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Akratuh People who had no faith in rituals.


Anas People who didnt have prominent nose
Apah Water
Brahmin Rituals
Dam - House
Dunitri daughter
Gana - Tribal militia
Gavisti war
Godhara guest
Godhulievening
Gomat a wealthy person
Gopa (Janasya) the ruler
Gorasa-milk

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Adhavaryn
Adhavaryn

Yajurveda

Anandaka
Yajurveda

Sadania

Brahma
Anandaka

Atharva Veda

Champaran
Sadania

Champararanya

Chenab
Brahma

Askini

DelhiAtharva Veda

Indraprastha

Champaran
Deobanda

Dritvan

Champararanya
Ghaghar

Drisdvasti

Chenab
Hakra

Sarswati

Haryn

Saryn

Himalaya

Himvanta

Hota

Rigveda

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Indus

Sindhu

Jhelum

Vilasta

Kabul

Kubha

Magadha

Kikatvan

Mithila

Videh

Ravi,

Parusani

Ritual Priests

Vedas

Saran

Nairnisheranya

Sutlej

Satudri

Udgata

Sarnveda

Vyas

Vipasa

Indus

Sindhu

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Origin of Indian music - Sam Veda


Mention of the word Sudra- Rig Veda (10th Mandala)
'Gayatri Mantra- Rig Veda
Mention of the word Gotra- Atharva Veda
Origin of kingship Brahainma - Aitareya
'Soma, the intoxicating drink and the god who lends his name to the drink - Rig
Veda (9th Mandala)
Mention of the word Varna- Rig Veda
Four-fold division of society - Rig Veda (10th Mandala)
Purusa Shukta Hymn - Rig Veda
First three ashramas(Brahmacharin, Grihastha, Vanaprastha) - Chandogya
Upanishad

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Four ashrams (Brahmacharin, Grihastha, Vana- prastha, Samyasin) - Jabla Upanishad


Doctrine ofTrimurti- Maitrayani Upanishad
Origin of the Universe - Rig Veda (10th Mandala)
Mention of the Great Flood- Satpatha Brahamana
Samsara (Transmigration of soul) - Brahadarankya Upanishad
Kshatriyas Precedence over Brahamanas - Atreya Brahamana
Gamesters Lament - Rig Veda
Vratyastoma -Tandya Maha Brahmana
Division of India into five parts - Aitreya Biahmana
Mention of the Divine Horse Dadhikara- Rig Veda
Sabha & Samiti as the twin daughters of Prajapati - Atharva Veda
Baffle often kings between Sudan and Bhed for the water of Parnsni - Rig Veda (VII
Mandala)

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Mention of the easten and western seas - Satpatha Brahmana


Surdas as the servant of another to be expelled at will and to be slain at will Atreya Brahmana
Ganga - Rig Veda (X, Mandala)
Sabha as Narishta - Atharvaveda
Satya Meva Jayate - Mundaka Upanishad

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Rig Veda
1. Collection of Hymns
2. Oldest of all the vedas
3. Contains 1017 Suktas
4. Contains 11 Balakhilya, that makes the total no. of Suktas 1028.
5. Contains 10 Mandals
6. The oldest Mandalas are II, III, IV, V, VI and VII known as family books on acount
of their composition being described to various families of sages.
7. The mandalas II to VII are ascribed to Gritsamada Viswamitr.a, Vamadeva, Arti,
Bhardwaja and Vasistha.
8. The latest mandalas are I, VIII, IX and X.
9. The IX mandala is completely devoted to the vedic God soma,

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1. Cemeteries H & R 37

Harappa

2. Furrow mark

Kalibangan

3. City divided into three parts

Dholvira

4. Fragment of Woven cloth

Mohanjodaro

5. City without a citadal

Chanhudaro

6. Small pot (Probably an ink-pot)

Chanhudaro

7. Cities where lower towns were fortified

Kalibangan & Surkotada

8. Cities having both proto


Harappan and mature Harappan evidences
and Harappan Cultural Phases

Kalibangan & Banwali

9. Dockyard

Lothal

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Yajur Veda
1. Collection of rituals for performing different sacrifices.
2. Recited by the priests known as Adhavarm
3. Consists of 40 chapters.
4. The only veda party in prose.
5. Divided into two parts Krishna/Black Yajurveda (commentary in prose) and
Suklal White Yajurved (sacrificial formulae and rituals).

Sam Veda
1. Collections of hymns taken from the Rig Veda and set to tunes for the purpose of
singing.
2. Only 75 hymns are original.
3. Known as the Book of chants.
4. Hymns are meant for singing at Soma sacrifices
5. Sung by a particular type of priests known as Udgatari.
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The Atharva Veda


1. Collection of charms, magic and spells.
2. Preserves many popular cults and superstitions, contains non-Aryan elements
(folk elements).
3. Belongs to Saunakiya & Paipalado schools.
4. Contains 711/731/760 hymns.
5. Contains 20 Kandas or books.
6. The Knadas 18, 19 and 20 are later additions.
7. The hymns are meant for warding off evils & demons, winning over friends aid
gain material success. No Brahmanan belongs to Atharvaveda.

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Rig Vedic Period


Earlies settlement Brahmavarta the region between the Satluj and Yamuna,
corresponds to Punjab and its adjoining areas.
The core region was Sapta.Sindhava, the land of the Indus and its principal
Western tributaries Gomati (Gomal), Krumu (Korrarn), Kubha (Kabul) and Suvastu
(Svat) and eastern tributaries the five rivers of Punjab besides the valleys of
Saraswati and Drishadvati corresponding to Eastern Afghanistan and West & East
Punjab.
No Knowledge of sea:
Knowledge of the Himalayas. (Hlmvant)
Ninth Mandal describes about Mujavant

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Later Vedic Period


Satpatha Brahman describes the story of Videh
Madhav who reached to the bank of Sadanira (Gandak).
Expansion to parts of eastern Rajasthan, eastern UP and Bihar
Knowledge of Gangetic Valleys
Knowledge of some more rivers like Narmada, Ganga, Gandak, Chamba.
Mention of Seas.
Mention of the Vindhyas.

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SOME OLD NAMES OF THE RIVERS


AskiniChenab
Parusani Ravi
SatudnSatluj
Sindhuindus
VipasaVyas
VitastaJhelum

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Characteristics
Wheel made Sturdy pottery related with Later Vedic Age,
Out of well levigated clay with thin core.
Smooth surface.
Grey to ash-grey in colour.
Painted in black and sometimes in a deep-chocolate colour on the outlet
as well as inner surface.
It has nearly 42 designs and the most common types are bowls and dishes.
Important sites Ahichhatra, Rupar, Bhagwanpur, Noh, Alamgirpur,
Hastinapr, Afranjikhera, Jakhera, Mathura, Panipat, Purana, Qua, Bairat,
Sonepat, Jodhpura, Sravasti

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Philosophical schools
Nastik - Athestic
Astik Thestic
Nastik (a) Carvak
(b) Jainism
(c) Buddhism

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Buddha was born at Lumbanivan in 563 B.C.


His father was the king of Kapilvastu.
He belonged to the clan of Sakyas, so he is called Sakyamuni and also Sirnha
Sakya.
Yasodhara was his wife and Rahul was his son.
Buddha renunciated the wordly life when he was 29 years old.
He meditated at Uruvela. There he got Nirvan. This place was later on known as
Bodh Gaya.
Buddha gave his first sermon at lsipatan, i.e. modern Sarnath.
Bimbisar and Ajatsatru were his contemporary ruler of Magadh.
Prasenjit of Khosla was also his contemporary.
Bimbisar donated him Venuvan at Rajgriha.
Anath Pindak donated him jetvan at Sravasti.
Gautami was the first woman who joined the Sangha.
Anand and Upali were his two most eminent disciples.
Buddha got his Mahaparinirvan at Kusinara.
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Sthavirvadi Only ten people can get Buddhahood.


Mahasanghika Every one can get Buddhahood.
Sautantrik They wrote their texts in Sanskrit language.
Sammitiyas They believed in Atma (Soul)
Hinyana Buddha was only a great saint.
Mahayana Buddha was a great incarnation.
Yogachar (Vijanvad) They believed in Yoga and called it vijan.
Sunyavad There is nothing real in this world. It was also known as
Madhyamika sect.
Vajrayan It believed in Tantra.

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According to Jainism there were 24 Trithankaras (Enlightened Monks).


23 Trithankar was Parsavanath. He was the son of the king of Kasi. He was
a historical figure.
Mahavira was born in the family of Jantrika.
Yasodawas his wife and Priyadarsa was his daughter.
Herennounced the family life when he was 30 years old.
He got Kaivalya at Jrimbhakgram.
His disciples were called Ganadhara.
Sudharman became the head of the Jam sangha after him.

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1. Digambaras
Sky clad or naked
Leader was Bhadrabahu
Arose out of the group which had gone to Sravanabelgola in Karnataka at
the time of femine.
2. Swetembaras
Wore white garments.
Leader was Sthula Bhadra
3. Sammaiyas
Arose out of Digambaras.
Renounced idol-worship
4. Terapanthis
Arose out of Swetambaras.

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