NGUYN TRUNG KIN 1

Chuyn luyn thi i hc

PHNG PHP GII CC BI TP
HNH KHNG GIAN TRONG K THI TSH
Bin son: Nguyn Trung Kin
Hnh khng gian l bi ton khng kh trong thi TSH nhng lun lm cho rt nhiu
hc sinh bi ri. Thng qua chuyn ny ti hy vng s gip cc bn hc sinh hiu r
hn bn cht ca bi ton t tm ra cha kha gii quyt trit dng ton ny
Phn 1: Nhng vn cn nm chc khi tnh ton
Trong tam gic vung ABC (vung ti A) ng cao AH th ta lun c:
- tan b c B = , tan c b C = ,
2
. AH HB HC =
-
2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 . AB AC
AH
AH AB AC
AB AC
= + =
+


Trong tam gic thng ABC ta c:
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 cos ; cos
2
b c a
a b c bc A A
bc
+
= + = .
Tng t ta c h thc cho cng b, c v gc B, C:
-
1 1 1
sin sin sin
2 2 2
ABC
S ab C bc A ac B

= = =
- . S p r = (Trong p l na chu vi, r l bn knh vng trn ni tip tam gic)
-
4
abc
S
R
=
H
C
B
A
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 2
Th tch khi a din:
-
1
.
3
chop
V B h = (B l din tch y, h l chiu cao)
- .
LT
V B h =
Phn 2) Phng php xc nh ng cao cc loi khi chp:
- Loi 1: Khi chp c 1 cnh gc vung vi y chnh l chiu cao.
- Loi 2: Khi chp c 1 mt bn vung gc vi y th ng cao chnh l ng k t
mt bn n giao tuyn.
- Loi 3: Khi chp c 2 mt k nhau cng vung gc vi y th ng cao chnh l giao
tuyn ca 2 mt k nhau .
- Loi 4: Khi chp c cc cnh bn bng nhau hoc cc cnh bn cng to vi y 1 gc
bng nhau th chn ng cao chnh l tm vng trn ngoi tip y.
- Loi 5: Khi chp c cc mt bn u to vi y 1 gc bng nhau th chn ng cao
chnh l tm vng trn ni tip y.
S dng cc gi thit m:
- Hnh chp SABCD c mt phng ( ) SAB v ( ) SAC cng to vi y gc th chn
ng cao h t nh S thuc phn gic trong gc BAC
- Hnh chp SABCD c SB SC = hoc , SB SC cng to vi y mt gc th chn
ng cao h t S ri vo ng trung trc ca BC
Vic xc nh c chn ng cao l yu t c bit quan trng gii quyt cc cu hi
trong bi ton hnh khng gian c in
Phn 3: Cc bi ton v tnh th tch
A. Tnh th tch trc tip bng cch tm ng cao:
gii quyt tt dng bi tp ny cc em cn nm chc cc du hiu xc nh ng
cao v s dng cc cng thc
+
p
1
.
3
ch
V B h =
+ .
LT
V B h =
Ta xt cc v d sau:

V d 1) (TSH A 2009) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vung ti A v
D , c 2 , AB AD a CD a = = = . Gc gia 2 mt phng ( ), ( ) SCB ABCD bng 60
0
. Gi I l trung
im AD bit 2 mt phng ( ) SBI v ( ) SCI cng vung gc vi y ABCD. Tnh th tch khi
chp SABCD.
HD gii:
Du hiu nhn bit ng cao trong bi ton ny l: 2 mt phng ( ) SBI v ( ) SCI cng
vung gc vi y ABCD
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 3
V 2 mt phng ( ) SBI v ( ) SCI cng vung gc vi y ABCD m ( ) SBI v ( ) SCI c giao
tuyn l SI nn ( ) SI ABCD . K IH BC ta c gc gia 2 mt phng ( ), ( ) SCB ABCD l
0

60 SHI = . T ta tnh c:
2
1
2; 5; ( ) ( ) 3
2
IC a IB BC a S ABCD AD AB CD a = = = = + =
2 2
2 2
1 3
. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3
2 2 2
a a
IH BC S IBC S ABCD S ABI S CDI a a = = = = nn
2
IBC
S
IH
BC

= =
3 3
5
a . T tnh c
3
3 15
5
SABCD
V a = .


V d 2) (TSH D 2009) Cho lng tr ng ' ' ' ABCA B C c y ABC l tam gic vung ti B
, , ' 2 , ' 3 AB a AA a A C a = = = . Gi M l trung im ca on ' ' B C , I l giao im ca BM v
' B C . Tnh th tch khi chp IABC theo a
HD gii:
Du hiu nhn bit ng cao trong bi ton ny l: I nm trong mt bn ( ' ') BCC B
vung gc vi y ( ) ABC
Ta c:
- ' ' ' ABCA B C l lng tr ng nn cc mt bn u vung gc vi y.
( ' ) I B BC (ABC), t I ta k IH BC th ( ) IH ABC v I chnh l trng tm tam gic
' ' BB C
2 4
' ' 3 3
IH CI a
IH
BB CB
= = =
H
I
S
D
C
B
A
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 4
C
2
2 2 2 2 2
AA 9 4 5 2 AC A C a a a BC AC AB a = = = = = =
3
1 1 4 1 4
. ( ) . . .2 .
3 3 3 2 9
IABC
a
V IH dt ABC a a a = = = ( vtt)

V d 3: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht vi , 2, AB a AD a SA a = = =
v vung gc vi mt phng( ) ABCD . Gi , M N ln lt l trung im ca AD v SC ; I l
giao im ca BM v AC . Chng minh rng mt phng ( ) SAC vung gc vi mt phng
( ) SMB . Tnh th tch khi t din ANIB .
Li gii:
+) Chng minh ( ) ( ) SAC SMB .
Ta c:
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 6
2 3;
4 2
a a
AC AB BC a a a BM AB AM a = + = + = = + = + =
Gi O AC BD = ;do I l giao im ca hai ng trung tuyn AO v BM nn l trng tm
ca tam gic ABD.
Theo tnh cht trng tm ca tam gic ta c:
2 1 3 2 6
;
3 3 3 3 3
a a
AI AO AC BI BM = = = = =
A
M
O
B
I
H
C
C'
B'
A'
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 5
Nhn xt:
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
3 3
a a
AI BI a AB + = + = = , suy ra tam gic AIB vung ti I .
Do BM AI (1)
Mt khc: ( ) SA ABCD nn SA BM (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra ( ) BM SAC
+) Tnh th tch khi t din ANIB

Ta thy khi chp ANIB cng chnh l khi chp NAIB
Du hiu nhn bit ng cao trong bi ton ny l: im N nm trong mt phng ( ) SAC
vung gc vi y ( ) ABCD
Do NO l ng trung bnh ca tam gic SAC nn ta c: / / NO SA v
1
2 2
a
NO SA = =
Do NO l ng cao ca t din ANIB
Din tch tam gic u AIB l:
2
1 1 3 6 2
. .
2 2 3 3 6
AIB
a a a
S AI BI = = =
Th tch khi t din ANIB l:
2 3
1 1 2 2
. .
3 3 6 2 36
AIB
a a a
V S NO = = =

N
M
I
D
C
B
A
S
O
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 6
V d 4) Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic cn vi 3 , 2 AB AC a BC a = = = . Cc
mt bn u hp vi y mt gc
0
60 . Tnh th tch khi chp SABC
Li gii:
Du hiu nhn bit ng cao trong bi ton ny l:
Hnh chp c cc mt bn hp vi y cc gc bng nhau th chn ng cao l tm ng
trn ni tip y hnh chp
T ta c li gii sau:
Gi O l hnh chiu ca S trn mt phng ( ) ABC v , , I H J ln lt l hnh chiu ca O trn
, , AB BC CA .
Theo nh l ba ng vung gc ta c: , , SI AB SJ AC SH BC
Suy ra:

, , SIO SJO SHO ln lt l gc hp bi cc mt bn ( ) ( ) ( ) , , SAB SAC SBC v mt y
Theo gi thit ta c:

0
60 SIO SJO SHO = = =
Cc tam gic vung , , SOI SOJ SOH bng nhau nn OI OJ OH = =
Do O l tm ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC
Mt khc: ABC l tam gic cn ti A nn AH va l ng phn gic, va l ng cao, va
l ng trung tuyn
Suy ra , , A O H thng hng v H l trung im ca BC
Tam gic ABH vung ti H , ta c:
2 2 2 2
9 2 2 AH AB BH a a a = = =
Din tch tam gic ABC l:
2
1 1
. .2 .2 2 2 2
2 2
ABC
S BC AH a a a = = =
Ngoi ra:
ABC
S pr = , vi ( )
1
4
2
p AB AC BC a = + + = v r : bn knh ng trn ni tip ABC .
2
2 2 2
4 2
ABC
S a a
r OH
p a
= = = =
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 7
Tam gic SOH vung ti O, ta c:
0
6
tan 60
2
a
SO OH = =
Th tch khi chp SABC l:
3
2
1 1 6 2 3
. .2 2.
3 3 2 3
ABC
a a
V S SO a = = =

V d 5) Cho hnh lng tr tam gic ' ' ' ABCA B C c y ABC l tam gic vung ti A
3, AB a AC a = = . Bit nh ' C cch u cc nh , , A B C v khong cch t nh B n mt
phng (CAC) bng
6
15
a
.Tnh th tch khi chp ' ' A ABC theo a v tnh cosin gc to bi mt
phng ( ' ') ABB A v mt phng y ( ) ABC .
Gii:
Du hiu nhn bit ng cao trong bi ton ny l: nh ' C cch u cc nh , , A B C

' ' ' C A C B C C = =

J
H
I
S
O
C
B
A
N
H
M
C
C'
B'
A'
I
K
B
A
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 8
- H ' ( ) ' ' ' C H ABC C HA C HB C HC HA HB HC = = = =
Suy ra H l tm vng trong ngoi tip tam gic ABC . V tam gic ABC vung ti A nn H
l trung im ca BC . Ta c:
/( ') /( ')
2
B ACC H ACC
d d = .
H
/( ') /( ')
1 3
, ' ( ')
2 15
H ACC B ACC
a
HM AC HN C M HN ACC d HN d = = = .
Ta c:
1 3
' 3
2 2
a
HM AB C H a = = = t tnh c ' 2 . CC a =
C
3
' '
1 1 1 1
' . ( ) . 3. . 3.
3 3 3 2 2
A ABC LT
a
V V C H dt ABC a a a = = = =
- H ' ( ) A K ABC th ' ' C HKA l hnh ch nht . Gi I HK AB = th
1
/ /
2
OI AC = suy ra I
l trung im ca AB . Tam gic ABC vung ti A nn KI AB Gc to bi ( ' ') ABB A v
y ( ) ABC l

' A IK
Ta c:

cos '
'
IK
A IK
A I
= . Tnh c

2 2
1 13 13
; ' ' cos '
2 2 2 ' 13
a a IK
IK HK A I IK A K A IK
A I
= = = + = = =
V d 6) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh bnh hnh

0
2 , , 60 AB a AD a BAD = = =
SAB l tam gic u . Gi H l trung im ca AB , K l hnh chiu vung gc ca H ln mt
phng ( ) SCD . Tnh th tch khi chp SABCD bit
15
5
a
HK = v im K nm trong tam
gic SCD
Gii:
Bi ton ny c cho theo kiu gi thit m.
Du hiu tm ra ng cao khi chp l:

SAB l tam gic u
Tc l '' SA SB =
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 9

Gi E l trung im ca , CD F l trung im ca ED
Vi gi thit SA SB = ta suy ra chn ng cao h t S ln mt phng ABCD thuc ng
trung trc ca on thng AB
Ni cch khc chn ng cao h t S ln ( ) ABCD thuc ng thng cha HF
H ( ) HK SF HK SCD
Ta c:
2
2 . ( )
3
SABCD SHCD
V V HK dt SCD = =
Ta cn tnh din tch tam gic SCD
Ta c:
1
( ) . ;
2
dt SCD SF CD =
M
2 2 2 2
; ; SF SK KF SK SH HK KF HF HK = + = =
SH l ng cao tam gic u SAB suy ra: 3, SH a HF = l ng cao tam gic u HDE
suy ra:
3
2
a
HF = Thay s ta c:
3 15
10
a
SF =
Vy:
3
2 . 3 1 3 15 3
. . .2
3 2 10 5 5
SABCD
a a a
V a = =
120
A
H
K
E
F
D
C
B
S
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 10

V d 7) Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti B, AB = BC = 3 a
khong cch t A n mt phng (SBC) bng 2 a v

0
90 SAB SCB = = . Tnh th tch khi chp
S.ABC theo a .

Gii:
y l bi ton d lm cho hc sinh bi ri khi xc nh ng cao hnh chp.

H ( ) SH ABCD v ( )
AB SH
AB SHA AB HA
AB SA

.
Chng minh tng t ta c BC HC HABC l hnh vung.
Ta c HC BC k ( ) 2 HK SC HK SBC HK a =
Mt khc ta c:
2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 .
6
HK HC
SH a
HK HC HS
HC HK
= + = =

Th tch khi chp
2 3
1 1 3 6
. 6.
3 3 2 2
SABC ABC
a a
V SH S a

= = =
V d 8) Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thoi cnh bng a, SA SB a = = ,
2 SD a = v mt phng (SBD) vung gc vi mt phng (ABCD). Tnh theo a th tch khi
chp S.ABCD
Gii:
K
S
C
B
A
H
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 11

H ( ) SH BD SH ABCD SHA SHC SA SC = =
T gi thit ta suy ra ASC ADC ABC OB SO OD SBD = = = = vung ti S
Tnh c
2 2
. 6
3,
3
SB SD a
BD a SH
SB SD
= = =
+
,suy ra tam gic ABC l tam gic u
2 3
1 1 6 3 2
. . .
3 3 3 2 6
SABCD ABCD
a a a
V SH S = = =
Ch : Ta c th tnh th tch theo cch:
2
2 .
3
SABCD CSBD SBD
V V CO S

= =
Trong v d ny cha kha gii quyt bi ton l pht hin ra tam gic SBD vung ti S
Cc em hy rn luyn dng ton ny qua bi tp sau:
Cho hnh chp SABCD c cnh SD x = ( 0) x > , cc cnh cn li ca hnh chp bng nhau v
bng a ( 0) x > . Tm x bit th tch khi chp SABCD bng
3
2
6
a
.
B. Tnh th tch bng phng php gin tip
Khi gp cc bi ton m vic tnh ton gp kh khn th ta phi tm cch phn chia khi a din
thnh cc khi chp n gin hn m c th tnh trc tip th tch ca n hoc s dng cng
thc tnh t sth tch tm th tch khi a din cn tnh thng qua 1 khi a din trung gian
n gin hn.
Cc em hc sinh cn nm vng cc cng thc sau:
D
O
S
C B
A
H
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 12
. .
. .
SA B C
SABC
V SA SB SC
V SASB SC


= (1)
AABC
'
S
SABC
V A A
V SA

= (2). Cng thc (2) c th m rng cho khi chp bt k.

V d 3) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thoi cnh a,
0

60 BAD = , SA vung gc
vi y ABCD , SA a = . Gi ' C l trung im ca SC , mt phng ( ) P i qua ' AC song song
vi BD ct cc cnh , SB SD ca hnh chp ti ', ' B D . Tnh th tch khi chp SABCD
HD gii:
xc nh mt phng ( ) P cc em cn tnh cht:
Mt phng ( ) P song song vi ng thng th mt phng ( ) P s ct cc mt phng cha
(nu c) theo giao tuyn song song hoc trng vi
Gi O l giao 2 ng cho ta suy ra ' AC v SO ct nhau ti trng tm I ca tam gic SAC
T I thuc mt phng k ng thng song song vi BD ct cc cnh , SB SD ca hnh chp
ti ', ' B D l 2 giao im cn tm.
Ta c:
1 2
;
2 3
SC SD SB SI
SC SD SB SO

= = = =
D thy
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 ; 2
SAB C D SAB C SAB C SABC
V V V V

= =
. . 1
. . 3
SAB C D SAB C
ABCD SABC
V V SASB SC
V V SA SB SC


= = =
B'
A'
C'
C
B
A
S
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 13
Ta c
3
( )
1 1 1 3 3

. ( ) . . . . . .
3 3 3 2 6
SABCD
V SAdt ABCD SA AD AB sinDAB a a a a = = = =
3
( )
3
18
SAB C D
V a

= (vtt)

V d 4) (D b A 2007)
Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht , 2 AB a AD a = = cnh SA vung gc
vi y, cnh SB hp vi y mt gc 60
0
. Trn cnh SA ly M sao cho
3
3
a
AM = . Mt
phng ( ) BCM ct SD ti N . Tnh th tch khi chp SBCMN
HD gii:
Ta cn tnh cht: Mt phng ( ) P song song vi ng thng th mt phng ( ) P s ct cc
mt phng cha (nu c) theo giao tuyn song song hoc trng vi
T c li gii nh sau:
T M k ng thng song song vi AD ct SD ti N l giao im cn tm, gc to bi SB
v ABCD l

0
60 SBA = .
Ta c . tan 60 3 SA SB a = = .
T suy ra
3 2 3 2
3
3 3 3
SM SN
SM SA AM a a a
SA SD
= = = = =
D thy
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
SABCD SABC SACD SABC SACD
V V V V V = + = = ;
( ) ( ) ( ) SBCMN SMBC SMCN
V V V = +
I
C' D'
A'
D
C
B
A
S
O
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 14
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1. . . 1. . . 1 2 5
2. . . 2. . . 3 9 9
SMBCN SMBC SMCN SMCN SMCN
SABCD SABCD SABC SACD
V V V V V
V V V V
SM SB SC SM SC SN
SASB SC SASC SD
+
= = +
= + = + =

M
3
( )
1 1 2 3
. ( ) 3 .2
3 3 3
SABCD
V SAdt ABCD a a a a = = =
3
( )
10 3
27
SMBCN
V a =



V d 5) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y l hnh bnh hnh. Gi , , M N P ln lt l trung im
ca , , AB AD SC . Chng minh mt phng ( ) MNP chia khi chp thnh hai phn c th tch bng
nhau.

Li gii:
Trong bi ton ny ta thy:Mt phng ( ) MNP cha ng thng / / MN BD nn mt phng
( ) MNP s ct mt phng ( ) SBD theo giao tuyn song song vi BD
T ta c li gii sau:
Gi , , I J K ln lt l giao im ca MN v , , CB CD CA
N
M
O
B
C
D
A
S
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 15
Ni PI ct SB ti E , ni PJ ct SD ti F
Ng gic PEMNF l thit din ca mt phng ( ) PMN v hnh chp
Gi O AC BD = ; do / / BD MN nn ta c:
3
2
2
3 3
2
CI CB
CB CD CO
CI CJ CK
CJ CD

= = =

V P l trung im ca SC nn ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
, ,
2
d P ABC d S ABC =
Do : ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
1 1 1
. , . . .sin . ,
3 3 2
PCIJ CIJ
V S d P ABC CI CJ BCD d P ABC = =

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
1 3 3 1
. . .sin . ,
6 2 2 2
9 1 9
. . .sin . ,
16 3 16
SABCD
CB CD BCD d S ABC
CBCD BCD d S ABC V
=

= =



1 1 1 1
. . . .
3 2 3 18
IBEM
ICPJ
V IB IE IM
V IC IP IJ
= = =
1 1 1
18 18 32
IBEM ICPJ PCIJ SABCD
V V V V = = =
Tng t
1 1
18 32
JDFN PCIJ SABCD
V V V = =
Gi
1
V l th tch phn khi chp gii hn bi mt phng ( ) PMN v mt phng y ca hnh
chp ta c: ( )
1
9 1 1 1
16 32 32 2
PCIJ IBEM JDFN SABCD SABCD SABCD SABCD
V V V V V V V V

= + = + =



Gi
2
V l th tch phn cn li ca khi chp th
2
1
2
SABCD
V V =
Vy
1 2
V V = .
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 16

V d 6) Cho khi lp phng ' ' ' ' ABCDA B C D cnh a. Cc im E v F ln lt l trung
im ca ' ' C B v ' ' C D .
1) Dng v tnh din tch thit din ca khi lp phng khi ct bi mt phng( ) AEF
2) Tnh t s th tch ca hai phn khi lp phng b chia bi mt phng ( ) AEF
Li gii:
1) Dng v tnh din tch thit din:
Ko di EF ct ' ' A B v ' ' A D ln lt ti I v J
Ni AI v AJ ct ' BB v ' DD ln lt ti P v Q
Ng gic APEFQ l thit din ca mt phng ( ) AEF v hnh lp phng
Gi ' ' ' ' O A C B D = v ' ' K IJ A C =
Do ' '/ / B D IJ nn ta c:
' ' ' ' ' ' ' 2
' ' ' 3
B D A B A D A O
IJ A I A J A K
= = = =
Suy ra:
3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2
' ' ; ' ' ' ' ; ' '
2 2 2 2 2 4
a a a
IJ B D A I A B A J A K A O = = = = = =
Do '/ / ' PB AA nn ta c:
' ' 1 1
' ' '
' ' 3 3 3
PB IP IB a
PB AA QD
AA IA IA
= = = = = =
Ta c:
( )
2
APEFQ AIJ PIE QJF AIJ PIE
S S S S S S = + =
J
I
K
O
F
E
D
P
M
N
C
B
A
S
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 17
Trong tam gic vung ' AA K ta c:
2
2 2 2
18 34
' '
16 4
a a
AK AA A K a = + = + =
Do :
2
1 1 3 2 3 2 3 17
. . .
2 2 2 4 8
AIJ
a a a
S IJ AK = = =
Trong tam gic PIE k ng cao PH th / / PH AK v
1 34
3 12
a
PH AK = =
Mt khc:
3 2 1 2
' 2
2 3 2
a a
IJ A I IE IJ = = = =
Din tch tam gic PIE l:
2
1 1 2 34 17
. . .
2 2 2 12 24
PIE
a a a
S IE PH = = =
Vy
2 2 2
3 17 17 7 17
2
8 12 24
APEFQ AIJ PIE
a a a
S S S = = =

2) Tnh t s th tch:

3
'
3
'
1 1 3 3 3
' . ' . ' . . .
6 6 2 2 8
1 1
' . ' . ' . . .
6 6 3 2 2 72
AA IJ
B PIE
a a a
V A A A I A J a
a a a a
V B P B I B E
= = =
= = =

Do tnh i xng ca hnh lp phng nn ta c:
' ' B PIE D QJF
V V =
Q
P
J
O'
I H
K
O
F
E
D'
C' B'
A'
D
C
B
A
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 18
Gi
1 2
, V V ln lt l th tch ca khi a din pha di v pha trn mt phng ( ) AEF
Ta c:
3 3 3
1 ' '
3 2 25
2
8 72 72
AA IJ B PIE
a a a
V V V = = =

3 3
3
2 ' ' ' 1
25 47
72 72
ABCDA B C D
a a
V V V a = = =
Vy
1
2
25
47
V
V
=
Phn 4: Cc bi ton v khong cch trong khng gian
A. Khong cch t 1 im n 1 mt phng
gii quyt nhanh gn bi ton khong cch t mt im n mt mt phng hc sinh
cn nm chc bi ton c bn v cc tnh cht sau
BI TON C BN
Cho khi chp SABC c SA vung gc vi y ABC . Tnh khong cch t A n mt phng
( ) SBC

(Tnh khong cch t chn ng cao n mt bn ca khi chp)
PHNG PHP
- H AM vung gc vi BC , AH vung gc vi SM suy ra AH vung gc vi ( ) SBC .
Vy khong cch t A n ( ) SBC l AH
- Ta c
2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 .
AS
AM AS
AH
AH AM
AM AS
= + =
+



H
M
C
B
A
S
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 19


* Tnh cht quan trng cn nm:
- Nu ng thng ( ) d song song vi mt phng ( ) P th khong cch t mi im trn ( ) d n
mt phng ( ) P l nh nhau
- Nu AM kBM =

th
/( ) /( )
| |
A P B P
d k d = trong ( ) P l mt phng i qua M
- Nu , a b l hai ng thng cho nhau. Gi ( ) P l mt phng cha b v ( ) / / P a th
/ /( ) /( ) a b a P M a P
d d d

= =
Trn c s cc tnh cht trn ta lun quy c khong cch t mt im bt k v bi ton
c bn.
Trong 1 s trng hp khi vic tm hnh chiu kh khn, th ta nn s dng cng thc
1 3
.
3
V
V B h h
B
= =
V d 1) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a. Hnh chiu ca S ln
mt phng ABCD trng vi trng tm tam gic ABD. Mt bn SAB to vi y mt gc 60
0
.
Tnh theo a th tch ca khi chp SABCD v khong cch t B n mt phng SAD
Li gii:
Gi G l trng tm ca tam gic ABD , E l hnh chiu ca G ln AB . Ta c:
( ) ; SG AB GE AB AB SGE
0

60 SAG =

. tan 3 SG GE SEG GE = =
Mt khc G l trng tm ca tam gic ABD
1
3 3
a
GE BC = =
3
1 3
.
3 9
SABCD ABCD
a
V SG S = =
H GN vung gc vi AD , GH vung gc vi SN
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 20
Ta c
/( ) /( )
2 2 2
2
3
3 .
3 . 3
3 3
3 3
2
3
3 3
B SAD G SAD
a a
GN GS a
d d GH
GN GS
a a
= = = = =
+


+







Trong bi ton ny G l chn ng cao ca khi chp. tnh khong cch t B n ( ) SAD
ta quy bi ton v trng hp c bn l tnh khong cch t G n mt phng ( ) SAD

V d 2) Cho hnh lng tr ng . ABCD A B C D c y ABCD l hnh thoi , 3 AB a = ,
0
120 BAD = . Bit gc gia ng thng AC v mt phng( ) ADD A bng
0
30 .Tnh th tch
khi lng tr trn theo a. v khong cch t trung im N ca ' BB n mt phng ( ' ) C MA .
Bit M l trung im ca ' ' A D

Gii:
Ta c
. ' ' ' '
'.
ABCD A B C D ABCD
V AA S = (1).
y ABCD l hnh thoi gm 2 tam gic u , ABC ACD nn:
( )
2
2
3 3
3 3
2 2.
4 2
ABCD ABC
a
a
S S

= = = (2)
G
E
H
N
M
B
C
D
A
S
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 21
Gi ' C M l ng cao ca tam gic u ' ' ' C A D th ( ) ' ' ' C M ADA D nn
0

' 30 C AM =
Ta c
0 2 2
3 3 3
' ' .cot 30 ' ' 6
2 2
a a
C M AM C M A A AM A M a = = = = = (3)
Thay (2),(3) vo (1) ta c:
2 3
. ' ' ' '
3 3 9 2
. 6
2 2
ABCD A B C D
a a
V a = = .
Ta c
/ ( ' ) / ( ' ) N C MA K C MA
d d = vi K l trung im ca ' DD (V K v N i xng nhau qua trung
im O ca ' AC )
T K h KH vung gc vi AM th
/ ( ' )
1
( ' ) ; . ( ' ' ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( )
2
K C MA
KH AC M d KH KH AM dt AA D D dt AA M dt MD K dt AKD = =
3 3 1 3 1 6 3 1 6 6
. 6. 3 6. . . . . 3
4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a a a a a
KH a a a a KH a = =
Vy
/( ' )
6
2
N C MA
d a =

Trong bi ton ny vic nhn ra AK l ng cao ca khi chp ' AKC M quy khong cch
v bi ton c bn l yu t quan trng quyt nh thnh cng.

V d 3) Cho hnh chp SABC c gc to bi 2 mt phng SBC v ABC l 60
0.
Cc tam gic
SBC v ABC l cc tam gic u cnh a . Tnh khong cch t nh B n mt phng SAC .
( d b khi A 2007)
HD gii:
O
M
H
K
N
C
B
D
A
A'
D'
C'
B'
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 22
Cch 1: Coi B l nh khi chp BSAC t gi thit ta suy ra BS BA BC = = . Gi O l chn
ng cao h t B xung mp( ) SAC . O chnh l tm vng trn ngoi tip tam gic SAC . Gi
M l trung im BC ta c ; SM BC AM BC . gc to bi 2 mt phng ( ) SBC v ( ) ABC l

0
a 3
60
2
SMA SM AM AS = = = = .
By gi ta tm v tr tm vng ngoi tip tam gic SAC
Tam gic SAC cn ti C nn tm vng trn ngoi tip nm trn trung trc ca SA l CN ( N
l trung dim ca SA). K trung trc ca SC ct trung trc ca SA ti O l im cn tm

2
2
2
2
3
2 13
16
cos
4
SA
a
SC
a
NC
SNC
SC SC a

= = = =

2
2 2 2
2 4 3
2
;
13 13 13 cos
SC
a a a
OC BO BC OC a
SNC
= = = = = .
cch gii ny ta s dng du hiu Hnh chp c cc cnh bn bng nhau th chn
ng cao l tm vng trn ngoi tip y

Cch 2:
0
( ) ( )
1 2
2 2 . ( ) . .sin 60
3 3.2
SABCD SABM
a
V V BM dt SAM AM MS = = =
3
3
( )
16
a dt SAC =
=
2
( )
3
1 1 13 3 39 3
. = . . ( , ( )
2 2 4 2 16 ( ) 13
SABC
V
a a
CN AS a a d B SAC
dt SAC
= = =
M
O
N
P
C
B
A
S
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 23
V d 4) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang

0
90 ABC BAD = = ,
, 2 BA BC a AD a = = = . Cnh bn SA vung gc vi y v 2 SA a = , gi H l hnh chiu ca
A ln SB . Chng minh tam gic SCD vung v tnh theo a khong cch t H n mt phng
( ) SCD (TSH D 2007)

HD gii:
Cch 1:
Da vo tam gic
2
2
2
3
SH SA SH SA
SHA SAB
SA SB SB SB
= = =
Ta s tm cch quy khong cch t H n ( ) SCD thnh khong cch t A ln ( ) SCD
Ta c
/( ) /( )
2
3
H SCD B SCD
d d = . Li c
/( ) /( ) / ( ) / ( )
1 1 1
2 2 3
B SCD A SCD H SCD A SCD
BF AF d d d d = = =
Tnh c 2 AC CD a ACD = = vung ti C . Ta k
/ ( ) / ( )
2 2
.
( )
3
A SCD H SCD
AC AS a
AK SC AK SCD d AK a d
AC AS
= = = =
+


Trong cch gii ny ta quy v bi ton c bn: Tnh khong cch t chn ng cao A ln
mt phng ( ) SCD .
Cch 2: Ta c
2 2 2 2
2; 6; 2 AC a SD SA AD a SC SA AC a = = + = = + = . Ta cng d dng
tnh c 2 CD a = . Ta c
2 2 2
SD SC CD = + nn tam gic SCD vung ti C .
F
C
B
D A
K
D
C
B
H
A
S
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 24
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 . . 2 2
3
2
2
2 2
3
3 3 3
AB AS a a
AH a
AH AB AS
AB AS a a
a
SH
SH SA AH a
SB a
= + = = =
+ +
= = = =

2
1. .( ) 1
( ) ( ) ( ) . ;
2 2 2
AB BC AD a
dt BCD dt ABCD dt ABD AB AD
+
= = =
2
2
( ) 3
( )
( )
1
( ) . 2
2
. . 2 1 1. 2. 2
; . ( )
. . 3 3 3.2 6
SHCD
SBCD
SBCD
dt SCD SC CD a
V
SH SC SD a a
V SAdt BCD a
V SB SC SD
= =
= = = = =

3
( )
2
9
SHCD
V a = .Ta c
( ) 3
( / ( ))
2
3
2 1
.3
( ) 9 3 2
SHCD
H SCD
V
a
d a
dt SCD a
= = =
V d 5) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang

0
90 ABC BAD = = ,
, 2 BA BC a AD a = = = . Cnh bn SA vung gc vi y v SA= 2 a , gc to bi SC v
( ) SAD bng 30
0
.Gi G l trng tm tam gic ( ) SAD . Tnh khong cch t G n mt phng
( ) SCD
Gii:

K CE vung gc vi AD th E l trung im ca AD v ( ) CE SAD
0

30 . tan 60 3 2 CSE SE CE a SA a = = = =
H
D
C
B
A
S
O
N
G
M
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 25
Gi M l trung im ca AB , N l trung im ca AE . Ta c BE song song vi ( ) SCD ,
MN cng song song vi ( ) SCD . Ta c
3
4
ND AD =
/ ( ) / ( ) / ( ) /( ) / ( )
2 2 2 2 3 1
. .
3 3 3 3 4 2
G SCD M SCD N SCD A SCD A SCD
GS MS d d d d d = = = = =
V tam gic ACD vung cn ti C nn CD vung gc vi ( ) SAC . H AH vung gc vi SC
th
/ ( )
2 2
.
( )
A SCD
SASC
AH SCD d AH a
SA SC
= = =
+

(Ta cng c th lp lun tam gic SAC vung cn suy ra AH a = )
Trong bi ton ny ta quy khong cch t G n ( ) SCD thnh bi ton c bn l tnh
khong cch t A n ( ) SCD
V d 6) Cho hnh lng tr ' ' ' ABCA B C c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti A cnh huyn
2 BC a = cnh bn ' 2 , AA a = bit ' A cch u cc nh , , A B C . Gi , M N ln lt l trung
im ca ', AA AC . Tnh th tch khi chp ' C MNB v khong cch t ' C n mt phng
( ) MNB
Gii:
- Tnh th tch:
V ' A cch u , , A B C nn chn ng cao h t ' A ln mt phng ( ) ABC l tm vng trn
ngoi tip tam gic ABC . Gi H l trung im ca BC suy ra ' ( ) A H ABC
Gi ' K MN AC =
'
1
' 3
3
C MNB AMNB
AK C K V V = =
Gi E l trung im ca
1
( ) . ( )
3
MANB
AH ME ABC V ME dt ANB =
Tnh c:
1 1 14 14
'
2 2 2 4
a a
ME A H = = =
Suy ra:
2 3
1 14 14
. .
3 4 4 48
MANB
a a a
V = = . Vy
3
'
14
16
C MNB
a
V =
- Tnh khong cch:
'/( ) /( )
3
C BMN A BMN
d d = . Gi F l trng tm tam gic ABC.
Ta c:
/( ) /( )
1 1 3 3 1
. ; 3
2 2 2 4 4
A BMN E BMN
AE AH AF AF EF AF d d = = = = =
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 26
H
/( )
2 2
.
( )
E MNB
EP BN
EP EM
EQ MNB d EQ
EQ MP
EP EM

= =

+

Ta c EPF ng dng vi BHF
. EP EF BH EF
EP
BH BF BF
= =
Tnh c
2
2
a
BH = ;
1 1 2 1 2
.
4 4 3 6 12
a
EF AF AH AH = = = = ;
5
3
a
BF =
Suy ra:
2 2
5 . 14
20 4 71
a EP EM a
EP EQ
EP EM
= = =
+

Vy
/( )
'/( ) /( )
3 14
3 12
4 71
E BMN
C BMN A BMN
a
d d d = = =


B. Khong cch gia 2 ng thng cho nhau trong khng gian
Khi tnh khong cch gia 2 ng thng cho nhau a v b trong khng gian ta tin hnh theo
trnh t sau:
- Dng (tm) mt phng trung gian (P) cha a song song vi b sau tnh khong cch t 1
im bt k trn b n mp(P)
- Khi tnh khong cch t 1 im n mt phng ta c th vn dng 1 trong 2 phng php
trnh by mc A.
B
H
C
P
E
Q
N
M
A
K
H
I
E
N
M
B'
A'
C'
C
B
A
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 27
V d 1) Cho lng tr ng ' ' ' ABCA B C c y ABC l tam gic vung AB BC a = = , cnh
bn 2 AA a = . Gi M l trung im ca BC . Tnh theo a th tch khi lng tr ABCA B C v
khong cch gia 2 ng thng AM v ' B C .(TSH D2008)
HD gii
3
2
( ) .
2
V ABCA B C S h a = = .
Tnh khong cch
Gi N l trung im ca ' BB ta c ' B C song song vi ( ) AMN . T ta c:
( , ) ( , ( )) ( , ( )) d B C AM d B AMN d B AMN = =
K ( )
BK AM
BH AMN
BH NK

. Ta c:
2 2 2
1 1 1
BH BN BK
= + m
2 2 2
1 1 1
BK BA BM
= +
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
BH BN BA BM
= + +
7
a
BH =
chnh l khong cch gia AM v B

C.

Ch 1) Trong bi ton ny ta dng mt phng trung gian l mp(AMN) tn dng iu
kin B

C song song vi (AMN). Ti sao khng tm mt phng cha B

C cc em hc sinh t suy
ngh iu ny
Ch 2) Nu mt phng (P) i qua trung im M ca on AB th khong cch t A n (P)
cng bng khong cch t B n (P))
K
N
A
M
B
H
C
C'
B'
A'
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 28
V d 2) Cho hnh chp t gic u SABCD c y l hnh vung cnh a. Gi E l im i
xng ca D qua trung im ca SA , M l trung im ca AE , N l trung im ca BC .
Chng minh MN vung gc vi BD v tnh khong cch gia 2 ng thng MN v AC .
(TS B2007)
HD gii: Gi P l trung im ca SA , ta c t gic MPNC l hnh bnh hnh.
Nn / / MN PC . T suy ra / /( ) MN SAC . Mt khc ( ) BD SAC nn BD PC
BD MN .
Ta c:
/ / ( ) / ( )
1 1 1
( , ( )) 2
2 4 2
MN AC MN SAC N SAC
d d d d B SAC BD a = = = = =

( Ch vic chuyn tnh khong cch t N n (SAC) sang tnh khong cch t B n (SAC)
gip ta n gin ho bi ton i rt nhiu. Cc em hc sinh cn nghin cu k dng ton ny
vn dng)

V d 3) Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti B , 2 , AB BC a = = hai
mt phng ( ) SAC v ( ) SBC cng vung gc vi y ABC . Gi M l trung im ca AB , mt
phng qua SM song song vi BC ct AC ti N . Bit gc to bi ( ) SBC v ( ) ABC bng 60
0
.
Tnh th tch khi chp SBCNM v khong cch gia hai ng thng AB v SN theo a
(TSH A 2011)

Gii
O
K
N
P
M
E
D
C
B
A
S
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 29
Ta c
0 0

( ); 90 60 2 3 SA ABC ABC SBA SA a = = =
Mt phng qua SM song song vi BC ct AC ti N suy ra N l trung im ca AC
T tnh c
3
3 V a =
- K ng thng ( ) d qua N song song vi AB th AB song song vi mt phng ( ) P cha
SN v ( ) d nn khong cch t AB n SN cng bng khong cch t A n ( ) P .
Dng AD vung gc vi ( ) d th / /( ) AB SND , dng AH vung gc vi SD th
/ /( )
2 2
. 2 39
( )
13
AB SN A SND
SA AD a
AH SND d d AH
SA AD
= == = =
+



V d 4) Cho lng tr ng ' ' ' ABCA B C c y ABC l tam gic vung ti A
, 2 , ' AB a AC a AA a = = = . Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng ' AB v BC .
Gii:
Ta c BC song song vi mt phng ( ' ') AB C cha ' AB nn
/ ' /( ' ') /( ' ') '/( ' ') BC AB BC AB C B AB C A AB C
d d d d = = = (v ' , ' A B AB ct nhau ti trung im ca mi
ng)
H
D
N
M
C
B
A
S
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 30
T ' A h ' A K vung gc ' ' B C , H ' A H vung gc vi AK th
'/( ' ')
2 2
' . ' 2
' ( ' ') '
3
' '
A AB C
A K A A a
A H AB C d A H
A K A A
= = =
+

(R rng vic quy v bi ton c bn c vai tr c bit quan trng trong cc bi ton tnh
khong cch, cc em hc sinh cn ch iu ny)
V d 5) Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic u cnh bng a. Chn ng cao h
t S ln mt phng ( ) ABC l im H thuc AB sao cho 2 HA HB =

. Gc to bi SC v mt
phng ( ) ABC bng
0
60 . Tnh th tch khi chp SABC v khong cch gia hai ng thng
, SA BC theo a.
Gii:

- Tnh th tch:
V ( ) SH ABCD nn HC l hnh chiu vung gc ca SC ln mt phng ( ) ABCD . Gc to
bi SC v mt phng ( ) ABCD l

0
60 SCH = .
Xt tam gic BHC theo nh l hm s cosin ta c

2 2
2 2 2 2 2 0 2
1 7
2 . .cos 2 . .cos 60 2. . .
9 3 2 9
a a a
HC HB BC HB BC HBC HB BC HB BC a a = + = + = + =

Suy ra

7 7 21
. tan . 3
3 3 3
a a a
HC SH HC SCH = = = =
K
F
M
E
H
D
C
B
A
S
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 31
Ta suy ra
3
0
1 1 21 1 7
. . . .sin 60
3 3 3 2 12
SABC ABC
a a
V SH S a a

= = = ( VTT)
- Tnh khong cch:
Gi E l trung im ca BC , D l nh th t ca hnh bnh hnh ABCD
Ta c / / AD BC nn
/ / ( ) /( ) / ( )
3
2
SA BC BC SAD B SAD H SAD
d d d d = = =
K
/ ( )
( )
H SAD
HF AD
HK SAD d HK
HK SF

=

Trong tam gic vung SHF ta c
2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 . HF HS
HK
HK HF HS
HS HF
= + =
+

Mt khc ta c
2 2 3 3
3 3 2 3
a a
HF AE = = =
Suy ra
2 2
2 2
3 21
.
. 42
3 3
12 3 21
9 9
a a
HF HS
HK a
HS HF
a a
= = =
+
+

Vy
/
3 42 42
.
2 12 8
SA BC
d a a = =

V d 6) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh bng a. SA vung gc vi
y gc to bi SC v mt phng ( ) SAB l 30
0
. Gi , E F ln lt l trung im ca BC v SD
. Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau DE v CF

Gii:
V
0

( ) 30 .cot 30 3 2
CB AB
CB SAB CSB SB BC a SA a
CB SA

= = = =

T C dng CI song song vi DE ta c
2
a
CI DE = = . Ta c mt phng ( ) CFI cha CF v
song song vi DE
Ta c
/ / ( ) / ( ) / ( )
1
2
DE CF DE CFI D CFI H CFI
d d d d = = = vi H l chn ng cao h t F ln AD
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 32
Dng
/ ( )
2 2
.
( )
H CFI
HK CI
HK HF
HR FCI d HR
HR FK
HK HF

= =

+

Ta c
2
2
3
.
1 1 . 3
2
. .
2 2 13
3
2
a a
CD HI a
HK CI CD HI HK
CI
a a
= = = =

+



Ta c
2
2
2 3
.
2 3 31 2 13
2 31
2 3
2 13
a a
a
FH HR
a a
= = =
| |
| |
+
|
|
\
\



Trong bi ton ny ta to ra khi chp FHCI quy v bi ton c bn l : Tnh
khong cch t chn ng cao H n mt bn (FCI). Vic lm ny gip bi ton tr nn
n gin hn rt nhiu
V d 7) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht vi 2 AB a = . Mt bn SAB l
tam gic u v nm trong mt phng vung gc vi y . Bit AC vung gc vi SD
tnh th tch khi chp SABCD v khong cch gia hai ng thng BD v SC
Gii:
- Tnh th tch khi chp SABCD
I
K
R
H
D
F
E
C
B
A
S
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 33
Gi H l trung im , AB O l giao im ca hai ng cho hnh ch nht ABCD ; SAB l
tam gic u v nm trong mt phng vung gc vi y ( ) SH ABCD
v
3
3.
2
AB
SH a = =
Gi M l trung im ca SB th gc to bi OM v AC cng l gc to bi SD v AC . Suy
ra

0
90 MOC = .
Ta c
2 2 2 2 2
( ) BC SAB BC SB MC BC MB BC a = + = + .

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
( 4 ), ( 4 )
4 4 4 4 4
OM SD SC BC a OC AC BC a = = = + = = +
Nh vy tam gic MOC vung cn ti
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
2 ( 4 )
2
O MC OC BC a BC a = + = +
2 2
2 2. BC a BC a = =
Th tch hnh chp S.ABCD l
3
.
1 1 1 2 6
. . . 2 . 2. 3
3 3 3 3
S ABCD ABCD
a
V S SH AB AD SH a a a = = = =
- Khong cch gia hai ng thng BD,SC:
Gi N l trung im ca SA th
/ /( ) /( ) /( )
/ /( )
SC BD SC BDN C BDN A BDN
SC BDN d d d d = = =
K
/( ) /( )
/ / ( ) 2
A BDN K BDN
NK SH NK ABCD d d =
K
/( )
2 2
.
( )
K BDN
KE BD
KE KN
KF BDN d KF
KF NE
KE KN

= =

+

C
2 2
3 3 3 . 6
, .
2 4 4 4
a AB AD a
KN KE AQ
AB AD
= = = =
+

Thay s ta tnh c
6
6
a
KF =
Vy ( )
6
, 2
3
a
d BD SC KF = =
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 34



Ch : Trong bi ton ny ta dng ng cao NK quy v bi ton c bn.
Phn 6
Cc bi ton tnh gc gia 2 ng thng cho nhau trong khng gian.
Khi cn tnh gc gia 2 ng thng cho nhau a v b trong khng gian ta phi tm 1 ng
thng trung gian l c song song vi a v c ct b.
Khi gc to bi a v b cng chnh l gc to bi b v c.
Hoc ta dng lin tip 2 ng thng c v d ct nhau ln lt song song vi a v b. Sau ta
tnh gc gia c v d theo nh l hm s csin
2 2 2
cos
2
b c a
A
bc
+
= hoc theo h thc lng
trong tam gic vung.
V d 1) Cho lng tr ' ' ' ABCA B C c di cnh bn bng 2a , y ABC l tam gic vung
ti A, AB a = , 3 AC a = v hnh chiu vung gc ca ' A ln mt phng ( ) ABC l trung
im ca cnh BC , Tnh theo a th tch khi chp ' A ABC v tnh csin gc to bi ' AA v
' ' B C . (TSH A 2008)

HD gii :
Gi H l trung im ca BC . Suy ra ' ( ) A H ABC v
Q
O
F
N
E
K
H
M
D
C B
A
S
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 35
2 2
1 1
3
2 2
AH BC a a a = = + = Do
2 2
' ' 3. A H A A AH a = =

3
'
1
' .
3 2
A ABC ABC
a
V A H S = =

Trong tam gic vung ' ' A B H ta c
2 2
' ' ' 2 HB A B A H a = + = nn tam gic ' B BH cn ti
' B . t l gc to bi ' AA v ' ' B C th

1
' cos
2.2 4
a
B BH
a
= = =
Tel 0988844088

V d 2) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh 2a , , 3 SA a SB a = = mt
phng ( ) SAB vung gc vi mt phng y . Gi , M N ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh
, AB BC. Tnh theo a th tch khi chp SBMDN v tnh cosin gc to bi SM v DN .
Hd gii:
H ( ) SH AB SH ABCD
SH cng chnh l ng cao khi chp SBMDN . Ta c
2 2 2
SA SB AB + = SAB vung ti
S
2
AB
SM a SAM = = l tam gic u
3
2
a
SH =
D thy
2
1
2
2
BMDN ABCD
S S a = = . Do V
(SBMDN)
=
3
1 3
.
3 3
SBMND BMDN
a
V SH S = =
H
A
B
C
C'
B'
A'
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 36
K ME song song vi DN ( E thuc AD) suy ra
2
a
AE =
Gi s gc to bi SM v DN l ( , ). SM ME =
Ta c SA vung gc vi AD (nh l 3 ng vung gc ) suy ra SA AE
2 2
5
,
2
a
SE SA AE = + =
2 2
5
2
a
ME AM ME = + = Tam gic SME cn ti E nn cos
5
2
5
SM
ME
= =

V d 3) Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic vung ti A v 3 , 4 AB a AC a = = .
Cnh bn

0
2 , 60 SA a SAB SAC = = = . Tnh th tch khi chp SABC v cosin ca gc gia hai
ng thng SB v AC
Gii:

Li gii:
Gi H l hnh chiu ca S trn mt phng ( ) ABC
K ; HI AB HJ AC ; do tam gic ABC vung ti A nn / / HI AJ v / / HJ AI
Theo nh l ba ng vung gc ta c: SI AB v SJ AC
Hai tam gic vung SIA v SJA bng nhau, v c SA l cnh chung v

0
60 SAB SAC = =
N
E
H
M
B
C
D
A
S
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 37
Do
0
sin 60 3 SI SJ SA a = = = v
0
cos 60 AI AJ SA a = = = , t HI HJ =
Suy ra AH l ng phn gic trong ca gc A
Vy t gic AIHJ l hnh vung cnh bng a.
Khi 2 AH a =
Tam gic SHA vung ti H, ta c:
2 2 2 2
4 2 2 SH SA AH a a a = = =
Din tch tam gic ABC l:
2
1 1
. 3 .4 6
2 2
ABC
S AB AC a a a = = =
Th tch khi chp
2 3
1 1
. 2.6 2 2
3 3
SABC ABC
V SH S a a a = = = (vtt)

- Tnh gc to bi 2 ng thng:
K hiu l gc to bi 2 ng thng , AC SB . K

( )

( )
/ / , , IM SB AC SB IH IM = =
Tnh c
2 2 2 2
3 4 7 SB SI IB a a a = + = + =
Mt khc
1 7 2
,
3 3 3
IM AM AI a
IM AM a
SB AS AB
= = = = =
Do 2 SH AH a SHA = = vung cn ti H .
M
J
I
H
C
B
A
S
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 38
Trong tam gic AMH ta c :
2 2
2 2 2 2
4 2 1 10
2 . .cos 45 2 2 2 . .
9 3 9 2
a a a
HM AH AM AH AM a a = + = + =
Ta c

2
2 2
2 2 2
7 10
7 7
9 9
cos cos
2 . 7 7 7
2. .
3
a
a a
IH IM HM
HIM
IH IM a
a

+
+
= = = =
PHN 7) CC DNG BI TP V MT CU NGOI TIP KHI A DIN
gii quyt tt dng bi tp ny hc sinh cn nm vng kin thc c bn sau:
** Nu I l tm mt cu ngoi tip khi chp
1 2
..
n
SA A A th tm I cch u cc nh
1 2
; ; .....
n
S A A A
- V vy tm I thuc trc ng trn y l ng thng qua tm vng trn ngoi tip y v
vung gc vi y
1 2
...
n
A A A (ng thng ny song song vi ng cao khi chp) (Phi ch
vic chn mt y cn linh hot sao cho khi xc nh trc ng trn y l n gin nht)
- Tm I phi cch u nh S v cc nh
1 2
; .....
n
A A A nn I thuc mt phng trung trc ca
i
SA
y l vn kh i hi hc sinh cn kho lo chn cnh bn sao cho trc ng trn xc
nh v cnh bn ng phng vi nhau vic tm I c d dng
** Trong mt s trng hp c bit khi khi chp c cc mt bn l tam gic cn, vung, u ta
c th xc nh 2 trc ng trn ca mt bn v y . Khi tm I l giao im ca 2 trc
ng trn. Nu hnh chp c cc nh u nhn cnh a di mt gc vung th tm mt cu l
trung im ca cnh a.
** Khi tnh ton cn lu cc cng thc:
4 4
abc abc
S R
R S
= = ; 2 sin ,... a R A =
Ta xt cc v d sau:
V d 1) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vung ti A v B ,
a AD a BC AB 2 ; = = = .Cnh bn SA vung gc vi y ABCD v SA a = . Gi E l trung
im ca AD.Tnh th tch khi chp SCDE v tm tm bn knh mt cu ngoi tip khi chp
.

HD gii:
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 39

6
3
a
V =
Gi , M N ln lt l trung im ca SE v SC ta c mt phng ( ) ABMN l mt phng trung
trc ca SE . Vy tm O ca mt cu ngoi tip hnh chp SCDE l giao im ca mt phng
( ) ABMN v trc ng trn ngoi tip y CDE . Gi l ng thng qua trung im I
ca CD v song song vi SA.Gi K l trung im ca AB th KN //AM v KN v ng
phng suy ra O KN = l im cn tm
Tam gic OIK vung cn nn OI IK = =
2
3
2
a AD BC
=
+
;
Ta c
2
11
4
11
4
2
4
9
2 2 2
2 2 2
a
OC R
a a a
IC OI OC = = = + = + =
Trong v d ny ta dng mt phng trung trc ca SE tn dng iu kin tam gic SAE
vung cn A
Nu bit chn nh v y hnh chp hp l ta c mt cch gii khc n gin hn nh sau:
Ta coi SED l mt y ca khi chp CSED. Gi J l tm vng trn ngoi tip tam gic SED.
Th J nm trn ng trung trc Kx ca ED. V tr J c xc nh theo h thc
1
. . . 2. 5 10
4 2. . 2
SED
SE ED SD a a a a
JE R
S a a

= = = =
K
N
M
E
I
O
D
C
B
A
S
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 40
Qua J k ng thng ( ) Jy SED th / / Jy CE . Trong mt phng ( ) CEJ k ng trung trc
ca CE ct Jy ti O l tm mt cu ngoi tip khi chp.
Ta c bn knh mt cu l
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1
10 11 11
4 4 4 4 2
CE a a a a
R OE OJ JE R R = = + = + = + = =

V d 2) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht cnh ; 2 AB a AD a = = gc
gia hai mt phng ( ) SAC v ( ) ABCD bng 60
0
. Gi H l trung im ca AB . Bit mt bn
( ) SAB l tam gic cn ti nh S v thuc mt phng vung gc vi y. Tnh th tch khi
chp SABCD v xc nh tm bn knh mt cu ngoi tip khi chp SAHC
Gii:
- Ta c ( ) SH AB SH ABCD .K HM vung gc vi AC th gc to bi (SAC) v
(ABCD) l
0

60 SMH =
C
0
2 6 2

sin ; tan 60
2 6 2 3
BC a a a a
HM AH HAM AH SH HM
AC a
= = = = = =
3
1
( )
3 3
SABCD
a
V SHdt ABCD = =
y
x
O
I
J
K
E
D
C
B
A
S
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 41

Gi J, r ln lt l tm v bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic AHC. Ta c
.
2 4
3 3
2
. .
4
. . a
S
AC HC AH
S
AC HC AH
r
ABC AHC
= = =
K ng thng qua J v . // SH Khi tm I ca mt cu ngoi tip hnh chp AHC S. l
giao im ca ng trung trc on SH v trong mt phng (SHJ). Ta c
.
4
2
2
2 2
r
SH
JH IJ IH + = + =
Suy ra bn knh mt cu l .
32
31
a R =
V d 3) Cho t din ABCD c ABC l tam gic u cnh a,
3
a
DA DB = = , CD vung gc
vi AD.Trn cnh CD ko di ly im E sao cho
0

90 AEB = .Tnh gc to bi mt phng

( ) ABC v mt phng ( ) ABD . Xc nh tm v tnh th tch khi cu ngoi tip khi t din
ABCE
Gii:
- Gi I l trung im ca AB th CI vung gc vi AB v DI vung gc vi AB . Nn gc
to bi ( ) ACD v ( ) ABD l

CID.Do hai tam gic ACD v BCD bng nhau nn

2 2 2
0 2 2 2
3
90 ( ) ; ;
2 3 4 12
a a a a
BDC ADC CD ABD CD DI CI DI DA AI = = = = = =
E
M
J
x
y
K
H
I
D
C
B
A
S
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 42

3 1
cos :
2 3 2
DI a a
CID
CI
= = =
- Tam gic vung ACD c
2 2 2
2
3
CD CA DA a = = . Tam gic ABE vung cn, do
2 2
2
;
2 6
a a
AE DE AE DA ACE = = = c AD l ng cao v
2
2
.
3
a
CD DE DA ACE = = vung ti A.
Tng t ta c tam gic BCE vung ti B . Vy mt cu ngoi tip t din ABCE c CE l
ng knh tm I ca mt cu l trung im ca CE . Bn knh
3
3
3
1 1 2 6 4 4 6 6
( )
2 2 3 4 3 3 4 8 6
a a a a
R CD DE a V R



= + = + = = = =






V d 4) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh bng a v ng cao l
SH vi H tha mn 3 HN HM =

trong , M N l trung im ca , AB CD . Mt phng
( ) SAB to vi y ABCD gc 60
0
. Tnh khong cch t N n mt phng ( ) SAC v xc nh
th tch khi cu ngoi tip hnh chp SABCD
Gii:
Gi O l giao im ca AC v BD suy ra H l trung im ca MO v
0
3
; 60
4 4 2
a a a
MH AB HM AB SM SMH SH SM SAB = = = = vung cn
E
I
D
C
B
A
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 43
ti S v
2
2
a
SA SB = = . Ta c
3
( / ( ))
( )
SNAC
V
d N SAC
dt SAC
= . K HK AC th / / HK BD v
2
0
14 1 7

45 ( ) .
8 2 8
a a
KHO KOH SK dt SAC AC SK = = = = =
3
1 3 21
. ( ) ( / ( ))
3 48 14
SNAC
a
V SH dt NAC a d N SAC = = =
Trc ng trn y l ng thng ( ) d qua O v / / SH ( ) d SMN . V tam gic SAB
vung cn ti S nn trc d ca tam gic SAB qua M v vung gc vi SAB. Theo trn ta c
( ) SAB vung gc vi ( ) SMH nn k HE vung gc vi SM th ( ) HE SAB nn '/ / d HE .
Nh vy ' d d I = l tm mt cu ngoi tip hnh chp SABCD. Ta c
2 2 2
0 2 2 2 2
3 7 21

30 ; tan30
6 2 12 12 6
a a a a a
OMI OI OM R IA OA OI R = = = = = + = + = =
Th tch khi cu l:
3
3
4 21 7 21
3 6 54
a
V a

| |
= =
|
|
\
.

PHN 8. MT S DNG BI TP CC TR TRONG KHNG GIAN
gii quyt tt dng ton ny hc sinh cn lu cc tnh cht v cc bt ng thc c
bn:
1) sin , cos [ 1;1]
2) Nu tch ab M = khng i v , 0 a b > th 2 2 a b ab M + = , a b + khng i v
I
O
K
N
E
H
M
B
C
D
A
S
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 44
, 0 a b >
2 2
( )
4 4
a b N
ab
+
=
3) Cho ng thng v mt im M khng thuc . Khi vi im N bt k thuc
ta c MN MH trong H l hnh chiu vung gc ca M ln
4) Cho ng trn ( ) C v dy cung AB c nh. Khi khong cch t im M bt k
thuc ng trn n dy cung AB l ln nht khi M thuc ng thng qua tm ca
ng trn v vung gc vi dy cung AB ....

V d 1) Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti C v SA vung gc vi
y SC c = . Hy tm gc gia mt phng ( ) SBC v ( ) ABC th tch khi chp ln nht.
Li gii:
Gi s
( )
0 0
0 90 < < l gc hp bi hai mt phng ( ) SBC v ( ) ABC
Ta c: ( )
BC AC
BC SAC BC SC
BC SA

Do :

SCA =
Trong tam gic vung SAC , ta c: cos cos ; sin sin BC AC SC a SA SC a = = = = =
Th tch khi chp SABC l:
( )
3 2 3 2
1 1 1
. cos .sin 1 sin .sin
3 3 3
ABC
V S SA a a = = =
t sin , t = do
0 0
0 90 < < nn ( ) 0 sin 1 0;1 t < <
Ta c:
( )
( )
( )
3 2 3 2
1 1 1
1 , 0;1 ; ' 1 3 ' 0
3 3 3
V a t t t V a t V t = = = =
Lp BBT ta thy:
3
2 3
max
27
a
V = , khi
1 1 1
sin arcsin
3 3 3
t

= = =



Cch khc: Theo BT Cauchy ta c:
( )
2
2 6 4 2 6 2 2
1 1
cos .sin 1 sin .sin
9 9
V a a = =
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 45

3
2 2
2
6 2 2 6 6
2
1 sin 1 sin
sin
4 1 sin 1 sin 4 4
2 2
. . .sin
9 2 2 9 3 243
a a a

+ +


= =




3
2 3
27
a
V
3
2 3
max
27
a
V = , t c khi:
2
2
1 sin 1 1
sin sin arcsin
2 3 3

= = =





V d 2) Cho hnh chp t gic u SABCD m khong cch t nh A n mt phng ( ) SBC
bng 2a. Vi gi tr no ca gc gia mt bn v mt y ca khi chp th th tch ca khi
chp nh nht?
Li gii:
Gi O AC BD = v , M N ln lt l trung im ca AD v BC
Do ( ) / / AD SBC nn ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, , d A SBC d M SBC =
Ta c: ( )
BC MN
BC SMN
BC SN

M ( ) BC SBC nn ( ) ( ) SBC SMN theo giao tuyn SN

C
S
B A
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 46
Trong tam gic SMN k ng cao MH th ( ) MH SBC
Do : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, , 2 d A SBC d M SBC MH a = = =
Gi s
( )
0 0
0 90 < < l gc hp vi mt bn ( ) SBC v y hnh chp th

SMN = .
Trong tam gic vung , MHN ta c:
2
sin sin
MH a
AB MN

= = =
Trong tam gic vung SON , ta c: tan . tan
sin cos
a a
SO ON

= = =
Th tch khi chp SABCD l:

( )
2 3 3
2 2
2
1 1 4 4 4
. . .
3 3 cos
sin 3sin .cos
3 1 cos cos
ABCD
a a a a
V S SO

= = = =

t cos t = , do
0 0
0 90 < < nn ( ) 0 cos 1 0;1 t < <
Ta c:
( )
( )
3
2
4
, 0;1
3 1
a
V t
t t
=

( )
( )
3 2
2
3
4 3 1
1
' ; ' 0
3
3
a t
V V t
t t

= = =

Lp BBT ta thy:
3
min 2 3 V a = , khi
1 1 1
cos arccos
3 3 3
t = = =

N M
D
S
C
B
A
O
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 47
V d 3) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a. Cnh bn SA vung gc
vi y. M l mt im di ng trn cnh , CD H l hnh chiu ca nh S ln BM . Tm v tr
ca im M trn CD th tch khi chp SABH l ln nht.
Li gii:

t ( ) 0 CM x x a = < , ta c:
2 2
BM a x = +
( )
2
2
1 1
2 2 2
ABM ABCD BCM
a
S S S a a a x ax = = =
Mt khc:
2
2 2
2 1
.
2
ABM
ABM
S a
S BM AH AH
BM
a x
= = =
+

Trong tam gic vung ABH , ta c:
4
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
a ax
BH AB AH a
a x
a x
= = =
+
+

Din tch tam gic ABH l:
2 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
. . .
2 2
ABH
a ax a x
S AH BH
a x a x a x
= = =
+ + +

Th tch khi chp SABH l:
( )
3
2 2
1
.
3
6
ABH
a hx
V S SA
a x
= =
+

Theo bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
2 2 2 2
2 2
1
2 . 2
2
a x a a x
x x a
x x x a
a x
+
= + =
+

M
D
S
C
B
A
H
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 48
2 2
max
12 12
a h a h
V V = , t c khi
2
a
x x a
x
= = .

Cch khc:
Th tch khi chp SABH l:
1
.
3
ABH
V S SA = . M SA khng i nn th tch V ln nht khi
ABH
S ln nht.
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c:

2
2 2 2 2
1
2 . .
2 4
ABH
a
a AB AH BH AH BH S AH BH = = + =
2
max
4
ABH
a
S = , t c khi AH BH = , suy ra tam gic ABH vung cn ti H . Khi
M D
Vy M D th th tch khi chp
ABH
S ln nht v th tch ln nht l:
2
1
.
3 12
ABH
a h
V S SA = = .
V d 4) Cho ng trn tm Ong knh AB nm trong mt phng ( ) P v mt im C di
ng trn ng trn. Trn ng thng vung gc vi mt phng ( ) P ti A ly mt im S .
Mt phng ( ) Q qua A vung gc vi SB ti H ct SC ti K . Tm v tr ca im C th
tch khi chp SAHK ln nht.
Li gii:

K
H
O
B
C
A
S
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 49
Ta c: ( )
BC AC
BC SAC BC AK
BC SA

(1)
Mt khc: AK SC (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra: ( ) AK SBC
Do : AK SB v AK HK
T ta c: ( )
SB AH
SB AHK
SB AK

Tam gic SAB vung cn ti A nn H l trung im ca SB
Ta c:
1
2 2 2 2
2
SB SA R AH SB R = = = =
Th tch khi chp SAHK l:
1
.
3
SAHK
V S SH = .
Do SH khng i nn
SAHK
V ln nht khi
AHK
S ln nht
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c:
2
2 2 2 2
1
2 2 . .
2 2
AHK
R
R AH AK HK AK HK S AK HK = = + =
2
max
2
AHK
R
S = , t c khi AH HK R = =
Trong tam gic vung SAC , ta c:
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3
3
4
R
AC
AK SA AC R R AC
= + = + =
t

BAC = , ta c:
3
cos
3
AC
AB
= =
Vy c hai v tr ca im M trn ng trn sao cho
3
cos
3
= th th tch khi chp SAHK
t gi tr ln nht.
Khi :
3
2
max
6
SAHK
R
V = .
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 50
V d 5) Cho hnh chp SABCD c cnh SB x = , tt c cc cnh cn li bng
3
3
x
a a

>




1. Tnh th tch khi chp theo a v x
2. Xc nh x khi chp c th tch ln nht.

Li gii:

1) Tnh th tch khi chp:
T gic ABCD c cc cnh u bng nhau v bng a nn l hnh thoi.
Gi O AC BD =
Hai tam gic SAC v ABC bng nhau v c AC l cnh chung v SA SC BA BC a = = = =
Do : OB OD OS = =
Suy ra tam gic SBD vung ti S
T
2 2 2 2
BD SB SD x a = + = +
Trong tam gic OAB vung ti O, ta c:

( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
2 2 2 3
4
AC OA AB OB a x a a x = = = + =
Din tch hnh thoi ABCD l:
2 2 2 2
1 1
. 3 .
2 2
ABCD
S AC BD a x x a = = +
Gi H l hnh chiu ca S ln mt phng ABCD
H
O
B
C
D
A
S
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 51
Ta c: 1 SA SC = = nn HA HC = , suy ra H thuc ng trung trc ca on AC
M ABCD l hnh thoi nn BD l ng trung trc ca AC , tc H thuc BD
Tam gic SBD vung ti S , ta c:
2 2
.
. .
SB SD ax
SH BD SB SD SH
BD
x a
= = =
+

Th tch khi chp SABCD l:
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1
. 3 . . 3
3 6 6
ABCD ABCD
ax
V S SH a x a x ax a x
a x
= = + =
+

2) Xc nh x khi chp c th tch ln nht.
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c:
2 2 2 3
2 2
1 3
3
6 6 2 4
SABCD
a x a x a
V ax a x

+
= =




3
max
4
SABCD
a
V = , t c khi
2 2 2
6
3
2
a
x a x x = = .
Vy khi
6
2
a
x = th th tch ca khi t din cho t gi tr ln nht.
V d 6) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, cnh bn SA vung gc
vi mt phng ( ) ABCD v ; SA a M = v N l hai im ln lt di ng trn cnh BC v CD
sao cho gc

0
45 MAN = . t BM x = v ( ) 0 ; 0 DN y x a y a = . Chng minh rng
( )
2
a x y a xy + = . Tm , x y sao cho th tch ca khi chp SAMN c gi tr b nht.

Li gii:
+) Chng minh ( )
2
a x y a xy + =
Goi

; BAM DAN = = th
0
45 + = , vi
0
0 , 45
Ta c: tan ; tan
x y
a a
= =
Mt khc: ( )
0
tan tan
tan tan 45
1 tan . tan
1 .
x y
a a
x y
a a



+
+
+ = =

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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 52
( )
( )
2
2
1
a x y
a xy a x y
a xy
+
= = +

(pcm)
+) Tm , x y cho th tch ca khi chp SAMN c gi tr b nht:
Ta c:
2 2 2 2 2
tan
cos
a
AM a x a a

= + = + = ;
2 2 2 2 2
tan
cos
a
AN a y a a

= + = + =
Th tch khi chp SAMN l:
3
0
1 1 2
. . .sin 45 .
3 6 12cos cos
AMN
a
V S SA AM AN SA

= = =
Ta c:
4 4

+ = = nn
( )
2
cos .cos cos .cos cos cos sin
4 2

= = +





( )
( )
2
2 2
cos sin .cos 1 cos 2 sin 2
2 4
2 1 2 1
sin 2
4 2 4 4 2

= + = + +

= + + +



Do :
3
3
2 2 1
3
2 1
12
4 2
a
V a

=




+



3
2 1
min
3
V a

=



, t c khi sin 2 1
4 8



+ = = =



( )
tan 2 1
8
x y a a

= = =
Vy khi
( )
2 1 x y a = = th th tch khi chp SAMN nh nht.
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 53

V d 7) Cho tam gic u OAB c cnh AB a = . Trn ng d i qua O v vung gc vi
mt phng ( ) OAB ly mt im M vi OM x = . Gi , E F ln lt l hnh chiu vung gc ca
A ln MB v OB . ng thng EF ct d ti N .
1. Chng minh rng AN BM
2. Xc nh x th tch t din ABMN nh nht v tnh gi tr nh nht .
Gii:
1. Chng minh: Chng minh rng AN BM
Ta c ( )
AF OB
AF OBM AF BM
AF OM

Mt khc ( ) BM AE BM AEF BM AN
2. Xc nh x th tch t din ABMN nh nht v tnh gi tr nh nht .
Th tch t din ABMN l
1
( ).
3
ABMN MOAB NOAB OAB
V V V OM ON S

= + = +
Ta thy rng
2
.
2
ON OF OF OB a
OMB OFN ON
OB ON OM x
= = =
Do
2 2
1 3
.
3 2 4
ABMN
a a
V x
x

= +



.
45
N
M
D
C
B
A
S
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 54
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
2 2 3
6
2 . 2
2 2 12
ABMN
a a a
x x a V
x x
+ =
Du bng xy ra khi
2
2
2 2
a a
x x
x
= =


MT S BI TP T LUYN
Bi 1: Cho hnh chp tam gic u SABC c cnh bn bng 7 a , gc to bi 2 mt phng
( ) SBC v ( ) ABC bng 60
0
. Tnh th tch khi chp SABC theo a.
S:
3
3 V a =
Bi 2: Cho t din SABC c SA SB SC a = = = v
0

60 ASB BSC CSA = = = . Gi H l hnh
chiu vung gc ca A ln mt phng ( ) SBC
1) Chng minh rng SH l phn gic ca gc

BSC
2) Tnh th tch khi t din SABC

S:
3
2
12
a
V =
Bi 3: Cho hnh chp t gic u SABCD c cnh bn bng a, gc hp bi mt bn v y l
60
0
. Tnh th tch ca khi chp cho.
F
E
N
M
B
A
O
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 55
S:
3
4 15
75
a
V =
Bi 4: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht vi , 2 AB a BC a = = . Hai mt
bn ( ), ( ) SAB SAD cng vung gc vi y, cnh SC hp vi y mt gc 60
0
.
1) Tnh th tch ca khi chp
2) Tnh gc to bi 2 mt phng ( ) SBC v ( ) ABCD
S:
3
2 15
; arctan 15
3
a
V = =
Bi 5: Cho ng trn ng knh 2 AB R = nm trong mt phng ( ) P v mt im M nm
trn ng trn sao cho

0
30 ABM = . Trn ng thng vung gc vi ( ) P ti im A ly
im S sao cho 2 SA R = . Gi H v K ln lt l hnh chiu vung gc ca A trn SB v
SM
1) Chng minh rng SB vung gc vi mt phng ( ) AHK
2) Gi I l giao im ca HK vi ( ) P . Hy chng minh IA l tip tuyn ca ng trong
cho.
3) Tnh th tch ca khi chp SAHK
S:
3
2 3
15
R
V =
Bi 6: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, cnh bn SA vung gc
vi y v 2 SA a = . Trn AD ly im M thay i. t gc

. ACM = H SN vung gc
vi CM
1) Chng minh N lun lun thuc mt ng trn c nh v tnh th tch t din SACN
theo a v
2) H AH vung gc vi SC v AK vung gc vi SN . Chng minh rng SC vung
gc vi mt phng ( ) AHK v tnh di on HK
S:
3
2
2 cos
sin 2 ;
6
1 sin
a
V a HK

= =
+

Bi 7: Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic vung ti C , , 2 AC a AB a = = , cnh
SA vung gc vi y. Gc gia mt phng ( ) SAB v mt phng ( ) SBC bng 60
0
. Gi , H K
ln lt l hnh chiu ca A ln SB v SC . Chng minh rng AK vung gc vi HK v tnh
th tch khi chp SABC

www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 56
S:
3
6
12
a
V =
Bi 8: Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti nh A, AB a = . Mt bn
qua cnh huyn BC vung gc vi mt y , hai cnh bn cn li u hp vi mt y cc gc
bng nhau v bng 60
0
. Hy tnh th tch ca khi chp SABC
S:
3
6
6
a
V =
Bi 9: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, mt bn SAD l tam gic
u v nm trong mt phng vung gc vi y. Gi , , M N P ln lt l trung im ca cc
cnh , , SB BC CD. Chng minh AM vung gc vi BP v tnh th tch ca khi t din CMNP

S:
3
3
96
a
V =
Bi 10: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, mt bn SAB l tam
gic cn ti S v nm trong mt phng vung gc vi y. Gi O l tm ca y, I l trung
im ca AB . Gc hp bi SC v y l .
1) Tnh th tch ca khi chp SABCD theo a v
2) Tnh th tch khi t din SOCD theo a v
3) Tnh khong cch t I n mt bn ( ) SCD . Suy ra th tch khi t din SICD

S:
3 3 3
2
5 5 5 tan 5
tan ; tan ; ; tan
6 24 12
5tan 4
SABCD SOCD SICD
a a a a
V V d V

= = = =
+

Bi 11: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, mt phng ( ) SAC
vung gc vi y, gc

0
90 ASC = v SA to vi y mt gc . Tnh th tch ca khi chp
SABCD
S:
3
2
sin 2
6
SABCD
a
V =
Bi 12: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh bnh hnh, gc nhn to bi hai ng
cho AC v BD l 60
0
, cc tam gic SAC v SBD l cc tam gic u cnh a. Tnh th tch
ca khi chp theo a.
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 57
S:
3
8
SABCD
a
V =
Bi 13: Trong mt phng ( ) P cho hnh thoi ABCD c AB a = v
2
3
a
BD = . Trn ng thng
vung gc vi mt phng ( ) P v i qua giao im H ca hai ng cho ca hnh thoi trn
ngi ta ly im S sao cho SB a =
1) Chng minh rng tam gic SAC l tam gic vung
2) Tnh th tch ca khi chp SABCD
3) Chng minh rng hai mt phng ( ) SAB v ( ) SAD vung gc vi nhau
S:
3
4 3
27
SABCD
a
V =
Bi 14: Cho hnh chp SABC c cnh SA a = v 3 SB SC a + = . Gc
0

90 BAC = v

0
60 BSC CSA ASB = = = . Tnh th tch khi chp SABC theo a.

S:
3
2
12
SABC
a
V =
Bi 15: Cho hnh chp t gic u SABCD c cnh y bng a, mt bn to vi y mt gc
60
0
. Mt phng ( ) P cha cnh AB v to vi y mt gc 30
0
ct , SC SD ln lt ti , M N
1) Tnh theo a t din t gic ABMN
2) Tnh th tch khi chp SABMN theo a

S:
2 2
3 3 3
;
8 16
ABMN SABMN
a a
S V = =
Bi 16: Cho hnh chp t gic u SABCD c cnh y bng 2a, v cnh bn 5 SA a = . Mt
phng ( ) P cha cnh AB v vung gc vi mt phng ( ) SCD ct SC v SD ln lt ti ' C v
' D
1) Tnh din tch t gic ' ' ADC D
2) Tnh th tch hnh a din ' ' ABCDD C
S:
2 3
' ' ABCDD'C'
3 3 5 3
;
2 6
ABC D
a a
S V = =
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 58
Bi 17: Khi chp SABCD c y l hnh vung cnh a. ( ) SA ABCD ; 2 SA a = . Gi , E F l
hnh chiu ca A trn SB v SD. I l giao im ca SC v ( ) AEF . Tnh th tch khi chp
SAEIF .
S:
3
16
45
a

Bi 18: Cho lng tr ng
1 1 1
ABCA B C y l tam gic u. Mt phng ( )
1
A BC to vi y 1
gc 30
0
v tam gic
1
A BC c din tch bng
2
8a . Tnh th tch khi lng tr.
S:
3
8 3a
Bi 19: Khi lng tr
1 1 1
ABCA B C c y l tam gic vung cn, cnh huyn 2 AB a = . Mt
phng ( )
1
AA B vung gc vi mt phng ( )
1
, 3 ABC AA a = ; gc
1
A AB nhn, gc to bi
( )
1
A AC v mt phng ( ) ABC bng 60
0
. Tnh th tch khi lng tr.
S:
3
3 5
10
V a =
Bi 20: Cho hnh chp tam gic u SABC nh S , di cnh y bng a. Gi , M N ln
lt l trung im ca cc cnh SB v SC . Tnh theo a din tch tam gic AMN , bit rng mt
phng ( ) AMN vung gc vi mt phng ( ) SBC .
S:
2
10
16
a
S =
Bi 21: Cho hnh chp SABC c 3 SA a = v SA vung gc vi mt phng ( ) ABC . Tam gic
ABC c 2 AB BC a = = , gc

0
120 ABC = . Tnh khong cch t nh A n mt phng ( ) SBC .
S:
Bi 22: Cho hnh chp tam gic SABC c y ABC l tam gic u cnh , 2 a SA a = v SA
vung gc vi mt phng ( ) ABC . Gi M v N ln lt l hnh chiu vung gc ca A trn
cc ng thng SB v SC
a) Tnh khong cch t A n mt phng ( ) SBC
b) Tnh th tch ca khi chp ABCMN .
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 59
S:
3
2 57 3 3
) ; )
19 50
a a
a b
Bi 23: Cho hnh chp t gic u SABCD. Khong cch t A n mt phng ( ) SBC bng 2a
. Gc gia cc mt bn v mt y l .
a) Tnh th tch khi chp theo a v
b) Xc nh th tch khi chp nh nht.
S:
3
2
4 3
; cos
3cos .sin 3
a

=
Bi 24: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht vi AB a = , AD = 2 a ,
SA a = v SA vung gc vi mt phng ( ) ABCD . Gi M v N ln lt l trung im ca AD
v SC , I l giao im ca BM v AC .
a) Chng minh rng mt phng ( ) SAC vung gc vi mt phng ( ) SMB .
b) Tnh th tch ca khi t din ANIB .

S:
3
2
36
a
V =
Bi 25: Cho lng tr ng ' ' ' ABCA B C c y ABC l tam gic vung ti B , AB a = ,
' 2 AA a = , ' 3 A C a = . Gi M l trung im ca on thng ' ' A C , I l giao im ca AM v
' A C
a) Tnh theo a th tch khi t din IABC
b) Tnh khong cch t im A n mt phng ( ) IBC

S:
3
4 2 5
;
9 5
a a
V d = =
Bi 26: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vung ti A v D, 2 AB AD a = = ,
CD a = , gc gia 2 mt phng ( ) SBC v ( ) ABCD bng 60
0
. Gi I l trung im ca cnh AD
. Bit 2 mt phng ( ) SBI v ( ) SCI cng vung gc vi mt phng ( ) ABCD , tnh th tch khi
chp SABCD theo a.
S:
3
3 15
5
V a =
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 60
Bi 27: Cho hnh lng tr tam gic ' ' ' ABCA B C c ' BB a = , gc to bi ' BB v mt phng
( ) ABC l 60
0
, tam gic ABC vung ti C v gc

BAC =60
0
. Hnh chiu vung gc ca im
' B ln mt phng( ) ABC trng vi trng tm ca tam gic ABC . Tnh th tch khi t din
' A ABC theo a.
S:
3
9
208
a
V =
Bi 28: Trong khng gian cho hnh chp tam gic u SABC c 7 SC a = . Gc to bi
( ) ABC v ( ) SAB =60
0
. Tnh th tch khi chp SABC theo a.
S:
3
3 V a =
Bi 29: Trong khng gian cho hnh chp SABCD vi ABCD l hnh thoi cnh a, gc

ABC =
60
0
, SO vung gc vi y ( O l tm mt y),
3
2
a
SO = . M l trung im ca AD. ( ) P l
mt phng qua BM v song song vi SA, ct SC ti K . Tnh th tch khi chp KABCD.
S:
3
6
a
V =
Bi 30: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y l hnh ch nht, 2, 2 . AD a CD a = = Cnh SA vung
gc vi y v 3 2 . SA a = Gi K l trung im AB .
a) Chng minh rng ( ) SAC vung gc vi ( ) SDK
b) Tnh th tch khi chpCSDK theo a; tnh khong cch t K n ( ) SDC .
S:
3
3 5
2 ;
10
a
V a h = =
Bi 31: Cho lng tr ' ' ' ABCA B C c y ABC l tam gic u cnh a, hnh chiu vung gc
ca ' A ln mt phng ( ) ABC trng vi tm O ca tam gic ABC . Mt mt phng ( ) P cha
BC v vung gc vi ' AA ct lng tr theo 1 thit din c din tch
2
3
8
a
. Tnh th tch khi
lng tr
S:
3
3
12
a
V =
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 61
Bi 32: Cho hnh chp SABC c AB AC a = = ; ; 3
2
a
BC SA a = = ; gc

SAB bng gc

SAC
v bng 30
0
. Tnh th tch ca khi chp theo a.
S:
3
16
a
V =
Bi 33: Cho hnh chp t gic u SABCD cnh y bng a. Gi G l trng tm tam gic
SAC v khong cch t G n mt bn ( ) SCD bng
3
.
6
a

a) Tnh khong cch t tm ca mt y n mt bn( ) SCD
b) Tnh th tch ca khi chp SABCD.
S:
3
3 3
) ; )
4 6
a a
a b
Bi 34: Cho hnh chp SABC c ng cao AB BC a = = ; 2 AD a = . y l tam gic vung cn
ti B . Gi ' B l trung im ca , ' SB C l chn ng cao h t A xung SC .Tnh th tch khi
chp ' ' SAB C .
S:
3
36
a

Bi 35: Cho lng tr ng ' ' ' ABCA B C c y ABC l tam gic vung, AB BC a = = , cnh bn
' AA = 2 a . Gi M l trung im ca cnh BC
a) Tnh theo a th tch ca khi lng tr ' ' ' ABCA B C
b) Tnh khong cch gia 2 ng thng AM v ' B C .
S:
3
2 7
) ; )
2 7
a a
a b
Bi 36: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh 2a; SA a = ; 3 SB a = v
mt phng( ) SAB vung gc vi mt phng y. M v N ln lt l trung im ca cnh AB
v BC . Tnh th tch khi chp SBMDN v gc gia ( ) ; SM ND .
S:
3
3 5
; cos
3 5
a a
V = =
www.VNMATH.com

NGUYN TRUNG KIN 62
Bi 37: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang, gc

BAD bng gc

ABC v bng
90
0
; AB BC a = = ; 2 AD a = . SA vung gc vi y v 2 SA a = . Gi , M N ln lt l trung
im ca ; SA SD . Tnh th tch khi chp SABCD v khi chp SBCMN .
S:
3
3
) ; )
3
a
a a b

Bi 38: Cho lng tr ' ' ' ABCA B C c di cnh bn bng 2a, y ABC l tam gic vung ti
, A AB a = ; 3. AC a = v hnh chiu vung gc ca ' A trn ( ) ABC l trung im ca cnh
BC . Tnh theo a th tch khi chp ' A ABC v cosin ca gc gia 2 ng thng ' AA v ' ' B C .
S:
3
1
; cos
2 4
a
V = =
Bi 39: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, mt bn SAD l tam gic
u v nm trong mt phng vung gc vi y. Gi , , M N P ln lt l trung im ca cc
cnh , , SB BC CD. Chng minh AM vung gc vi BP v tnh th tch khi t din CMNP.
S:
3
3
96
a
V =
Bi 40: Cho lng tr ng
1 1 1
ABCA B C c
1
, 2 , 2 5 AB a AC a AA a = = = v gc

0
120 BAC = .
Gi M l trung im ca cnh
1
CC . Chng minh rng
1
MB MA v tnh khong cch t im
A n mt phng
1
( ) A MB
S:
5
3
a
d =
Bi 41: Cho hnh chp SABC c gc gia 2 mt phng ( ) SBC v ( ) ABC bng 60
0
. Cc tam
gic ABC v SBC l cc tam gic u cnh a. Tnh theo a khong cch t nh B n mt
phng ( ) SAC
S:
3 13
13
a
d =
Bi 42: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a tm O, SA vung gc
vi y 2 SA a = . Gi H v K ln lt l hnh chiu ca A ln , SB SC . Chng minh
( ) SC AHK v tnh th tch khi chp OAHK
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 63
S:
3
2
27
a
V =

Bi 43: Lng tr ng
1 1 1
ABCA B C c y l tam gic vung
1
a; 2. AB AC AA a = = = Gi
, M N ln lt l trung im ca
1
AA v
1
BC . Chng minh rng MN l on vung gc chung
ca
1
AA

v
1
BC . Tnh th tch khi chp
1 1
MA BC
S:
3
3
12
a
V =

Bi 44: Cho lng tr ng
1 1 1
ABCA B C c tt c cc cnh u bng a . M l trung im ca
cnh
1
AA .. Chng minh
1
BM B C v tnh khong cch gia
1
, BM B C
S:
10
30
a
d =
Bi 45: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y l hnh thang vung ti , A B ,
2
AD
AB BC a = = = .
Cnh bn SA vung gc vi y v 2 SA a = . Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca A trn SB
a) Chng minh rng tam gic SCD vung
b) Tnh khong cch t H n mt phng ( ) SCD
S:
3
a
h =

Bi 46: Cho hnh chp SABC m mi mt bn l 1 tam gic vung. SA SB SC a = = = . Gi
, , M N E ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh , , AB AC BC , D l im i xng ca S qua E ,
I l giao im ca AD v SMN
a) Chng minh rng AD vung gc vi SI
b) Tnh theo a th tch khi t din MBSI
S:
3
36
a
V =
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 64
Bi 47: Cho hnh hp ng ' ' ' ' ABCDA B C D c cc cnh
3
; '
2
a
AB AD a AA = = = v gc

0
60 BAD = . Gi M v N ln lt l trung im ca ' ' A D v ' ' A B . Chng minh ' AC vung
gc vi mt phng ( ) BDMN v tnh th tch khi chp ABDMN
S:
3
3
16
a
V =
Bi 48: Cho hnh lp phng ' ' ' ' ABCDA B C D c cnh a v im K thuc cnh ' CC sao
cho:
2
3
a
CK = . Mt phng i qua , A K v song song vi BD chia khi lp phng thnh 2
khi a din. Tnh th tch ca 2 khi a din .
S:
3 3
1 2
2
;
3 3
a a
V V = =

Bi 49: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang, AB BC a = = ,

0
90 BAD ABC = =
, 2 AD a = , 2 SA a = v vung gc vi y. Gi , M N ln lt l trung im ca , SA AD .
Chng minh rng BCNM l hnh ch nht v tnh th tch ca khi chp SBCNM theo a
S:
3
3
SBCNM
a
V =
Bi 50: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a. Cnh bn SC vung gc
vi y v 2 SC a = . Hai im , M N thuc SB v SD sao cho 2
SM SN
MB ND
= = . Mt phng
( ) AMN ct SC ti P . Tnh theo a th tch ca khi chp SAMPN
S:
3
2
9
SAMPN
a
V =

Bi 51: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, ng cao SA a = . M l
mt im thay i trn SB , t
( )
0 2 SM x x a = < < . Mt phng ( ) ADM ct SC ti N .
1) T gic ADMN l hnh g? Tnh din tch ca t gic ny theo a v x
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 65
2) Mt phng ( ) ADM chia hnh chp ra lm hai phn, mt phn l hnh chp SADMN c
th tch
1
V v phn cn li c th tch
2
V
.
Xc nh gi tr ca x
1
2
5
4
V
V
=
S:
( )
2 2
1 2 2
2 2 2 ;
4 3
ADNM
a
S a x x a x a x = + + =
Bi 52: Cho lng tr t gic u ' ' ' ' ABCDA B C D c chiu cao bng a. Mt phng ( ' ) A BD
hp vi mt bn ( ' ') ABB A mt gc 60
0
. Tnh th tch khi lng tr cho.
S:
3
2 V a =
Bi 53: Cho lng tr ng ' ' ' ABCA B C c y ABC l tam gic vung ti A. Khong cch t
' AA n mt bn ' ' BCC B bng khong cch t C n mt phng ( ') ABC v bng a. Mt
phng ( ') ABC hp vi y mt gc 30
0
. Tnh th tch khi lng tr .
S:
3
4
3
a
V =
Bi 54: Cho hnh lng tr ' ' ' ABCA B C c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti nh A. Mt bn
( ' ') ABB A l hnh thoi cnh a nm trong mt phng vung gc vi y. Mt bn ( ' ') ACC A to
vi y mt gc . Tnh th tch ca khi lng tr theo a v
S:
3
sin
2
a
V =
Bi 55: Cho lng tr ' ' ' ABCA B C c y ABC l tam gic u ni tip ng trn tm O.
Hnh chiu ca ' A trn mt phng ( ) ABC l O. Khong cch gia ' AA v BC l a v gc
gia hai mt phng ( ' ') ABB A v ( ' ') ACC A bng . Tnh th tch khi lng tr ' ' ' ABCA B C
S:
3 3
2
2 tan
2
3tan 1
2
a
V

Bi 56: Cho hnh lng tr ' ' ' ABCA B C c y ABC l tam gic vung ti A vi
, 2 AB a BC a = = . Mt bn ( ' ') ABB A l hnh thoi, mt bn ( ' ') BCC B nm trong mt phng
vung gc vi y, hai mt phng ny hp vi nhau mt gc . Tnh th tch khi lng tr
cho.
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 66
S:
3
3
cot
2
a
V =
Bi 57: Cho hnh hp ng ' ' ' ' ABCDA B C D c y ABCD l hnh thoi tm O, cnh bng
2 a , ng cho AC bng 7 a bit tam gic ' AO C l tam gic vung ti ' O ( ' O l tm
hnh thoi ' ' ' ' A B C D ).Tnh th tch ca khi hp
S:
3
7
4
V a =
Bi 58: Cho hnh chp t gic u SABCD c cnh y bng a tm O. Gi , M N ln lt l
trung im ca , SA SC . Bit gc to bi ng thng BM v ND l
0
60 . Tnh th tch khi
chp SABCD
S:
3
30
6
a
V = hoc
3
30
18
a
V =
Bi 59: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vung ti , A B c
; 2 AB BC a AD a = = = , SAC l tam gic cn ti S v nm trong mt phng vung gc vi y,
SB to vi ( ) SAC gc 60
0
. Gi O l giao im AC v BD . Gi s mt phng ( ) P qua O
song song vi SC ct SA M . Tnh th tch khi chp MBCD v khong cch t im M
n mt phng ( ) SCD .
S:
3
6
54
MBCD
a
V = ,
/( )
2
6
M SCD
a
d =

Bi 60: Cho hnh hp ch nht ' ' ' ' ABCDA B C D c cnh ' AA a = . ng thng ' B C to vi
ng thng AD mt gc
0
60 , ng cho ' B D to vi mt bn ( ' ') BCC B mt gc
0
30 . Tnh
th tch khi chp ' ' ACB D v cosin gc to bi AC v ' B D
S:
3
' '
3
27
ACB D
a
V = , ( )
1
cos , '
4 7
AC B D =
Bi 61: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thoi cnh bng a gc

0
60 BAD = . nh
S cch u cc im , , A B D . Bit khong cch t A n mt phng ( ) SCD bng
2
a
. Tnh th
tch khi chp SABCD v xc nh tm bn knh mt cu ngoi tip khi chp SOAB

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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 67
S:
3
2
12
SABCD
a
V = ,
7
8
a
R =
Bi 62: Cho hnh hp ng ' ' ' ' ABCDA B C D c y ABCD l hnh thoi cnh bng a, gc

0
60 ABC = .Gc gia mt phng ( ' ) A BD v ( ) ABCD bng 60
0
.Tnh th tch khi chp
' ' C A AD v khong cch gia hai ng thng ' CD v ' A D theo a
S:
3
8
a
V = ,
3
4
a
d =

Bi 63: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh bng 2a, SAB l tam gic
vung ti S v nm trong mt phng vung gc vi y. Bit SD to vi ( ) SBC mt gc sao
cho
2
cos
5
= . Gi M l trung im ca AB , mt phng ( ) P qua M vung gc vi ( ) SAD
ct , , SA SD CD ln lt , , N E F . Tnh th tch khi chp SMNEF v xc nh tm , tnh bn
knh mt cu ngoi tip khi chp SAMC theo a.
S:
3
3
8
SMNEF
a
V = ,
93
6
a
R =
Bi 64: Cho hnh chp . S ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a . Gi , M N ln lt l
trung im ca , AD CD. Hnh chiu ca S trn ABCD trng vi giao im ca AN v BM .
Tnh th tch chp SBCNM cng khong cch gia 2 ng thng BM v SC bit ng cao
2 SH a = .

S:
3
5 2
24
SBMNC
a
V = ,
Bi 65: Cho khi chp SABC c y l tam gic vung cn ti B , ng cao SE vi E l
trung im cnh BC v 2 SE CE a = = . Gi , M N l trung im ca , SE CE . Trn tia i ca
tia BA ly im D sao cho

ACD = v
( )
0 0
45 90 < . Gi H l hnh chiu ca S ln CD
a) Tnh th tch t din EHMN theo a v
b) Tnh th tch khi cu ngoi tip t din SACD theo a khi th tch t din EHMN ln
nht.
S:
3
1
. .cos 2
6
V a = ,
3 3
4 160 5
3 3
V R a = =
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 68
Bi 66: Cho lng tr ng . ABC A B C c y ABC l mt tam gic vung ti

, 60 , B BAC

=
bn knh ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC bng a, khong cch gia hai ng thng A B v
AC bng
( )
3 3
.
4
a +
Tnh theo a th tch khi lng tr ' ' ' ABCA B C
S:
Bi 67: Cho khi lng tr . ABC A B C c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti C cnh huyn
bng 2 a . Mt phng ( ' ) A AB vung gc vi y ABC , ' 3 AA a = , gc

' A AB l gc nhn.
Bit mt bn ( ' ) A AC to vi y ABC mt gc 60
0
. Tnh th tch khi lng tr . ABC A B C
theo a v tnh khong cch t ' B n mt phng ( ' ) A AC
S:
3
3 5
10
LT
V a = ,
,( ' )
3
2
B A AC
a
d =
Bi 68: Cho hnh chp SABCD c ABCD l hnh vung cnh bng a, SA a = , Gi , M N ln
lt l cc im thuc on thng , AB AD sao cho ; 3 AM MB DN AN = = ,bit MN vung gc
vi SM , SMC l tam gic cn ti S . Tnh th tch khi chp SMNCD v khong cch gia
SA v CM
S:
3
11 3
192
SMCND
a
V = ,
93
31
a
d =
Bi 69: Cho lng tr ng . ABC A B C c y ABC l mt tam gic vung ti
, 3 , A BC a AA a = = v gc gia A B vi mt phng trung trc on BC bng 30 .

Tnh theo a
th tch khi lng tr . ABC A B C v khong cch gia hai ng thng , . A B AC
S:

Bi 70: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vung ti , A D bit
2
AB
AD DC = = . Mt bn SBC l tam gic u cnh bng 2a v nm trong mt phng vung
gc vi y. Tnh th tch khi chp SABCD v khong cch gia hai ng thng , BC SA theo
a.
S:
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 69
Bi 71: Cho hnh lng tr
1 1 1
. ABC A B C c M l trung im cnh AB,

0
2 , 90 BC a ACB = = v

0
60 , ABC = cnh bn
1
CC to vi mt phng ) ( ABC mt gc , 45
0
hnh chiu vung gc ca
1
C
ln mt phng ) ( ABC l trung im ca CM. Tnh th tch khi lng tr cho v gc to bi hai
mt phng ) ( ABC v ). (
1 1
A ACC
S:
3
2 3 . V a = ,
1 1
tan(( ); ( )) 2 ABC ACC A =

Bi 72: Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic vung ti B v AB a = . Cnh bn SA
vung gc vi mt phng ( ) ABC . Gc hp bi SC v mt phng ( )
0
60 SAB = ; M l trung
im ca AC . Bit khong cch gia SM v AB bng
6
2
a
, tnh th tch khi chp SABC
theo a.
S:
3
V a =

Bi 73: Cho hnh chp SABC c mt bn SBC l tam gic cn vi SB SC a = = v nm trong
mt phng vung gc vi y. Bit

0
60 ASB BSC CSA = = = . Tnh th tch khi chp SABC
S:
3
2
8
a
V =
Bi 74: Cho lng tr ng . ABC A B C c y ABC l tam gic cn nh C ; ng thng ' BC
to vi mt phng ( ' ') ABB A gc
0
60 v ' AB AA a = = . Gi , , M N P ln lt l trung im
ca ', ', BB CC BC v Q l mt im trn cnh AB sao cho
4
a
BQ = . Chng minh
Chng minh rng ( ) ( ) MAC NPQ v tnh th tch khi lng tr theo a
S:
3
. 15
4
a
V =
Bi 75: Cho lng tr tam gic u . ABC A B C c cnh y bng a . Gi , , M N I ln lt l
trung im ca ', AA AB v BC . Bit gc to bi ( ' ) C AI v ( ) ABC bng 60
0
. Tnh th tch
khi chp ' NAC I v khong cch gia hai ng thng , ' MN AC
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 70
S:
3
'
32
NAC I
a
V = ,
3
8
a
d =
Bi 76: Cho lng tr . ABC A B C c y ABC l tam gic vung vi cnh huyn 2 BC a = ;

0
60 ABC = . Mt bn ( ' ') BCB C l hnh thoi (

0
' 90 B BC < )v vung gc vi y mt bn
( ' ') ABB A to vi y mt gc 45
0
.Tnh th tch khi lng tr . ABC A B C

S:
3
3
7
7
V a =
Bi 77: Cho lng tr ng . ABC A B C c y ABC l tam gic vung ti B c
, 2 AB a BC a = = , ' 6 BB a = . Mt phng ( ) P qua A vung gc vi ' A C ct ', ' CC BB ln
lt ti , M N . Tnh th tch khi chp ABCMN
S:
3
2 3
9
V a =
Bi 78: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thoi tm O cnh 5a , 4 AC a =
2 2 SO a = v SO vung gc vi y. Gi M l trung im ca SC . Tnh th tch khi chp
SMBD v khong cch gia hai ng thng SA v BM

S:
3
2 2
3
a
V = ,
2 6
3
d a =
Bi 79: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht cnh , 2 AB a AD a = = , SA
vung gc vi y ABCD. Gi , M N ln lt l trung im ca , SA BC , E l giao im ca
mt phng ( ) DMN vi SB . Bit

0
30 DMN = . Tnh th tch khi chp SDMEN theo a.
S:
3
8
9
a

Bi 80) Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht tm O bit ; 3 AB a BC a = = ,
Tam gic SAO cn ti S , mt bn SAD vung gc vi y ABCD. Bit SD hp vi y
ABCD mt gc 60
0
. Tnh th tch khi chp SABCD v khong cch gia SB v AC

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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 71
S:
3
2 3
3
SABCD
a
V = ,
3
4
a
d =
Bi 81: Cho hnh lp phng ' ' ' ' ABCDA B C D c cnh bng a. Gi H l tm ca mt
' ' ADD A , K l hnh chiu ca D ln ' BD . Tnh th tch t din ' D DHK v khong cch t
H n mt phng ( ' ' ) D A B

S:
3
36
a
V = ,
2
a
d =
Bi 82: Cho hnh chp SABC c ( ) SC ABC v tam gic ABC vung ti B . Bit rng
( ) , 3, 0 AB a AC a a = = > v gc gia mt phng ( ) SAB v ( ) SAC bng vi
13
tan
6
= .
Tnh th tch khi chp SABC theo a

S:
3
2 V a =

Bi 83: Cho hnh hp ng ' ' ' ' ABCDA B C D c y ABCD l hnh thoi cnh a, tam gic
ABD l tam gic u.Gi , M N l trung im ca , ' ' BC C D . Bit MN vung gc vi ' B D
hy tnh th tch khi chp DAMN v khong cch t D n mt phng ( ) AMN

S:
3
6
24
DAMN
a
V = ,
22
11
d a =
Bi 84: Cho hnh chp t gic u . S ABCD c cnh y bng a. Gi , M N ln lt l trung
im ca , SB SD . Tnh th tch khi cu ngoi tip khi chp . S ABCD bit AM vung gc vi
CN
S:
3 10
10
a
R =
Bi 85: Cho hnh chp SABCm mi mt bn l mt tam gicvung, SA SB SC a = = = . Gi
, , M N E ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh , , , AB AC BC D l im i xng ca S qua E ; I
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 72
l giao im ca ng thng AD vi mt phng ( ) SMN . Chng minh rng AD vung gc SI
v tnh theo a th tch khi t din MBSI
S:
3
36
a
V =
Bi 86: Cho hnh chp . S ABCD c y ABCD l hnh bnh hnh, BC a = v

0
120 ABC = .
Mt bn SAB l tam gic u cnh 2a v to vi mt y gc . Bit hnh chiu vung gc
ca S trn mt y nm trong hnh bnh hnh ABCD v
1
cos
3
= . Tnh th tch khi chp
. S ABCD cng khong cch gia 2 ng thng SB v AD theo a
S:
3
2 2
3
a
V = ,
2 114
19
d =
Bi 87: Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti C , cnh huyn bng 3a .
Chn ng cao h t nh S ln mt phng ABC l trng tm G ca tam gic ABC cnh bn
14
2
a
SB = . Tnh th tch khi chp SABC v khong cch t B n mt phng ( ) SAC
S:
3
3
, 3
4
a
V d a = =
Bi 88: Cho hnh chp SABC c mt bn SBC l tam gic cn SB SC a = = v nm trong mt
phng vung gc vi y . Bit

0
60 ASB BSC CSA = = = . Tnh th tch khi chp SABC
S:
3
2
2
a
V =
Bi 89: Cho lng tr ng ' ' ' ABCA B C c

0
, 2 , 120 AC a CB a ACB = = = v ng thng ' A C
to vi mt phng ( ' ') ABB A mt gc
0
30 . Gi M l trung im ' BB . Tnh th tch ca khi
lng tr cho v tnh khong cch gia AM v ' CC theo a
S:
3
105
14
a
V =
21
7
a
d =
Bi 90: Cho lng tr ng ' ' ' ' ABCDA B C D c y ABCD l hnh thoi cnh bng a v

0
60 , ' 2 BAD AC a = = . Gi O l giao im ca AC v BD, E l giao im ca ' A O v ' AC .
Tnh th tch khi t din EABD v khong cch t im A n mt phng ( ) BDE
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 73
S:
3
3 21
,
36 7
a a
V d = =
Bi 91: Cho lng tr ng ' ' ' ABCA B C c y ABC l tam gic vung ti B ,

0
60 BAC = , bn
knh ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC bng
( )
3 1
2
a
khong cch gia hai ng thng
' A B v AC bng
15
5
a
. Tnh th tch khi lng tr ' ' ' ABCA B C
S:
3
3
2
V a =
Bi 92: Cho lng tr ng ' ' ' ABCA B C c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti A, 2 BC a = .
Gi M l trung im ca BC , bit hai mt phng ( ' ) AB M v ( ' ') BA C vung gc vi nhau.
Tnh th tch khi lng tr ' ' ' ABCA B C v khong cch t ' B n mt phng ( ' ) AC M theo a.
S:
3
2 V a = ,
2 6
3
d a =
Bi 93: Cho lng tr ng ' ' ' ABCA B C c y ABC l tam gic cn ti C , ng thng ' BC
to vi mt phng ( ' ') ABB A mt gc
0
60 v ' AB AA a = = .Gi , , M N P ln lt l trung im
ca ', ', BB CC BC . Tnh th tch khi lng tr ' ' ' ABCA B C v khong cch gia hai ng thng
, AM NP theo a
S:
3
15 15
,
4 5
a a
V d = =
Bi 94: Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic cn ti A vi

0
30 SAB SAC = =
2 , , 3 AB AC a BC a SA a = = = = . Tnh th tch khi chp SABC theo a
S:
3
4
a
V =
Bi 95: Cho hnh chp . S ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thoi cnh bng 2a v

0
60 BAD = cc
tam gic , SAC SBD cn ti S . Gi , M N ln lt l trung im ca , AB BC. Bit hai mt
phng ( ), ( ) SDM SDN vung gc vi nhau. Tnh th tch khi chp SABCD v khong cch t
im D n mt phng ( ) SMN theo a.
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NGUYN TRUNG KIN 74
S:
3
6
3
a
V = ,
6
2
a
d =
Bi 96: Cho hnh chp . S ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang cn c hai y l , AB CD . Bit
3 , 7, AB a AC a CD a = = = . Cc mt bn ( ), ( ), ( ) SAB SBC SAD cng to vi y mt gc
0
60 .
Hnh chiu ca S ln mt phng ( ) ABCD nm trong hnh thang ABCD. Tnh th tch khi
chp SABCD theo a
S:
3
3 V a =


Do khun kh thi gian c hn nn khng th trnh by hon chnh mi vn v hnh
khng gian. V vy nu c g sai st mong bn c lng th.
Mi ng gp xin vui long gi v: kin.noiaybinhyen@gmail.com hoc
nguyentrungkien_ntk@yahoo.com
H NI
MA KHAI TRNG 2012-2013
NGUYN TRUNG KIN
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