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Variables affecting switchgear installation The switchyard design is signicantly inuenced by: Minimum clearances (depending on rated voltages) between various active parts and between active parts and earth Rated and short-circuit currents Clarity for operating staff Availability during maintenance work; redundancy Availability of land and topography Type and arrangement of the busbar disconnectors. The design of a substation determines its accessibility, availability and clarity. It must therefore be coordinated in close cooperation with the system operator. The following basic principles apply: Accessibility and availability increase with the number of busbars. At the same time, however, clarity decreases. Installations involving single busbars require minimum investment, but they offer only limited exibility for operation management and maintenance. Designs involving one-breaker-and-a-half and double-circuit-breaker arrangements ensure a high redundancy, but they also entail the highest costs. Systems with auxiliary or bypass busbars have proved to be economical. The circuit-breaker of the coupling feeder for the auxiliary bus allows uninterrupted replacement of each feeder circuit-breaker. For busbars and feeder lines, mostly standard aluminum conductors are used. Bundle conductors are required where currents are high. Because of the additional short-circuit forces between the subconductors (the pinch effect), however, bundle conductors cause higher mechanical stresses at the terminal points. When conductors (particularly standard bundle conductors) are used, higher short-circuit currents cause a rise not only in the aforementioned pinch effect, also in further force maxima in the event of swinging and dropping of the conductor bundle (cable pull). This in turn results in higher mechanical stresses on the switchyard components. These effects can be calculated in an FEM (nite element method) simulation (g. 3.1-9).
Vertical displacement in m 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 1.4 1.0 0.6 0.2 0 0.2 Horizontal displacement in m 0.6 1.0 1.4
Fig. 3.1-9: FEM calculation of deection of wire conductors in the event of short circuit
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