Passive Building Design

Elias KINAB
Department of Mechanical Engineering 2011

Outline
Introduction
Definition of Passive Building Sustainable Building Building thermal

Passive Building Strategies

Passive Solar Heating Passive Cooling Energy Storage and Restitution Day lighting

Environmental impact of building materials

Life cycle costing

Assessment of Building Energy Performance Energy Efficiency Standards for Building Design
Passive Building Design E. Kinab 2011

Outline
Passive Building Strategies
Passive Solar Heating
Solar Energy Solar Design Solar Strategies Landscape Active Solar Technologies

Passive Building Design E. Kinab 2011

Solar Active Technologies

Solar Water Heating
For space heating and domestic hot water
Heat Exchanger Collector

Passive Heating

Storage
Primary Loop Pump

3 types of collectors: Unglazed, Glazed and Evacuated Tubes

Passive Building Design E. Kinab 2011

Solar Active Technologies

Solar Water Heating
Unglazed collector

Passive Heating

Passive Building Design E. Kinab 2011

Solar Active Technologies

Solar Water Heating
Glazed flat-plate collector

Passive Heating

Passive Building Design E. Kinab 2011

Solar Active Technologies

Solar Water Heating
Evacuated tubes
Glazing

Passive Heating

Evacuated tube

Inlet

Outlet

Cross section of evacuated tube Outer Glass Tube Inner Glass Tube Fluid Tube Copper Sheet Evacuated Space
Passive Building Design E. Kinab 2011

Solar Active Technologies

Cost and benefits of solar collectors

Passive Heating

Evacuated tube

Efficiency %
Unglazed

Glazed

Temperature C

Passive Building Design E. Kinab 2011

Solar Active Technologies

Domestic Hot Water
Simple system

Passive Heating

3 ways valve

Pump

Inlet cold water

Thermosyphon bloc

Passive Building Design E. Kinab 2011

Solar Active Technologies

Space Heating
Floor heating

Passive Heating

Floor Heating

Combined solar system (Space heating + DHW)

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Solar Active Technologies

Solar Water Heating Sizing
DHW Consumption Heating+DHW consumption Solar Energy Solar Energy Used(Economised)

Passive Heating

Solar system efficiency depends on ambient temperature and sky conditions

DHW collector productivity Zone A (ex. : Germany) : 300 400 kWh/m Zone B (ex. : France) : 400 500 kWh/m Zone C (ex. : Greece) : 500 600 kWh/m
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Solar Active Technologies

Solar Water Heating Sizing

Passive Heating

Solar Fraction (f)= the amount of energy provided by the solar technology divided by the total energy required Annual domestic hot water needs
The consumption depends on
the number of occupants their behavior (shower, bath) the equipment efficiency (dish washer, washing machine) the hot water temperature (45-50 C)

The consumption does not vary much with the season

generally 40 l/occupant/day (standard for a dwelling)
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Passive Building Design E. Kinab 2011

Solar Active Technologies

Solar Water Heating Sizing
Instant heating

Passive Heating

Q(t ) m(t ).c p .(Thot Tcold ) losses

h 8760

Energy annually dedicated to water heating

EDHW

h 0

m(t ).c p .(Thot Tcold (h)) losses

T cold = 4 C to 20 C (depend on location and season) Thot= 45 C to 60 C Twater return (closed loop) = 25 C to 45 C Storage tank volume
50-100 litres / m collector Space / Economic aspect / Sun (solar fraction)

Collector surface Software

SOLO, TRANSOL (TRNSYS)
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Solar Active Technologies

Sizing Examples (France)
Solar DHW

Passive Heating

Needs: 40-50 liters of hot water /person/day( 50 C) For 4 personnes : 3 to 5 m collector surface and a storage tank volume of 200 to 300 litres Solar Fraction: de 50 80 % (depends on climatic zone) Collector: orientation south-west to south-east with inclinaison of 30 to 60 Investment : for 4 to 6 m2 collector 3 700 to 5 400 TTC (solar tank only) +600 for tank dual energy

Floor Heating
Needs: depend on building performance from 10 to > 200 kWh/m/year 1 m for 7 to 10 m heated floor area => 10 to 20 m for individual residence Investment: for a house of 100 m , 15 m collector, with integrated backup heating system 16000 to 18 000 HT
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Solar Active Technologies

Condenser in a boiler Exhaust gas heat exchanger (cogeneration) Efficiency can be > 100%

Passive Heating

Heat recovery from any hot process (e.g. power generation, boiler)

from grey water

Drain Water Heat Recovery
from the shower, etc.

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Solar Active Technologies

Photovoltaic (PV) systems

Passive Heating

PV as window shading elements (overhangs) at Queens University, Kingston Source Kawneer

PV integrated in curtain wall elements at the Matar Librar y, Matar, Catalonia, Spain. (The facade is also used for fresh air pre-heating)

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Solar Active Technologies

Photovoltaic (PV) systems

Passive Heating

Semiconductor material that converts solar energy directly into electricity Autonomous PV systems with Battery storage Hybrid PV systems have at least one additional electricity source, such as a fuel-fired generator or a wind turbine. Grid-connected PV systems cancel out the need for onsite generators and batteries and eliminate the problem of intermittent solar energy

Battery

inverter 17

Passive Building Design E. Kinab 2011

Solar Active Technologies

Photovoltaic (PV) systems

Passive Heating

Photovoltaic hybrid heating system (PV-thermal system)

Generate HEAT + ELECTRICITY A typical crystalline silicon PV panel has an efficiency of 1015 % PV solar panels produce more than four times as much heat as electricity. Drawing outside air in across the back of panels pre-heats the HVAC supply air and also increases the PV efficiency by keeping them cooler

The cooler the PV cells, the higher the efficiency.

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Solar Active Technologies

Passive Heating

Photovoltaic (PV) systems: New Technology

Passive Building Design E. Kinab 2011

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Solar Active Technologies

Photovoltaic (PV) systems
Description of PV collector types

Passive Heating

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Solar Positioning Consideration

Passive Heating

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