chloride, c210 Propylene glycol monophenyl ether, p73 2-Propenoic acid, a63 Propylene, p205
Propenoic acid, a63 Propylene, p205
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parts solvent p227 Propylene oxide 58.08 17, 6 0.828720 1.366020 112.1 3738 2 O p228 Propylene sulfide 102.18 1, 354 0.736 1.380020 123 8890
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alk boxylic acid Propylene oxide, e10 6-Propyl-2-thiouracil, h129 3,6-Pyridazinediol, d400
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Trichloromethane, c126 3,3,3-Trichloropropylene oxide, e13 ,,-Trichloroethoxycarbonyl chloride,
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alc, eth t408 Tripropylene glycol H(OCH2CH2CH2)3 s aq t409 Tripropylene glycol HO(CH2CH2CH2O)3 0.93425 25 t410 Tripropylene glycol HO(CH2CH2CH2O)3 0.094825 25 t411 Tripropylene glycol HO(CH2CH2CH2O)3 0.094225 25 t412 Tripropylene glycol- HO(CH2CH2CH2O)3
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34.6 Ethyl ether Propylene oxide 34.5 Pentane 36.1 Bromoethane 38.4 Ethyl bromide Dichloromethane 39.8
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1,2-Propanediol 188 Propylene glycol Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) 188.4 ether Dimethylsulfoxide 189.0 DMSO 1,2Tributyl borate 238.5 Propylene carbonate 240 2-Phenoxyethanol 240 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) 245 Diethylene
Page: 477
1,2-Propanediol 188 Propylene glycol 1,2,3-Propanetriol 258 Glycerol triacetate 259 triacetate 1-Propanol 82.4 Isopropyl alcohol Propylene carbonate 240 Propylene oxide 34.5 Propyl acetate 101.5 Propyl benzoate Propylene carbonate 240 Propylene oxide 34.5 Propyl acetate 101.5 Propyl benzoate 231.2 Propyl formate
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1,2-Propanediol 188 Propylene glycol alcohol 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy) ethanol 194.1 alcohol 1Octanol
Page: 480
benzoate 231.2 ester Propylene carbonate 240 ester Dibutyl oxalate 245.5 ester Butyl benzoate 250
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Ethyl ether ether Propylene oxide 34.5 ether Dimethoxyethane 42.3 DME, glyme ether 1Isopropoxy-
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0.101 5 carbonate Dipropylene glycol butyl ether 4.23 (25) 28.2 (25) Dipropylene 28.2 (25) Dipropylene glycol ethyl 3.11 (25) 27.7 (25) ether Dipropylene (25) ether Dipropylene glycol isopropyl 386 (25) 25.9 (25) ether
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D a b Dipropylene glycol methyl 3.1 (25) 28.8 (25) ether Dipropyl
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0.108 3 chloroacetate Propylene 2.53 64.4 carbonate Propylene oxide 0.327 (20) 2.00 [ 2.53 64.4 carbonate Propylene oxide 0.327 (20) 2.00 [g] 0.28 (25) 0.28 (25) Propyleneimine 0.491 (25) 1.77 [g, cis] 1.60 [g,
Page: 553
Substances (continued) Tripropylene 56.1 (25) 34 (25) glycol Tripropylene 6.58 ( (25) glycol Tripropylene 6.58 (25) 28.8 (25) glycol butyl ether Tripropylene glycol butyl ether Tripropylene 5.17 (25) 28.2 (25) glycol ethyl ether Tripropylene glycol ethyl ether Tripropylene glycol 7.7 (25) 27.4 (25) isopropyl ether Tripropylene 25) isopropyl ether Tripropylene 5.96 (25) 30.0 (25) glycol methyl ether Tris(
Page: 562
450 2.0 8 Propylene oxide 2.8 37.0 Propyl nitrate 175 2 100 Pyridine 482
Page: 597
12.57 99.73 36.96 Propylene (propene) g 4.88 15.02 63.72 15.37 Propylene oxide g 15.02 63.72 15.37 Propylene oxide g 22.17 6.16 68.53 17.29 Propyl nitrate
Page: 631
71.04 86.28 97.50 Propylene 0.718 4.40 19.23 25.81 30.77 34.52 Propylene oxide 1.561 6.87 25.81 30.77 34.52 Propylene oxide 1.561 6.87 6.67 22.16 30.07 35.68 39.79 Propyl nitrate
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Propylcyclohexane 639 27.7 Propylene 365.0 45.6 181 Propylene oxide 482.2 48.6 186 Propyl formate
365.0 45.6 181 Propylene oxide 482.2 48.6 186 Propyl formate 538.0 40.1 285 Propyl
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acid 11.05(1) Propylene oxide 10.22(2) Acetic acid 10.69(3) Trimethylene oxide 9.667(
Page: 769
Nitrotoluene 9.65(5) Propylene sulfide 8.6(2) p-Nitrotoluene 9.87 1-Propanethiol 9.195 o-
Page: 815
10.91(1) Dipropylenetriamine 7.72(3) 9.56(2) 10.65(1) 2,2-
Page: 830
acid 2.97 5-Methyldipropylenetriamine (30 C) 6.32(3) 9.19(2)
Page: 887
1.448 0.951 0.961 Dipropylene glycol Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 1.446 1.450 1.043 1.050 monoethyl ether 1-
Page: 890
1075 65%:35% Polypropylene glycol 0 150 128 294 173 264 226 1085 Didecyl
Page: 895
the formation of polypropylene from propylene. This is shown for three monomer units. The of polypropylene from propylene. This is shown for three monomer units. The wavy lines
Page: 900
resin Fluorinated ethylenepropylene (FEP) resin Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) Ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene polyethylene (UHMWPE) Polypropylene (PP) Polybutylene (PB) Polyallomers Poly(phenylene oxide) Poly(
Page: 902
the oxidation of propylene. The resin is made by free-radical polymerization initiated by
Page: 905
high. Fluorinated EthylenePropylene Resin. Polymer molecules of fluorinated ethylenepropylene consist of predominantly linear molecules of fluorinated ethylenepropylene consist of predominantly linear chains with this structure: CF2 CF2 and fluorinated ethylene propylene in its chemical resistance, electrical properties, and coefficient of friction.
Page: 910
at subzero temperatures. Polypropylene. The polymerization of propylene results in a polymer with the The polymerization of propylene results in a polymer with the following structure: The desired use ethylene monomer. Polypropylene is translucent and autoclavable and has no known solvent at
Page: 914
as polyethylene or polypropylene, and the soft portion is composed of ethylenepropylene rubber. composed of ethylenepropylene rubber. Attractive forces between the rubber and resin phases serve
Page: 926
Glass-fiber- Properties propylene resin fluoride) Unfilled reinforced copolymer filled reinforced Physical Melting temperature,
Page: 940
Poly(phenylene sulfide) Polypropylene 40% Polybutylene Impact Injection glass-fiberProperties extrusion Homopolymer Copolymer
Page: 953
C. EthylenePropyleneDiene Rubber (EPDM) Ethylenepropylenediene rubber is polymerized (EPDM) Ethylenepropylenediene rubber is polymerized from 60 parts ethylene, 40 parts ethylene, 40 parts propylene, and a small amount of nonconjugated diene. The nonconjugated diene
Page: 956
121 Poly(ethylenepropylenediene) (EPDM) 0.85 30100 100300 10003000
Page: 958
Hydrocarbons, halogenated Ketones APolypropylene and polyallomer E E E E E G N E
Page: 959
AES Acrylonitrileethylenepropylenestyrene AMMA Acrylonitrilemethyl methacrylate AN Acrylonitrile APET Amorphous polyethylene terephthalate APP Atactic polypropylene ASA Acrylicstyreneacrylonitrile BR Butadiene rubber BS Butadiene styrene terephthalate CPP Cast polypropylene CPVC Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride CR Chloroprene rubber CTA Cellulose triacetate EMPP Elastomer modified polypropylene EnBA Ethylene normal butyl acrylate EP Epoxy resin, also ethylene resin, also ethylenepropylene EPM Ethylenepropylene rubber ESI Ethylenestyrene
copolymers EVA(C) propylene EPM Ethylenepropylene rubber ESI Ethylenestyrene copolymers EVA(C) Polyethylenevinyl acetate FEP Fluorinated ethylenepropylene copolymers HDI Hexamethylene diisocyanate HDPE High-density polyethylene HIPS High-
Page: 960
terephthalate OPP Oriented polypropylene OSA Olefinmodified styreneacrylonitrile PA Polyamide PAEK Poly(aryl PO Polyolefins PP Polypropylene PPA Polyphthalamide PPC Chlorinated polypropylene PPO Poly(phenylene oxide) PPS Polyphthalamide PPC Chlorinated polypropylene PPO Poly(phenylene oxide) PPS Poly(phenylene sulfide) PPSU Poly(
Page: 964
136 32.0 92.6 Polypropylene 3820 0.4430 4120 2.330 9.230 51 0.3320 (H2
Page: 1005
properties 10.34 Ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM) 10.61 Ethylene terephthalate plastic: description of 6.17 Fluorinated ethylene-propylene resin: description of 10.13 properties of 10.34 This page has
Page: 1019
10.42 Poly(ethylene-propylene-diene) (EPDM), properties of 10.64 Poly(methylpentene) polymers: description
Page: 1021
Index terms Links Polypropylene polymers, properties of 10.48 Polystyrene polymers, properties of 10.52 Polysulfide

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: Book - Design-of-Heterogeneous-Catalysts.pdf : : : :
are known, including polypropyleneimine (PPI), polyamidoamine (PAMAM), and Frechettype
Page: 77
DAB (poly(propylene imine)) dendrimer with triazacyclononane (TACN) ligands that bind ZnII
Page: 88
the encapsulated nanoparticle. Polypropyleneimine DENs also impart substantial selectivity towards polar substrates in competitive
Page: 107
flat-to-declining. Propylene demand, on the other hand, continues to enjoy rapid growth are increasing their propylene production through the use of zeolite-based additives as well to FCC-based propylene, on-purpose production of this monomer is also taking on and demand of propylene and Isobutene for the production of polypropylene and isooctane, respectively. the production of polypropylene and isooctane, respectively. For the on-purpose processes to remain
Page: 108
desired product (propylene, isobutylene, or butadiene) is also important, since specific feedstock consumption to flare valuable propylene (or isobutene) instead of recovering it as the product.
Page: 114
olefins such as propylene and butylenes, which can be used as chemical feedstocks. An
Page: 117
deactivation by Cyclic Propylene Steaming (CPS) [23]. CPS replaces gas oil as more easily manageable propylene as a laboratory reductant. Post impregnation with the Mitchell method,
Page: 118
(containing 5% propylene) 50% steam 10 min, 50% nitrogen 50% steam (containing 5% propylene) 50% steam Cool down under nitrogen flow deactivated by an environment of propylene and air along with steam. Standard protocol, as described in
Page: 145
1) surfaces, and propylene oxide, also a chiral molecule, to probe the potential formation of (R)-propylene oxide on (R)-2-butoxide-covered Pd(1 1 or (S)-propylene oxide on to (R)- or (S)-methylbutanoate-modified
Page: 146
of enantioselectivity for propylene oxide on 2-butanol modified Pd(1 1 1) surfaces. coverage of R-propylene oxide adsorbed on R-2-butoxidecovered Pd(1 1 1) coverage of R-propylene oxide adsorbed on S-2-butoxide (RR/RS) (.) inset shows typical propylene oxide desorption spectra from 2-butoxidecoverded Pd(1 1 1) that (R)-propylene oxide adsorbs more extensively on (R)-butoxide-templated Pt( and (S)-propylene oxide adsorbs more on (S)-butoxide-templated Pt(1 namely, (S)-propylene oxide on (R)-butoxide-templated Pt(1 1 1) or (R)-propylene oxide on (S)-butoxide-templated Pt(1 1 1) of (S)-propylene oxide on (S)- versus (R)-2-methylbutanoate-templated
Page: 195
support.Aprocess of propylene epoxidation in gas phase was patented on various Ag/ MOF
Page: 234
TiO2 catalyzed the propylene oxidation with a higher selectivity towards CO2 than the postsynthesized
Page: 319
of propene to propylene [20]. It was found that the mesoporous NbMo
Page: 320
Propane oxidative dehydrogenation Propylene Propane conversion: NbV oxide612%, NbMo 9%; selectivity to propylene: NbV oxide 4672%, NbMo oxide56%,
Page: 327
CPS, see cyclic propylene steaming cracking 95, 100ff critical micelle concentration (CMC) 297, vapor deposition cyclic propylene steaming 103f cyclohexane 198f, 203f, 207f, 210, 309 cyclohexene 65,
Page: 331
305f polyoxymetalate 224f polypropyleneimine 59, 227 polystyrene 37, 295, 303f, 311 POM, see polyoxymetalate 47f PPI, see polypropyleneimine pre-exponential factor 236, 243, 244 precious metals 90f pressure promoters 85, 95 propylene 93f, 104 PS, see polystyrene PSA, see pressure swing adsorption

Page: 37
: Book - Fogler-Elements-of-Chemical-Reaction-Engineering.pdf : : : :
if benzene and propylene are formed from n cumene molecule. curnene benzene propylene the molecule. curnene benzene propylene the cumene molecule has lost its identity [i.e., example above. the propylene molecule would Lose its species identity if he reaction were
Page: 92
used to dimerize propylene into isohexanes. e.g..
Page: 407
Jc Oxidation of propylene to acmlein [Ch~mE.n g. Sci. 51, 2189
Page: 558
usesa and economics Propylene glycol is produced by the hydrolysis of propylene oxide: Over the hydrolysis of propylene oxide: Over 800 million pounds of propylene glycol were produced million pounds of propylene glycol were produced in 2004 and the selling price was 50.68 per pound. Propylene glycol makes up about 25% of the major derivatives of major derivatives of propylene oxide. The reaction takes place readily at room temperature when adiabatic CSTR producing propylene glycot by this method. Unfortunately, the reactor is beginning to IIb morlh) of propylene oxide (P.O.) to the reactor. The feed stream equivolumetric mixture af propylene ox~de (46.62 ft"/h) and methanol (46.62 respectively. The water-propylene oxide-methanol mixture undergoes a slight decrease in volume upon
Page: 559
on your operation. Propylene oxide i s a rather low-boiling substance. With the by A is propylene oxide (CpA= 35 Btullb mol -OF) 8 B
Page: 560
C i s propylene glycol (Crc= 46 Btul~b mol - "F)
Page: 563
the hydration of propylene oxide discussed in Example 84. The cooling coil has 40
Page: 565
the hydrolysis of propylene oxide, Example 8-8. If one were to examine Figure
Page: 572
the case of propylene glycol in Examples 8-8 and 8-9, evap tion
Page: 589
the reaction of propylene oxide (A) with water (8) to form propylene 8) to form propylene glycol (C). The hydrolysis of propySene oxide takes place
Page: 590
equivolumetric rnlxture of propylene oxide and methanol, and the orher stream is water containing larger than the propylene oxide-methanol feed. The molar flow rate of propylene oxide flow rate of propylene oxide fed to the tubular reactor IS 0.1 moUs. There
Page: 651
the production of propylene gIycnl IC) in a CSTR with a heat exchanger in
Page: 654
and temperature of propylene oxide as a function of time, respectively, for an initial of tempemture and propylene oxide concentration for three different sets of initial conditions ( Figure E9-5.1 Propylene oxide Figure E9-5.2 Ternperamre-time conceneation as a function
Page: 655
the production of propylene glycol approached steady state. For the Row rates and conditions
Page: 666
initial concentration of propylene oxide oF0.J M. Try other combinations of To, T,,
Page: 675
The production of propylene gIycoI discussed in Examples 8-4, 9-4. 9-5,
Page: 679
isobutylaldehyde. It has propylene, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen as the reactants and a liquid-
Page: 703
form benzene and propylene. The overall reaction is A conceptual model depicting the sequences
Page: 704
and P = propylene. The I tion sequence for his decomposition is k* C adsorbed benzene and propylene in the gas phase k, ) + B.S <
Page: 705
and kPa. respectively. Propylene is not adsorbed on the surface. ConsequentIy, its concentration on
Page: 722
manner similar to propylene in Foltowv7?tgh e Algorithm the cumene decomposition previousIy discussed.
Page: 782
form benzene and propylene. The following data were taken at 1 arm and 420
Page: 1083
nirroanaIine production, 603 propylene glycol production in, 526-53 1,595-598 1051 temperature and
Page: 1085
reactions. 404407 for propylene glycol production, 528
Page: 1087
tubular reactors, 186 propylene glycol production, 526. 596 triphenyl methyl chloridemethannl reaction. 262
Page: 1090
cwfficient, 774 Dirnerize propylene, 6M1 Dimethyl ether (DME) decomposition of. 297 from methanol.
Page: 1091
reactions. 546 in propylene glycol production. 528. 596. 620 in sern~bstch reactors, 477
Page: 1102
nonlinear regression. 273 propylene glycol pmduction. 596597. 62 1 STTRs. 7.7 1 toluene hydrodemethylation.
Page: 1103
operatian. 619 in propylene pIycol prduction. 622 Prandtl number. 774-776 Predictor prey relationships.
Page: 1104
HinsheZwood kinetics, 672 Propylene glycol prduction in adiabatic reactors, 526-53 I, 595598 states in. 533 Propylene oxide, pmpylene glycol from. 52&53 1 Prostaglandin. inhibiting production
Page: 1109
drop. 136, IRh propylene glycol production, 53-529, 5"36,620 questions and problems, 131-

Page: 47
: Book - Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis, 8 Volumes - Wiley.pdf : ACDSee ProPrint Job : : QuangNguyen :
attempts to manufacture propylene oxide commercially by the direct oxidation of propene (analogous remains important in propylene oxide manufacture and accounted for 51% of the worldwide production global demand for propylene oxide was 2.8 106 t. 1.3.3.4 Halogenated Chemicals The
Page: 129
scavenger such as propylene oxide [47, 49, 50]. Protonation of the epoxide oxygen
Page: 133
(e.g., propylene oxide, 1,2-epoxybutane, glycidol, epichlorohydrin) to the organic solutions of
Page: 137
by reaction with propylene oxide, displayed surface areas of 660 to 709 m2 g by reaction with propylene oxide, followed by CO2-supercritical drying at 590 K, exhibited
Page: 153
the presence of propylene oxide, forming a hybrid ironpolysilsesquioxane network [230]. The
Page: 161
of NiCl2 containing propylene oxide and water, at a gelation time of 4 h, Ce-chlorides in propylene oxide-methanol with a sol stabilizer, was successfully used to
Page: 190
oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)- block-poly(ethylene oxide)x, (EO)20-(PO) oxide; PO = propylene oxide) was employed as the SDA in highly acidic media.
Page: 193
hydrophobic blocks (polypropylene oxide, PPO or polystyrene, PS, for example). The selfassembly oxide)x-poly(propylene oxide)y-poly(ethylene oxide)x [EO)x-(PO)
polyethylene oxide; PPO, polypropylene oxide. synthesize, via the H-bonding-based pathways, a variety
Page: 200
ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymers (Pluronictype) for oxide, PO = propylene oxide) and F127 (EO106-PO70-EO106). However, here the
Page: 269
MOF-5) Epoxidation Propylene + O2 [41] Pt@[Zn4O(BDC)3] (MOFMOF-5) Alkoxylation Dipropylene glycol + PO, Methyl dipropylene Glycol + EO, Acrylic acid + PO, Methyl dipropylene Glycol + EO, Acrylic acid + EO [54] ZnNatta polymerization Ethylene, Propylene [79] [Cu3(BTC)2] Isomerization -Pinene oxide L13)] Hydrogenation Ethylene, Propylene + H2 [81] [Rh(BDC)], [Rh(fumarate)] D exchange, Hydrogenation Propylene + H2 [50]
Page: 270
H-D Exchange Propylene + H2 N NCl OH OH Cl L1= O
Page: 271
the epoxidation of propylene and the direct synthesis of H2O2 from the elements, respectively.
Page: 398
g., ethylene or propylene), aromatic molecules (e.g., mesitylene) or heavy oil fractions
Page: 599
production of isotactic propylene [28]. The reason for this is that, under the
Page: 600
polymerization [86], propylene metathesis [87], and the selective oxidation of methane to
Page: 614
produced polyethylenes and polypropylenes with very high molecular weights, low polydispersities and, in the the case of polypropylene, higher levels of isotacticity were obtainable than with the molecular
Page: 616
HDPE) and stereospecific polypropylene, respectively. Monopodally silica-anchored rhodium allyl species (SiO) (PE) and polypropylene (PP) at 150 C by the action of
Page: 618
MAO 52 i-polypropylene Zr Zr Zr Zr Scheme 5 Nanofabrication of spherulite polypropylene Nanofabrication of spherulite polypropylene particles (dP = 10 mm) promoted by SOMC@PMS.
Page: 652
CO2to propylene oxide, resulting in the formation of the corresponding cyclic carbonates
Page: 657
SLP plant for propylene hydroformylation has been proposed [43, 44]. However, later studies
Page: 674
Zeolite (E) Polypropylene (E) Polystyrenes (E) Polyurethanes (E) Poly(vinyl
Page: 717
glycerin, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, or mineral oil. It should also be
Page: 1260
of deactivation by propylene oligomerization and coke deposition in the acid-catalyzed alkylation of of benzenes with propylene to cumene on Beta-, NU-87, EU-1 and MCMwith regard to propylene turnover and coke formation [108]. Another in situ technique
Page: 2097
to benzene and propylene was examined with a silicaalumina cracking catalyst where the
Page: 2228
For non-wettable polypropylene particles in aqueous solutions of carboxymethyl cellulose, the extra decrease
Page: 2359
caprolactam 7 215 Propylene oxide 3 300 Vinyl acetate 12 70 process-integrated solutions
Page: 2361
of chlorine. Historically, propylene oxide was prepared via the chlorine route, as in Eq.
Page: 2362
process based on propylene epoxidation with H2O2 (Uhde-Degussa) is currently on the
Page: 2392
100 100 Propylene ammonoxidation Hydrodesulfurization Phthalic anhydride from o xylene
Naphtha- Reforming
Page: 2582
ethoxylates, ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers, polypropylene glycol Fe2+, H2O2 [139] Dyehouse oxide block copolymers, polypropylene glycol Fe2+, H2O2 [139] Dyehouse effluent (Remazol Black
Page: 2686
Teflon, sintered metal, polypropylene or glass fibers, and ceramics. In many plants an additional
Page: 2713
Fluor Solvent (propylene carbonate), Purisol (n-methyl pyrrolidone), Rectisol (methanol), and
Page: 2793
with valuable olefins: propylene (4 wt.%), n-butenes (4.5 wt.%), isobutene ( to produce more propylene by adding to the existing catalysts zeolites such as MFI worldwide increase in propylene demand. In order to remain as a workhorse, FCC will
Page: 2794
Catalytic oligomerization of propylene has been using supported phosphoric acid for a long time The price of propylene has reduced the number of units in operation. The gasoline
Page: 2851
refiners by-product propylene has become an economic driver. Refiners that have the option option of moving propylene into downstream chemicals plants often find propylene to have higher plants often find propylene to have higher value than even gasoline. Special catalysts called the yield of propylene at the expense of gasoline, while simultaneously raising the gasoline modified to enhance propylene yield as well, and new on purpose propylene designs on purpose propylene designs are available for commercial license that claim to be to 25 wt.% propylene [4]. The standard FCC catalysts themselves have become highly
Page: 2853
C3s and C4s. Propylene in particular has become an important product and is often be converted into polypropylene and other high-value products. Butylene, isobutane and propylene ( Butylene, isobutane and propylene (where no chemicals outlet is available for propylene) might
is available for propylene) might become feed to alkylation units where they are reacted
Page: 2855
high yields of propylene and butylene. This mode is most commonly employed when coupled such as a polypropylene facility. Units designed for this specific type of operation will
Page: 2860
2.7 1.5 3 Propylene/wt.% 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.3 Propane/wt.% 1.2 1.5 0.9
Page: 2863
to make ethylene. Propylene and higher olefins are also produced in decreasing yields with paraffins with branching. Propylene is the chain-terminating product (discussed below), and a high yield of propylene over ethylene is a fingerprint for catalytic cracking. Rapid isomerization
Page: 2865
large quantities of propylene, another signature yield of catalytic cracking: H CH3 +Z
Page: 2875
general, LPG, especially propylene, increases whereas gasoline decreases. Gasoline composition shows a decrease in
Page: 2880
1) the cyclic propylene steaming (CPS) procedure [163, 164], where FCC catalysts reduction (by propylene) alternating with oxidation cycles, or (2) the cyclic impregnation
Page: 2883
volume ratio of propylene to gasoline produced) and flexibility to process a variety of in Europe) and propylene (in Asia). Improving the ability of the catalytic cracking higher volumes of propylene from a catalytic cracker. Progress is already being made towards
Page: 2967
the production of polypropylene from propene. For the purposes of the present treatment, the
Page: 2973
1 of propylene when making diesel-range product) and maximize the yield of
Page: 2983
1,3-propanediol (propylene glycol) and also 1,2,3- propanetriol (glycerol) have been studied
Page: 2986
1,2- epoxypropane (propylene oxide) production [115, 118]. The composition ranges of the
Page: 3076
+ 1 reg.) Propylene Fig. 14 Simplified process flow scheme for Lurgis MTP process
Page: 3079
Lurgi, Presented at Propylene Trade and Derivatives Markets, Singapore, October 2425, 2005. 8.
Page: 3124
the ethylene and propylene yields are higher than for crude oilderived naphtha, which may
Page: 3273
of toluene with propylene. much more desirable for environmental reasons, are noncorrosive, and offer
Page: 3274
usually obtained. Thus, propylene and benzene yield isopropylbenzene with phosphoric acid on kieselguhr (
Page: 3275
C, where propylene reacted about 300 times faster than ethylene. These data are mol1 propylene 747 kJ mol1 isobutene 803 kJ mol C, whereas propylene reacts at 250 C with phenol, and benzene can the more basic propylene and isobutene. D Positional Selectivity Positional selectivity, such as the the reaction of propylene tetramer with benzene yields the expected C12 alkylbenzene, whereas the
Page: 3278
of benzene with propylene. Detailed process descriptions including process flow sheets are available [ high benzene-to-propylene (B:P) ratio (7 molar) to reduce propylene molar) to reduce propylene oligomerization; the overall cumene yield is typically about 95%. Monsanto the propensity of propylene to react with itself. Access affects both the activity and Because of high propylene reactivity in the presence of Brnsted acids, propylene tends to of Brnsted acids, propylene tends to oligomerize, crack and form contaminants which then appear
Page: 3279
of benzene with propylene. Catalyst, dealuminized mordenite with Si:Al = 78; feed, benzene: 78; feed, benzene:propylene = 5.8 (molar); WHSV = 1 h1 71.1 78.8 91.6 Propylene selectivity/% 54.6 65.6 83.4 DIPB selectivity/% 28.5 20.1 7.9 mHowever, like mordenite, propylene oligomerization still led to band-wise catalyst aging, which had the impact of propylene oligomerization and the strong tendency of all known zeolite catalysts and virtually eliminated propylene oligomerization because aromatic surface occupancy remained high even at very are combined with propylene and fed to the alkylation reactor, where cumene is formed Benzene column Benzene Propylene Cumene distillation PIPB Recycle LPG Cumene PIPB column Recycle Cumene
Page: 3280
of toluene with propylene, for example by Sumitomo Chemical [47]. Like the production high toluene to propylene ratio of 15. The large excess of toluene serves to serves to limit propylene oligomerization reactions. Under these conditions, a para selectivity greater than was achieved at propylene conversions above 90%. E Diisopropylbenzene Diisopropylbenzenes can be recovered from
Page: 3281
from benzene and propylene. The industrially important isomers are m- and pdiisopropylbenzene, which alkylating agent was propylene tetramer, a branched C12 alkene. Because this alkene produced alkylates
Page: 3282
of toluene with propylene over base catalysts yields isobutylbenzene [56, 61], with minor of toluene with propylene via a carbanion chain reaction.
Page: 3284
Aromatics ethylene > propylene > isobutene, the reverse of what is observed in the Y-zeolite catalysts, propylene will alkylate aniline at 250 C to yield 84%
Page: 3285
of naphthalene with propylene: selective production of 2,6-diisopropylbenzene and its oxidation products. Tab. Fig. 6). Using propylene as feed leads to similar selectivity [87]. These results
Page: 3286
reacting biphenyl with propylene. The alkylation product can be oxidized to (1,1
50 parts) and propylene are heated with dealuminated mordenite catalyst (1 part) in
Page: 3303
of benzene with propylene and ethylene, respectively. These heavies represent 515% of the
Page: 3304
formed when free propylene forms a primary cation and then alkylates, the lower temperatures in the feed propylene, of which approximately half is converted to the normal isomer.
Page: 3307
to ethylene and propylene over ZSM-5 to aromatic and olefinic intermediates. These studies
Page: 3311
in detail for propylene interconversion over ZSM-5 [110, 120]. The reaction pathways aromatic, but favors propylene plus aromatic over propylated aromatics (the equilibrium position reverses cracking to yield propylene and heavier olefins, yields light gases, predominantly propylene; subsequent hydrogen light gases, predominantly propylene; subsequent hydrogen transfer of the light olefin gases yields light transfer reactions between propylene and indanes are consistent with the high selectivity for propane of toluene and propylene to form naphthalene (a), the reaction of ethylbenzene and
Page: 3315
mainly ethylene and propylene, as feedstocks. The conversion of the olefins, which are less
Page: 3316
mainly ethylene and propylene, as feedstocks. The conversion of the olefins, which are less
Page: 3317
of ethylene and propylene is between +68 and +63 kJ mol of ethylene and propylene (steam cracking). As this Handbook deals with heterogeneous catalysis,
Page: 3324
form ethane and propylene [56, 57]; (iii) elevated nalkane/nalkene ratios should at 673 K, propylene was reported to be the main reaction product besides propane, reactions of the propylene produced to give higher hydrocarbons such as aromatics and other was claimed that propylene is formed by the reaction of methane with ethylene and
of methane with propylene instead of ethylene on Ni/SiO2 at 623 K gave with ethylene to propylene and hydrogen is subject to considerable thermodynamic constraints. However, the the formation of propylene is favored at higher temperatures, but at such high temperatures cracking reactions of propylene and the feed ethylene prevail [66]. Therefore, even though been shown that propylene reacted about 300 times faster than ethylene due to its
Page: 3325
metal sites and propylene protonation on acidic sites. The products of direct alkylation can to benzene and propylene or toluene and ethylbenzene [71]. References see page 3205
Page: 3328
the production of polypropylene Corresponding author.
Page: 3329
the production of polypropylene Corresponding author.
Page: 3330
acid/acrolein or propylene oxide [2]. Other light alkenes are used much less of polyethylenes or polypropylenes. The significance of the remaining light alkenes is low. Steam
Page: 3350
S. Kantorowicz, Asia Propylene and Derivatives Markets Conference, Singapore, 2005. 12. D. Sanfilippo, I.
Page: 3390
oxidative hydration of propylene, etc. The raw material for formaldehyde production is mostly methanol.
Page: 3499
acrolein; prop = propylene.
Page: 3533
Demonstrative plant Propane Propylene Research n-Butane Acetic acid Industrial process nButane Maleic
Page: 3582
direct epoxidation of propylene (the simplest homologue of ethylene) has not been achieved direct epoxidation of propylene and other mono-olefins are considered elsewhere in this chapter. ethylene, for example propylene, styrene, cyclohexene, and allylic alcohols, include
stoichiometric routes, homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis. Propylene oxide (PO), for example, is produced commercially by all and conversion to propylene oxide include various chlorinated hydrocarbons and ethers. The poor atom
Page: 3583
direct epoxidation of propylene (the simplest homologue of ethylene) has not been achieved direct epoxidation of propylene and other mono-olefins are considered elsewhere in this chapter. ethylene, for example propylene, styrene, cyclohexene, and allylic alcohols, include stoichiometric routes, homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis. Propylene oxide (PO), for example, is produced commercially by all and conversion to propylene oxide include various chlorinated hydrocarbons and ethers. The poor atom
Page: 3584
alkyl hydroperoxide with propylene [5]. The products of this reaction are PO and (Styrene Monomer Propylene Oxide) process is conceptually similar to the Halcon process, except especially ethylene and propylene, as these processes exemplify not only the principal chemical strategies
Page: 3585
as acetylene and propylene [2426]. The key implication of this scheme is
Page: 3591
direct epoxidation of propylene and other -olefins at commercially viable selectivities has proven
Page: 3592
technology for direct propylene epoxidation is still lacking. Recently, a number of patents ( in the direct propylene epoxidation. For example, Ag catalysts supported on alkaline earth metal direct reaction of propylene and oxygen at temperatures between 473 and 573 K [ do not activate propylene oxide combustion as the concentration of acidic sites is minimized hydrogen abstraction from propylene may be suppressed remains unclear. References see page 3462 +
Page: 3595
the epoxidation of propylene with H2O2, the reaction being best carried out in methanol/ of 95% with propylene oxide selectivities exceeding 90% for reaction times on the order
for epoxidation of propylene with H2O2 utilizing a TS-1 catalyst has been reported
Page: 3596
catalysis to produce propylene oxide with 78% yield from the net reaction of propylene net reaction of propylene and O2 [131]. H2O2 formation takes place in the reported to produce propylene oxide with 70% selectivity at a propylene conversion of
selectivity at a propylene conversion of 34% [132]. The mechanism proposed involves the is hydrogenation of propylene to propane [132]. One class of materials which appears vaporphase reaction of propylene with a H2/O2 feed to produce propylene oxide. In feed to produce propylene oxide. In this regard, it might be assumed that these and react with propylene at Ti centers [134, 138, 140]. In all epoxidation research targets for propylene epoxidation: Propylene conversion 10%, propylene oxide selectivity 90%, hydrogen efficiency for propylene epoxidation: Propylene conversion 10%, propylene oxide selectivity 90%, hydrogen efficiency 50%. Most Propylene conversion 10%, propylene oxide selectivity 90%, hydrogen efficiency 50%. Most results reported to low (<2%) propylene conversions in order to achieve high PO selectivities (90
Page: 3597
oligomerization of the propylene oxide product on the catalyst [138, 142]. If these based epoxidation of propylene [143, 144]. The economic drivers for new processes go as ethylene and propylene oxides and glycols. The selective epoxidation of hydrocarbons requires the
Page: 3612
phase acetoxylation of propylene by palladium on various supports, allylacetate is the major product insertion mechanism for propylene acetoxylation with copper or hydroquinone as redox elements; isoprenyl acetate of ethylene and propylene. 14.11.7.5.5 Mechanisms Effective in the Homogeneous LiquidPhase Acetoxylation of
Page: 3613
substrates, such as propylene, butadiene and toluene, clearly illustrate that the chemistry of palladium
Page: 3617
candidates for this propylene to acrolein twostep reductionregeneration process. If carried out today, 14.11.8.2 Oxidation of Propylene to Acrolein and Acrylic Acid 14.11.8.2.1 General The
reactions are
Page: 3618
oxidation process. This propylene to acroleinbased selective oxidation process has virtually displaced older technologies
Page: 3639
support Tab. 3 Propylene ammoxidation catalysts (molybdates) Catalyst type Acrylonitrile intank yield/%
Page: 3644
tomethacrylonitrile, while -phenylpropylene (i.e., -methylstyrene) can be ammoxidized to -
Page: 3663
29]. Dehydration to propylene occurs on acidic sites whereas dehydrogenation to acetone via a
Page: 3667
acid from 1,2-propylene glycol on Pb-promoted Pt/C with 88% yield [
Page: 3681
of benzene with propylene to DIPBs; oxidation of DIPBs with air to the corresponding
Page: 3820
bonded to phosphinated polypropylene even at P/Rh = 2, whereas with the homogeneous acac)(CO)2 Polypropylene containing C6H4PPh2 groups 1-Hexene (60 C;
Page: 3821
CO)8 onto polypropylene containing grafted 4-vinylpyridine. In this case, cobalt complexes attached
Page: 3857
scale manufacture of propylene oxide from propene. This process uses tBuOOH or ethylbenzene hydroperoxide
Page: 3858
the epoxidation of propylene with tBuOOH [91]. High propene conversions can be obtained with extremely high propylene oxide selectivities. Leaching of Mo (25%) was only cyclohexene instead of propylene, an activity drop was found upon recycling. The latter behavior Besides cyclohexene and propylene, the same MoPBI catalyst has been successful in the
Page: 3876
446.34 15 500 Propylene oxide 323 24 506.80 4400 Butene oxide 323 24 404.12
Page: 3883
other olefins, including propylene. In fact, Hogan and Banks discovered the catalyst while working while working with propylene. Although these catalysts do not provide a high level of Phillips the crystalline polypropylene composition of matter US patent in 1983. This patent was Because a vast polypropylene industry had developed during this interval, this patent became the earliest Cr-derived polypropylene: Contains a solid fraction, insoluble in hydrocarbons, which is
Page: 3897
olefins, such as propylene, butene and hexene [2, 7, 30, 324332]. Like
Page: 3941
especially of ethylene, propylene, higher -olefins and cycloolefins) by organometallic catalysts is one as polyethylene and polypropylene are well recognized as economically friendly polymeric materials and account comonomer distribution. The polypropylenes (PP) additionally differ in steric structure (isotactic, syndiotactic syndiotactic and atactic polypropylene) and for instance in the ability to be modified by
Page: 3942
especially of ethylene, propylene, higher -olefins and cycloolefins) by organometallic catalysts is one as polyethylene and polypropylene are well recognized as economically friendly polymeric materials and account comonomer distribution. The polypropylenes (PP) additionally differ in steric structure (isotactic, syndiotactic syndiotactic and atactic polypropylene) and for instance in the ability to be modified by
Page: 3943
ethylene and of propylene, continuous research in this field has led to the development the catalysts for polypropylene. Since MgCl2-supported catalysts for polyethylene proved to be very Natta catalyst for polypropylene. Its productivity and stereospecificity, however, were still rather low and
Page: 3944
the polymerization of propylenea (adapted from Ref. [25]) Generation (year) Catalyst
aPolymerization conditions: liquid propylene, 70 C, H2. bIsotactic index, the fraction of isotactic generation catalysts for polypropylene and, after several improvements, was employed together with Et2AlCl in
Page: 3945
-olefins, especially propylene, an additional donor, the external or outer donor, is formation of atactic polypropylene. Upon being injected into the polymerization reactor, these third-generation of polyethylene or polypropylene in the course of 12 h, its normal residence up each incoming propylene molecule into a preferred enantiofacial orientation. The high degree of with which subsequent propylene units insert into the growing polymer chain is most likely
Page: 3946
industrial processes for polypropylene manufacturing, were named super-active thirdgeneration catalysts by
Page: 3947
isotactic or syndiotactic polypropylenes in extremely high yields [16] (see Section 15.2.4). for polyethylene and polypropylene production are based on multi-step processes and are suited
Page: 3949
particle agglomeration. 15.2.3.2 Propylene Polymerization Propylene polymerization is often conducted so as to make 15.2.3.2 Propylene Polymerization Propylene polymerization is often conducted so as to make impact-resistant this purpose, isotactic polypropylene is produced on the catalyst pellet in a first reaction conducted in liquid propylene (bulk polymerization) at 70 C in two loop from which unreacted propylene is fed back into the reactor. The polymer particles are often, ethylene and propylene are copolymerized on to the previously formed polypropylene matrix at the previously formed polypropylene matrix at 1.53.5 MPa and 80 C in copolymers and random propyleneethylene copolymers are produced, using highly active, highly stereospecific catalysts. the homopolymerization of propylene. Propylene is injected as a liquid and cools the exothermic by removing gaseous propylene from the reactor headspace, condensing it with cooling water and
Page: 3950
produce impact-resistant polypropylene. Remarkable in this process are the fluidized-bed reactors with
Page: 3951
pre-polymerization with propylene to be provided with the necessary mechanical stability. 15.2.4 Mechanisms
Page: 3955
the polymerization of propylene and higher olefins, but at this stage producing still completely
Page: 3956
distribution, LLDPE comonomers: propylene, higher -olefins, cycloolefins, dienes 3 Ethylene propylenediene monomer dienes 3 Ethylenepropylenediene monomer (EPDM) elastomers: Low transition metal concentration in = 2 4 Propylene (-olefin) polymerization to: Highly isotactic polymers, syndiotactic polymers, 8 Oligomerization of propylene to optically active hydrocarbons 9 Cyclopolymerization of , -
Page: 3959
co-catalysts (propylene pressure of 0.1 MPa in toluene) T/ C R 21 Microstructures of polypropylenes produced by metallocene catalysts.
Page: 3960
some highly isotactic polypropylenes. The stereospecificity of the polymerization depends on the metallocene used. stereoerrors in isotactic polypropylene characteristic for catalytic site stereocontrol (a) and for chain to produce isotactic polypropylene. Since the early 1990s, many variations of these metallocenes have which can produce polypropylenes with properties comparable to those reached former by using supported coordinating Tab. 5 Propylene polymerization with metallocene/MAO catalysts at 0.2 MPa Catalyst Activity/
Page: 3961
syndiotactic polymerization of propylene based on metallocenium ions from Cs-symmetric bridged metallocenes, in
Page: 3962
a) features hemiisotactic polypropylene; [Me2 C(Flu)(3-t-BuCp)]ZrCl2 (b) b) produces isotactic polypropylene. sites; hence every second insertion is random (see the
Page: 3964
species coordinating prochiral propylene (Rre, Sre, Ssi,Rsi) and the positional changes that of four zirconocene(propylene)(isobutyl) species. For four zirconocenes each differently substituted at Cp)(Flu)Zr(propylene) (isobutyl] catalyst species with different substituents at the Cp the insertion of propylene in the zirconocene 0 4 8 12
Page: 3965
Cp)(Flu)Zr(propylene)(isobutyl)]+ with the four-membered ring as central part ( Cp)(Flu)Zr(propylene)(isobutyl)]+ optimized with DFT calculations [153]. of five transition enantiofacial orientation of propylene (triad errors), and this route of insertion will become state conformers for propylene polymerization [153].
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process in liquid propylene or as a gas-phase process (cf. Section 15.2.3),
Page: 3968
in ethylene and propylene polymerization and also in ethylene -olefin copolymerization. Further developments
Page: 3969
tandem catalysis in propylene polymerization [185] report the synthesis of resins consisting of iso- and syndiotactic polypropylene from an isospecific ZieglerNatta catalyst that had been impregnated isotactic and elastomeric polypropylene have been reported [186] from a system synthesized by stereoblock polymers of polypropylene, if a chain transfer between the active species takes place. syndiotactic and isotactic polypropylene with broadened molecular weight distribution have been formed by coimpregnation with ethylene or propylene [192195]. It was found that an activated solution with ethylene or propylene. This prepolymerization step precipitated the precatalyst from solution, generating a
Page: 3970
kinetics of a propylene polymerization which is promoted by SiO2-supported metallocene catalysts depends stages of the propylene polymerization can be interpreted as follows. During the prepolymerization stage, of highly crystalline polypropylene (up to 75%) serves as a diffusion barrier for
barrier for following propylene and induces the period of very low activity. After this out in liquid propylene [199, 200]; this means that also the industrially important
Page: 3971
Dependence of the propylene suspension polymerization rate with a silica-supported metallocene/MAO catalyst fragmented particles; gray, polypropylene) (d) (from Ref. [198]). 10 m 10
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b) Fig. 39 Propylene polymerization profiles of a silica-supported metallocene/MAO catalyst. (
Page: 3973
morphology of a propylene polymer particle generated with an MgCl2-supported TiCl4/AlEt3 Ziegler
Page: 3974
image of a polypropylene particle generated with an MgCl2-supported ZieglerNatta catalyst in catalyst, 1 MPa propylene and 40 C reaction temperature.
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of an ethylenepropylene copolymerization with an industrial MgCl2-supported TiCl4/AlEt3 Ziegler catalyst
Page: 3976
Fig. 46 Ethylenepropylene copolymerization (gas feed ratio 0.25) with the Ziegler catalyst by copolymerization of propylene with small amounts
Page: 3977
Veen (Ed.), Polypropylene and Other Polyolefins, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990. 16. H.-H. Brintzinger, Moore (Ed.), Polypropylene Handbook, Hanser, Munich, 1996, 419 pp. 18. R. M ulhaupt, in Polypropylene: an AZ Reference, J.Karger- Kocsis (Ed.), Kluwer,
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is immobilized in polypropylene beads. The enzyme cleaves the carboxylic ester group of cis-
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the ammoxidation of propylene, a petrochemical agent, to give acrylonitrile, which was hydrolyzed by
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Lipase P. cepacia Polypropylene beads (3R, 4S)-Azetidin. ac. [124] 3 Lipase Lipase P. cepacia Polypropylene HMG-CoA [125] 3 Lipase M. miehei Lipozyme Chiral P. cepacia Accurel polypropylene (S)-Monoacetate ester [130] 3 Lipase P. cepacia

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: Book - Handbook of Petroleum Processing.pdf : : : :
High in ethylene, propylene and C4s. Producing the aromatic feed stock The production of
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gas are ethylene, propylene, and the C4s such as butylenes, butadiene etc. Liquid products, and the polypropylene products. The heavier C4s are a major constituent in
Page: 105
data: Alkylate from propylene = 1.76 493 = 868 BPCD Alkylate from butylene
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= 1.34 propylene + 1.15 butylene = 1.31 493 + 1.15
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larger amounts of propylene than a normal FCC unit have been developed. The Deep designed to maximize propylene. Specially formulated catalysts, more severe process conditions and equipment made
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1.1 6.1 1.6 Propylene 4.9 21.0 14.3 Butylenes 8.1 14.3 14.7 Feedstock: Chinese Waxy i.e. ethylene, propylene, butenes, and aromatics. This process is really a substitute for of ethylene to propylene over a wider range than is possible with only thermal
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The demand for propylene as a petrochemical feedstock is outpacing the need for ethylene. traditional source of propylene, i.e. as byproduct of the steam cracker, is not sufficient for future propylene projections. Catalytic cracking is the other major source of the source of the propylene with propane dehydrogenation making up the balance.Worldwide market shares single source of propylene used for petrochemicals.
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case of increased propylene demand, heavier, less expensive feedstocks, i.e. gas oils can
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is to increase propylene and the concentration of BTX in the naphtha. The product
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0.5 Olefin yield Propylene 17.4 21.0 Butylene 12.4 13.2 Apilot plant test showed thatwhen feedstocks give high propylene yields and the isobutylene concentration in the C4 stream is
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5.3 5.3 1.8 Propylene 23.0 18.6 18.5 19.2 14.4 Butylene 17.3 13.8 13.3 13.2 to increase the propylene yield from heavy feeds have been announced. Two such processes 6 Ethylene 6.85 Propylene 24.83 Butylene 15.27
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is made into propylene and butylene. Cited yields for the PetroFCC are (Table
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FCC PetroFCC FCC Propylene 22 4.7 Butylene 14 6 Ethylene 6 1
second riser for propylene maximization. The process uses the OrthoflowFCC Hardware, e.g. atomax
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4.3 2.0 0.9 Propylene 18.4 14.4 6.2 Butylene 12.9 12.3 7.3 Gasoline 18.8 35.5
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cracking plant produces propylene in Thailand, Oil and Gas Journal, 1/12/98, 49 increasing LPG and propylene production, 2nd Bottom of the Barrel Technology Conference (BBTC
Page: 294
Pentacat plus Max propylene Pentacat-HP Max propylene SoCat-HP High LPG Pentacat-HP Max propylene SoCat-HP High LPG
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Cat-HP Max propylene ZMS-B-HP Moderate LPG ZMX-C-HP Low LPG
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units to include propylene and occasionally even some pentenes along with the butenes. With
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9 ALKYLATION OF PROPYLENE | C CC = C + CC| CC Propylene + Isobutane2,3-Dimethylpentane (1.5) (91.1 RON) ALKYLATION HYDRIDE TRANSFER (PROPYLENE EXAMPLE) C3H6 + H+ C3H+7 ( C3H8 + C8H18 Propylene + 2 IsobutanePropane + 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (2.1) POLYMERIZATION
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by H2SO4. Propylene is less reactive and tends to make more conjunct polymer,
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iso-olefins and propylene. For all olefins it produces lower yields, higher endpoints, and for the UOP Propylene-Butene HF Alkylation process. Feed pretreatment In the UOP HF
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F and for propylene at about 50F. Typically, octane decreases at about
Page: 377
isobutylene, pentenes, and propylene at high temperatures. H2SO4 contaminants Dienes Butadiene and pentadienes are
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alkylation units for propylene-butylene and butylene only units. Alkylate is composed of primarily
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the dimerization of propylene to isohexenes (Dimersol G process), or in the oligomerization and octenes from propylene and/or butenes (Dimersol X). Because the production of
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a reactor, the propylene and/or butenes condensed into a liquid in the gasoline thermal cracking, principally propylene and butenes, which at that time had very little commercial
Page: 384
Chevron). Dodecene, or propylene tetramer, was readily produced by the oligomerization of propylene over the oligomerization of propylene over SPA catalyst. Still, in the apex of its success,
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9.2.1. Oligomerization reactions Propylene/butene feed: FCCC3/C4 fraction Operation: without polymer recycle feed olefins Unreacted propylene 1.3 (97.3% conv.) Unreacted butenes 3.7 (93.1% conv.)
about 97% for propylene and 93% for butenes, but this may vary somewhat depending gasoline made from propylene only with no attempt made to produce higher olefins beyond
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100%) for a propylene feed are higher than for mixed feeds or butene feeds. that of the propylene product. The butene product in Table 9.2.2 is typical of
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polymer gasolines from propylene feeds are best used without hydrogenation. It is interesting to Polymer gasoline from propylenebutene mixtures has higher RON typically in the 9697 polymer gasoline from propylenebutylene had excellent characteristics with (R + M)/2 negative experience with propylene and propylenebutene feedstocks, the hydrogenated product from an allwith propylene and propylenebutene feedstocks, the hydrogenated product from an allbutene feed
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110 wt % propylene reacted relative to total gasoline RON of the hydrogenated product 9.2.3. Effect of propylene content on RON of the hydrogenated polygasoline. the feed to
Page: 391
was determined that propylene-derived polymer gasoline had blending octanes of 94 RON and synergism between the propylene condensation product and the base stock. The situation with the situation with the propylenebutenes polymer gasoline is quite different. Here, the blend stock observations is that propylene polymer gasoline is fairly poor for most motor fuel applications. motor fuel applications. Propylenebutene feeds can make reasonably good gasolines, and the gasoline
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outlet temperatures for propylene or propylene butene feeds. The objective is to maximize the for propylene or propylene butene feeds. The objective is to maximize the yield in
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products derived from propylene feeds: propylene tetramer (dodecene), heavy polymer from a tetramer from propylene feeds: propylene tetramer (dodecene), heavy polymer from a tetramer operation, and
diesel fuel from propylene was built in South Africa. The commercial results agree reasonably
Page: 395
range Heavy polymer Propylene Heavy propylene Tetramer plus from C3/C4 tetramer polymer heavies polymer Propylene Heavy propylene Tetramer plus from C3/C4 tetramer polymer heavies gasoline API dodecene (or propylene tetramer). Though initially recovered by fractionating olefins out of the
Page: 397
80 100 % propylene in olefins heptene yield isobutene mixed butenes n-butene Figure equal proportions of propylene and butenes. Isobutene tends to produce significantly higher yields of that process only propylene in the feed. However, in units that may also process
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enhanced by adding propylene to the feed. It is worth noting though that in C. Dimerization of propylene and butenes, separately or combined The Dimersol process (Figure the dimerization of propylene to isohexenes used in gasoline blending Dimersol Efor of ethylene and propylene olefins contained in FCC gases and already described above for selective dimerization of propylene and butenes for the production of heptenes or for the
Page: 400
acid to produce propylene tetramers. There are also a few highly selective processes that Selective dimerization of propylene to 2-methyl-1-pentene over triethylaluminum in a process Selective dimerization of propylene to 4-methyl-1-pentene over organopotassium compounds or, in
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range than just propylene or butenes. Figures 9.2.8 and 9.2.9, for example, illustrate the
Page: 688
SAFETY 681 Poly-propylene can be used as filter material for AHF alone if
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for the UOP propylenebutene HF alkylation process. After pretreatment to remove H2S and
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3.8 4.0 4.2 Propylene 4.3 6.0 8.0 Butylene 6.9 10.0 17.5 Propane 2.5 2.7
3.0 3.3 3.9 Propylene 3.0 4.2 6.0 Butylene 5.5 6.1 8.4 Propane 2.0 2.4 4.2 4.8 5.0 Propylene 8.0 10.0 13.0 Butylene 15.0 24.0 41.0 Propane 3.1 3.5
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3.0 3.6 4.0 Propylene 3.8 5.0 6.8 Butylene 5.0 6.8 8.0 Propane 2.0 2.3

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: Book - HANDBOOK OF PETROLEUM REFINING PROCESSES.pdf : http://www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com/mghpdf/0071455914_ar001.pdf : : Robert A. Meyers :
components such as propylene, n-butenes, and isoamylene are present in the reaction mixture.
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recommends processing the propylene at high acid strength, butylenes at intermediate strength, and amylenes %) in propane/propylene content. For all the refrigeration configurations, the purge from the
Page: 21
olefin feed contains propylene. In the autorefrigerated process, only a portion of the isobutane
Page: 22
with mixtures of propylene, butylene, and amylene, and with mixtures of iso- and normal
Page: 25
olefin such as propylene, butenes, and amylenes. The key reaction step is the protonation
Page: 27
feedstock compositions including propylene, butylenes, and amylenes were also studied. The primary temporary deactivation
Page: 29
and utilities. Mixed propylene and butylene feedstocks can also be processed with less dependence lower from mixed propylene and butylene feed than from butylene-only feed. Processing some
Page: 31
usually mixtures of propylene and butylenes, with isobutane to produce a branched-chain paraffinic units to include propylene and occasionally amylenes as well as butylenes. By the early
Page: 32
light olefins, particularly propylene, is growing. The actual reactions taking place in the alkylation
Page: 33
Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane Propylene 2,3-Dimethylpentane Isobutane (Isooctane) 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (1.4.1) CH3-
Page: 36
most pronounced with propylene feed. The reaction also proceeds via the carbenium ion mechanism. Eq. (1.4.16)], propylene reacts with isobutane to produce butylene and propane. The butylene normally formed from propylene. However, two molecules of isobutane are required for each molecule
Page: 37
of isooctane from propylene or amylenes. In an ideally designed and operated system, primary
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Alkylation Product Properties Propylene- Property butylene feed Butylene feed Specific gravity 0.693 0.697 Distillation
Page: 54
of benzene with propylene tetramer, a mixture of branched C12 olefins. Dodecylbenzenes (
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converts benzene and propylene to high-quality cumene by using a regenerable zeolitic catalyst. of benzene with propylene over an acid catalyst. Over the years, many different catalysts from benzene and propylene to make a high-octane blending component for military aviation the oligomerization of propylene and the formation of heavy alkylate by-products 2. The
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from benzene and propylene is a modified Friedel-Crafts alkylation, which can be accomplished middle carbon of propylene, in accordance with Markovnikovs rule. The addition of the isopropyl CH3 Benzene Propylene Acid Cumene CH (Isopropylbenzene) CH2 = CH CH3 CH3 Cumene + Propylene Acid CH Diisopropylbenzene Secondary Reaction FIGURE 1.6.1 Alkylation chemistry.
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of benzene with propylene, all acid catalysts promote the following undesirable side reactions
to carbonium ion with propylene to form a C6 olefin or even further reaction
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reactor. The fresh propylene feed is split between the four catalyst beds. An excess entered with the propylene feed. The bottoms from the depropanizer column are sent to
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Benzene Propane Benzene Propylene Alkylation Reactors Transalkylation Depropanizer Reactor DIPB Benzene Column Cumene Column of toluene with propylene. The toluene may already be present as an impurity in
Page: 70
impurities in the propylene feed. However, as with cymene, ethylbenzene can also be formed butylene in the propylene feed, it may also be created through the oligomerization of butylbenzene formation. CH Propylene Cymene CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3
Page: 71
cyclopropane in the propylene feed. The chemical behavior of cyclopropane is similar to that typical FCC-grade propylene feed containing normal amounts of cyclopropane, the Q-Max process present in the propylene and benzene feeds processed for cumene production. However, trace sulfur compounds associated with propylene (mercaptans) and those associated with benzene (thiophenes) are content of the propylene and especially benzene feeds. Sulfur at the levels normally pres-
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impurity in FCC propylene Water wash or guard bed Arsine (AsH3) impurity in FCC propylene Guard bed ent in propylene and benzene feeds considered for bed ent in propylene and benzene feeds considered for cumene production will normally result wide variety of propylene feedstocks from different sources has demonstrated the flexibility of the and polymer-grade propylene feedstocks can all be used to make high-quality cumene on using typical propylene and benzene feedstock. The remaining 0.3 wt % or less unit with the propylene feedstock is unreactive in the process and is separated in and chemical-grade propylene is shown in Table 1.6.4. The estimated erected cost for
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MTA Chemical-grade propylene (95 wt %) 74,240 MTA Utility consumption per MT
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ALKYLATION AND POLYMERIZATION Propylene isobutane 2,3-dimethylpentane Isobutylene isobutane 2,2,4trimethylpentanes even when propylene or amylenes are the olefin feed. Polymerization produces conjunct polymers, Isobutane reacts with propylene, butenes, and/or amylenes in the presence of hydrofluoric acid
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product soluble oil Propylene 153 0 0 0 0 0 Propane 115 7 146
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The yields of propylene and butylenes may be increased above that of the maximum allow maximization of propylene as well as ethylene production by incorporation of MAXOFIN FCC 6 wt % propylene, the MAXOFIN FCC process can produce as much as 20 % or more propylene from traditional FCC feedstocks. The process increases propylene yield relative The process increases propylene yield relative to that produced by conventional FCC units by alternate between maximum propylene and traditional FCC operations. PROCESS DESCRIPTION The FCC process may
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Maximum Traditional fuels propylene production Description Minas VGO and light Minas VGO Feed naphtha Propane 5.23 3.22 Propylene 18.37 6.22 n-Butane 2.25 2.17 i-Butane 8.59 7.62
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the production of propylene from traditional FCC feedstocks and selected naphthas (Fig. 3.1.6).
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separate propane from propylene, and a gasoline splitter to produce light and heavy gasoline
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increased demands for propylene for the manufacture of polypropylene products. Nearly one-half of the manufacture of polypropylene products. Nearly one-half of the propylene used by the half of the propylene used by the chemical industry is obtained from refineries, and the demand for propylene from both FCC units and SC units is rising. Since
suitable for making propylenes and butylenes. The demand for propylene, both as an alkylation The demand for propylene, both as an alkylation feed and for polypropylene production, is feed and for polypropylene production, is expected to continue growing well into the 21st
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150,000 MTA of propylene. PROCESS DESCRIPTION DCC is a fluidized catalytic process for selectively two modes: maximum propylene (type I) and maximum isoolefins (type II). Each produced. DCC maximum propylene operation (type I) employs both riser and bed cracking
Page: 181
FIGURE 3.2.2 Maximum propylene DCC unit (type I) process flow diagram. The stripper
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produce polymer-grade propylene. For DCC units in or near a petrochemical process, a and essentially complete propylene recovery. For a grassroots petrochemical plant, the gas recovery system the DCC maximum propylene operation (type I). CRP has a relatively low activity as well as propylene selectivity. Again, these catalysts are low hydrogen-transfer catalysts with
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heavy feedstocks for propylene and isoolefin production. Feedstocks include wax, naphtha, thermally cracked gas I (maximum propylene) and type II (maximum isoolefins) are shown in Table YIELDS DCC Maximum Propylene (Type I) A typical DCC maximum propylene yield slate typical DCC maximum propylene yield slate for a Daqing (paraffinic) VGO is shown in Table 3.2.3. Propylene is abundant in the DCC LPG stream and considerably higher
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DCC product is propylene, whereas ethylene is the major SC component. (Steam cracking is highly aromatic. Propylene and butylene yields are very high for paraffinic feedstocks and
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unit to increase propylene production in an ethylene facility. DCC naphtha, ethane, propane, and
Page: 187
refining facility for polypropylene and styrene production. An example of such a processing scheme
polymer ethylene and propylene sales. REFERENCES 1. Lark Chapin and Warren Letzsch, Deep DCCA New Propylene Production Process from Vacuum Gas Oil, NPRA Annual Meeting, AMCracking Plant Produces Propylene in Thailand, Oil & Gas Journal, Jan. 12, 1998. 7.
Page: 188
3.45 FIGURE 3.2.3 Polypropylene and styrene production scheme (EXT = aromatics extraction, HDA
Page: 205
olefins, and particularly propylene, are produced. At the same time, the gasoline product, which
Page: 267
(MTA) of propylene and more than 2,800,000 MTA of isobutylene were produced from
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sections. DEHYDROGENATION PLANTS Propylene Plant Oleflex process units typically operate in conjunction with fractionators plant. In a propylene plant (Figure 5.1.3), a propanerich liquefied petroleum gas ( are selective to propylene and hydrogen; the result is a propylene mass selectivity in result is a propylene mass selectivity in excess of 85 wt %. Two product in propane and propylene. Trace levels of methyl acetylene and propadiene are removed from
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plant. without saturating propylene. The process consists of a single liquid-phase reactor. The content of the propylene product is less than 5 wt ppm. Ethane and lighter material enter the propylene plant in the fresh feed and are also created by to a propane-propylene (P-P) splitter. The splitter produces high-purity propylene produces high-purity propylene as the overhead product. Typical propylene purity ranges between 99.5 overhead product. Typical propylene purity ranges between 99.5 and 99.8 wt %. Unconverted propane
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the DIB column. PROPYLENE PRODUCTION ECONOMICS A plant producing 350,000 MTA of propylene is 350,000 MTA of propylene is chosen to illustrate process economics. Given the more favorable
cost component of propylene production. The quantity of propane consumed per unit of propylene per unit of propylene product is primarily determined by the selectivity of the Oleflex losses throughout the propylene plant are small. The Oleflex selectivity to propylene is 90 Oleflex selectivity to propylene is 90 mol % (85 wt %), and the (MT) of propylene requires approximately 1.2 MT of propane. An overall mass balance of polymer-grade propylene from C3 LPG is shown in Table 5.1.2 for a polymer-grade propylene plant producing 350,000 MTA, based on 8000 operating hours per
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$180/MT Propylene (99.5 wt %) $0.19/lb $420/MT a 350,000-MTA Propylene Plant Flow rate, Flow rate, MT/h MTA Feed: C 55.00 440,000 Products: Propylene (99.5 wt %) 43.75 350,000 Fuel by-products 11.25 vicinity of the propylene plant. If chemical hydrogen cannot be exported, then hydrogen is 350,000 MTA of propylene are summarized in Table 5.1.3. These estimates are based on for the propane-propylene splitter heat-pump compressor. Propylene Production Costs Representative costs for heat-pump compressor. Propylene Production Costs Representative costs for producing 350,000 MTA of polymerof polymer-grade propylene using the Oleflex process are shown in Table 5.1.4. These
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a 350,000-MTA Propylene Plant values defined in Table 5.1.1. The fixed expenses in of polymer-grade propylene is approximately $145 million (U.S. Gulf Coast, of Polymer-Grade Propylene Using the Oleflex Process Costs Revenues, million million $/year MT C3 Propylene product 147.0 Propane feedstock 79.2 226.3 Net
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between propane and propylene. Assuming the values of $180/MT for propane and 420/MT for propylene, or a differential price of $240/MT, the pretax 350,000 MTA of propylene.
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(propane to propylene and isobutane to isobutylene) in the Oleflex* process; a number
Page: 373
For example, polymergrade propylene requires less than 5 wt ppm of dienes and acetylenes
Page: 428
attractive option if propylene is available, as in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)
Page: 526
all-normals fractions. Propylene, butene, and light-gas yields decrease slightly. The pyrolysis gasoline
Page: 541
areas: recovery of propylene from propane-propylene streams, recovery of C4 olefins, and especially propylene from propane-propylene streams, recovery of C4 olefins, and especially recovery of heavier
Page: 723
by-product from propylene oxide production, and from naphtha cracker C4s. Although
Page: 738
(DIPE) from propylene and water. The ether DIPE has high octane, low vapor suited for processing propylene derived from the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit within the FCC-derived propylene is fed directly along with water to the Oxypro process. Oxypro process. The propylene and water are converted to DIPE at more than 98 and alkylation of propylene. DIPE from the Oxypro process generates 112 RONC and 98 recycle streams of propylene, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and water. The combined streams are 5 wt % propylene. The fractionation product is then sent to product recovery, where
Page: 740
a mixed propane-propylene stream from an FCC after amine and Merox treating. Specifications kg/h Feed: Propylene 2,918 10,050 Propane 1,239 4,100 H2O 328 2,170
Page: 810
of olefins, principally propylene. Lurgi has recently developed a modified version of this process maximizes production of propylene at about 70 percent; this process is known as MTP for methanol-to-propylene.5 Methanol can also be converted to ethylene and propylene to ethylene and propylene via the UOP/Hydro MTO process, thus opening new opportunities utilization. Ethylene and propylene can then be used to satisfy the growing market demand
Page: 811
Liquid Fuels Ethylene Propylene Polyethylene Polypropylene GTL GTO GTP FIGURE 15.1.1 Conversion steps for Ethylene Propylene Polyethylene Polypropylene GTL GTO GTP FIGURE 15.1.1 Conversion
steps for natural gas
Page: 812
scale capacity for polypropylene processes is generally considered in the range of 250 to
Page: 813
olefins: ethylene and propylene. The UOP/Hydro MTO process provides the key link between that can deliver propylene as well as ethylene and satisfy the propylene demand that and satisfy the propylene demand that cannot be met by conventional ethylene plants alone. yield ethylene and propylene. A limited amount of butenes and higher olefins is produced of ethylene plus propylene can be almost 80 percent, based on the carbon content components. Ethylene and propylene are produced as polymer-grade products and sent to storage. Tail Gas Ethylene Propylene Mixed C4 C5+ Propane Ethane Dryer DME Recovery Water Water
Page: 814
1.25 1.50 Ethlene/Propylene Ratio 80% 40% 3.8 Angstroms The unique pore size allows to ethylene and propylene, with approximately 10 percent going to butenes. The UOP/Hydro of ethylene and propylene products by adjusting the operating severity in the reactor. The an ethylene-to-propylene product ratio between 0.75 and 1.5. The overall yield of (ethylene plus propylene) changes slightly over this range with the highest yields achieved of ethylene and propylene, roughly in the 0.8 to 1.25 range. This envelope provides (ethylene propylene) Feedstocks, Products, MT/D MT/D Methanol* 5204 Ethylene 882 5204 Ethylene 882 Propylene 882 Mixed butanes 272 C5 hydrocarbons 100 Fuel
Page: 815
for ethylene and propylene. An example material balance is shown in Table 15.1.1 for of ethylene and propylene. Approximately 3 tons of methanol is required per ton of
Page: 816
$800/MT Polypropylene $705/MT Methanol $120 and $85/MT
Page: 817
of polyethylene and polypropylene were desired, the MTO unit would require about 1.8 million to polyethylene and polypropylene production today is through steam cracking of naphtha. The GTL 166,600 MTA of polypropylene. This ethylene yield is significantly higher than cracker yields based
Page: 819
primarily ethylene and propylene and then converted to polyethylene and polypropylene. The remaining 62 to polyethylene and polypropylene. The remaining 62 percent of the syngas was converted to 882 882 1300 Polypropylene, MT/D 882 882 490 Other by-products, MT/
Page: 820
additional ethylene and propylene capacity is expected to require about 60 million MTA of MTA of additional propylene production by the year 2015. If we assume that about produce ethylene and propylene, then about 14 million MTA of ethylene and 5 million million MTA of propylene would be produced. This leaves over 75 percent of the of the additional propylene production to be supplied by other sources. If this same million MTA of propylene would be produced by the MTO process. Assuming the naphtha and the total propylene production to 21.5 million MTA (3.1 18.4). This percent of additional propylene demand remaining for supply by other routes. ECONOMIC SENSITIVITY The
Page: 843
of ethylene and propylene in comparison to petroleum-derived naphtha feedstock. Kerosene SMDS kerosene

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: Book - Industrial-Organic-Chemistry.pdf : : : :
. . . PropyleneOxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . Propylene Oxide from the Chlorohydrin Process . . . . . Oxidation Routes to Propylene Oxide . . . . . . . . . the Manufacture of Propylene Oxide . Secondary Products of Propylene Oxide . . . Secondary Products of Propylene Oxide . . . . . . . . .
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are diethanolamine, diglycolamine, propylene carbonate or alkali salts of amino acids such as N-
Page: 70
chlorobenzene, and from propylene oxide via chlorohydrin. The chlorine required for the chlorinolysis can
Page: 80
of ethylene and propylene are LPG and NGL gas mixtures rich in ethane, propane
Page: 82
polyethylene, PP = polypropylene) in several countries. A more detailed breakdown of the consumption
Page: 86
the manufacture of propylene oxide (c$ Section 11 .I .I .2),
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for, for example, propylene dimers and oligomers (i. e., nonenes and dodecenes, for
Page: 121
feedstocks for ethylene/propylene production, the butadiene share from the cracking process is decreasing.
Page: 218
the manufacture of propylene oxide (c$ Section 1 I . I . 1.2).
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,2-diols: ethylene-, propylene glycol 1.3-diols: propanediol, dimcthylpropanediol (neopentyl glycol), butanediol 1.4Section 7.2.1) and propylene glycol (cf: Section I 1 . I .2). The
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replaced by elcctrodialysis. Polypropylene membranes separate the cathode and anode regions, where caprolactam and
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of propene for polypropylene, acrylonitrile for polyacry"onitrile amounts of propene are used in Western in Germany and polypropylene in Japan are ignored. In addition, propylene is also used ignored. In addition, propylene is also used for nonchemical purposes; for example, in alkylate 1995 1986 1992 Polypropylene 41 47 35 42 36 49 45 50 17 26 14 18 15 Propylene oxide 9 8 11 11 11 10 7 6 18 with respect to polypropylene. The fraction of propene used for polypropylene has increased steadily propene used for polypropylene has increased steadily over the last decade and accounts for use in Japan. polypropylene shows strongest growth in all countries
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of Propene 11.1.1. Propylene Oxide Although propylene oxide is not as reactive as ethylene Propylene Oxide Although propylene oxide is not as reactive as ethylene oxide, it is rapidly expanding chemistry. propylene oxide (PO) is, like ethylene oxide, an important key production figures for propylene oxide in USA, Western Europe, and Japan are presented in production capacity for propylene oxide propyleneoxide production (in 1000 tonnes): was about 4.0 for propylene oxide propyleneoxide production (in 1000 tonnes): was about 4.0 x lo6 attempts to manufacture propylene oxide commercially by propylene oxide manufacturing routes: direct oxidation of oxide commercially by propylene oxide manufacturing routes: direct oxidation of propene (analogous to purification of the propylene oxide. Thus the chlorohydrin process, no longer economical for ethylene still important in propylene oxide manufacture, though it is in competition with other indirect the share of propylene 1976 1980 1995 oxide capacity based on the chlorohydrin process largest producer of propylene oxide using the chlorohydrin process is Dow. tion) importance of
66 64 11.1.1.1. Propylene Oxide from the Chlorohydrin Process The marked increase in propylene marked increase in propylene oxide production was promoted by the availability of ethylene chlorohydrin only minor modifications, propylene oxide could be manufactured in these units. Analogous to ethylene
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2. dcliydrochlorination The propylene oxide is then rapidly driven out of the reaction mixture Oxidation Routes to Propylene Oxide The indirect epoxidation of propene is based on the
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40% of worldwide propylene oxide capacity is based on Halcon (now Arco) with plant capacity for propylene oxide is based on isobutane, and 44% on ethylbenzene.
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the propene to propylene oxide either directly or, alternately, by enrichment of the hydroperoxide the selectivity to propylene oxide is about 90% at a 10070 propene convcrsion. The formed along with propylene oxide, can be added directly to motor fuel for deicing
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Shell process for propylene oxide (SMPO = Styrene Monomer Propylcne Oxide process) is tonnes per year propylene oxide and 330000 tonnes per year styrene began operation in
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80C. The propylene oxide selectivity is over 90%. Acetic acid is formed as for it. The propylene oxide manufacture using peracetic acid from acetaldehyde was practiced by the Manufacture of Propylene Oxide The current situation in propylene oxide manufacture is marked current situation in propylene oxide manufacture is marked in the chlorohydrin route by wastewater larger amounts than propylene oxide itself. However, plants based on the chlorohydrin process which Research toward improved propylene oxide production is directed toward one of the following objectives: propene to form propylene chlorohydrin. This is then converted into propylene oxide near the then converted into propylene oxide near the cathode where the hydroxide ion concentration is
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low concentrations of propylene oxide from the cathodic liquid. 1,ummus Corporation has recently O to form propylene chlorohydrin and fert-butanol. This is distilled ovcrhcad and rccirculatcd 8) I OH Propylene chlorohydrin is then dchydrochlorinated with the catholytc (NaOll). NaCI) thc selectivities to propylene oxide are more than 94% (based on HzOJ
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give selectivities to propylene oxide of up to 95% are used for the catalytic The selectivity to propylene oxide has been reported as 89% at a propene conversion in selectivity of propylene oxide. A homogeneous catalyst system, e.g., Mo compounds for lithium nitrate melt. Propylene oxide is produced at 180-250C with a selectivity
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Riosynthetie manufacture of propylene oxide has attracted a lot of interest. The most wellis oxidized to propylene oxide on an immobilized enzyme system. The coproduct D-fructose PO alternate, direct propylene glycol manufacture from propenc circumventing PO, e. g., two-step step route through propylene glycol monoacetate with subsequent hydrolysis, but preferably AcOH elimination to third of the propylene oxide is hydrated to propylene glycol and dipropylene glycol ( is hydrated to propylene glycol and dipropylene glycol (c$ Section 1 1.1.2). In propylene glycol and dipropylene glycol (c$ Section 1 1.1.2). In spite of this, of the expensive propylene oxide. According to research conducted by Haleon, the diacetate of the diacetate of propylene glycol can be obtained with 93% selectivity by reacting propene raised pressure gives propylene glycol: -H20 [cat.] CH,CH=CH, + 2AcOH a mixture of propylene glycol and its monoacetate at the pilot plant scale.
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the total hydrolysis, propylene glycol monoacetate can also be converted to propylene oxide with be converted to propylene oxide with a selectivity of 80% (based on propene) Secondary Products of Propylene Oxide Propylene oxide is an important intermediate in the manufacture of Propylene Oxide Propylene oxide is an important intermediate in the manufacture of 1,2manufacture of 1,2-propylene glycol (usually referred to as simply propylene glycol), dipropylene to as simply propylene glycol), dipropylene glycol, various propoxylated products and several minor product simply propylene glycol), dipropylene glycol, various propoxylated products and several
minor product groups, e. e. g., the propylene glycol ethers and the isopropanolamines. In contrast to ethylene oxide, important secondary product, propylene glycol ranks behind polypropylene glycols and propoxylated products for polyurethane glycol ranks behind polypropylene glycols and propoxylated products for polyurethane manufacture. The use of The use of propylene oxide worldwide and in the USA, Western Europe, and Japan 3. Use of propylene oxide (in Yo). most important products from propylene oxide: important products from propylene oxide: 1. propoxyiated products by multiple addition of PO to of PO to propylene glycol or to polyhydric alcohols 2. propylene glycol Product USA polyhydric alcohols 2. propylene glycol Product USA Western Europe Japan World 1986 1993 1985 1993 1986 1991 Polypropylene glycol and propoxylated products ] 61 ] 60 ] 66 13 15 14 Propylene glycol 28 25 22 23 16 16 21 21 ( production capacity for propylene glycol was about 0.97 x lo6 tonnes per year, of Production figures for propylene glycol in these countries are listed in the adjacent table. or basic catalysts. Propylene glycol is used as an antifreeze and brake fluid, and from Rh8ne-Poulenc, propylene oxide propylene glycol production (in 1000 tonnes) : 1989 Poulenc, propylene oxide propylene glycol production (in 1000 tonnes) : 1989 1991 1994 66 manufacture of propylene glycol : catalyzed PO hydration, analogous to EO hydration
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Products use of propylene glycol: antifreeze brake fluid alkyd polyester resins cosmetics, pharmaceuticals manufacture PO to: 1. propylene glycol, then with EO to give block polymers for detergents, cost advantages. Like propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol is also used for resins. However, unlike Like propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol is also used for resins. However, unlike ethylene glycol in the body), propylene glycol can be used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Polypropylene and pharmaceutical products. Polypropylene glycols can be manufactured by reacting propylene oxide with propylene manufactured by reacting propylene oxide with propylene glycol. Polypropylene glycols with a molecular weight propylene oxide with propylene glycol. Polypropylene glycols with a molecular weight of 1000 and with propylene glycol. Polypropylene glycols with a molecular weight of 1000 and above are the alcoholysis of propylene oxide with monohydric alcohols leads to the monoalkyl ethers of
monoalkyl ethers of propylene glycol, which have useful solvent properties. The main products are main products are propylene glycol monomethyl ether and its ester with acetic acid. Isopropanolamines be manufactured from propylene oxide and aqueous ammonia in a method analogous to the constituents from gases. Propylene carbonate can be manufactured in 9570 yield from the reaction the reaction of propylene oxide with CO, at 150-200C and 50-80
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from ally1 chloride, propylene oxide, acrolein, or allyl acetate. The worldwide production capacity for the isomerization of propylene oxide: H,C-HC-CH, [cat.] H,C=CHCH, because of expanding propylene oxide capacities. The conversion can be conducted in either the (alkyl benzenes). Propylene oxide is then introduced at 275-280C and up route 2: catalytic propylene oxide isomerization in liquid phase using high-boiling solvent with
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mixturc of glycerol, propylene glycol. ethylenc glycol). The industrial uses of glycerol are dctcrmined alcohol manufacture from propylene oxide, then classical HOCl addition and saponification (e. y.,
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is propoxylated with propylene oxide at 3 -4 bar and 125 C second only to polypropylene as a chemical use for propene.
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Dimethyl sulfoxide/H20 Propylene carbonate Propane/cresol or phenol NFormylmorpholine/H,O N-
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of propene to propylene oxide, ethylbenzene (in its hydropcroxide form) can be used obtained per kilogram propylene oxide. Currently, about 15% of the styrene produced worldwide is
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e., polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, and the reaction products of propylene oxide with polyhydric reaction products of propylene oxide with polyhydric alcohols. Oligomeric esters from dicarboxylic acids and
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(1 ,Zpropylene glycol or diethylene glycol), generally in a melt. A subsequent
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A. Baehl, Hydroformylate Propylene at Low Pressure, Hydrocarbon Processing, Sept., 274 (1 976),
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Die Herstellverfahren fur Propyleneoxid und ihre elektrochemischeA lternative, Chem.-1ng.Tech4. 8, 1085( 1 Y. Numa, Make Propylene Oxide Direct, HydrocarbonP rocessingN, ov., 102( 1 976). K. Yamagishi, Ponder, U. S. Propylene: Demand vs. Supply, Hydrocarbon ProcessingJ, uly, 187 (1978). K. H. Simmrock, Compare Propylene Oxide Routes, Hydrocarbon ProcessingN, ov., 105 (1978). T. Hasuike,
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Young, Weaknesso f Propylenei n Europe, Chem.W eek, March 24, 37 (1993).
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propiolactone 290 of propylene oxide 276 Aldol condensation of acetaldehyde 184 of acetaldehyde and
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136 Cetus process, propylene oxide 274 C, chemistry acrylonitrile 307-308 ethylene glycol 42 Chem Systems process, propylene oxide Chevron catalyst, Rheniforming process Chloral 351 Chlorination 274-275
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oxidation, manufacture of propylene oxide 267-271 of terephthalic acid 397 Cosden process, polymerization
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acid from acetaldehyde propylene oxide from propene pyridine from acroleidNH, 287 170171 27 to ethylene oxide propylene chlorohydrin to propylene 1,1,2-hichloroethane to vinylidene chloride 223 alkanes propylene chlorohydrin to propylene 1,1,2-hichloroethane to vinylidene chloride 223 alkanes to cycloalkanes 3
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148 propene to propylene oxide 266-275 3,4-Epoxy- 1 -butene 1 14 149- 150 of polypropylene glycols 276 of terephthalic acid 40 1-402 Ethyl acetate
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isopropanol 196- 198 propylene oxide to propylene glycols 275 manufacture of synthesis gas 19 propylene oxide to propylene glycols 275 manufacture of synthesis gas 19 Hydrocarbon Research process
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process, manufacture of propylene oxide IR (polyisoprene rubber) 113 application of isoprene 120
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benzoic acid 357 propylene oxide via rev,-bntyl-hypochlorite 272 Lurgi-Liade process Rectisol
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process, manufacture of propylene oxide 268-269 0x0 alcohols hydrogenation of 0x0
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epichlorohydrin 296 of propylene oxide 272-273 Pervaporation 7 1 Petrochemical primary products 8-
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1 Polypropene 66 Polypropylene glycols 276 Polystyrene 342 Polysulfons 359 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTEE) 227 -293 to propylene oxide 266-275 P-Propiolactone manufacture 183 thermolysis to acrylic ethylene Propionaldehyde of propylene oxide isomerization 298 Propionic acid 173 139-140 Propionitrile 248 glycerol to tripolyethers Propylene carbonate manufacture 276 purification of synthesis gas 19 301 301 -302 Propylene chlorohydrin 266-267 Propylene glycol manufacture from propene 274 hydration chlorohydrin 266-267 Propylene glycol manufacture from propene 274 hydration of propylene oxide 275 274 hydration of propylene oxide 275 Propylene glycol ether 276 Propylene oxide 266-276 propylene oxide 275 Propylene glycol ether 276 Propylene oxide 266-276 applications 275276 glycol ether 276 Propylene oxide 266-276 applications 275-276 importance and production 266
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acid 142 of propylene 270 of synthesis gas 19 metathesis of higher olefins 87-

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: Book - Introduction-to-Chemical-Reaction-Engineering-and-Kinetics.pdf : Introduction to Chemical Reaction Engineering and Kinetics : Chemical Reaction Engineering : Ronald W. Missen, Charles A. Mims e Bradley A. Saville :
(A) to propylene (P), values of the observed first-order rate constant,
Page: 171
of cyclopropane to propylene has Arrhenius parameters A = 1.6 X 1015 s-l
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by ammoxidation of propylene (SOHIO process): 2NH, + 30, + 2C,H, -+
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the ammoxidation of propylene with air. Data and assumptions: l The heat transfer configuration
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of acrylonitrile from propylene, in which other nitriles may be formed, oxidation of butadiene
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the ammoxidation of propylene with air, and the information given below, calculate the following: feed rate of propylene = 40 mol s-l; feed contains C3H6 and NH3

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: Book - Larry W. Lake - Petroleum Engineering Handbook_ Volume I.pdf : Petroleum Engineering Handbook - Volume I : : :
ethylene oxides and polypropylene oxides of alcohol, ethoxylated phenols, ethoxylated alcohols and amines, ethoxylated the ethylene or propylene oxides can be changed to effect a complete range of

Page: 29
: Book - Modeling-and-Simulation-of-Catalytic-Reactors.pdf : : : :
Sulfi nol, Selexol, Propylene Carbonate, Rectisol) and dry adsorbent processes (e.g., molecular
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a mixture of propylene and butylene) with isobutane to form a high - octane
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light olefi ns propylene and butylene into molecules two or three times their original
Page: 390
butane, butenes, and propylenes. It is important to note that gasoline compounds can follow
Page: 462
used as fuel, propylene is a feedstock for petrochemicals, i - butane is a
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0.62 1.02 1.41 Propylene 2.91 3.61 3.80 4.83 2.70 3.72 i - Butane 2.06
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0.87 1.36 1.80 Propylene 4.16 4.64 4.87 5.18 3.59 4.74 i - Butane 3.38
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Propane 1.65 1.31 Propylene 6.38 3.45 i - Butane 3.51 3.18 n - Butane

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: Book - Modeling-of-Chemical-Kinetics-and-Reactor-Desing-2001-Coker.pdf : : : :
4.220 2731500 Propylene C3H6 0.753 5.691 2.910 5.880 2731500 i-Butane
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produce polymer grade propylene from heavy gas oils, and it produces three and a half times more propylene and less than half the gasoline than a conventional FCC plant that produces propylene, which is integrated to a petrochemical complex. Table 4-1

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: Book - Numerical-for-Chemical-Engineers-Using-MATLAB.pdf : : : :
for Polyethylene and Polypropylene Production . . . . . . 473 7.3.1 A
Page: 101
for polyethylene and polypropylene production using the Ziegler-Natta2 catalyst: see Section 7.3. 3.
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producing polyethelyne and polypropylene. These two industrial processes are presented and analyzed in some
Page: 481
for Polyethylene and Polypropylene Production 473 3. Develop the mathematical model of a modern of Polyethylene and Polypropylene The bubbling fluidized-bed reactor technology (UNIPOL R
Page: 483
for Polyethylene and Polypropylene Production 475 7.3.1 A Dynamic Mathematical Model Bubble phase
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for Polyethylene and Polypropylene Production 477 The bubble rising velocity UB is given by
Page: 487
for Polyethylene and Polypropylene Production 479 Put into dimensionless form, this equation becomes dX1
Page: 489
for Polyethylene and Polypropylene Production 481 This can be rewritten as ((1
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for Polyethylene and Polypropylene Production 483 Two parameter continuation diagrams Figure 7.24 The subplots
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21 normalized 24 polypropylene 473 polystyrene 502 porous pellet 298 precision double 18 pressure

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: Book - O-levenspiel-Chemical-Reaction-Engineering-3rd-Edition.pdf : : : :
catalytic oxidation of propylene on bismuth molybdate catalyst to form acrolein. With a feed a feed of propylene and oxygen and reaction at 460"C, the following three
Page: 580
with 5-cm polypropylene saddles (a = 55 m2/m3) is being designed
: Book - Part - Kirk Othmer - Propylene.pdf : "Propylene". In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology : : :
Document Metadata
Title: "Propylene". In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Found 1 instance(s) in additional metadata
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PROPYLENE 1. Introduction Propylene [115-07-1], CH3CH CH PROPYLENE 1. Introduction Propylene [115-07-1], CH3CH CH2, is large quantities of propylene are used in plastics as polypropylene, and in chemicals, eg, in plastics as polypropylene, and in chemicals, eg, acrylonitrile (qv), propylene oxide ( acrylonitrile (qv), propylene oxide (qv), 2-propanol, and cumene (qv) ( see Olefin polymers, polypropylene; Propyl alcohols). Propylene is produced primarily as a by-product polypropylene; Propyl alcohols). Propylene is produced primarily as a by-product of petroleum ( Physical properties of propylene are listed in Table 1 (1). Parameters for the per mole of propylene are a6.373 and b0.08272 when
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2 PROPYLENE Vol. 20where A0.2252, B0.2686, and 365.05K (12). Propylene is usually transported in the Gulf Coast as compressed liquid temperatures. Compressed liquid propylene densities for metering purposes may be found in the API pressure, Pv, of propylene, equations 2 and 3 apply. Equation 2 is the Antoine thermal properties of propylene are reported in Table 2. Experimental solubility data may be Extensive data on propylene solubility in water are available (20). Vaporliquidequilibrium VLE) data for propylene are given in References (2135) and correlations of transport properties of propylene are given in Table 3. 3. Chemical Properties The chemistry The chemistry of propylene is characterized both by the double bond and by the allylic hydrogen atoms. Propylene is the smallest stable unsaturated hydrocarbon molecule that exhibits low existence of the propylene dipole moment of 0.35 D. Carbon atoms 1 and 2
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Vol. 20 Propylene 3The propylene double bond consists of a s-bond Propylene 3The propylene double bond consists of a s-bond formed by two allylic hydrogens in propylene often serves to distinguish its chemistry from that of ethylene to form when propylene polymerizes in the presence of peroxide initiators (49). The allyl hydrogens on propylene reactions can be explained by the stability of allyl radicals is abstracted from propylene, the sp3 hybridized carbon of the methyl group changes allyl radical from propylene requires 368 kJ/mol (88 kcal/mol). This difference
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4 PROPYLENE Vol. 20The radical is much more stable if both reactions for the propylene molecule and are covered in detail elsewhere (see Olefin see Olefin polymers, polypropylene). Many types of gas- or liquid-phase catalysts are used higher levels of propylene purity. 3.2. Electrophile Addition Reactions. The addition of electrophilic ( reagents HZ to propylene involves two steps. The first is the slow transfer of to the propylene double bond, to form a carbocation. The second is a why hydration of propylene yields isopropyl alcohol rather than n-propyl alcohol. The nhydrogen bromide to propylene yields 2-propylbromide; free-radical, Br.-catalyzed addition yields 1Using halogens as propylene reactants, high temperatures and the gas phase favor high radical
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Vol. 20 Propylene 54.1. Steam Cracking. In steam cracking, a mixture of useful olefins, eg, propylene (see Gasoline and other motor fuels). The separation train The yield of propylene produced in a pyrolysis furnace is a function of the Typical yields of propylene for various feedstock are available (see Ethylene). Under practical
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6 PROPYLENE Vol. 20Propylene yield passes through a maximum, as shown PROPYLENE Vol. 20Propylene yield passes through a maximum, as shown in Figure 1 is beyond the propylene maximum. The furnace operation usually is dictated by computer optimization, the furnace. Thus, propylene produced by steam cracking varies according to economic conditions. In plant separation train, propylene is obtained by distillation of a mixed C3 stream, ie, stream, ie, propane, propylene, and minor components, in a C3-splitter tower. Propylene is
C3-splitter tower. Propylene is produced as the overhead distillation product, and the bottoms purity of the propylene product. Two grades of propylene are commonly produced: a chemical Two grades of propylene are commonly produced: a chemical grade, which consists of 92 of 9294wt% propylene, and a >90 wt%, polymer-grade propylene. Specifications for wt%, polymer-grade propylene. Specifications for these two grades are listed in Tables 4 produce polymer-grade propylene than to produce the chemical grade, because of the close of propane and propylene. 4.2. Refinery Production. Refinery propylene is formed as a byRefinery Production. Refinery propylene is formed as a by-product of fluid catalytic cracking total amount of propylene produced depends on the mix of these processes and the higher level of propylene production than in Europe, where proportionally more heating oil is gas, and coke. Propylene yield varies, depending on reaction conditions, but yields of 2 fluid coking. Refinery propylene is recovered at the vapor-recovery unit. Refinery wet gas
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Vol. 20 Propylene 7to a depropanizer where a propanepropylene stream is where a propanepropylene stream is taken as the overhead. This refinery-grade stream or polymer-grade propylene can be made by further distillation in a propylene concentration distillation in a propylene concentration unit. 4.3. Advanced Cracking Techniques. Technologies were developed to activity. To improve propylene selectivity and to increase the propane conversion, this technology uses this technology for propylene production having a capacity of 245,000 metric tons was built
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8 PROPYLENE Vol. 20Fluidized bed dehydrogenation technology is more prevalent in and per-pass propylene yield is low, the effluent compression and product purification sections 5. Economic Aspects Propylene is consumed in both chemical and fuel applications. The manufacture The manufacture of propylene accounts for more than half of the worlds consumption of worlds consumption of propylene for chemical use. Polypropylene demand remains high. It is used for chemical use. Polypropylene demand remains high. It is used as a substitute for automotive industry where polypropylene is used as a replacement for metal allowing improved performance The bulk of propylene production and consumption is concentrated in North America, Western Europe,
S. production of propylene in 2002/2003). Demand in these regions was down in
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Vol. 20 Propylene 96. Storage and Handling Precautions must be taken to fire hazards wherever propylene is handled (75). Equipment capable of causing ignition should any cylinder containing propylene should be subjected to temperatures above 325 K. Propylene is above 325 K. Propylene is very volatile and is usually stored as a liquid Waste mixtures containing propylene should not be allowed to enter drains or sewers where Commercial quantities of propylene are shipped by tanker or pipeline and are stored aboveground and Safety Factors Propylene is a colorless gas under normal conditions, has anesthetic properties characteristic of olefins. Propylene is a flammable gas under normal atmospheric conditions. Vapor-cloud Evaporation of liquid propylene can cause skin burns. Propylene also reacts vigorously with oxidizing cause skin burns. Propylene also reacts vigorously with oxidizing materials. Under unusual conditions, eg, reported when liquid propylene contacts water at 315348K (82). Table 7 shows hydrocarbon. 8. Uses Propylene has many commercial and potential uses. The actual utilization of of a particular propylene supply depends not only on the relative economics of the the value of propylene in various uses, but also on the location of the in which the propylene is available. For example, economics dictate that recovery of high of high purity propylene for polymerization from a small-volume, dilute off-gas stream whereas polymer-grade propylene is routinely recovered from large refineries and olefins steam crackers. States might use propylene as fuel rather than recover it for petrochemical use; a
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10 PROPYLENE Vol. 20The uses of propylene may be loosely categorized The uses of propylene may be loosely categorized as refinery or chemical purpose. In In the refinery, propylene occurs in varying concentrations in fuel-gas streams. As a a refinery feedstock, propylene is alkylated by isobutane or dimerized to produce polymer gasoline chemical derivatives include polypropylene, acrylonitrile, propylene oxide, isopropyl alcohol, and others. In 2002, ca include polypropylene, acrylonitrile, propylene oxide, isopropyl alcohol, and others. In 2002, ca 60% of
of the world propylene supplies were consumed in the production of polypropylene (74). the production of polypropylene (74). Polypropylene has been the largest consumer of propylene polypropylene (74). Polypropylene has been the largest consumer of propylene since the early largest consumer of propylene since the early 1970s and is likely to dominate propylene likely to dominate propylene utilization for some time. 8.1. Refinery Fuel. Propylene has a 8.1. Refinery Fuel. Propylene has a net heating value of 45.8 MJ/kg ( gas streams. However, propylene is diverted from streams for refinery fuel use in large or equipment for propylene recovery does not exist or is limited in capacity. Propylene limited in capacity. Propylene is also contained in liquid petroleum gas (LPG), but olefins for alkylation, propylene is also used, depending on the availability of butenes and catalyzed (84). Propylene alkylation requires higher temperatures and acid strengths than alkylation of good promoters of propylene alkylation (85). The principal isomer of propylene alkylation by principal isomer of propylene alkylation by isobutane is 2,3-dimethylpentane as compared to the of butenes and propylene in the refinery, first through thermal, ie, free-radical, reactions (72). Refinery propylene, ie, 67 wt% propylene33wt% propane, reacts in the liquid ie, 67 wt% propylene33wt% propane, reacts in the liquid phase with a nickel psi) (88). Propylene conversions are 9097%. The heat of reaction is removed unreacted propane and propylene, as well as dimerization products consisting mainly of isohexenes. The that of traditional propylene polymer gasoline, ie, 87 (83,84).
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Vol. 20 Propylene 118.2. Chemical. Propylene Oligomers. Through acid-catalyzed FriedelCrafts 118.2. Chemical. Propylene Oligomers. Through acid-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts processes similar to those alkylation and polymerization, propylene forms oligomers, eg, nonenes, dodecenes, and higher molecular weight olefins additives (90,91). Polypropylene. One of the most important applications of propylene is as important applications of propylene is as a monomer for the production of polypropylene. Propylene the production of polypropylene. Propylene is polymerized by Ziegler-Natta coordination catalysts (92,93). dry solid particles. Propylene polymerization is an exothermic reaction (94). n C3H6 g commercial processes produce polypropylene by a liquid-phase slurry process. Hexane or heptane are
in which liquid propylene is used as the diluent. Polypropylene is used in battery as the diluent. Polypropylene is used in battery cases and in the replacement of growth market for polypropylene. Acrylonitrile. Catalytic oxidation of propylene in the presence of ammonia Catalytic oxidation of propylene in the presence of ammonia (qv) yields acrylonitrile ( Yields based on propylene are 5075%, and the main by-products are acetonitrile cyanide (96). Propylene Oxide. Propylene oxide is produced from propylene by two main 96). Propylene Oxide. Propylene oxide is produced from propylene by two main processes. The is produced from propylene by two main processes. The first is chlorohydrination of propylene is chlorohydrination of propylene at ca 310 K, followed by epoxidation of the chlorohydrin
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12 PROPYLENE Vol. 20O 2 CH3CHOHCH2Cl Ca(OH)2 2 involves reaction of propylene with peroxides, as in the Oxirane process (97), in hydroperoxide reacts with propylene, forming propylene oxide and an alcohol. CH3C OOH CH3 with propylene, forming propylene oxide and an alcohol. CH3C OOH CH3 H3C H Epoxidation of the propylene occurs in the liquid phase under similar conditions in the 1020% for propylene and greater than 95% for the hydroperoxide. Both Shell Netherlands then reacts with propylene at 320350K and 1.001.34MPa (1013.2 atm), 13.2 atm), forming propylene oxide and acetic acid.
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Vol. 20 Propylene 13CH3 H2C CHCH3 CH3 14 O H CH2 H3CC COH Propylene oxide (qv) uses include manufacture of polyurethanes, unsaturated polyester, polyurethanes, unsaturated polyester, propylene glycols (qv) and polyethers, and propanolamines (see Alkanolamines; polymers). Isopropyl Alcohol. Propylene may be easily hydrolyzed to isopropyl alcohol. Early commercial processes catalytic hydration of propylene to 2-propanol followed commercialization of the sulfuric acid process amounts of unreacted propylene (101). Conversions of ca 75% are obtained for propylene are obtained for propylene hydration over cationexchange resins in a trickle-bed reactor ( water and gaseous propylene are fed concurrently into a downflow, fixed-bed reactor at isopropyl alcohol from propylene involves the use of polytungsten compounds in solution in a reactor (101). Propylene is hydrated at ca 540K under pressure. Conversions are 60
of benzene by propylene (103,104). The main application of cumene is the production are produced from propylene by the oxo or hydroformylation process (see Oxo process).
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14 PROPYLENE Vol. 208.3. Other. Ethylene can be produced by steam steam cocracking of propylene with ethane and propane. Ethylene and butenes can also be catalytic disproportionation of propylene (108). 2CH2 CHCH3 ! CH2 be obtained by propylene oxidation in a process similar to ammoxidation (109) ( temperature chlorination of propylene yields allyl chloride, which is used in glycerol (qv) phase reaction of propylene and acetic acid over a supported Pd catalyst (eq. acrylic acid and propylene yields isopropyl acrylate (eq. 21), and catalytic reaction with be made from propylene by reaction with toluene to produce cumene (111). CH3
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Vol. 20 Propylene 15CH3 CH(CH3)2 CH3 CH3 O2 24 COOH 25 Bibliography Propylene in ECT 1st ed., Vol. 11, pp. 193197, by Amoco Corp; Propylene in ECT (online), posting date: December 4, 2000 by
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16 PROPYLENE Vol. 2015. R. W. Hankinson and G. H. Thomson,
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Vol. 20 Propylene 1756. E. G. Wollaston, W. J. Haflin, and W. 2004. 74. Propylene, Chemical Profile, Chem. Market Reporter (Oct. 6, 2003). 75. Sheet SD-59, Propylene, Manufacturing Chemists Association, Washington, D.C., rev. 1974. 76. Standards
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18 PROPYLENE Vol. 2091. C. M. Fontana, R. J. Herold, E. G. Hancock, ed., Propylene and its Industrial Derivatives, Earnest Benn Ltd., London, 1973, pp.
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Vol. 20 Propylene 19Table 1. Propylene Physical Propertiesa Property Value mol 19Table 1. Propylene Physical Propertiesa Property Value mol wt 42.081 freezing temperature,
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Thermal Properties of Propylenea Value of constants Property Equationb A B C
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Transport Properties of Propylenea Value of constants Property Equation Value at 258C A
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22 PROPYLENE Vol. 20Table 4. Product Specification for Chemical-Grade Propylene for Chemical-Grade Propylene Component Table 5. Product Specifications for Polymer-Grade Propylene Component, for Polymer-Grade Propylene Component, ppm wt Specification ASTM Test method propylene 99.5a ASTM Test method propylene 99.5a D2163 ethane <1000 D2163 total acetylenes, dienes, Test method Constituents propylene 9294 D2163 ethane and lighter <0.4 D2163 ethylene
Page: 23
Vol. 20 Propylene 23Table 6. U.S. Producers of Propylene and Their S. Producers of Propylene and Their Capacities, 103 ta Producer Capacity 544 Baton Rouge Propylene Concentrator, Port Allen, La. 680 BP Chemicals, Chocolate Bayou, Tex.
Page: 24
24 PROPYLENE Vol. 20Table 7. Tw/Tsl Ratios for Liquid Propylene Ratios for Liquid Propylene Spills in Watera Initial water temperature, Tw, K Tw/ limit temperature of propylene.
Page: 25
Vol. 20 Propylene 25Severity of feedstock conversion Yield Fig. 1. Ethylene () Ethylene () and propylene () yields.
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: Book - Principles-of-Chemical-Reactor-Analysis-and-Design-New-Tools-forIndustrial-Chemical-Reactor-Operations.pdf Title : Principles of Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design: New Tools for Industrial Chemical Reactor Operations Subject : Wiley-Interscience Author : Uzi Mann Keywords : ISBN-13: 9780471261803
Page: 117
between chlorine and propylene: Cl2 C3H6 ! C3H5Cl HCl Based on consisting of 50% propylene and 50% chlorine, is fed into the reactor. The reaction
Page: 141
catalytic oxidation of propylene on a bismuth molybdate catalyst. The following reactions are taking Eq. 2.4.9 for propylene and CO2: a31(1) a32(0)
Page: 229
catalytic oxidation of propylene on bismuth molybdate to produce acrolein is investigated in a
Page: 230
consisting of 60% propylene and 40% oxygen is charged into a 4-L isothermal
Page: 334
of ethylene and propylene in (c). e. Determine the heating load of the
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Page: 26
gas, ethylene and propylene through steam cracking, and styrene through dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. These
Page: 409
groups, copolymer of polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride and nylon-6, copolymer of polyolefines reactions Degradation of polypropylene by shear-heating, degradation of PET with ethylene glycol

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the series, and propylene is retained for CH3CHCH2

Propenoic acid, a63 Propylene, p205

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are known, including polypropyleneimine (PPI), polyamidoamine (PAMAM), and Frechettype

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to carbonium ion with propylene to form a C6 olefin or even further reaction

MTA Chemical-grade propylene (95 wt %) 74,240 MTA Utility consumption per MT

attractive option if propylene is available, as in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)

steps for natural gas

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(A) to propylene (P), values of the observed first-order rate constant,

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for Polyethylene and Polypropylene Production . . . . . . 473 7.3.1 A

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S. production of propylene in 2002/2003). Demand in these regions was down in

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