Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng

CHNG 5 :
CC VN CHUNG V TRUYN SNG
I. GII THIU CHUNG
I.1 Cc ch c trnh by trong chng
- S phn cc ca sng v tuyn in
- Phn chia sng v tuyn in theo tn s v bc sng
- Cc phng php truyn lan sng trong mi trng thc
- Cng thc truyn sng trong khng gian t do
I.2 Hng dn
- Hoc k cc phn c trnh by trong chng
- Tham kho thm [1], [2], [3]
- Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp
I.3 Mc ch ca chng
- Nm c cc dng phn cc ca sng v tuyn in v cc bng sng v tuyn
- Hiu v cc phng php truyn lan sng trong mi trng thc
- Nm c cch tnh ton cc tham s khi truyn sng trong khng gian t do
II. NHC LI MT S TNH CHT C BN CA SNG IN T.
Sng in t bao gm hai thnh phn: in trng, k hiu E (V/m) v t trng, k hiu
H (A/m). Chng c quan h mt thit vi nhau trong qu trnh truyn lan v c m t bng h
phng trnh Maxwell, vit cc dng khc nhau.
Gi s ta xt mt sng phng truyn lan trong mi trng in mi ng nht v ng
hng c cc tham s: h s in mi v h s t thm , khi khng c dng in v in tch
ngoi, th h phng trnh Maxwell biu th mi quan h gia in trng v t trng c vit
di dng vi phn nh sau:
y x
y x
H E
t z
H E
t t

(1.1)
1
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng
Nghim ca h phng trnh ny cho ta dng ca cc thnh phn in trng v t trng
l mt hm bt k.
x
E F
z z
t F t
v v

_ _
+ +

, ,
1 2 (1.2a)
y
G
z z
H t G t
v v

_ _
+ +

, ,
1 2 (1.2b)
Trong : F
1
, F
2
, G
1
, G
2
l cc hm sng ty .

v
z
t

1
(m/s) l vn tc pha ca sng.
T (1.2) ta c : G
1
= F
1
/ Z v G
2
= F
2
/ Z vi Z

() l tr khng sng ca mi
trng.
Nu mi trng truyn sng l chn khng (cn c gi l khng gian t do) cc tham
s ca mi trng c gi tr:

0
= 10
-9
/36 (F/m) ;
0
= 4.10
-7
(H/m)
Do :
v . (m/ s) c

8
0 0
1
310
(vn tc nh sng)
Z

0
0
0
120 ()
Trong thc t sng in t thng bin i iu ha theo thi gian. i vi cc sng in
t phc tp ta c th coi n l tng v s cc dao ng iu ha, ngha l c th p dng php
phn tch Fourier biu th. Trong trng hp ny khi gi thit ch c sng thun, tc l sng
truyn t ngun theo phng trc z v mi trng m khng c sng nghch th cc thnh phn
in trng v t trng c biu th nh sau:
( )
( ) m m
E E
z
cos t E cos t kz
v

( )
( )
m m
H
E E
z
cos t cos t kz
v
Z Z
(1.3)
Trong k = /v = 2/ gi l h s pha hay hng s sng.
Sng in t c mt cng sut ( hay cn gi l thng lng nng lng), c biu th bi vc
t nng lng k [E H]
r r r
. Nh vy sng in t c cc vc t
E
r
v
H
r
nm trong mt phng
vung gc vi phng truyn sng
k
r
. Bi vy sng in t truyn i trong mi trng ng nht
ng hng l sng in t ngang TEM.
2
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng
Hnh 1.1. S truyn lan sng in t
III. S PHN CC CA SNG V TUYN IN.
Trng in t ca sng v tuyn in khi i trong mt mi trng s dao ng theo mt
hng nht nh. Phn cc ca sng in t chnh l hng dao ng ca trng in t. Vic s
dng cc phn cc khc nhau ca sng in t c mt ngha rt ln trong vic s dng hiu qu
tn s trong thng tin v tuyn.
Trng ti vng xa ca anten c dng sng phng TEM v c xc nh bng vect
Pointing: k [E H]
r r r
. iu ny c ngha l cc vect
E
r
v
H
r
nm trong mt phng vung gc
vi phng truyn sng
k
r
.
Phng ca ng do u mt ca vect trng in v ln s xc nh phn cc sng.
Trng in v trng t l cc hm thay i theo thi gian. Trng t thay i ng pha vi
trng in v bin ca n t l vi bin ca trng in, v th ta ch cn xt trng in.
C ba loi phn cc sng v tuyn in: phn cc thng, phn cc trn v phn cc elip.
III.1 Phn cc thng.
Hu ht truyn dn v tuyn s dng phn cc tuyn tnh, trong phn cc ng c
gi l phn cc trong trng in vung gc vi mt t v phn cc ngang c gi l phn
cc trong trng in song song vi mt t. Gi thit rng phng ngang v ng c coi l
trc x v y (hnh1.2a). Ti mt im no trong khng gian, vect trng ca sng c biu
th bi cc thnh phn thng ng v nm ngang nh sau:

y
E
r
= y
a
r
E
y
sint (1.4)

x
E
r
=
x
a
r
E
x
sint (1.5)
trong y
a
r
,
x
a
r
l cc vect n v trong phng ng v phng ngang; E
y
, E
x
l gi tr nh
(hay bin ) ca trng in trong phng ng v phng ngang.
3
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng
Trng tng s l vect E hp vi trc ngang mt gc c xc nh nh sau:

y
x
E
arct g
E

(1.6)
Trong trng hp ny ta thy vect
E
r
khng bin i. di ca vect thay i theo thi gian
nhng u mt ca vect lun nm trn ng thng c nh trng vi phng ca vect c gc
nghing (hnh 2c). l hin tng phn cc ng thng ca sng in t. Khi = 0
0
ta c
sng phn cc ngang, lc ny vect
E
r
lun song song vi mt t; cn khi = 90
0
ta c sng
phn cc ng, vect
E
r
lun vung gc vi mt y.
y
x
+E
y
-E
y
-E
x
+E
x
y
x
Trc z h ng
ra ngoi

y
a

x
a

y x
| | E E +
2 2

E
Hnh 1.2. Cc thnh phn ngang v ng ca phn cc thng
III.2 Phn cc trn
Khi cc thnh phn thng ng v nm ngang c bin bng nhau ( k hiu l E
0
) nhng
mt trng nhanh pha hn 90
0
. Cc phng trnh th hin chng trong trng hp ny nh sau:
y
E
r
= y
a
r
E
0
sint (1.7a)
x
E
r
=
x
a
r
E
0
cost
(1.7b)
p dng ptr. (1.6) cho trng hp ny ta c =t. Bin vect tng l E
0
. Trong
trng hp ny, vect
E
r
c bin khng i nhng hng ca n thay i lin tc theo thi
gian vi quy lut t. Ni cch khc, vect E
r
quay quanh gc ca n trong mt phng xy vi vn
tc . u mt ca vect trng in v ln ng trn c bn knh bng di vect. l
hin tng phn cc trn.
4
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng
t =0
0
E
x
y
z
Vect x
hng ra
ngoi
t
0
90
t
0
270
t
0
180 t
im nhn theo
IEEE
z
RHC
im nhn theo
IEEE
z
LHC
Hnh 1.3. Phn cc trn
Hng ca phn cc trn c nh ngha bi phng quay ca vect in nhng iu
ny i hi ta phi quan st c chiu quay ca vect. Theo nh ngha ca IEEE th phn cc trn
tay phi (RHC) l phn cc quay theo chiu kim ng h khi nhn dc theo phng truyn sng
(hnh 1.3), cn phn cc trn tay tri (LHC) l phn cc quay ngc chiu kim ng h khi nhn
dc theo phng truyn sng. Phng truyn sng dc theo trc z dng.
III.3 Phn cc elip
Trong trng hp tng qut hn sng in t c dng phn cc elip. iu ny xy ra khi
hai thnh phn tuyn tnh l:
5
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng
y
E
r
= y
a
r
E
y
sint (1.8a)
E
r
=
x
a
r
E
x
cos(t+) (1.8b)
T s sng phn cc elip l t s gia trc chnh v trc ph ca elip. Phn cc elip trc
giao xy ra khi mt sng c cng t s phn cc nhng phng quay ngc chiu.
IV. PHN CHIA SNG V TUYN IN THEO TN S V BC SNG
IV. 1 Nguyn tc phn chia sng v tuyn in
Sng in t ni chung c ng dng rt rng ri trong i sng nhiu lnh vc
khc nhau nh y hc, quc phng, thm d ti nguyn khong sn, nghin cu v tr, thng tin
lin lc.
Da vo tnh cht vt l, c im truyn lan phn chia sng v tuyn in thnh cc bng
sng khc nhau.
Sng cc di: Nhng sng c buc sng ln hn 10.000 m (tn s thp hn 30 kHz).
Sng di: Nhng sng c buc sng t 10.000 n 1.000 m (Tn s t 30 n 300 kHz)
Sng trung: Nhng sng c buc sng t 1.000 n 100 m (Tn s t 300 kHz n 3
MHz)
Sng ngn: Nhng sng c buc sng t 100 n 10 m (Tn s t 3 n 30 MHz). S
dng cho thng tin pht thanh iu tn, truyn hnh.
Sng cc ngn: Nhng sng c buc sng t 10 m n 1mm (Tn s t 30 n 300.000
MHz). Sng cc ngn c chia nh hn thnh mt s bng tn s .
Tip n l cc bng sng gn nh sng, hng ngoi, nh sng trng, tia cc tm, tia
X
Khong tn s t 30 Hz n 3000 GHz c chia thnh 11 bng tn nh trong bng 1.1
5.4.2. Cc bng sng v tuyn in v ng dng
Mi bng sng c ng dng cho cc h thng thng tin khc nhau do c im truyn
lan sng trong cc mi trng thc.
Bng sng cc di s dng lnh vc vt l, thng tin v tuyn o hng, thng tin trn
bin.
Bng sng di v bng sng trung c s dng cho thng tin pht thanh ni a, iu
bin; thng tin hng hi; v tuyn o hng.
Bng sng ngn s dng cho pht thanh iu bin c ly xa v mt s dng thng tin c
bit.
Bng sng mt c s dng cho pht thanh iu tn v truyn hnh.
Bng sng decimt c s dng cho truyn hnh, cc h thng thng tin vi ba s bng
hp, thng tin di ng.
6
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng
Bng sng centimt c s dng cho thng tin vi ba s bng rng, thng tin v tinh.
Bng sng milimt c s dng hn ch cho thng tin v tinh vi bng Ka, dng cho
thng tin v tr.
Bng 1.1
Tn bng tn (Bng sng) K hiu Phm vi tn s
Tn s v cng thp ULF 30 - 300 Hz
Tn s cc thp ELF 300 - 3000 Hz
Tn s rt thp VLF 3 - 30 kHz
Tn s thp (sng di) LF 30 - 300 kHz
Tn s trung bnh (sng trung) MF 300 - 3000 kHz
Tn s cao (sng ngn) HF 3 - 30 MHz
Tn s rt cao (sng mt) VHF 30 - 300 MHz
Tn s cc cao (sng decimet) UHF 300 - 3000 MHz
Tn s siu cao (sng centimet) SHF 3 - 30 GHz
Tn s v cng (sng milimet) EHF 30 - 300 GHz
Di milimet 300 - 3000 GHz
V. CC PHNG PHP TRUYN LAN SNG TRONG MI TRNG THC.
S lc v bu kh quyn.
Bu kh quyn ca tri t c chia lm 3 vng chnh: tng i lu, tng bnh lu v tng
in ly. Bin gii gia cc tng ny khng r rng v thay i theo ma v theo vng a l. Tnh
cht ca cc vng ny rt khc nhau.
Tng i lu l khong khng gian tnh t b mt tri t ln n cao 6 n 11 km.
Nhit ca khng kh trong tng i lu thay i theo cao (nhit gim khi cao tng).
V d nhit trn b mt tri t l 10
0
C c th gim n -55
0
C ti bin trn ca tng i lu.
Tng bnh lu bt u t bin trn ca tng i lu v c phm vi khong 50 km. c
im ca tng ny l nhit hu nh khng thay i theo cao.
Tng in ly tn ti cao khong t 60 km n 600 km. Lp kh quyn tng ny rt
mng v b ion ha rt mnh ch yu l do bc x ca mt tri, ngoi ra cn c bc x ca cc v
sao, cc tia v tr, chuyn ng ca cc thin thch to thnh mt min bao gm ch yu l cc
in t t do v cc ion.
Bn cnh , do tnh cht vt l ca mi bng sng m mi bng sng c phng thc truyn
lan thch hp t c hiu qu nht.
Do , ty theo mi trng truyn sng c bn phng thc truyn lan sau: truyn lan
sng b mt, truyn lan sng khng gian, truyn lan sng tri (sng in ly), v truyn lan
sng t do. Sng b mt v sng khng gian u c gi l sng t (cng truyn lan trong tng
i lu) tuy nhin chng c s khc nhau r rt.
V.1 Truyn lan sng b mt
7
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng

Sng b mt truyn lan tip xc trc tip vi b mt tri t. B mt qu t l mt mi
trng bn dn in, khi mt sng in t bc x t mt anten t thng ng trn mt t, cc
ng sc in trng c khp kn nh dng dn trn b mt qu t nh ch ra hnh 1.4.
Nu gp vt chn trn ng truyn lan, sng s nhiu x qua vt chn v truyn lan ra pha sau
vt chn.

Hnh 1.4: Qu trnh truyn lan sng b mt
Nh vy s truyn lan sng b mt c th dng truyn tt c cc bng sng. Tuy nhin,
sng b mt b suy gim nhiu do s hp th ca tri t. S suy gim ph thuc vo tn s, khi
tn s tng th s suy gim cng ln. Hn na kh nng nhiu x qua vt chn trn ng truyn
ph thuc vo cao tng i ca vt chn so vi bc sng.
Vi cc loi t c dn in ln nh mt bin, t m th sng t b suy hao trong t,
lm cho cng trng ti im thu tng ln. Cc sng v tuyn in c bc sng ln kh
nng nhiu x mnh v b mt t hp th nh. Bi vy sng b mt c s dng truyn lan
cc bng sng di v sng trung nh trong h thng pht thanh iu bin, hay s dng cho thng
tin trn bin.
V.2 Truyn lan sng khng gian

Lp kh quyn bao quanh qu t c cao t 0 n 11km (vi tng i lu tiu chun),
gi l tng i lu. Cc hin tng thi tit nh sng m ma, bo, tuyt... u xy ra trong tng
i lu v nh hng rt ln n qu trnh truyn lan sng v tuyn in.
Nu hai anten thu v pht t cao (nhiu ln so vi bc sng cng tc) trn mt t th
sng c th truyn trc tip t anten pht n anten thu, hoc phn x t mt t nh ch ra hnh
1.5a, hoc li dng s khng ng nht ca mt vng no trong tng i lu tn x sng v
tuyn dng cho thng tin gi l thng tin tn x tng i lu nh ch ra hnh 1.5b. Cc phng
thc thng tin nh trn gi l truyn lan sng khng gian hay sng tng i lu.
Phng thc truyn lan sng khng gian thng c s dng cho thng tin bng sng
cc ngn (VHF, UHF, SHF), nh truyn hnh, cc h thng vi ba nh h thng chuyn tip trn
mt t, h thng thng tin di ng, thng tin v tinh... Phng thc truyn lan sng khng gian
s c nghin cu k trong chng II.

8
Pht Thu
a)
Thu Pht
Vng
khng
ng nht
b)
Thu Pht
A B
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng
Hnh 1.5: Truyn lan sng khng gian
V.3 Truyn lan sng tri

Lp kh quyn cao khong 60 km n 600 km b ion ho rt mnh ch yu do nng
lng bc x ca mt tri, to thnh mt lp kh bao gm ch yu l in t t do v cc ion. Lp
kh quyn c gi l tng in ly. Tnh cht c bit ca tng in ly l trong nhng iu kin
nht nh c th phn x sng v tuyn in. Li dng s phn x s dng cho thng tin v
tuyn bng cch phn x mt hoc nhiu ln t tng in ly, nh ch ra hnh 1.6. Phng thc
gi l phng thc truyn lan sng tri hay tng in ly.

Hnh 1.6: Truyn lan sng tri
V.4 Truyn lan sng t do
Trong mt mi trng ng nht, ng hng v khng hp th v d nh mi trng
chn khng, sng v tuyn in khi truyn lan t im pht n im thu s i theo ng thng,
nh ch ra trn hnh 1.7, khng nh hng n qu trnh truyn sng.
Trong thc t mt mi trng l tng nh vy ch tn ti ngoi khong khng v tr.
Vi lp kh quyn qu t ch trong nhng iu kin nht nh, khi tnh ton cng c th coi nh
mi trng khng gian t do.

9
Thu Pht
Khuch tn t tng in ly
Tng in ly
Pht
Thu
Tng in li
Phn x nhiu ln t tng in li
M



v
h
n
g
bc x v
hng

DD

v hng
A







v

n
g
Mc tiu trong
v tr
Trm trn mt
t
Hnh 1.7 S truyn lan sng t do
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng
Hnh 1.8 cho ta thy cc phng php truyn lan sng trong mi trng thc ca kh quyn qu
t
Hnh 1.8 Cc phng thc truyn sng v tuyn in
VI. CNG THC TRUYN SNG TRONG KHNG GIAN T DO
VI. 1 Mt thng lng cng sut, cng in trng
Gi thit c mt ngun bc x v hng (ng hng) c cng sut pht P
T
(W) t ti
im A trong mt mi trng khng gian t do l mi trng ng nht ng hng v khng
hp th, c h s in mi tng i
'
= 1. Xt trng ti mt im M cch A mt khong r (m).
Hnh 1.9: Bc x ca ngun bc x v hng trong khng gian t do
V ngun bc x l v hng, mi trng ng nht v ng hng nn nng lng sng
in t do ngun bc x s ta u ra khng gian thnh hnh cu. Nh vy mt cng sut (mt
thng lng nng lng) im M cch ngun mt khong r s c xc nh bng cng thc
sau:
10
Sng t do
Sng tri
Sng t
Mt t
Khng gian t do
Tng in ly
Tng bnh lu
Tng i lu
Sng khng gian
1 m
2
r
A
M
(P
W
)
M



v
h
n
g
bc x v
hng

DD

v hng
A







v

n
g
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng
T
i
S
P
r

2
4
(W/m
2
) (1.9)
Theo l thuyt trng in t ta c:

i h h
S E H (W/m
2
) (1.10)

h
h
E
H
120
(A/m) (1.11)
Trong : E
h
(V/m), H
h
(A/m) l gi tr hiu dng ca cng in trng v t trng ;
120 l tr khng sng ca khng gian t do ()
Thay cng thc (1.11) vo (1.10) c

h
i
E
S

2
120
(W/m
2
) (1.12)

So snh cng thc (1.12) v (1.9) ta c
T
h
E
P
r

2
30
(V/m) (1.13)
Nhn xt: cng in trng ca sng v tuyn in truyn lan trong mi trng ng
nht ng hng v khng hp th t l thun vi cn hai cng sut bc x, t l nghch vi
khong cch. Khong cch tng th cng trng gim v nng lng sng to rng ra khng
gian, cn gi l s khuch tn tt yu ca sng. hn ch s khuch tn ny ngi ta s dng
cc b bc x c nng lng tp trung v hng cn thng tin lm tng cng trng ln.
chnh l cc anten c hng, vi h s hng tnh D hoc h s khuch i G.
Nu ngun bc x c hng, lc nng lng ca sng v tuyn in s c tp trung
v hng im M c biu th bng h s hng tnh hay h s khuch i nh ch ra trn hnh
1.10.


Hnh1.10: Ngun bc x c hng
Trong trng hp ny mt cng sut c xc nh theo cng thc

T T
S
P G
r

2
4
(W/m
2
) (1.14)
khi cng in trng s c tnh theo cng thc:
11
M



v
h
n
g
bc x v
hng

DD

v hng
A







v

n
g
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng

T T
h
E
P G
r

30
(V/m) (1.15)
Nu sng in t do ngun bc x bin i iu ho theo thi gian, ngha l theo quy lut
sint, cost, hoc vit di dng phc s e
i

t
th gi tr tc thi ca cng in trng s c
biu th bi cng thc
( ) ( )
T T
E
P G
t cos t kr
r

60
(V/m) (1.16)
Trong : tn s gc ca sng
k = /c =2/ ; h s sng (h s pha)
Nu vit dng phc cng thc (1.16) c dng:

( )
( ) j t kr
T T
E
P G
t e
r

60
(V/m) (1.17)
Nu biu th c ly r (km), cng sut pht P
T
(kW), ta s c gi tr hiu dng ca cng
trng:
( )
( )
T T kW
h
km
E
P G
r

173
(mV/m) (1.18a)
Bin ca trng l
( )
( )
T T kW
m
km
E
P G
r

245
(mV/m) (1.18b)
v gi tr tc thi ca cng trngl
( )
( )
( )
( )
T T kW j t kz
km
E
P G
t e
r

245
(mV/m) (1.19)
VI.2 Cng sut anten thu nhn c
Trong khi tnh ton tuyn, ta cn phi xc nh cng sut anten thu nhn c P
R
a vo
u vo ca my thu sao cho my thu c th lm vic c. Cng sut anten thu nhn c bng
mt thng lng cng sut ti ni t anten thu nhn vi din tch hiu dng ca anten thu:
P
R
= S.A
h
(W) (1.20)
Din tch hiu dng ca anten thu bng din tch thc t nhn vi hiu sut lm vic A
h
= A.
a
.
Trong cc h thng thng tin v tuyn s dng anten gng parabol trn xoay quan h gia tnh
hng v din tch hiu dng ca anten c cho bi cng thc
12
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng
R
h
G
A

2
4
(m
2
) (1.21)
Thay cng thc (1.14) v (1.21)

vo cng thc (1.20) ta c
( )
T T R
R
P G G
P
r

2
2
4
(W) (1.22)
Nu biu th c ly r (km), cng sut bc x P
T
(kW), ta c cng thc
( ) ( )
( )
T R T kW m
R
km
P G G
P , .
r

2
3
2
63310
(mW) (1.23)
VI.3 Tn hao truyn sng
Khi sng v tuyn in truyn trong mt mi trng, ngoi tn hao do mi trng gy ra
nh b hp th trong cc phn t kh, trong hi nc..., tn hao do tn x do my ma, tn hao do
vt chn v.v... th s suy hao ln nht chnh l do s khuch tn tt yu ca sng ra mi phng
v c gi l tn hao khng gian t do.
Nu ta bc x ra mi trng mt cng sut P
T
, anten thu ch nhn c mt cng sut P
R
,
th h s tn hao truyn sng c nh ngha bng t s ca cng sut bc x trn cng sut anten
thu nhn c, c biu th bng biu thc:

( )
T
R
T R
r
P
L
P
G G

2
2
4
(s ln) (1.24)

Trong trng hp khng c tc ng tnh hng ca ngun, ngha l G
T
=1, G
R
=1, tn hao
c gi l tn hao truyn sng c bn trong khng gian t do, v bng:

( ) r
L

2
0
2
4
(s ln) (1.25)
Tnh theo n v dB ta c:
10log
10
L = 20log
10
(4r) - 20log
10
- 10log
10
G
T
- 10log
10
G
R
L(dB)

= 20log
10
(4r) - 20log
10
- G
T
(dBi) - G
R
(dBi) (1.26)
v:
L
0
= 20log
10
(4r) - 20log
10
(dB) (1.27)
L
0
= 20log
10
r
(km)
+ 20log
10
f
(GHz)
+ 92,45 (dB) (1.28)
L
0
= 20log
10
r
(km)
+ 20log
10
f
(MHz)
+ 32, 5 (dB) (1.29)
VII. NGUYN L HUYGHEN V MIN FRESNEL
VII.1 Nguyn l Huyghen
13
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng
hiu r mt s c im truyn lan ca sng trn mt t cn bit nhng khi nim v
min Fresnel. Vic biu th min c da trn nguyn l Huyghen.
Nguyn l Huyghen: mi im ca mt sng gy ra bi mt ngun bc x s cp c th
c coi nh mt ngun sng cu th cp mi.
Tnh trng in t mt im bt k trong khng gian khi bit c trng mt
b mt no .
Gi s ngun ca sng s cp t ti im A (hnh 1.11).
K hiu S l mt mt kn bt k bao quanh ngun sng.
Xc nh trng ca sng ti im bt k nm ngoi mt kn, theo cc tr s ca trng trn
mt S.
Hnh 1.11: Xc nh trng theo nguyn l Huyghen
K hiu:
Gi l thnh phn ca trng ti im M;
S
l tr s ca thnh phn y trn mt S.
Khong cch t mi im trn mt S n M l r.
Theo nguyn l Huyghen, trng th cp to bi mt nguyn t b mt dS ti im M c
xc nh theo cng thc sau:

ikr
S
e
d A dS
r

; A l mt h s t l (1.30)
Trng tng ti im M s l trng to bi ton mt S
ikr
S
S
e
A dS
r

(1.31)
Nu S l mt phng th ( )
i
A cos n,r

; n l php tuyn ngoi ca mt phng;

Thay A vo (1.31) ta c cng thc Huyghen i vi mt phng
( )
ikr
S
S
i e
c dS
r
os n,r

(1.32)
Trong trng hp mt S c dng bt k, cng thc Huyghen c dng tng qut
ikr ikr
S
S
1 e e
dS
4 n r r n

1 _

1

, ]

(1.33)
14
S
r
A
M
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng
Nguyn l Huyghen cng nu ln rng:
Nng lng t mi im truyn theo tt c cc hng v to thnh nhiu mt sng cu s
cp c gi l cc sng con.
ng bao ca cc sng con ny s to ra mt mt sng mi.
Mi mt sng c th c biu din bi mt mt phng c php tuyn chnh l vc t mt
thng lng nng lng k (hnh 1.12, ng AA

c coi l v tr bt u ca sng).
Cc sng s cp bt ngun t mi im trn AA

to ra mt mt sng mi BB

. Mt BB

c v tip tuyn vi tt c cc sng s cp c cng bn knh.
Cc sng th cp bt ngun t cc im dc AA

c bin khng cng t l theo tt c

cc hng.
Nu gi l gc gia hng ca im C bt k trn mt cu s cp v vct php tuyn ca
mt sng th :
Bin sng s cp theo hng s t l vi (1+ cos).
Bin sng theo hng k s t l vi (1+ cos0) = 2,
Trong hng khc bin s nh hn 2.
Sng ngc tr li c bin bng 0 v (1+ cos) = 0khng c sng truyn theo hng
ngc tr li.
Cc sng truyn v pha trc theo hng php tuyn vi mt sng.
S sai khc pha gia cc dao ng ti cc im ln cn ca cc ng AA

v BB

ph thuc vo
khong cch r gia chng theo t l k.r = 2r/.
Nu r = th tt c cc im ca AA

v BB

s dao ng cng pha.
Nu r = /2 th cc im s dao ng ngc pha.
15
C
A
A
B
B

Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng

Hnh 1.12. Biu din nguyn l Huyghen trong khng gian t do
VII.2 Min Fresnel
Nguyn l Huyghen cho php xc nh phn khng gian thc s tham gia vo qu
trnh truyn lan sng.
Gi s c mt ngun bc x c t ti im A v my thu c t ti im B.
Ly A lm tm, ta v mt hnh cu bn knh r
1
. Hnh cu ny l mt trong s cc mt
sng.
r
2
l khong cch t B n mt cu bn knh r
1
.
T B v mt h cc ng thng ct mt cu cc im cch B mt khong bng r
2
+/2.
H cc ng thng ny s to thnh mt hnh chp nn ct mt cu ti N
1
v N
1

. Bng
cch tng t ta lp cc mt nn bc cao c:
BN
1
=
2
r
+ /2
BN
2
=
2
r
+ 2/2,
BN
n
=
2
r
+ n/2
Giao ca cc mt nn vi mt cu l cc ng trn ng tm.
Min gii hn bi cc ng trn gi l min Fresnel.
Min gii hn bi ng trn N
1
l min Fresnel th nht
Min gii hn bi cc ng trn N
1
v N
2
l min Fresnel th hai(Min Fresnel bc
cao)
p dng nguyn l Huyghen: coi mt cu l tp hp nhng ngun im th cp v ta tnh
trng to bi nhng ngun y ti im B.
Cc ngun im th cp trong min Fresnel th nht s to ra trng ti B c pha
khc pha vi trng do im N
0
to ra B mt gc < 180
0
.
Pha ca trng to bi ngun im th cp trong min Fresne bc hai khc pha
vi trng do im N
0
to ra B mt gc 180
0
< < 360
0
.
Mt cch tng qut:
Pha ca trng to bi min Fresnel bc hai khc pha vi trng to bi min
Fresnel th nht 180
0
.
Pha ca trng to bi min Fresnel bc ba khc pha vi trng to bi min
Fresnel th hai 180
0
... s khc nhau y c biu th bi cc du cng, tr trn
hnh v
16
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng
Hnh 1.13: Nguyn l cu to min Fresnel trn mt sng cu
Ngi ta chng minh c rng tc dng ca cc min Fresnel bc cao nm k nhau s
b tr cho nhau do pha ca chng ngc nhau nn cui cng tc dng tng hp ca tt c cc
min Fresnel bc cao gn nh ch tng ng tc dng ca khong na min Fresnel th nht.
Nh vy, khong khng gian c tham gia vo qu trnh truyn sng c th xem nh
c gii hn bi mt na min Fresnel th nht.
Cc vng Fresnel c th c xy dng trn cc b mt c hnh dng bt k.
thun tin ta chn b mt lp min Fresnel l mt phng S
0
.
Mt phng ny vung gc vi phng truyn lan AB (hnh 1.14)
17
B
1
r
N
n
1
r
A B
N
n

N
0
2
r
N
0
N
1
N
2
N
4
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
-
- -
-
-
-
-
N
3
N
1
N
1
N
n
A
b
n
2
r
S
0
N
0
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng
Hnh 1.14: Xc nh bn knh min Fresnel
Theo nh ngha ta c:
n n 1 2
AN + BN = r + r + n
2

Mt khc AN
n
v BN
n
c th c xc nh theo hnh hc

2
2 n
n 1
2
2 n
n 2
b
b r
b
r b r
2
n 1
1
2
n 2
2
AN = r
2r
BN =
2r
+ +
+ +
Ta c bn knh min Fresnel tnh gn ng bng:
1 2
1 2
r r
b n
r r
n
=
+
(1.34)
i vi vng Fresnel th nht, n = 1 nn
1 2
1 2
r r
b
r r
1
=
+
(1.35)
Khi ta dch chuyn mt phng S
0
dc theo ng truyn lan t A n B, gii hn ca
min Fresnel s vch ra mt mt elipsoit. y, ta ch xt min th nht. Ta c
c
1 1 1 2
AN + BN = r + r + osnt
2

y chnh l phng trnh ca hnh elipsoit vi cc tiu im A v B (hnh 1.15). Khong khng
gian tham gia vo qu trnh truyn lan sng c gii hn bi min Fresnel th nht. Trong
hnh v, khong khng gian ny c nh du bi cc ng k song song.
Hnh 1.15: Vng tham gia vo qu trnh truyn lan sng
VIII. TNG KT
18
b
1max
B A
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng
Chng ny xt cc vn chnh lin quan n qu trnh truyn lan sng v tuyn. Th
nht l v phn cc ca sng v tuyn in, vic s dng cc phn cc khc nhau ca sng in t
c ngha rt ln trong vic s dng mt cch hiu qa tn s trong thng tin v tuyn. Th hai l
v cch phn chia cc bng sng v tuyn v ng dng. Th ba cp n cc phng php
truyn lan sng, c bn phng php truyn lan sng trong mi trng thc l: truyn lan sng
b mt, truyn lan sng khng gian, truyn lan sng tri v truyn lan sng t do. Mi phng
thc truyn sng s c s dng truyn lan cho bng sng nht nh t c hiu qu ln
nht. Trong chng cng a ra cc cng thc tnh ton cc thng s c bn ca qu trnh truyn
sng l mt cng sut, cng in trng, cng sut nhn c ti im thu, v tn hao
truyn sng. Cui cng cp n khi nim min Fresnel v t xc nh khong khng gian
trc tip tham gia vo qu trnh truyn lan sng t im pht n im thu c gii hn bi mt
na min Fresnel th nht.
IX. CU HI V BI TP
1.Trnh by cc dng phn cc ca sng v tuyn in.
2. Trnh by cc phng php truyn lan sng trong mi trng thc.
3. Xy dng cng thc tnh mt cng sut bc x v cng in trng khi truyn sng
trong mi rng khng gian t do.
4. Pht biu nh ngha v vit biu thc tnh tn hao truyn sng.
5. Trnh by v min Fresnel.
6. Mt tri c cng sut bc x theo mi hng khong 3,85.10
20
W, khong cch nh nht t qu
t n mt tri l 147.098.090 km (vo thng ging) v ln nht l 152.097.650 km. Tnh:
- Mt cng sut bc x cc tiu v cc i ca mt tri ln b mt qu t?
- Mt cng sut bc x mt tri khong cch trung bnh v t l phn trm sai s ca
bc x cc i v cc tiu so vi gi tr trung bnh?
7. Mt my pht c cng sut 3 W, anten pht c h s khuch i l 30 dBi. c ly 40 km t
mt anten thu c din tch hiu dng l 3,5 m
2
, hiu sut lm vic 100%. Tnh cng sut sng
mang nhn c anten thu.
(a) 0,164.10
-5
W; (b) 0,164.10
-4
W; (c) 0,154.10
-5
W ; (d) 0,154.10
-4
W
8. Xc nh cng sut my pht cn thit thc hin tuyn thng tin c cc iu kin: c ly
thng tin 50 km, tn s cng tc 2GHz, h s khuch i ca anten thu v anten pht l 30 dBi,
cng sut anten thu nhn c l 10
-6
W.
(a) 1,63W; (b) 2,63W; (c) 3,63W; (d) 4,63W
9. Mt my pht c cng sut 50 W. Biu din cng sut my pht sang n v dBm v dBW?
(a) 15 dBW v 45 dBm; (b) 16 dBW v 46 dBm; (c) 17 dBW v 47 dBm; (d) 18dBW v 48 dBm
10. Cng sut bi 9 c cp cho anten v hng lm vic vi sng mang c tn s 900 MHz,
tm cng sut thu (tnh theo dBm) ti im cch anten pht mt khong 10 km. Gi s anten thu
c h s khuch i l 2 v sng truyn trong khng gian t do.
(a) - 45,5 dBm; (b) - 51,5 dBm; (c) - 55,5 dBm; (d) - 61,5 dBm
19
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng
11. S liu nh bi 9 v 10, tnh cng in trng hiu dng ti im t anten thu.
(a) 2,9 mV/m; (b) 3,9 mV/m; (c) 4,9 mV/m; (d) 5,9 mV/m
12. Tnh tn hao khi truyn sng trong khng gian t do (theo dn v dB) bit c ly truyn sng
50 km, tn s cng tc 2 GHz, vi anten v hng.
(a) 132,5 dB; (b) 135,5 dB; (c) 142,5 dB; (d) 145,5 dB
13. S liu nh bi 12, nu c hai anten c h s khuch i l 30 dBi th tn hao l bao nhiu?
(a) 72,5 dB; (b) 75,5 dB; (c) 82,5 dB; (d) 85,5 dB
14. Mt ngun v hng c cng sut bc x 100W. Mi trng truyn sng l khng gian t do.
Hy xc nh:
a, Mt cng sut ti im cch xa ngun 1000 m.
(a) 6,96 W; (b) 6,96 mW; (c) 7,96 W; (d) 7,96 mW
b, Mt cng sut ti im cch xa ngun 20 km.
(a) 19,9 pW

; (b) 19,9 W ; (c) 20,9 pW; (d) 20,9 W
15. Xc nh cng in trng hiu dng ti im thu vi cc gi thit cho trong bi 13.
16. Xc nh mt cng sut ti im cch anten 30 km ca mt anten c cng sut bc x 5 W
v h s khuch i ca anten l 40 dBi.

17. Mt anten pht c h s khuch i 30 dBi, hiu sut lm vic 60%. c cng in
trng hiu dng ti im thu cch anten pht 100 km bng 3,46 mV/m th cn phi a vo
anten cng sut l bao nhiu? Vi iu kin sng truyn trong khng gian t do.
20